apm apm http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=Mechadense%27s_Atomically_Precise_Manufacturing_Wiki MediaWiki 1.24.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk APM APM talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 0 1270 11635 2021-07-15T12:01:06Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] #REDIRECT [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] 37mdiyp64oigo7jdl3hzmgw9ctuv7ht wikitext text/x-wiki 0 297 10443 6986 2021-06-15T10:18:10Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Termonuclear energy conversion]] just a backlink for now {{Template:Stub}} * [[radiation damage]] (similar issues at very high temperatures [[refractory materials]]) * [[nuclear fusion]] * [[isotope separation]] (also for non radioactive isotopes) * [[deep drilling]] for nuclear waste disposal (hiding?) * usage in transmutation? Atomically precise technology and nuclear technology do not go well together. Atomically precise manufacturing is all about making precise patterns of chemical bonds. Radiation destroys them. Since APM is capable of decently fast production and very rapid replacement of [[microcomponents]] the situation is not hopeless. See the main article [[radiation damage]] for details. == Radiation decontamination == Sadly we already have lots of reason to seriously think about this and it seems rather unlikely that the amount we have to cleanup wont grow any further. Removal of highly dispersed radionucleotides deposited in complex and heterogeneous solid materials is a lot harder than removal of diluted atmospheric CO2. Advanced APM technology is not a magic wand that will magically solve all problems we create. This is one of the occasions where this should become fairly obvious. Attempting cleanup with mobile nanobot like devices highly dispersed into a natural environment might be '''fighting evil with an even bigger evil'''. Relative to the contaminated mass only a small fraction of cleanup device mass is practical. Thus if at all possible cleanup devices must work fast and be pretty mobile to cleanup faster than the natural decay would. Especially the mobility aspect of the [[reproduction hexagon]] is violated and there is the danger of being unable to recollect the purposely spilled nanomachinery. Like with bad kinds of [[air using micro ships]] there's the possibility of toxicity for all lung breathing life forms. (spray paint and repeatedly airborne - bad; organic liquid bound and crawling - better??) Withought [[isotope separation|weighing an atom]] it is impossible to determine whether it will decay or not. <br> Radiation contaminated soil and porous concrete and the like are complex materials. They can't be simply systematically sieved through for radioactive atoms. One could attempt to cut out micro sized pieces, evaporate them in hermetically sealed micro-chambers and try to catch only those elements that make the most trouble like e.g. calcium test their mass and sieve them out if they're radionucleotides. (This is related to the recycling of [[Diamondoid_waste_incineration#slacks|slack]] problem. The more elements of the periodic table one is able to handle the better this works.) Such a form of cleanup amounts to complete thermal destruction of any structure that was there and would require tremendous amounts of energy. One can't really avoid destroying way more than necessary since radiation detection devices (e.g. Geiger counters) can not be constructed in the nanometer size range (see: [[sensors]]). So one can only get a very rough idea where the radionucleotides are located and needs to cut out huge blocks (cubic centimeter) that need to be thermalized. Using chemicals to bind radionucleotides goes into the [[non mechanical technology path]]. == Fission == For good reasons two grave problems are widely perceived with fission. * The explosive GAU accident that makes it feel like we've opened pandoras box or the door to hell. * The liability of "eternal" nuclear waste. So can advanced atomically precise manufacturing help make those horrors disappear? === Today's problems and efforts === First nuclear waste is non-disposable only by our current level of technology. The nuclear physics to get rid of nuclear waste for good is known. (This physics is unrelated to atomically precise manufacturing.) Obviously burning does not destroy radioactive material since burning stuff is chemistry and chemistry just involves electron hulls of atoms not the core of atoms. Radioactive waste needs to be transmuted. What we want is waste disposing transmutation. This is the process of bombarding elements with neutrons (or other kinds of radiation) till they decay to finally stable non radioactive elements. There are two problems. Current technology can't handle the transmutation itself safely and current technology is pretty bad at the separation of products. Today the first problem still dominates. With today's nuclear technology (mainly boiling water reactors and some liquid metal) it is way too dangerous to use more then a tiny fraction of the nuclear fuel. Thus only this tiny fraction of the fuel get's used and all the rest still chock full of valuable enegry gets sealed and stashed away as the nuclear waste that nobody wants. '''No GAU transmutation?''' Recently (2016) molten salt reactors (all that is unrelated to atomically precise technology) have been unearthed from almost forgotten nuclear research history to tackle the problem of doing transmutation without risking GAUs. Experts in this field say the industry has frozen technology to the boiling water type that was originally specifically intended for nuclear submarines. The main ideas of molten salt reactors are: * Salts with their very high evaporation temperatures at very low pressures make a (leaking) high pressure containment unnecessary. * Having a liquid fuel allows to drain the fuel into a sub-critical configuration on loss of grid and backup power by gravity driven flowout in a capture pan. * Using CO₂ secondary cooling is mean't to prevent this nasty hydrogen explosions. * Fluorine salts (in contrast to chlorine salts) are barely water soluble. * Having liquid as fuel allows for waste disposing transmutation. (no fuel self poisoning) The products need to be separated though. (Transmutation driven by particle accelerators is also on the horizon of current technology.) '''Clean sepeartion?''' The second big problem is tackling the separation of the finally non-radioactive products from the fertile and fissile stuff. What makes nuclear so scary is not the long lived contents of the waste but the fission products in the horror spot of medium half life (a few years to centuries) they have very intense radiation levels. So high that even very tiny amounts can contaminate very large areas. Today for the separation off contents from spent fuel large facilities are needed. Especially isotopic separation requires large plants of multi stage centrifuges. Everything directly touched by this stuff (e.g. highly radioactive salt) becomes itself a radiation hazard. That current technology is able to keep all of this is perfectly tight even to highly diffusive gasses like tritium is illusionary. ''Here very advanced forms of atomically precise technology (not the early forms) might help a great deal.'' === Potential solutions provided by APT - advanced isotope separation === Total [[isotope separation]] (capable of separating all elements and their isotopes) with almost digital precision might become possible. If this is possible: * The highly radioactive short lived isotopes can be collected for natural decay. * The mid and lowly radioactive isotopes can be fed back to into a reactor. * The non radioactive elements will be so clean - way below the average natural radiation level - that they could even be used even in food - yes - no one wants that so that's not going to happen. Total [[isotope separation]] might become possible at the desktop scale. In combination with isolation levels that are practically perfect (Multiple layers of perfect graphene sheets are impenetrable for even tritium) one can prevent dirtying more and more material and finally there's a truly closed cycle (or better drain since naturally occurring radioactive elements get removed) for all the radioactive stuff. === Relocation to safer places than the surface of earth by APT === Still there is the possibility of malicious intent. Those super compact and tight isotope separation facilities of highly advanced APT could be cracked open by hackers. So the best solution is to get nuclear reactors far away from the biosphere. The two options are: * Very deep down in earths crust where it will have long decayed before it ever reaches the surface again. See: [[deep drilling]]. * Space. E.g. on the moon there's no water or wind to carry away radioactive stuff and the solar wind is already radioactive. Nuclear fuel from metal asteroids will be cheaper than one lifted from earths surface though. Both of these options will only truly open up by extensive usage of are atomically precise technology. == Related == * [[Femtotechnology]] (only related in size not topic) * [[Termonuclear energy conversion]] - (TODO) [[Category:Technology level III]] s7y2wez427mj00me168fswmp02ioklo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 18 9440 8295 2021-05-27T10:07:59Z Apm 1 /* Productive nanosystems */ fixed double redirect A collection of terminology usage guideline proposals.<br> {{todo|make a wiki template for terminology entries and move headline hierarchy down}} = Why terminology is of paramount importance = By striving for good terminology one gains more '''efficient communication'''. This makes life easier and chances for success greater. Effects of good terminology: * from what the speaker says listener understands what the speaker really means - avoiding confusion and hardening of misconceptions * the speaker does not have to resort to excessive elaboration - avoiding repetition and saving time * intangible vague ideas can be broken up into comprehensible sub-concepts = Goals of this page = * documenting existing usage of terms (and in cases the history of its usage) * proposing guidelines for when using which term * collecting suggestions for new terminology = Clean Terms = === Atomically Precise Manufacturing === Defined on the [[Main Page|main page]]. <br> This term was heavily used in the book "[[Radical Abundance]]: how a revolution in nanotechnology will change civilisation" to solve perception problems (See: [[History]] & [[Common misconceptions]]). === Atomically Precise Technology === Umberella term for APM and the products creatable with APM.<br> It should be used in place of the older term "molecular nanotechnology". === Mechanosynthesis === Defined on the "[[mechanosynthesis]]" page. === Total positional control/assembly === Use when both covalent bond breaking by force may not be meant but self assembly is excluded too. Total refers here that there is no self local assembly helping to place a building block relative to a controled position. === stereotactic control/assembly === A term introduced in Erik K. Drexlers book "[[Radical Abundance]]". <br> {{todo|find out the exact usage contexts and usage rigorousity}} <br> This term seems to be borrowed from brain surgery robotics. <br> See: [[Positional assembly]] === robotic control/assembly === The term robot has a history of being widely stretched === guided control/assembly === Often used by Eric K. Drexler to distinguish from self assembly. Self assembly could be described by assembly '''guided''' by part shape though. So it may not be recommendable to use this therm in this way. === Machine Phase === Defined on the "[[machine phase]]" page === Machine Phase Chemistry / Mechanochemistry === Defined on the "[[tooltip chemistry]]" page. === Diamondoid Materials === Defined on the "[[diamondoid]]" page. === Diamondoid Molecular Elements<br> === Dedined on the "[[diamondoid molecular elements]]" page. Here's a suggestion for a more catchy and usable name: '''crystolecules''' === Advanced Molecular Machinery === A bit too generic like "Nanomedicine". === Molecular Assembler === Defined on the "[[technology level III]]" page === Molecular Manufacturing === Good for as an umbrella term for all APM technology levels. === Advanced production methods === A good term to start a conversation. Working the way up over current day 3D printing. = Terms Containing "Nano" = See "[[history]]" for why the prefix nano is problematic in many cases. == terms that probably pose no problems == === Molecular Nanotechnology === This is the most widely used term for '''[[Main Page|AP technology]]''' as of (2013) <br> Google searches yield the most relevant results when this term is used. <br> Wikipedia uses this still as the main term [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology Moelcular nanotechnology] === Productive nanosystems === * Disambiguation page: [[Productive nanosystem]] * Early PNs: {{wikitodo|link related pages or write specific page}} * Advanced PNs: [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]<br> more concrete: [[Pants-pockets gemstone-gum factory]]<br> implementation: [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]<br> advanced PNs are at the level of: [[Technology level III|In-vacuum gem-gum technology]] This is currently the prevalently used term. '''APM systems''' could be used as alternative. === Nanofactories === Currently prevalently used term. There are '''several [[alternatives to the term "Nanofactory"]]''' === Nanobugs - OK if used in the right context === A term introduced by Erik K. Drexler to refer to the emerged zoo of SciFi-terms for [[mobile naoscale robotic devices]] That all vaguely refer to [[Molecular assembler]]s with the extra capabilities of super-mutatability and super-omnivorousity creating the far from reality global doomsday grey goo scenario. See [[history]]. === Advanced Nanotechnology === There is also advanced nanotechnology in the biological direction, so this term is too unspecific and should be avoided. === Nanomechanics - Ok === === Nanostructures - in context Ok === === Nanocosmos - in context Ok === === Nanoscale - in context Ok === === Machine Phase Nanotechnology - Ok (but uncommon) === === Nanomedicine === Somewhat vague, medicine has always had subject areas about nano sized compounds. <br> An alternative may be "nanorobotic medicine". === Anorganic Nanorobotics / Anorganic Nanomechanics === Freely made up here, but seems quite fitting for [[technology level III]] Useful for explaining the basics of APM to novices without needing to use the term "nanotechnology". == Terms to Avoid == === Nanotechnology === This term is way too generic and has lost its original meaning. See "[[history]]" for more information. <br> The term '''Makrotechnology''' has the same specificity and it's clear why no one uses it. === Nanobots or Nanomachines === Spurs misinformed thoughts of artificial lifeforms. === Nanites === Makes sure one thinks of life like creatures (insects/bugs) which are dangerous because they are life like. Basic advanced productive APM systems are nothing like that. (see nanobugs above) === Nanorobotics / Robotic Nanotechnology === The terms ''robot'' and ''robotic'' are too vague. Beside factory style robotics in advanced APM systems it also includes things that have little to nothing to do with them. Some things that start to get called robots are: * extremely advanced "nanites" with insect like properties often encountered in contemporary science fiction * simple hinged boxes for drug delivery with the lid clamped closed or left open and thermally flattering around * The ribosome, bacterial flagella motors and other systems from nano-biology === Nanosubmarines === Not that bad for ''speculative'' medical nanodevices but propulsion and interaction with nanobiology is often imagined in wrong nonphysical ways. = General Terms = == Terms to avoid == === The flawed biological analogies === See main article: [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided]] === Drexlerian (technology) === This makes Erik K. Drexler sound like some religious leader. It has been [to verify] even intentionally used to emotionally discredit folks who see potential in the technology or even discredit E. Drexler himself. Also it points mainly to '''diamondoid assemblers - a concept that he has abandoned before he wrote [[Nanosystems]]'''. While [[Diamondoid]] materials always where and still are his far term focus they are not his singular focus. He is a strong proponent of the [[incremental path]] and rather critical towards the [[direct path]]. (See [[Technology level I]]) Alternatives when referring to the far term goal: * '''high throughput atomically precise manufacturing''' (that's what E.Drexler introduced in his book "[[Radical Abundance]]") -- way to long IMO * advanced atomically precise manufacturing / advanced APM (technology) -- often used in this wiki * '''Prime suggestion:''' How about '''gemstone metamaterial technology''' or '''[[diamondoid compound|gem]]-[[diamondoid metamaterial|gum]]-tec''' for short * diamondoid nanomechanics (technology) * ... == Technological evolution == Before using it check if you really mean [[evolution]] not an other type of improvement process like targeted design. <br> Some evolutionary traits: * lots of unexpected mergement of seemingly unrelated ideas * brute force trial and error visiting much more dead ends than successful continuation points In a strict observation the term '''technology generation''' inherits the meaning of evolution too. = Terms for precise distinction of often confused aspects = * [[topological atomic precision]] & [[positional atomic precision]] * stages, zones, levels, steps, layers ... {{wikitodo|cleanup needed - make use consistent on this wiki|concretize the usage definitions of: stages, zones, levels, steps, layers - or ... - what to use where}} * stereotactic & robotic ... {{wikitodo|cleanup needed - make use consistent on this wiki|terminology: stereotactic, robotic, ... what to use where}} = Misc = * "programmable matter" (this term is strongly associated with various forms of current technology. An other term is needed. <br>maybe: [[interactive gem-gum products]] or [[materializable program instances]]) == "gemstone" vs "ceramics" == '''The term "gemstone"''' tends to immediately raises the association with high scarcity. But its still better than '''the term "diamond"''' that tends to instantly break suspense of disbelief dragging conversation into joke territory quenching any further serious discussion. Still the term "gemstone" tends to derail explanation attempts from things that are important upfront to things that should better be explained later. * One first wants to explain why these kinds of materials are of highest interest (stiffness, difficulty test case in terms of mechanosynthesis) * Only then one wants to explain why gemstones actually can become extremely abundant. And that they actually can (via the "easiness" of metamaterials) end civilizations dependence on resource that are much more fundamentally scarce (like e.g. alloying metals obsolete). Much more fundamentally scarce because they are chemical elements that fundamentally cannot be changed by chemical means. '''The term "ceramics"''' may deliver a less wrong picture (no extreme scarcity -- and macroscale impact resilience through nano-crystallinity) but it it does so for the wrong reasons. Nano-crystals of ceramics are never atomically precise since they are always (pretty much by definition) created via statistical thermodynamic processes (high heat and pressure or even in case of natural biomineralisation there is statistical diffusion). Ceramics are dumb passive materials statistical in the small scales and homogeneous on larger scales. They are very different from [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s which are neither statistical on the smaller scales nor homogeneous at the large scales. = Related = * [[Terminology annexation]] = Table of contents = __TOC__ [[Category:General]] [[Category:Technology level III]] poqswi23zt2b9w9p7mtnk1567jh21uq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 277 8231 4267 2021-03-27T21:55:34Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: [[Carbon dioxide collector]] - that links to this one {{stub}} Yet empty ... == Related == * [[Diamondoid solar cell]] * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] l96t7p3xv78b50un1scgzbw0jq9m7vu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 344 3796 2015-04-24T07:10:09Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[AP suit]] to [[Gem gum suit]]: focus on diamondoid (gem) metamaterials (gum) better than acronym #REDIRECT [[Gem gum suit]] nrvl4t1yncre33sbs6xnbi9wt70xd1v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1010 9675 9662 2021-05-30T16:47:02Z Apm 1 added link to [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration paper]] {{stub}} The aim was to design a complete tooltip cycle and thereby proof <br> that there are no fundamental roadblocks for diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]]. <br> The results where favorable. == Related == * [[List of proposed tooltips for diamond mechanosynthesis]] * [[Tooltip chemistry]] – [[Tooltip cycle]] – [[Pierochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Resource molecule]]s * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] Regarding experimental work mechanosynthesis has been crudely demonstrated on silicon (state 2021). <br> See: [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration paper]] <br> This is all very far from an experimentally demonstrated tooltip cycle yet though. <br> (Note: throughput rate and fundamental mechanosynthetic capability can probably be developed separately and orthogonally from each other for the most part) == External references == *[http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (2008)] from Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle - Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA * [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/15-nanofactory-block-diagram/ A flow-chart extracted out of the minimal toolset paper.] ----- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom_abstraction Hydrogen atom abstraction] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] [[Category:Papers]] j0cvfgd5ndntf2jmxvl0f1xswd620pm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 956 9762 9761 2021-06-01T13:08:34Z Apm 1 /* Art as an eventual application case */ Or: "The program that executes all programs" <br> Or: "The program that constructs and executes in parallel all programs that are constructible" == Claim: Turing completeness allows for simulating all possible universes == As for all we know today a Turing complete machine can compute all what is in principle computable. So by constructing all possible programs that a Turing machine can represent and executing all of them Any part what we observe in our universe will be simulated to arbitrary accuracy somewhere in all theses programs. Totally ignoring the maximized brute force computing ignoring computing inefficiency and the uber-astronomical scale of the task. Turing completeness allows for all possible programs and, given one takes the [[simulation hypothesis]] seriously, allows for simulation of all possible universes. == Constructing and executing the program that constructs and executes all logically possible programs == Lambda calculus is Turing complete. Ignoring evaluation strategies (just as we ignore computing inefficiencies) lambda calculus is extremely simple. Just three sort of things combine into abstract syntax trees that can then be executed. Lambda calculus provides a nice and straightforward way to construct all possible programs in a systematic way that does not leave any possible program out. Concretely one constructs all possible abstract syntax trees by going through all combinations. One gets an infinite list of all possible program starting states. In parallel to the generation one can start executing all these programs. To execute a to infinity growing list op programs in parallel one can do do it in a Cantor diagonalization like fashion. After running one computation step on all proggrams that are running so fare run the first computation step on one more program. Do not get confused here. Despite mentioning Georg Cantors diagonalization here this has nothing to do with proving the existence of the uncountable infinite set of the real numbers. Intuitionistic and constructivistic mathematics has problems accepting as real such numbers that are not constructible by a finite amount of steps. But that's a different story. * '''The program described here can really be written and is surprisingly short.''' * '''The execution of this program though is pretty much the very definition of inefficiency itself.''' === Termination, nontermination in simple loops, nonperiodic nontermination, uncecidable termination === Some of the programs should terminate or fall into a repeating loop pretty quickly. <br> For the programs that do neither terminate nor fall in a clearly nonterminating repeating loop there is the question whether there is a general algorithm that can decide if that program will ever halt or will certainly never terminate without running the program. This question is the the "entscheidungsproblem" in the formulation of the "halting problem". It turned out (meaning it was proven) that there fundamentally cannot be such an algorithm. Instead termination behavior of seemingly non-terminating and nonperiodic programs needs to be proven in a program-case by program-case (or programm-class by program-class) manner. For some programs with unclear termination properties is fundamentally non-provable whether they are terminating or non-terminating. (Violating the law of the excluded middle?) and thus these mysterious programs (in some sense) can be seen to be equivalent to new axioms. It looks like it won't terminate, we can't prove that it does not terminate, so lets just say it won't terminate and go with it for now. Yes, that is a deadly sin for math, but then again every axiom is a deadly sin for math and with zero axioms there would be no such thing as math to begin with. * So the core of math is a necessarily a deadly sin by its own judgement. Scary. * So the very deepest core of math is Faith, Magic, Lies, call it what you want. In the end it may all run down on practicability and how it matches our observed physical universe. (Side-note – going meta: What about provability of our proving capability on a particular program? ...) == Is this even good for anything? == === Art as an eventual application case === Fractals are pretty. Programs that neither terminate nor get into a clearly nonterminating repetitive loop are often of fractal nature. Well there are also clearly non-terminating non-repetitive ones too. Maybe this "program of all programs" here can be used to discover some new pretty fractals that were till now undiscovered. '''Challenges:''' * For pictures there needs to be a mapping to 2D space. That would be pretty arbitrary. * This program of all program is pretty much "the very definition of inefficiency". <br>Almost all of these programs do nothing or almost noting. == Related == * [[Philosophical topics]] * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] * [[Foundations of mathematics]] * [[The limits and guesses in math]] [[Category:Philosophical]] === Nonterminating nonperiodic programs === An interesting clearly non-terminating non-periodic programs is the algorithm that generates the square-root of two in binary. It achieves never ending non-periodicity by taking as input ever longer sequences of bits from previously computed steps. This causes the algorithm to necessarily slow down with progression. Is this slowdown the case for all nonperiodic nonterminating programs? It certainly seems so from this example. Another example is obviously pi. But we are already in higher math concepts here much more specific than general computation that falls out from the program of all programs described above. === Fractals === How do these relate to the program of all programs? * Penrose tiling – a non-periodic non-terminating structure * Mandelbrot set 7m215t1e9qyuo4xe0m1ppa6ytmw1c9n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1127 10550 2021-06-17T10:21:53Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Ultimate limits]] #REDIRECT [[Ultimate limits]] ehid5nqer2fckxzehhrd3buhkpo0ctn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 143 9780 9779 2021-06-01T15:10:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Resource molecule]]s To get a broad idea where to look for resources to make things one should first have a broad idea what things are actually mostly made of. Naturally the stuff that is most abundant is used in the biggest quantities. = What elements are things made of today (2017)? = First and foremost there are loads and loads of [[oxygen]] almost everywhere on earth and even in the solar system. (Deep planetary cores and metallic asteroids are an exception). In large part the oxygen occurs bond to hydrogen as water H₂O. Its simpler to mention oxygens rare absence instead of its presence. The following examples of material usage today (2017) and here (on earth) are sorted roughly by decreasing usage quantity and classified by character. == Rock like – Non combustible materials == Materials that can be found in long lasting housing are: e.g. clay (bricks) and other silicates (in form of sand, gravel or amorphous glass) In more detail: * Quartz & glass: oxygen, [[silicon]] * Clay: oxygen, [[aluminum]], [[silicon]] * Other silicates: oxygen [[silicon]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] Dishware (clay and ceramics, glass bottles, ...) contains the same elements and can be counted to this class. It makes up a vanishingly small volume in comparison though. == Volatile element materials – Easily combustible materials == All the stuff we make from crude oil is mostly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]]. It's all hydrocarbons chains. We make three main things out of crude oil. Asphalt, fuel, and plastics. Asphalt is silicate gravel (mentioned in the section above above) mixed with bitumen (pure hydrocarbon). Increasingly refined crude oil makes our fuels: Kerosene, heating oil, diesel, gasoline, ..., (butane, propane, ethane, methane). The first class of rock like materials is incombustible (it is saturated with oxygen). The second class of hydrocarbon materials is fully combustible. That is: after combustion there are no solid remnants (at earth temperatures). In other words when these materials are saturated with oxygen the are no longer solid. They are gaseous. They are made from "volatile elements". They are not slack forming when combusted but instead form gases. The most relevant of these ash-gases is our infamous problem child: carbon dioxide. The reason why these materials with such highly energetic "unstable" state do even exist is thanks to prehistoric life (alien looking carboniferous scale trees) that dragged down these volatiles into the solid state (coal, later crude oil and natural gas). Today's biomass is too of this second combustible class. It includes: soil, plants, wood, animals, food, paper and humans (sorted roughly by falling volume again). Biomass is mostly made out of just four elements: [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]], [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]] (fertilizer). Much less in amount but still notable are the elements: [[phosphorus]] (fertilizer), [[sulfur]] and [[chlorine]]. Liquid ashes: * burnt [[hydrogen]] = Water Gaseous ashes: * burnt [[carbon]] = carbon dioxide ... + water => carbonic acid (mild) –– CO₂ makes the majority! * burnt [[nitrogen]] = nitric oxides N_xO_y ... + water => nitric acid (aggressive) * (burnt [[oxygen]] = joins the force of the attacking oxygen but provides less or no energy) * burnt [[sulfur]] = sulfuric oxides S_xO_y ... + water => sulfuric acid (aggressive) * burnt [[chlorine]] = very aggressive and poisonous volatile compounds Solid ash (exception here): * burnt [[phosphorus]]: phosphor oxides ... + water => phosphoric acid == Rock like non combustible despite volatile element containing == In long lasting housing one also finds the not yet mentioned limestone. It can be found both in the form of natural gravel and in the form of hardened cement in concrete. * Limestone: oxygen, [[calcium]], [[carbon]] * Cement: Same as limestone plus additives containing also: [[aluminum]], [[silicon]]<br> (web-link: [http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/construction/curing/Composition%20of%20cement.htm composition of concrete]) As one can see from the combination of elements (calcium and carbon) limestone lives in an intermediate world. Calcium is capable of making the carbon nonvolatile even if fully oxidized. == Metals in metallic state – Somewhat combustible slack forming materials == In transportation we find ships, trains, rails and cars. All these are to a good deal made of metallic [[iron]]. Note the absence of the omnipresent oxygen! This iron is dwarfed by the amount of iron used in housing though. But in housing iron is present a rather minor fraction and was not mentioned there for simplicity. * In contract to carbon iron rarely occurs as unoxidized as native element mineral. Instead of relying on prehistoric nature we have do do the reverse burning process (reduction) ourselves. * In contrast to carbon iron is really unstable and (unlike plastics) quickly rusts away when pure. metallic [[titanium]] is an odd one. Despite its extreme abundance on earth it is very hard to extract and process with current technology. Giving it a high price and limited usage (e.g. in medicine as hip joint replacement). Same goes for the a bit less abundant element [[zirconium]] (right below titanium in the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]]). Metallic [[copper]] despite its wide and visible use on roofs and for wiring is already quite rare. The same goes for [[zinc]] and [[tin]] that are often used for decorative items (figurines, cups) either pure or as alloyed with copper to brass and bronze respectively. * In convenience stores one finds metals in the form of the frequently disposed of food and beverage cans ([[aluminum]], [[iron]]). * In the kitchen one finds the rarely disposed of pots, pans and eating utensils. * In the workshop one finds metals in power tools in the form highly alloyed steels. Due to low production volume and long term use much more rare alloying elements are used in high concentrations like: chromium, nickel, copper, silver, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt, ... == Remnant elements in burnt waste (landfill material) == Burnt trash can be abundant in rare elements. As we all know throwing everything together results in a horrible recycling nightmare. Especially problematic in recent years became electronics (and lamps). They contain a wide range of valuable (since rare) but problematic materials in a finely intertwined way that makes separation very hard. The amount of rock-like non-burnable slack remaining after burning combustible waste depends on the the quality of waste separation. (In some countries, like e.g. Japan, combustible and non-combustible waste is strictly separated) Since our current residual waste is mostly made out of combustible volatile elements (at least in some parts of the world - as of 2017) it is easy to enormously reduce this part of the waste in volume by burning it. Combustion of almost (but not completely) volatile waste concentrates the few non-volatile trace elements. These usually are mostly alkali metals, but also poisonous heavy metals. (natural radioactivity gets concentrated a lot too btw) The reason for the poisonousness or the more rare trace elements may lie exactly in the fact that they are rare and biology thus never had to learn to deal with them in high concentrations. When unprocessed ash from burned trash is dumped out in the open on unprotected ground, then the rain converts this ash into aggressively basic (alkaline - low pH) and the poisonous soup containing loads of otherwise valuable rare metals seeps into the ground and spreads in the ground water and biosphere. If even a moderate amount of incombustible (or semi burnable metallic) trash is thrown to the combustible trash separation of the valuable remnant elements (now or in the future) becomes much harder. (Try to avoid that.) We cannot run out of rare elements on earth unless we shoot them into space. We can though make them inaccessible for an inconveniently long time. Unaccessible till we finally reach a technology advanced enough to allow us to sieve through this highly diluted waste with sufficiently high efficiently to make it economical again. = The major material reservoirs of earth = == Carbon & Biosphere (soil) == On earth carbon is widely distributed through its layers * in the atmosphere as CO₂ * in the biosphere as humic substances * in the lithosphere as fossil oil and as carbonates (e.g. calcite) * maybe there are some abiotic carbon remnants from before the time there was life on earth that never cycled through the biosphere Albeit carbon is rather rare relative to silicon (silicon is the second most abundant element in earth's crust right after oxygen) it has been highly concentrated in the topsoil by biological activity on earth. Albeit easily reachable at many places this carbon should probably not be extensively used as a resource for permanent conversion to the [[recycling|mechanosphere]] since this carbon forms a very core part for all life on earth. If not blown into the atmosphere as CO₂ fossil oil (from the berried ancient biosphere) is fine to use as building material. Especially with vastly improved more environmentally friendly [[mining]] techniques. As long as there's enough CO₂ in the atmosphere this would be the ideal source though. == Atmosphere (air) == * N₂ O₂ H₂O Ar CO₂ The elements easiest to attain are not equal to the most abundant ones. E.g. [[Nitrogen]] - albeit it's relative scarcity - is easier to get than Silicon or Titan since it can be drawn from the atmosphere. Given a bit of patience carbon can be drawn directly from the atmosphere too. Carbon has an already existing infrastructure for delivery too: gas pipes. Read the "[[air as a resource]]" page for further information. Interesting fact: The mass of carbon humanity put in the atmosphere till now (2017) far exceeds the mass of concrete in all of the cities on the entire earth together. <br> {{todo|calculate the mass of human made CO2 in the atmosphere and compare it to the mass of concrete in all the cities worldwide}} == Litosphere (crust) == The most common elements on the earths surface are the ones found in rock forming minerals: Most contain silicon as the main ingredient. Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust the abundance of elements in earths crust] {{wikitodo|add graphic showing relative abundances of elements in colored boxes}} == Hydrosphere (ocean) == Salts in the sea (alkali metals and halogenides) are a huge reservoir of potential building material but unfortunately with view exceptions simple compounds of those elements make no good building materials. Exceptions are: * Periclase [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide MgO] * Fluorite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_fluoride CaF2], * Sellait [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride MgF2]) * Magnesium Diboride [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_diboride MgB2] (superconductor, health hazard) * Calcium Hexaboride [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_boride CaB6] (barely dissolvable but irritating) Other compounds tend to strongly dissolve in water (that was the reason why they where in there to begin with) and are often brittle due to their ionic salt like bonding structure. More complex compounds are often more water stable but also structurally rather weak (maybe due to weak hydrogen bonds). [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Disquisition]] = Scarce elements = With AP Technology many if not all scarce elements can be replaced by a few abundant ones * (augmented) carbon nanotubes can replace copper cables and soldering tin * [[artificial motor-muscles]] can replace electrical motors that use rare earth elements * interferometric displays or AP quantum dots can replace indium in screens * [[chemomechanical converters]] can replace metal using rechargable batteries * production of microchips - metal and poison free * no scarce alloy metals (e.g. Mo,Cr) for steel in cars are needed A huge part of the current (2014..2017) focus of material science research is on metals (even beside metallurgy). In part this may be because of the relatively high count of metals in the periodic table and their interesting magnetic properties. In a future time where metamaterials out of abundant element gemstone material can replace most scarce metals lots of metallurgy knowledge may become obsolete but other parts of knowledge about metals will maybe find some applicability in niche areas like quantum computing. = Solar system = {{wikitodo|add graphic of sun distance dependent elemental abundance - rough sketch}} = Kinds of abundance – occurrence vs accessibility = "Abundance" of elements (or materials and products made from them) can be interpreted in two ways: * abundantly occurring elements (always relative to the body one averages over) * abundantly accessible elements One kind of abundance does not imply the other kind. Neither in one or the other direction. Charts usually show the "abundance in occurrence" but what is actually of economic interest is the "abundance in accessibility". Mining is always (per definition perhaps) conducted at the locations where the resource of interest is most abundantly accessible. Examples for all four combinations: * [[Oxygen]], being present in the majority of rocks and in the atmosphere, is both abundantly occurring and abundantly accessible * Both [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]] are not abundantly occurring on earth but those elements are concentrated in the biosphere (and atmosphere) and thus abundantly accessible. * [[Titanium]] (and to a little lesser degree [[zirconium]]) is abundantly occurring on earth but is hard to extract and process with current (2017) technology. Thus it is not abundantly accessible. In the case of [[aluminum]] conventional (non AP) technology has already reached a level that makes large scale extraction economically possible to a very low price. It is now abundantly accessible. Extraction from silicon containing rock (majority of all rock) is still not economical though. * The '''heavier noble gases (except argon)''' and some '''noble metals (on Earth)''' are not abundantly occurring obviously. But they are not abundantly accessible either in comparison to most other elements. Well, concentrations of noble metals in native-metal-nuggets in ore-veins (veins that potentially/usually contain other valuable elements in much higher quantities) and collection of noble gases in hydrocarbon pockets raise accessibility. <br>The '''more rare rare-earths-elements''' more to the right in the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]] (not the abundant rare-earth-elements more to the left) are highly diluted and difficult to extract (due to chemical similarity). Thus they too make a good example of neither abundantly occurring nor abundantly accessible elements. = Related = * [[Resource scarcity]], [[Scarce element]]s * [[Resource molecule]]s * [[Recycling]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] * [[Chemical element]] * Local resources vastly vary with the location in the solar system. See: [[Colonization of the solar system]] * Also classified by the "...spheres": [[Geoengineering]] * [[Common stones]] – [[Soil as a resource]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil Wikipedia: Topsoil] (carbon rich!) q8n1uyw9hdu639gvyoqz8j0koi6828i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 643 6662 2017-10-15T15:05:07Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Abundant elements]] to [[Abundant element]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Abundant element]] qdvtampgon1z2sjr3roxl9huu6q3uyb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 712 11224 11223 2021-07-05T12:51:38Z Apm 1 updated first link {{Stub}} Does this need any comments? * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis#Suggestive memorization help for the concept of piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[The finger problems]] – fat, sticky, slippery, jittery * [[Soft-core macrorobots with hard-core nanomachinery]] * [[Gem-gum tentacle manipulator]]s * [[Superlube tubes]] {{wikitodo|Add the sketch.}} == External links == * Off-topic: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_development_history#Big_Falcon_Rocket BFR] 8t9l9qfp4trgzjdenr6mmtrigg63nxc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 976 9381 2021-05-25T23:00:52Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Ethyne]] #REDIRECT [[Ethyne]] aenw232gwf3msgjhwl72ay8ujk7w0bp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1098 10276 2021-06-13T14:04:01Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Acetylene sorting pump]] #REDIRECT [[Acetylene sorting pump]] kea1erf62hu5fodcglrwjycru7coyc6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1050 11230 10312 2021-07-05T13:34:45Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page about * [[Pumps]] [[File:atomistic acetylene sorting pump model.jpg|frame|A proposed [[acetylene sorting pump]]. Design by Eric Drexler, Josh Hall, Mark Sims and Ninad Sathaye – [[NanoEngineer-1]].]] [[File:WormGearAnimation1.gif|300px|thumb|right|A detail of the pump model. The worm gear drive at the top.]] [[File:Worm-drive see-through.gif|300px|thumb|right|Same detail but see through. A discussion about such worm drives is on the page: [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].]] An acetylene sorting pump (or ethyne sorting pump) is a proposed form of "[[Sorting rotors]]" to filter the potential [[resource molecule]] ethyne (aka [[acetylene]]) to ultra high purity for further processing. Since [[sorting rotor]]s or (something equivalent in function) are a [[core critical component]] of the proposed far term target of [[gem-gum factories]], these where investigated in a bit more detail than other system parts. Specifically an atomistic model of an [[acetylene sorting pump]] with the software [[Nanoengineer-1]] was created. This was the biggest and most complex modeled [[molecular machine element]] designed so far (at time of writing 2021). It contains several structural [[crystolecule]]s that are combined in a way that allows complex relative motions in a [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] way (no [[snapback]]). {{wikitodo|Check if the the original molecular data for this model can still be attained. There seems to be only one low resolution screen-capture left on the web.}} == Some discussion of design aspects == The acetylene sorting pump is a larger diamondoid machine element (DMEs). The frame is one big monolithic crystolecule (it may be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]] during assembly). Other parts are smaller independent [[crystolecule]]s that may be mechanosynthesized fully passivated as a whole and integrated as a whole without any seamless welding. === Critical aspects of the [[semi diamondoid]] parts of the design === The [[ethyne]] molecules need to want to go into (and through) the narrow supply channels. In other words a lower energy state is desired within the supply channels. '''Has this been analyzed or simulated?''' Nanoscale channels can sometimes cause some odd effects like high temperature freezing. If ist works. '''How efficient can this be made?''' How low of an energy drop is sufficient for molecules being transported efficiently? What about binding energy the specificity of the binding pocket (CO2 is somewhat similar in shape and size) – there probably where investigations '''Possible critique points (for this specific proposed design):''' <br> Due to the integrated [[ethyne rods]]: * possibly higher [[radiation damage]] sensitivity. * parts possibly quite a bit more difficult to synthesize === Interesting aspects of the diamondoid parts of the design (less critical) === * The drive rods featuring a helical design and running in cyclindrical guides that give only radial support. * The [[worm drive]]. This was the first time such a [[diamondoid molecular machine element]] was modelled (to the authors knowledge). * [[Sparse strained shell to frame transition]] * How much may [[ethyne rods]] flex before them becoming too reactive and potentially sometimes covalently bonding to a guide-wall? {{wikitodo|Find out if there was some reasoning behind gearing down an how much.}} == Possible alternatives (for this specific proposed design) == '''Are there alternative solutions?''' <br> Without the rods pushing the molecules out of the pockets actively it may be doable via thermal means. The issue here though is that: (1) Big thermal differences should equate to big (macroscopic) spacial distances stretching out the design massively. Big distances allow for good thermal insulation and thermal energy recuperation. (2) There are several purification stages to go through. So this long distance needs to be bone through several times back and forth. == Related == * [[Pumps]] * [[Acetylene]] – the [[resource molecule]] this pump to designed to transport filter and sort * [[Polyyne rods]] – used to expel the molecules from the binding pockets in this particular sorting pump design. * [[Carbon dioxide sorting pump]] ---- * [[Nanoengineer-1]] – the software used to design this model * [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements#Wormdrive gearbox]] – [[worm drive]] ----- In the concept animation video [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] <br> the acetylene sorting pump system is the very first step shown and visualized in a very simplified way <br> (cross section exposing [[polyyne rods]]) 6ia6n8qbkxsfyqiawhce0eidn3aj458 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1126 10532 2021-06-17T09:40:11Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Atom placement frequency]] #REDIRECT [[Atom placement frequency]] rbpxe7arhh6cna252hqitpwzg9e46v1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1027 9773 2021-06-01T15:02:44Z Apm 1 absolute minimal page {{stub}} {{wikitodo|There is a paper on this topic. Find it and add a reference here.}} == Related == * [[Evolution]] – Natural selection Nature not being capable of evolving [[gem-gum techmology]] because of: * lack of higher thought and targeted planning * being condemned (at least to a degree) to incremental setps of improvement Things that life as we know it was not (and probably in not) capable of evolving: * copper wires and superconductors * The combo of streets and macroscale wheels * rocket engines (chemical and ion) * ... rahxqhxvrc5n7gwm61ict0vi6p6s40j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1147 10761 2021-06-21T17:00:01Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} For now see the "photonic steampunk" idea on the [[optical effects]] page. <br> Also fine tuning energy gap sizes may come in for active emission too. <br> See: [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]]. == Related == * [[Passive color gemstone display]] * [[Color emulation]] – here we want to create light of the right wavelength right away though (like in LEDs or lasers) qmq7jujd0qjpxy0l236tqbwnh8r02mm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 747 7624 2018-08-25T11:20:17Z Apm 1 Page corresponding to chapter 9.7. Adhesive interfaces - in [[Nanosystems]] {{stub}} Just an overview page for now: * [[Van der Waals force]] ... (also in [[Nanosystems 9.7.1.]]) * [[Seamless covalent welding]] ... (also in [[Nanosystems 9.7.3.]]) * Ionic and hydrogen bonding ... (also in [[Nanosystems 9.7.2.]]) cujmu9lyd0qlb97snbocwynhgui675f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 313 9439 3218 2021-05-27T10:07:06Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] #REDIRECT [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] i6a9owg1sxhfgx6qamqgo0jej5wap40 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 547 11699 11698 2021-07-21T13:01:54Z Apm 1 /* Related */ Up: [[productive nanosystem]]s in general (including early precurser systems)<br> The focus here are productive nanosystems that are part of [[In-vacuum gem-gum technology]] and produce more of it.<br> For information about how to get to these systems please visit the main page about [[bootstrapping]]. = Productive nanosystems in general = This page here gives in depth details to the different aspects of advanced [[Main Page|APM]] systems in general. [[file:technology-path-sketched.png|thumb|Growing specialization of nanosystems with incremental technology improvement leads more to nanofactories than assemblers.]] In the beginning of APM research only ''[[#Assemblers|(molecular) assemblers]]'' where considered as a means for reaching the capability to produce macroscopic amounts of a [[further improvement at technology level III|product]] or block of [[diamondoid metamaterial|material]].<br> Here at the level of [[in-vacuum gem-gum technology]] it turns out that advanced [[#Advanced nanofactories|nanofactories]] are more balanced and efficient than assembler systems. At [[technology level I]] the border between minimal assemblers and rudimentary nanofactories is more blurred. A rudimentary nanofactory might be buildabel with exponential assembly instead of [[self replication]] but simplified two dimensional assembler linkages/mechanisms might work too. <br> On this wiki the term "[[productive nanosystem]]" is used as an umbrella term for both ideas. Using the whole volume for the building process of the product rather than a layer in the "classic" nanofactory design could speed up the building process. But this will not be necessary for practical usage {{wikitodo|find and link existing proof}}. If one builds a solid block product without voids/channels though one might end up being even slower than with the layer method due to the [[fractal growth speedup limit]]. == Assembly levels == The assembly process of AP products can be clearly divided in a number of subsequent steps no matter whether the concrete implementation of a productive nanosytem looks more like a nanofactory or more like an assembler system (assembler designs often skipped all assembly levels above I though). Those steps are implementation agnostic. Further details can be found on the [[assembly levels|assembly levels page]]. == Notes == * Depending on whether one assumes incremental improvement over technology levels or a more direct access there are [[Skipping technology levels#Two types of DME design|two types of DME design]]s to choose from: pure hydrocarbon or various nonmetal including designs. Both have reason to be done. * One may say that the concepts of nanofactories and assemblers are not sharply separable i.e. that they are merely the endpoints of a design continuum. To meet in the middle: The smallest possible grains of nanofactories (without the optional exponential assembly layers) somehow dispersed on a lattice in a volume could be looked at as a static configuration of quite big assemblers. = Diamondoid molecular assemblers (outdated) = [[File:self-replicating-assembler-unit.png|thumb|Artistic depiction of a mobile assembler unit capable of self replication. An outdated idea.]] '''Note: The concept of assemblers is outdated!'''<br> Assemblers are [[Autogenous]] | [[legged mobility|mobile]] | productive | [[self replication|self replicating]] units. That is after they replicated to a sufficiently large number they could start produce useful goods. '''Assemblers are very hard to build directly and not an attractive aim point since they are very inefficient.''' On a different note assemblers spawned the [[grey goo meme]] that latched on the overloaded and fuzzy term "nanotechnology" that sooner had become a major money source for non atomically precise research in the nanocosm. The result was a conflict leading to discredization cut of funding and censorship of everything related to APM. A development [[openness|not in the interest of society]]. An assembler could be thought of a very compact self contained (and probably in some way mobile) [[nanofactory]] with crippled [[exponential assembly]] and way too big [[mechanosynthesis core]]s. Read more about assemblers on the [[molecular assembler|molecular assembler main page]]. = Gemstone metamaterial on-chip nanofactories (targeted) = * The concept animation video: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] * Main page: [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] * Implementation details: [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] Two approaches to diamondoid nanofactories must be clearly discerned since the design objectives are very different. * Ones that are an attractive and sensible far term goal for the incremental technology path. e.g. the one sketched in [[Nanosystems]]. * Ones that are designed to be easily buildable as easy as possible with a [[direct path]] approach. e.g. Chris phoenix nanofactory design skech See: [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]] – treating both<br> == The attractive but distant aim point == How will a Nanofactory look like? <br> Lets start with the '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5192g1gQg official productive nanosystem video] - [http://e-drexler.com/a/080415NanoFactory94MB.mov (high quality 94MB)]'''. <br> If this looks like a fantasy to you be aware that this is a desired aim point and certainly not the first thing one wants to build from scratch. Also beside the sorting and atom deposition which are already quite concrete the further up steps serve more as a conception of what goes where rather than a construction plan. The blueish screen-shot on the right is from '''the video and shows all the [[assembly levels]] except IV'''. A strictly height ordered stratified layout is presented.<br> === What is shown in the official productive nanosystems video: === Correspondence to [[assembly levels]]: * Assembly level 0 and I are grouped together and represented by the "molecular mills" step. * Assembly level II is represented by the "block assemblers" step. * Assembly level III is represented by the "product assemblers" step. * Assembly level IV is not integrated since its optional.omitted All [[assembly levels]] except IV How much is conception only: * In the "molecular mills" step The notion of "next stage" marks the point from 0a to 0b (filtering and tooltip preparation). It's quite concrete. * The tooltip preparation process is depicted simplified {{todo|check in-how-far}}. For the actually more complex [[mechanosynthesis|preparations cycles]] the tooltips (with tipcones) for [[mechanosynthesis]] can be merged with carriage structures that can be steered by rail switches. * The shown reaction "which has been analyzed using advanced quantum chemistry techniques" is not RS6. {{Todo|find out which it is supposed to be}}. * Due to the assumption of limited to no steerability of the molecular mills a steerable [[crystolecule routing layer|routing system]] is needed for shuffling the produced [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] in the right order. This routing system is conceptually shown between the "molecular mills" and the "block assemblers" step and in the video is called "transfer mechanism". * Only mills are shown - a few more flexible but slower robotic manipulators doing mechanosynthesis are likely to augment them in a real system. * The shown mill wheels could be extended to barrels. It is probably sensible to place more than just one atom per station. Some stripes of a whole layer maybe. * The shown block and product assembler steps are rather wasteful of space and will probably look quite different in an actual design. * Vacuum lock out is neither shown between "block" and "product assembler" step nor at the final macroscopic port. In a real system this must be integrated in at least one of these places. The '''[http://e-drexler.com/p/04/05/0609factoryImages.html artistic depiction of a nanofactory]''' depicted in the grayish image on the right '''only shows [[assembly levels#Level IV:|assembly level IV]] (the optional higher convergent assembly stages)'''. An iteration extruded 2D Fractal design is chosen. === Thorough analysis === '''For a detailed discussion of visit:''' * [[Advanced nanofactory design]] * [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]] <small>in particular [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]</small> To find out how a nanofactory will look like more accurately one must start with the systems internal sub-product logistics (mechanosynthesis and assembly) since: Nanosystems 14.4.1 ''"... the details of supporting systems ... are peripheral to the central issues of molecular manufacturing ... ... a reasonable estimate of overall system volume can be be had by summing the volumes of the assembly workspaces without describing a particulate three-dimensional layout. ..."''* [[* [[Atom placement frequency]] When subsystem sizes are roughly known one can start to contemplate about the possible spacial configurations by making sure that production and consumption fits together at the borders between the assembly levels. This can be considered the [[level throughput balancing]] problem. Its natural to think that it would be best to do mechanosynthesis in the whole nanofactories volume to get maximal productivity. That is to use dense '''construction style assembly''' without higher convergent assembly layers. Nanosystems ADDREF (known from early assembler system concepts). An '''[http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0505prodScaling.html estimation]''' shows that running such a system at macroscopic speeds (which the DMME bearings can tolerate) leads to huge amounts of waste heat because of the high cumulative surface area of all the bearings. If one goes for maximum performance these levels of waste heat should be easily removable with AP pellet cooling systems. (other processing steps might limit assembly speed like e.g. molecule sorting {{Todo: check}}) The problems are that the high mass throughput would create unacceptably high acceleration forces and the product couldn't be easily removed from the construction scaffold especially at those high speeds. A more living-room friendly design can be reached by either going down with the operating speed or doing mechanosynthesis and basic assembly only in a thin layer extruding the products out. This is called '''manufacturing style assembly''' higher convergent assembly hierarchy can be put on top and the base layer could be broken apart and distributed in this hierarchy. [[File:productive-nanosystems-video-snapshot.png|thumb|Cross section through a nanofactory showing the lower assembly levels vertically stacked on top of each other. Image from the official "productive nanosystems" video.]] [[File:0609factory700x681.jpg|thumb|Artistic depiction of a nanofactory. Only the last assembly level (convergent assembly) is visible to the naked eye.]] == Designs for the direct path == There is an interesting article about Nanofactory design written by Chris Phoenix in 2003 "[http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htm Design of a Primitive Nanofactory]". More information can be founds on the "[[discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]]" page. Link: The [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Nanofactory Collaboration]. == General == Note that '''in a stratified design that uses convergent assembly''' that is strictly ordered after assembly levels '''a block made from eight blocks must come from only four ports of the stage below'''. Consequently the '''production frequency must double with every stage one goes down''', which is no problem since objects of '''half size can move with twice the frequency''' (a scaling law). (In computer terms you extract an [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octree octree] out of a a [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadtree quadtree]). The lowest levels (assembly levels <= II) are significantly slower then the simple mergement steps above. Filling a whole volume with the basic assembly levels keeping macroscopic speeds would lead to ridiculously high mass throughput and heat generation. Slowing down to mediocre waste heat still leaves high productivity. Using a thin well coolable layer is the classical nanofactory approach. = Design levels = APM systems can depending on the size of the chunk of them that is under consideration be designed at three different levels: * [[tooltip chemistry]] level * atomistic mechanic level * lower bulk limit * system level Further details can de found on the [[design levels|design levels page]]. == Diamondoid Molecular Elements (DMEs) == At the core an advanced productive APM systems consist out of DMEs. <br> DMEs can be designed either directly at the atomistic level or in lower bulk limit form. One can classify DMEs into: *Diamondoid Molecular machine elements DMMEs *Diamondoid Molecular [[structural elements for nanofactories|structural elements]] DMSEs Furthere details can be found [[diamondoid molecular elements|diamondoid molecular elements page]]. Certain standard sets like ''housing components'' or a ''minimal set of compatible DMMEs'' are needed. Potential structural and machine elements that seem suitable to port them to DME designs can be found here: * [http://www.thingiverse.com/mechadense/collections/potential-nano-machine-and-nano-structural-elements Thingiverse collection I] * ['''Todo:''' add further resources] Depending on the design different degrees of modifications need to be done. <br> All degrees of freedom need to be controlled, wall thicknesses need to be increased, atomic roughness must be considered, ... == Logistics == A lot of media need to be shoved around in a nanofactory. <br> Included are: data; energy; raw material; heat; waste; partly finished products; vacua (in some sense); noble gasses <br> The use of electricity is avoided at the lowest size levels since tunneling and conduction around bents are nontrivial. See [[non mechanical technology path]]. The routing of the structures bearing those different media i.e. the schematics to physical layout mapping is part of the [[design levels|system level design]]. Some structures bearing the transmitted media can be found on the "[[diamondoid molecular elements]]" page. = Data processing = Computation must be done reversibly since deleting data dissipated energy. More about this can be found on the "[[reversible data processing]]" page. For AP electronic computer technology go to: [[non mechanical technology path]] For [[control hierarchy|control]] a three layer hierarchical tree might suffice * Top layer: external computer * Intermediate layer: integrated nanoelectronics units * Bottom layer: nanomechanic computation units (out of size reasons) * Core: Semi Hard-cored conveyor belt systems (like molecular mills) & Manipulators (no active logic here) = Vacuum = [[Mechanosynthesis]] of [[diamondoid]] materials in t.level III needs to be done in a "perfect" vacuum (or noble gas). Actually this is the defining trait separating it from [[technology level II|t.level II]]. Any free gas molecules would quickly react with the tooltips rendering them dysfunctional. From current perspective creation of "perfect" vacua seems illusionary. Any operator of an UHV system knows that it is impossible to get rid of all the gas molecules that are unavoidably adsorbed on the vacuum vessels walls. The current perspective is based on the current technology though. The vacuum vessels for APM systems of t.level III * are cavities sized in the nanometer range - this increases the probability of having zero gas molecules captured inside * have atomically precise maximally flat walls - not allowing for gas adsorption and allowing for maximally tight seals without out-gassing lubricants * can utilize atomically tight positive displacement pumps for vacuum generation - no backflow and are thus capable of creating sufficient vacua. (About sealings and pumps: Nanosystems 11.4.2 & 11.4.3) For how to create and maintain vacuums with advanced AP systems see: '''[[Vacuum handling]]''' = Related = * [[Atom placement frequency]] * [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] – semi advanced ... [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 0jwsjgzs09f5d5q3mlk64x2o28blazs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 221 9599 7904 2021-05-30T11:01:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added links to * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px|There's plenty of building material in the atmosphere. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] Air can directly be used as building material since with its constituents carbon dioxide (CO₂) water (H₂O) and nitrogen gas (N₂) one has the elements carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen (C, O, H, N) available. A set that allows the production of solid high performance products. Air can be used by: * any [[nanofactory|AP small scale factory]] equipped with means of filtereing * [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]s == Main compounds == === Only carbon === (On earth) the gas that defines the fraction of atmosphere that can be used to produce solid materials (that are not explosive) is carbon dioxide. It is by far the most abundant one of the present gasses that can be used this way. With carbons four bonds it can form highly stable three dimensional networked [[diamondoid]] materials. === Other present elements not useful on their own === All the types of molecules that are more abundant in the Atmosphere contain only atoms with less bonds. Making solid objects with only these atoms with three or less bonds is either very dangerous or impossible. * (3) Pure nitrogen with it's three bonds can be made to form solids at ambient conditions but it is an extremely potent explosive. * (2) Pure oxygen with its two bonds at best can be made to form polymeric chains which are even less stable than solid nitrogen. * (1) Pure hydrogen with one bond per atom (taken from water vapour) cannot form solids at ambient conditions at all. * (0) Argon as a noble gas (also a main component of the atmosphere) does not form bonds at all. <small> (As a side note: Argon may be used to fill Nanofactories at the lowest levels that need a vacuum equivalent environment.)</small> An '''exception''' might be '''water ice''' wit its strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds plain old water ice could be considered a useful building material in some cases. When one assumes a filtering efficiency near 100% (with advanced AP technology) one can extract around 1kg of carbon per hour with a middle sized blowing machine (of todays technology). === Can we cheating with nitrogen? === When [[beta carbon nitride]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride Wikipedia]) (which's properties are not well known yet) is used as structural material this mass roughly doubles since four thirds of the used atoms are nitrogen that on its own would not be usable. While probably not explosive this material might still pose a higher fire hazard than pure carbon due to its higher energy content. Structures of pure solid (sp³) nitrogen can be produced but they are highly explosive. (Easy production of explosives is one of APM's [[dangers]].) == Trace gasses == === Sulfur === Whats lacking most are heavier elements. Sulfur for example turned out to be useful for [[diamondoid molecular elements| DMME]] bearings since it has larger diameter than it's cousin oxygen and can thus form deeper grooves. It shouldn't be hard to get along without it though. Traces of sulfur are present in the form of sulfur hexafluoride ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride Wikipedia]). Industrial activity has elevated the leves from below 4 ppt to above 7 ppt in the last sixteen years. Sulfur dioxide levels in earths atmosphere are around 1ppb ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide#Occurrence wikipedia]) === Other trace gasses === '''Fluorine:''' Another trace gas that is encountered in the linde cycle ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle Wikipedia]) is tetrafluoromethane ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluoromethane Wikipedia]). '''Noble gasses:''' Further noble trace gasses: Neon Helium Kryptom und Xenon == Dust == There is also dust which beside carbon may bring some traces of sulfur, phosporus, silicon, aluminum, iron and common alkali metals. But dust will need some more advanced pre-possessing (e.g. possibly acidic dissolution for organics). == Notes == The versatility of [[diamondoid|diamondoid materials]] and [[diamondoid metamaterials|metamaterials]] are the reason why AP Technology can replace scarce elements with just a few [[Abundant elements|abundant ones]]. == Related == * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Soil as a resource]] * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * Drawing elements usable for the structural core of [[diamondoid molecular element|DMEs]] like aluminum silicon titanium and more form trace amounts of aerosol dust. * [[Living from air and sun]] * [[Abundant elements]] == Extraterrestrial "airs" == See: [[Gas giant atmospheres]], [[Venus]] [[Category:Technology level III]] p880guwzmkq649em0hqbpq9m7t9pxrw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 377 7899 6881 2020-08-20T08:57:52Z Apm 1 added link to [[air as a resource]] -- added ==related== section The here abandoned term "air using micro ships" is bad because it can mean many things. * Just collection of CO₂ * Using atmospheric CO₂ as building material for something * Using atmospheric CO₂ for self replication * Using other constituents of the air e.g. dust * ... == Related == * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * [[Air as a resource]] ---- {{wikitodo|clean up here}} lwhuexdnd7tlvin2inc6dyxu5y2vb74 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 559 5853 2017-07-03T08:43:59Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Airmesh]] to [[Atmospheric mesh]]: fits to hydrospheric & lithospheric #REDIRECT [[Atmospheric mesh]] 0ue3lvqv78txr44xfc18rdb0zx4bh6r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 349 8424 4202 2021-04-08T13:57:15Z Apm 1 moved now alternate names section over from the [[Nanofactory]] page = Alternate names = == Existing names == * '''Nanofactory''' – quite problematic (see below) * ''Personal nanofactory (PN)'' – in analogy to Personal Computer (PC) – Introduced here: http://crnano.org/bootstrap.htm <br> Nanofactories could be seaport size and not privately owned. So this term is too restrictive. These lines author deems the widely used term '''"nanofactory"''' as quite problematic. <br> Both the "nano" part and the "factory" can be very misleading. <br> '''The problems:''' <br> * Neither the factory itself nor the products of it are around nanoscale sized. Only the machinery inside is nanoscale. * The term "[[nanotechnology]]" is mostly used for anyting '''but''' atomically precise gemstone metamaterial technology. * The term factory hints towards building sized complexes that are not owned by private individuals. <br>Both of these assumptions often will be wrong. == Names introduced in this wiki == * '''Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory''' – It is not a factory that is only making chips. So the ''on'' in the name can't be ditched. * ''Gem-gum factory chip'' – That would refer just to the chip at the very core. It seems too restrictive. * '''Gem-gum factory''' – in analogy to ''gem-gum technology'' – ''"factory"'' may be a bit misleading * ''gem-gum-fac'' – in analogy to ''gem-gum-tec'' which it is made out of and which it makes * ''Atomically precise small scale factory'' – not so good because: What exactly does ''small scale'' mean? <br> = More alternate Names (older notes) = Some possible alternatives for '''nanofactory''' are: * '''gem-gum-(pocket/desktop/mini)-factory''' ... gem-gum for gemstone-rubber a special case of a [[diamondoid metamaterial]]<br> - easy to say and remember - avoids "diamond" in its name - as a bonus the seeming contradiction may sparks interest * '''gemstone gum factory''' * '''diamondoid metamaterial factory''' ... good since it exclusively use terms that are already circulating - but long * '''jewel rubber factory''' * '''gemstone factory''' ... less complete than the one before * '''atomically precise small scale factory''' ... accurate but probably too much of a mouth full - won't be adopted * '''atomically precise 3D printer''' ... (potentiality raises further misconceptions) * '''personal fabricator''' ... analogous to PC but way too unspecific * '''living room factory''' * '''mini factory''' = Motivation for the current winner for this APM wiki website = '''Note:''' the term ''"gem gum (pocket/desktop/mini) factory"'' is novelly introduced here in the hope that it avoids the shortcomings of other existing terms that are currently in use. * Unlike the term ''"nanofactory"'' the term ''"gem gum factory"'' is able to sufficiently characterize what constitutes the device and its products by giving an example . That is it doesn't use the generic "nano" label and is thus harder to be devoided of its meaning by massive off-topic use. * The term is short enough to stay unabbreviated and so doesn't loose its meaning that way. * The seeming contradiction between "gem" and "gum" hopefully spawns some interest. * The term its rather catchy with the one letter change from gem to gum. The term '''"personal"''' that seemingly contradicts the term "factory" can be added to highlight the societal aspect of these devices. Using the term "fabricator" instead of "factory" removes that seeming contradiction and should thus probably be avoided. = Related = * [[APM_related_terms]] q70h83rn9007jbe3p9fnt7je8cdhswp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 468 10376 10307 2021-06-13T20:18:10Z Apm 1 * [[Chemical element]] == Mining == Today (2016) Aluminium is still only economically extractable from minerals that do not contain silicon. Silicon is the second most common element in earth's crust just after oxygen. As waste copious amounts or red mud [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud] are produced. Red mud is mostly composed out of iron oxides, titanium oxides and alkaline silicic acid compounds. The problematic part is that red mud also contains ~1% soluble heavy metal salts (V Cr As) which makes it rather toxic. Advanced atomically precise technology should make it possible to fully extract those (potentially valuable) heavy metals directly by efficient chemomechanic processing and indirectly by the availability of very cheap energy. This is a form of [[atomically precise disassembly]] which is harder than [[mechanosynthesis]] and thus not to expect early on. == Simple oxides == The most obvious form to use aluminium in advanced atomically precise technology is in the form of the naturally occuring gemstone leuco-sapphire (aka colorless gem grade corundum) other [[strongly metastable polymorph]]s though may be of equal or even higher interest due to their different crystal structure. Hexagonal polymorphs are: * '''α-Al₂O₃ leuco-sapphire (Mohs 9 | Trigonal)'''. <br> * χ-Al₂O₃ ( Mohs ?? | hexagonal) Cubic polymorphs (may be of special interest due to their high symmetry): * '''γ-Al₂O₃ (known to be strongly metastable) (Mohs 8)'''<br>(Is there no natural mineral with that structure?) * η-Al₂O₃ Orthorhombic: * κ-Al₂O₃ * δ-Al₂O₃ Monoclinic (maybe less interesting due to very low symmetry): * θ-Al₂O₃ {{todo|Identify the exact structure types of the polymorphs with Wyckoff points such that related compounds with other elements replacing aluminium can be identified. Those can then be used to explore the corresponding [[pseudo phase diagram]]s and to induce [[isostructural bending]]}} == Limitedness of stable binary compounds == Most other nonmetal compounds of aluminium beside Al₂O₃ strongly react with water and thus may not be considered as useful structural building materials. * aluminium nitride AlN (surface hydrolysis creates a passivation layer on macroscopic chunks) this may still be useful * aluminium carbide Al₄C₃ (reacts with water to aluminium hydroxide and methane - irritant) * aluminium fluoride AlF₃ (water soluble; interestingly low toxicity) * aluminium sulfide Al₂S₃ (toxic due to hydrogen sulfide H₂S generation when contacting water) * aluminium phosphide AlP (highly toxic due to generation of phosphine PH₃ when contacting water) * aluminium chloride AlCl₃ (water soluble; toxic neurotoxine) Mechanosynthetisized [[nonthermodynamic compound|nonthermodynamic]] checkerboard pattern compounds like the following may be stable: * aluminium sulfoxide Al₄O₃</sub>S₃ * aluminium phosphonitride Al₂NP === Aluminum carbides === Aluminium carbide Al₄C₃ is interesting because: * silicon and aluminium behave similar with oxygen <br>forming quartz and sapphire respectively - both hard transparent water insoluble * silicon and aluminium behave different with carbon<br> forming moissanite and a nameless (since water soluble) gem<br> In thermodynamic equilibrium aluminum carbide has complex crystal structure(s), but via mechanosynthesis more regular strongly metastable compounds may be possible (maybe more water stable but probably unlikely). There's a good chance that in solid crystal form (instead of the known powder) it might have good mechanical thermal and other properties (will it be transparent like SiC or not?) Also the compound is interesting since the partner carbon is enriched and thus extremely abundant in the biosphere. From a mechanical material standpoint the one big disadvantage of aluminum carbides is their reactivity with water. It's always possible to seal against water in the inside of products. Maybe preferably in a micro-packaging way. If seals break it spills and reacts with water then aluminum hydroxide (and methane) these are not exactly the best compounds to release into the biosphere when in bigger quantities and localized in space and time. Aluminum salts are rare and thus life is not adapted for high quantities see below. But there are compounds that compose into far far worse stuff like e.g. AlP. == More aluminium based gemstone materials == A good point to start are always the natural aluminium minerals [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aluminium_minerals]. Since they need to be insoluble to persist on the surface (except in very dry environments). There are many aluminium silicate minerals [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_silicate] like: * Al₂SiO₅ Andalusite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite] & Sillimanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite] (Mohs 6.5-7) * Al₆Si₂O₁₃ Mullite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullite] (Mohs 6-7) * Al₂SiO₅ Kyanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite] (Mohs 4.5-7 anisotropic) Related: [[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]] == Interesting facts == Salts of aluminium usually have low solubility in water. Albeit aluminiums extreme abundance in our environment (most abundant metal in earth's crust) it does not play a known role in human biology. Elevated intake of aluminium salts (rare in nature) is suspected of having detrimental effects on health. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] obd4whi7h3m074vy19fy1br64y5v0yq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 759 7811 2019-10-02T08:39:09Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Aluminium]] #REDIRECT [[Aluminium]] kl0w7wtkl7frgmgycgo4otw7r0gqwgq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 742 8966 7679 2021-05-16T07:49:27Z Apm 1 added related section == The absolute non-circumventable necessity of analogies == Analogies are a necessity. We learn by analogies. When explaining new things to a child, one has to consider its mental model of the world and explain these new things in terms of analogies to parts of this pre-existing world-model. Analogies are what establish relations between concepts. And in a philosophical sense one may see relations between concepts as that what creates reality itself. The statement "Qumogliuplasts tribitate in case of erekitasis" is complete gibberish precisely because nobody has ever established any analogies which these words should point to. (Ok, the sentence has structure and sounds like molecular biology - there cannot be given an example that carries no information at all) == The dark side of analogies == The dark side of analogies is that they often invite or even seduce one to abuse them by applying them in areas beyond where they are applicable. In areas where the model they represent breaks down. It's an over-stretching of analogies till the point of rupture without a recognition the mistake. == Some analogies on this wiki == * [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided]] * The drum analogy for atoms. See: [[The nature and shape of atoms]] * [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] * ... == Related == * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[APM related terms]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy Analogy] 51wvjffvmviwx8bvsk67tcvb6vpkuss wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1159 10852 10850 2021-06-24T06:25:53Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * Titanium is common in earths crust (and in space) * Hardness is decent * Crystal structure is simple and unit cell is not overly big an complex '''Overall a good large scale structural base marerial for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]].''' * Formula: TiO₂ * Hardness Mohs 5.5 to 6.0 * Crystal system: Tetragonal * Density ~3.97g/ccm * Refractive index: n_ω = 2.561, n_ε = 2.488 – quite high! == Related == * [[Titanium]] Other polymorphs of same formula: * [[Rutile]] * [[Tistarite]] * [[Brookite]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase Anatase] * mineralientalas.de: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Anatase Anatase] (3D structure) e1hc91nbp9pax8ai1blgfow15u3zwso wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1133 12069 12035 2021-09-26T08:34:42Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] [[File:AnnoLamDiag p2c.png|640px|thumb|right|Conversion of Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates in the representation of annotated lambda diagrams. <br>For details see: [[ALDs – example Cartesian to polar]].]] [[File:AnnoLamDiag qsort.png|640px|thumb|right|Quicksort algorithm as a single function in the representation of annotated lambda diagrams. <br>For details see: [[ALDs – example quicksort]].]] '''Annotated lambda diagrams (ALDs) are a proposed "code projection" that aims at being a highly enjoyably usable interface for telling computers what to do''' (aka coding/programming/automating/...) Annotated lambda diagrams where inspired by plain unannotated lambda diagrams (PLDs) <br> These are presented by John Tromp on his homepage here: https://tromp.github.io/cl/diagrams.html These plain lambda diagrams are are in turn based on [[lambda calculus]]. A formalism with only three types of terms that can represent any kind of computation in a very minimalistic way. The annotated lambda diagrams presented here add annotations and some minimal "[[syngraphic sugar]]" to plain lambda diagrams. <br> The idea is to make lambda diagrams into a really enjoyable programming interface that minimizes discontinuous visual jumps and minimizes the necessity of expending mental resources on navigating codebases. A "bicycle for the mind". For an introduction maybe first read: * [[The problem with current day programming and its causes]] * What [[lambda calculus]] is Unfortunately as of yet (2021-07) this is all still "vaporware" and only static non-interactive mockups. <br> The author may never come around to actually implement this programming interface as envisioned. <br> This is a mammoth project, and [[Main Page|this wiki]] already eats up a big chunk of time. <br> But at least with these mockups I hope to get the idea out there. '''We really really need software that is not broken in [[a future world where matter essentially becomes software]].''' == The basic idea in brief bullet points == * '''annotate [[Lambda diagram|plain lambda diagrams]] with: variable names, types, current values, kinds (aka types of types), ...''' (not all shown per default of course) * Make them into a '''structured editor''' where you can '''[[type normally]]''' pretty much as you would in "plain textfile code editing" <br>– (See: [https://fructure-editor.tumblr.com/ Fructure] Specifically in this video with Andrew Blinn shortly after 6:03 [https://youtu.be/CnbVCNIh1NA?t=6m03s] where he says "My preferred alternative is to simply type normally") * Add '''[[progressive disclosure]]''' without compromises!!! This is not negotaible. * Make '''program fragments drag and drop interactive''' (like puzzle pieces) <br> Give '''reasonable visual cues for efficiency''' (rather than fancy): ''identicons, arity mismatch visualization, ...'' * Give ALDs '''typed holes''' of ''input holes, output holes, and bridge holes''. Don't forget the bridge holes! <br>Such that program fragments are ''extendable: upstream, downstream, and ... <br>can also be tied up in one or more still open concurrent paths {{wikitodo|make a sketch}}'' * (Eventually make data flow around holes as far as this is possible. See: [https://hazel.org/ Hazel]) * Add '''type directed context sensitive suggestions''' for extending onto the present holes * Give ALDs a '''zooming user interface''' (ZUI) capability – that allows for (arbitrarily deep) in place evaluation preview * Add '''[[inverse tabs]]''' – allowing to navigate the codebase-graph upwards along different upstream paths that where formerly traced downstream along some dependency tree <br> This is about answering the question "By which functions is this function that I currently look at used by?" Basic functions will have a huge list as answer. So this needs to be filterable.<br><small>(Some dependency tree is only a subset of the codebase graph. This needs more awareness.)</small> * '''Use an ultra finegrainedly [[content addressed]] programming language as a base!!!''' <br> That in order to mop up with fragility of references, dependency hell and fix quite a number of other things too. <br> (ony such language in construction as of 2021 seems to be the [https://www.unisonweb.org/ unison language]) ---- Eventually add higher level data visualization: * that follow code structure (see: Tangible values – by Conal Elliott) – but with added '''[[progressive disclosure]]'''. * that give an immediate connection by bidirectional data-flow (see: Drawing Dynamic Visualizations – by Bret Victor) (See: enso language) === Center between visual and textual === Hypothesis: Annotated lambda diagrams are as in the middle as it gets between: * typical textual programming interface (for pure languages) * typical box-and-wire visual programming interfaces and The reader may judge. Annotated lambda diagrams are very close in structure to textual code as seen in pure functional programming languages <br> <small>(that is: languages with computer checked guatntees on code purity like e.g. haskell, purescript, elm, ...)</small> <br> Morphing an annotated lambda diagram representation into the corrsponding textual representation requires only: <br> * a slight rearrangement of the value-name-annotations * removal of the lines without making things ambiguous by addition of some textual [[syntactic sugar]] This closeness of the annotated lambda diagrams to a purely textual code representation <br> necessarily makes the representation equally scalable than a textual code representation. <br> Well, at least up to a constant factor given by lower "on screen information density". But ... ---- * Annotated lambda diagrams likely have an on "screen information density" somewhere between purely textual and box-and-wire visual code representations. ---- * Like graphical box-and-wire programming annotated lambda diagrams give a visual circuit board like network that is easy to trace for human eyes. <br> * Unlike graphical box-and-wire programming abstractions and '''applications and applications are kept separated''' though. === Totally tearing down the GUI vs command-line rift! === The idea is as follows: <br> If all [[progressive disclosure]] is in the "hide-the-details-state" then the UI is completely indistinguishable from a conventional GUI. <br> Except one little "+" or something as the starting point for [[progressive disclosure]]. <br> A [[progressive disclosure]] step opens up the ALD that corresponds to the visual element. <br> From there the "end-user" (now elevated to "deveuser") can trace the codebase to non-displayed or even non-visual code elements. <br> Tracing the codebase entails tracing the nicely visually traceable lines in the ALD. <br> With disclosure of enough GUI elements and hiding of enough visualizations one eventually ends up with Just ALDs or <br> some other kind of code projection (like e.g. a conventional purely textual code projection). Add to that: Bookmarking of "interface visualizations" and <br> organizing "code" documentation and data storage in a desktop wiki like system that <br> is implemented in that whole programming system in a bootstrapped way. == The basic benefits of ALDs == '''Combines the best of the two worlds of textual and graphical code:''' * Almost as traceable as graphical code (since there are traceable "program circuit" lines) <br>– these lines are quite different to "conventional" graphical programming though * Almost as scaleable as textual code (since the structure closely follows textual code) – a little less dense '''Does NOT combine the worst of the two worlds:''' * unscalability of graphical wire-monster-krakens and * hard traceability of excessively indirected textual codebases) '''Other nice properties:''' * Seeing the whole code multiverse at a glance – and and the live running state as a literal "red thread" within. * Browsing the codebase in all dimensions without detours and disruptive jumps <br> Human mental RAM is limited, it shouldn't be used for pointless navigation hurdles. = Mockup Demos = Note: If actually implemented all this should be dynamic and interactive '''See main page: [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]]''' = Related = * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] * [[Lambda diagram]]s – [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]] * [[Projectional editors]] * [[Software]] = External links = A basic write-up of some ideas with links to twitter posts. <br> {{wikitodo|this needs to be published more properly (that is: more resilliently)}} * [https://forum.holochain.org/t/future-of-coding/4856 (Forum: HC => Channel: Technical Watercooler => Topic: Future of Coding)] ---- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooming_user_interface Zooming user interface]: <br> For many user interfaces this idea seems rather impractical. <br> It is likely extremely useful for the case of ALD's though. = Table of contents = __TOC__ [[Category:Programming]] sc7av1pmkltw6p8lsj5gy4yd4ewtqeb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1253 12080 12043 2021-09-26T08:40:50Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] (ALDs) are a proposed interactive programming interface. <br> This page presents some mockups about what functionalities could be implemented and how they could be used. <br> For a basic gist about ALDs see main page: '''[[Annotated lambda diagrams]]''' = Drag and drop interaction with program fragments and typed holes = == Moving program fragments through programs and linking them up via typed hole connection ports == {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" |[[File:AnnoLamDiag TypdHolePuzzleFeel.png|500px|thumb|right|Dragging the program fragment f12 (upper right) into an other yet incomplete function f14 where the types (T1 and T2) match up and connections snap in place. <small>Only unsaturated type-holes display their type to keep visual noise low.</small>]] |} Dragging the function f12 (upper right) into an other yet incomplete function f14 where the types (T1 and T2) match up and connections snap in place. Imagine the whole thing interactive and animated. As soon as f12 is dragged into the box of f14 it'd get displayed in the same simplified way ad f23 already is. This is not shown. Dragging f12 around in the box of f14 will move stuff around to make space accordingly. <br> <smalL> Wrong connections can be enforced this will make explicit typed holes of bridge type (bridge holes). Not shown.</small> * Grey cross upper right means this function is expanded and its definition is shown * Grey shuriken like star upper right means this function is collapsed and its definition is hidden * Note how f12 (once dropped into f14) gets added to the collected semi-implicit dependencies of f14 (light grey annootations) == Dragging "bridge-holes" or "gap-holes" through still ambiguous sections of the code == {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" |[[File:AnnoLamDiag DraggingHolesAround.jpeg|640px|thumb|right|Dragging "bridge holes" through sections of code that are still ambiguous in type. That would be an interesting exotic feature to have. It's kind of complementary to dragging functions or program fragments around.]] |} = Visual cues employing human image reconition skills – identicons and arity cues = {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" |[[File:AnnoLamDiag IdenticonsAndArityCues.jpeg|640px|thumb|right|'''Visual cues employing human image recognition capability.''' This might seem a bit playful and silly, but employed correctly this might give a notable increase in enjoyment and productivity when telling computers what to do. Note that only unsaturated holes (the construction sites of coding) would get displayed highly "visually verbosely" be default.]] |} = Zooming user interface (ZUI) = == From scaled down in place preview to zooming user interface == {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" | [[File:AnnoLamDiag ScaledDownInPlacePreview.png|640px|thumb|right|In place code preview in annotated lambda diagrams]] |} This mockup was put together in order to illustrate how [[annotated lambda diagram]]s would allow for <br> an (adjustably) scaled-down in-place preview of functions on which the currently looked at function depends on. <br> Specifically this random example code (the "replicate"-function) takes a value and a natural number and <br> returns a list of copies of that value with the length of that natural number. '''In place preview:''' <br> Check out the "replicate"-function (grey border). <br> Looking closely into the expanded version (second from left) you can see: * the scaled down "in place preview" of the "take"-function (blue border) and * the scaled down "in place preview" of the "repeat"-function (red border) ---- '''This is not yet an evaluating substitution!''' <br> Note that (despite this looking like a substitution) this is only just a yet-unevaluated in-place-preview. <br> This is important. This is very different to "conventional" box and wire graphical programming. <br> <small>(matching the structure of the plain [[lambda diagram]]s)</small> Actual honest-to-goodness evaluation amounts to short-circuiting: * vertical-abstraction-lines (always on the right) with * vertical application-lines (always on the left). That entails: * all abstraction lines of the substituted in function that got saturated just vanish <small>(note that partial application is allowed)</small> * what was formally supplied via the lines now gone is now supplied by the abstraction lines of the callee * former guts of the now substituted-in function are now arbitrarily complexly intertwined into the calling function Note that with true substituting evaluation there is a loss decomposition. <br> <small>Creating complex patterns from simple rules is the point of programming after all.</small><br> Is this true?: Classical box-and-wire graphical programming cannot make a distinction between in-place-preview and actual substitution? <br> If so we might be onto something here. == Annotated lambda diagrams with zooming user interface as a window into the entire control flow multiverse == The desire here is to implement in place previews <small>(with adjustable relative scaling factor)</small> <br> to annotated lambda diagrams in such a way that: * in place previews can be arbitrarily deeply nested. * one can zoom-travel though all of this via a global zoom going across all nesting levels (at least global in a viewport window) The representation would allow for visualization of the activity of the garbare collector. {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" |[[File:AnnoLamDiag ControlFlowMultiverse.jpeg|1024px|thumb|left|'''Peering into the entirety of the control flow multiverse while it's running live.''' The lines highlighted in dark blue mark the control flow path that is active at the current moment of execution time (possibly paused). A bright cyan background marks the active case-of-branches. – The "demo" function performs constructive corecursion with dataconstructors. The "showBinFancily" function performs deconstructive recursion with the case of construct. {{Todo|Investigate avoiding recursive definitions alltogether. See Book: "The Little Typer"}}]] |} ---- '''Some of the massive practical challenges in implementing an ALD-ZUI:''' <br> Typical graphic GUI libraries are totally * not built for zooming user interface (ZUI) like zoomability and * not built for displaying very very big numbers of elements. <br> Even with special purpose solutions it is difficult ... <br> A naive redraw of the whole screen for every frame (as often done in computer games) <br> is is not a viable option (for anything beyond an interactive mockup prototype). <br> Instead '''usage of off-screen graphic buffers is essential – partially updated not fully redrawn''' <br> <small>(this is e.g. not supported by the webgl wrapper-libraries of the elm language as of 2021 – learned the hard way)</small>. <br> Redrawing only the changing graphic details on mutable graphics-buffers <br> can easily lead to graphic glitch like artifacts from bugs if not done <br> with proper fool-proof usually performance expensive abstractions. <br> Further adding to the difficulty here.<br> The design choice for off-screen partially updated graphic-buffers becomes necessary due to the following challenges and requirements: * With tree like visual nesting the amount of elements displayed on screen can grow very fast to seriously problematic numbers. <br> * In a live coding mode (that should be supported) a lot of the displayed elements may need to be refreshed at a high frame rate. <br> * As soon as the computer idles the CPU/GPU load should drop to near zero because this is not a computer game where permanent high load is acceptable. <br> Furthermore: <br> '''Regular rescaling of the zoom level during intense zoom-navigation is essential.''' This is: * to prevent very quickly running out of the number-range that float-values can represent without rounding errors * to make dropping off (or heuristic pre-loading) of parts of the visualization easier that are way too small or way too big to see. ---- '''Notice the interesting duality of:''' * the type-constructors used to construct a value in the "demo" function – constructive corecursion * the case-of type-destructors used to deconstruct that value in the "showBinFancily" function – deconstructive recursion – '''handleCases''' ---- '''Maybe interesting side-note:''' There is definition by (not necessarily terminating) recursion present here. <br> There are ways to avoid "definition by recursion" alltogether. <br> <small>All that is needed is a termination case and a provable overall monotonous approach towards that termination case.</small> <br> Well, these can be obfuscating and brain bending. <br> This is related to: * "dependent type theory" * total programming – provably terminating (necessarily turing incomplete subset) * the book: "The Little Typer" [http://www.thelittletyper.com/ (official website for the book)] [https://github.com/the-little-typer/pie (the pie language on guithub - a minimum viable dependently typed language)] <br>[http://www.davidchristiansen.dk/tutorials/nbe/ (docs on implementing such a language – by David Thrane Christiansen – implementation language is Racket a scheme/lisp dialect)] * the dependently typed programming language "idris" == "Inverse tabs" for browsing the whole codebase graph rather than only the local code dependency tree == '''The obvious code navigation options include:''' * Tracing down to the codebase into the dependencies (the functions that the currently observed function depends on) and going back up that same path again. * Following the codebase along the some execution trace. '''This is not enough!!''' <br> We need "inverse tabs". <br> We want also be able to quickly jump to functions that answer the question: <br> What other functions do call this function too that we currently look at? <br> By switching over to a different "inverse tab" one keeps looking at the same function in the tab but <br> the whole surrounding (visually represented) context gets switched out. <br> So when zooming out by scrolling one goes a different way in the codebase. '''Essentially this gives one access to the whole directed graph of the codebase not just to a local dependency tree.''' Inverse tabs are indicated in the mockup graphic about "peering into the control flow multiverse" at the lower left. <br> To make it easier to reference to a yellow killroy face has been added. <br> {{wikitodo|Make a new mockup focused on showing the idea of inverse tans better.}} = Mockups regarding Conal Elliotts work = == Tangible values (TVs) == The desire: <br> '''Totally obliterating the GUI-vs-commandline rift by combining tangible-value-GUIs with a spectrum of code projections all the way to textual.''' <br> Annotated lambda diagrams sitting smack in the middle between graphical and textual. <br> '''Priority #1:''' * Investigate Conal Elliots work about '''"tangible values"''' in the context of ALDs Tangible values may give a GUI that is pretty much indistinguishable for the GUI's we have today. <br> But with all windows and graphical elements "secretly" being tangible values in the background. <br> Assuming the inverse operation of tangible-value-fusion (let's call it "fission" here) is implemented too (which absolutely must be done IMO) <br> then the tangible values (as GUI elements) already come with some [[progressive disclosure]]. [[Progressive disclosure]] by "fission" can only expose things that do have already implemented graphical representations though. <br> So my idea here (beyond what Conal Elliott presented in his demo "Eros") is to allow for progressive disclosure of the code <br> that is associated with the tangible not just via fission but also via annotated lambda diagrams (and even textual code projections if so desired). <br> <small>(Which come with their own mean of progressive disclosure that is ZUI zooming)</small> <br> Any combination goes. (only TV, ALD+TV, only TV – having relative scaling adjustable should be useful e.g. by local scrolling) '''Related notes:''' * Default values (for looking at a slice of a stateless tangible value) are living outside the stateless realm. <br>They can be stored on disk as additional necessarily stateful data. <br> * Code flowing around holes on the data level rather than the type level (See: Hazel) might be very useful. == Compiling to categories == '''Priority #2:''' * Investigate Conal Elliots work "Compiling to Categories" (which is abstracting with closed cartesian categories CCCs over lambda calculus) <br>But that done from within ALDs (which essentially are lambda calculus) <br> Out of this reason this likely won't yield a nice representation. Maybe? Still interesting to investigate. == Beautiful differentiation == '''Priority #3:''' * Investigate Conal Elliots work "Beautiful differentiation" – Will just turn into a library I guess = Overloading the meaning of the lines – (applicative funtors, monads, ...) = {{wikitodo|add the mockup showing a monad in lambda diagrams}} = {{wikitodo|Make mockups still that are not yet made}} = * Continuous transformation from the abstract syntax tree (a s a most direct code projection) to ALDs as code projection * Representation of "algrebraic effects (or abilities)" in ALDs (maybe not a nice match – unfortunately ...) * Investigate representation of typeclasses in ALDs (typeclasses similar to what is present in the programming language haskell) '''Investigate porting some of Jonathan Edwards work in his subtext demo series to ALDs:''' ( https://vimeo.com/jonathoda ) * No Ifs, Ands, or Buts 2016 – Uncovering the Simplicity of Conditionals – Jonathan Edwards<br> – MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab<br> – [http://www.subtext-lang.org/OOPSLA07.pdf (pdf)] – [https://vimeo.com/140738254 (video)] * Reifying programming 2017 * Direct Programming 2018 = Mockups regarding maybe not so practical stuff = * Church encoding in lambda diagrams – more efficient binary encoding * Encoding of list and enums (product types and sum types respectively) – there's a certain interesting asymmetry in minimal encoding <br>{{wikitodo|dig that out and link it here}} * What about progressive exposure all the way down to the bits and bytes of an open source processor with extensionally equivalent naive inefficient implementations both serving as documentation but still switchable in – Related: Multiplication circuits (and their surprising richness), Ternary logic, p-adic numnbers, ...<br> {{speculativity warning}} * Relation of typed holes to the void type, absurd function and the like – "void" being sort of on the top of the infinite pecking order: type, kind (type of type), sort (type of type of type), ... not inside of any provably terminating "toy formalism" = Notes on conventional/classical "graphical programming" code projections = Conventional graphical programming typically follows the scheme of '''data-wires and function-boxes'''. <br> Thee are approaches that reverse that '''function-wires and data-boxes''' but that seems just bad in a different way. Note: Assuming a function B (represented as a box) has an input that accept a function as an input (that is the function is a so called "higher order function") <br> then the wire transmitting some other input function to that input is still a "data wire"! <br> In contrast a function wire is a wire that represent a data-transformation itself. <br> <small>(Most graphical programming tools do not even allow for using data wires as channels for transmission of functions.)</small> ---- Annotated lambda diagrams (only a "semi graphical" code projection) <br> have inherently integrated the capability of overloading the meaning of the graphical lines that connect to other lines. <br> E.g. monoids, applicative functors, monads, ... <br> What may seem like boxes are just annotations of the lines. <br> That is removing the boxes the code still works. <br> That is not the case for classical graphical programming. <br> This can be done in classical box and wire representation too. <br> But it is not inherent. That is not something what one would implement in an naive approach. <br> And thus it is has rarely (never?) been done. <br> One concrete case of a programming language attempting that is the (multi representational) language called enso (formerly luna). What is truly unique to ALDs -- the semi graphical code projection of ALDs is that <br> Abstractions and applications remain separate in the graphical representations. <br> {{todo|think about why this might be the killer advantage over box and wire representation}} == Related == * '''[[Annotated lambda diagram]]''' – [[Lambda diagram]] – [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Software]] * [[Projectional editors]] [[Category:Programming]] 0u220tegbg32y6r5y1obrsririk43pk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1245 11452 2021-07-11T08:10:10Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] to [[Annotated lambda diagram]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Annotated lambda diagram]] 3it4a6mtt0ni715ypxmkrcv6iah28rk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 442 11788 11787 2021-07-26T17:16:36Z Apm 1 /* Atom aware bulk limit */ formatting '''Q:''' Is there any chance that results … * … form prototyping at the macroscale (with plastics or metals) could be eventually transferable … * … to nanoscale target designs (out of [[gemstone like compounds]]) … … without needing to completely restart from scratch? And that despite of … * … 3D printed plastic (or metals) for macroscale prototyping and … * … macroscale physics … … being very different from … * … [[gemstone like compounds with high potential]] and … * … nanoscale physics of eventual target designs … … respectively. In other words: <br> '''Q:''' Is there any point at all in attempting some macroscale prototyping of nanoscale machinery that we cannot yet build (state 2021 …)? <br> Doing some [[future-backward development]] and attaining some more [[theoretical overhang]]. ---- '''A:''' This page comes to the conclusion that … * … yes, results of macroscale prototyping accessible today should be transferable to advanced cog-and-gear nanomachinery once it becomes experimentally accessible and … * … yes, some eventually useful [[future-backward development]] is should really be possible here. Well, given that the known (and on this page summarized) constraints are known and understood by the designer. ---- This page is not only about * atomistic [[design of crystolecules]] but also about * system level bulk limit design – e.g. [[RepRec pick and place robots]] For more on that see this pages section: [[#Areas of design]] = Basic check of applicability – by employing conservative design = The critical question to ask here is: <br> '''How can we say that a nanoscale target design will work, given that we get a macroscale prototype to work?''' The answer in one term is: '''[[Conservative design]]'''. <br> That is: We ''must not'' employ some characteristics of physics that is … * … available at the macroscale but is … * … not available at the nanoscale. So, where would be the areas where we'd run risk on using <br> performance properties of actual macroscale prototypes that <br> would not be available at the nanoscale? <br> Spoiler: We won't find much. For the sake of finding that out it is useful to construct: <br> * (A) imaginary macroscale machinery with the (high) performance characteristics of [[gemstone based cog-and-gear nanomachinery]]. * (B) imaginary nanoscale machinery with the (low) performance characteristics of macroscale prototyping machinery Construction of these [[imaginary machineries for conservative design]] can be done by employing * [[scaling laws]] and * [[scale specific properties]] To be on the safe side actual prototype machinery must strictly under-perform the imaginary machinery in <br> either (A) or (B) – one implying the same for the other. Especially performing the exercise of (A) makes it painfully obvious that <br> Macroscale style cog-and-gear machinery performs significantly better rather than worse when <br> operating under the conditions of nanoscale physics rather than macroscale physics. <br> ''Even if we can barely experimentally test it with current day experimental limitations.'' <br> Related: * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Effects of current day experimental research limitations]] on the perception of the technologies feasibility * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] == Conservative choice of material for prototyping == == Conservative design regarding relative deflection amplitudes == The goal: Keeping acceleration induced relative deflection amplitudes of macroscale prototype designs<br> from becoming smaller than what nanoscale target designs could ever achieve. The choice of macroscale prototyping material must be such that <br> it does not perform better against suppressing relative deflections from accelerations, <br> than an eventual nanoscale target design eventually can. '''While material stiffness falls massively with making machinery smaller <br> <small>(making even diamond softer than the softest jelly in terms of stiffness)</small> <br> '''the forces from dynamic accelerations and static tensions scale exactly the same way! <br> <small>(thus that ultra soft "diamond jelly" gets barely deflected)</small> <br> Quantitatively both stiffnesses and forces scale quadratically. <br> That is: Halving size of machinery quarters both * the stiffnesses and * the forces (from both dynamic accelerations and static tensions) * (side-note: forces from gravity and magnetism drop much more rapidly) So with stiffnesses and forces both falling equally fast <br> in terms of resistance against relative deflection <br> our ''imaginary macroscale machinery with nanoscale physics properties'' <br> (that we must not exceed in performance with our macroscale prototypes) <br> would perform exactly identically to macroscale prototype machinery made out of the same material. <br> In short: '''Relative deflection amplitudes stay the same across all scales. They are scale invariant.''' This effectively means that: <br> '''In order to not get any false positive macroscale prototypes''' <br> '''our macroscale prototypes must not come close to or exceed the stiffness of hard gemstones.''' This is easy to adhere to. <br> It's fulfilled for plastics and even metals as prototyping material. <br> Regarding acceleration induced relative deflection amplitude concerns <br> everything macroscale prototyped with 3D printed plastic <br> will work with absolute certainty when transferred over to gemstone at the nanoscale. Note: All of the above should apply equally to ultimate material strengths. == Conservative design regarding resonances (ringing) and its amplitudes == The choice of macroscale prototyping material must be such that <br> it does not perform better in suppressing mechanical resonances (ringing) <br> than eventual nanoscale target designs will ever be able to. Atomically precise gemstone structures typically have a very high Q-factor. Well, unless deliberately designed against this. <br> 3D printed plastic in macroscale prototypes typically has much much higher damping (lower Q factor) as the baseline. <br> So one might worry that the prototypes might outperform (in terms of damping) what target designs could ever offer. <br> Especially for rather fast moving elements this might be a concern. <br> But then again: * Deflections amplitudes in plastic prototypes are much much bigger due to the much much lower material stiffness of plastics compared to gemstone. And ... * Resonance amplitudes are also largely amended/alleviated by the desired [[deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] for reduction of frictional energy dissipation. – Slow assembly motions at the smallest scales likely will allow for designs that avoid overswinging and ringing all-together. <br> – Faster transport motions and and faster mid-size-microscale (re)assembly motions may be more critical. <br> == Bending == What about bending? <br> We have [[superelasticity]] in the nanoscale target design. <br> So for macroscale prototyping we must not chose materials that are reversibly bendable for more than >10% bendable. This is pretty easy to adhere to. <br> Just design clips and such that they don't exceed this massive strain values. Leaving conservative design thoughts: <br> It's rather difficult to exploit even a small part of this potential in macroscale prototypes. * Many 3D printed plastics are brittle and like to break on much less bending than 10% strain * Materials that do allow repeatedly for 10% strain are typically rubbers with abysmally low stiffness * Many 3D printed materials don't like to be put unter permanent strain => material creep and stress cracking What comes closest in macroscale technology to [[crystolecule]] [[superlasticity]] may be nickel titanium alloys (aka nitinol – also called superelastic). <br> But that is not suitable for maximally cheap prototyping on hundreds and hundreds of parts. === Effects of lack of material creep === Structures under permanent tension-load or permanent bending-load may be a lot more problematic in macroscale prototype designs. <br> This is especially problematic prototyping systems that as a whole are under a permanent baseload. <br> Concrete example: The [[ReChain frame systems]]. == Presence and avoidance of overengineering from excessive conservative design == Overengineering in macroscale prototypes can come from: * excessive conservativeness * fundamental limitations of the physics of the macroscale – (sometimes circumventible by careful cheating) Such overengineering may lead to designs that: * would work perfectly well, but * are not exactly what one would want to go for So taking the conservative approach to far <br> (which is not much of a constraint anyway, as we've seen above) <br> is not a good strategy either. === Effect of the lack of superlubricating sleeve bearings at the macroscale === Due to: * the lack of [[superlubrication]] and * high [[wear]] due to high baseline loads from gravitative mass Bearings in macroscale prototypes may not be implementable in the same <br> compact and elegant sliding sleeve bearing fashion as in the target systems. <br> * Macroscale ball bearings are a bad match for nanoscale systems (Just as they are for 3D printing) but * [[cone roller gear bearings]] are a good match. While perhaps excessively overengineered they would certainly work at the nanoscale too. Alternatively for prototyping one might want to opt for <br> normal ball bearings as stand-in make-believe vitamins. <br> That are supposed to be replaced with [[superlubricating]] sleeve beraings in the nanoscale target designs. '''Overall faking [[superlubricating]] sleeve bearings with as few as possible standard bearings may be the best choice??''' === Effect of the lack of the VdW force at the macroscale === [[VdW forces]] are not available in macroscale prototype designs. That is a huge problem. <br> '''Adding form closure to all pick-and-place interaction leads to significant over-engineered designs.''' <br> Given presence of [[VdW forces]] is thought about properly, <br> [[Fully form closing system designs]] would certainly work without changes though. Forces from gravity and magnetism <br> (which both are not available in the nanoscale target designs, and thus should not be relied on according to basic conservative design rules) <br> can be (ab)used to qualitatively fake VdW forces to some degree. <br> There are some complications though. Complications include: * Gravity is anisotropic, and constant – very different to [[VdW forces]] which are isotropic and very short ranged * Magnetism has polarity, a still a somewhat different force falloff characteristic, and requires magnets as [[vitamins]] * Magnetism does not allow for static levitation (Ernshaws law) whereas this is kinda possible with [[VdW force]]s Using electrostatic forces or surfaces tension forces to fake [[VdW forces]] may be an option but would require <br> smaller prototyping than what is possible with filament based 3D printing. '''Overall faking VdW forces with magnets may be the best option??''' = Summary of conservative design considerations = '''Summarized conservativity check:''' <br> Note that what we want is for the prototype to be worse in its limitations than the target design. Across the whole board.<br> This is limiting but makes it much more likely for the target design to actually work with little to no changes. Unlike the materials of the nanoscale target systems <br> the macroscale prototyping materials (e.g. plastics) have … * … much lower resistance again deflections – CHECK * … no [[superelasticity]] – CHECK * … material creep – CHECK * … wear damage – CHECK * … no [[superlubricity]] – CHECK – this is only '''friction per unit bearing area''' – total friction follows the opposite trend – see "overall system" below ---- * … no [[VdW force]] – CHECK – but this is too much conservative design =><br> => fake [[VdW force]] with magnetism and maybe gravity – but don't "overfake" it. ---- Overall system: * There is no [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] for the prototypes => more resonance and ringing issues – CHECK * Going from macro prototype to nano implementation the addup of frictional heat dissipation of many copies stays manageable due to <br>[[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] combined with [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]]. '''Overall macroscale style machinery just performs way better across the board''' <br> '''when scaled down too the nanoscale and made atomically precise.''' <br> '''Contrary to what is often falsely assumed.''' <br> = Areas of design = == Atom aware bulk limit == [[File:simple bellow.png|thumb|200px|An example for a design at the lower bulk limit (a basic gas tight bellow)]] FDM 3D printing (FDM ... fused deposition modelling i.e. printing with molten plastic from a nozzle) works nicely in the ''atom aware bulk limit'' (that means beside other things exact locations of atoms remain unspecified but the main crystallographic angles and orientations are preferrably used). General: * keeping all surfaces parallel to the main [[crystallographic planes]] avoids introduction of irregular steps when the bulk model is refined to an atomistic one * the ~45° overhang limit for FDM (glue-gun) 3D-printing -> similar situation in nanoscale => scaled down models stay makeable * macro assembly using no sticking force at all only shape locking => assembly of nanoanalogous models may waste energy but will work Things to note on emulation of nanoscale VdW sticking for macroscale models. * Note that there is always a sucking force when two coplanar flat surfaces contact each other. It points toward the sliding direction in which the contacting area grows fastest. {{wikitodo|add image}} * Avoid contacting two large planar or complementary in direct approach - (high force energy wasting snap) - try to slide them onto each other instead. (1D to 0D locking can be done near reversibly {{wikitodo|make a demo}}) ---- * Gravity can emulate VdW sucking but only downwards (anisotropically) * Tiny magnets can emulate VdW force (albeit in a very limited way) - additional manual assembly effort * Shaking can emulate thermal motion as long as no free energy is extracted ---- * macroscale friction (from spring force) to emulate VdW forces - ''' bad idea''' - very different behaviour * macroscale friction (from tight clearances) to emulate VdW forces - '''very bad idea''' - hard to predict friction strength * macroscale ratcheting (from spring force) - '''very good idea''' (this is actually friction on the nanoscale) <br>- designs should aim to make all energy recuperable i.e. no click sounds - unlock move lock == Atomistic modelling == [[File:Drexlers Big Bearing - photo of 3D printed model.JPG|thumb|200px|Erik K. Drexlers superlubricating "big bearing" - atomistically modelled - This is a photo of a 3D printed model. See: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:631715]] Atomistic models (i.e. where the atom locations are specified and visible in the model) are more useful for visualization advertisement and educative demonstration of principle since the character of the short range force are not accurately recreatable at the macro-scale. === Forces === Magnets can provide a very very crude approximation that may in some cases suffice to demonstrate a principle like e.g. [[superlubrication]], soft force-field gear-meshing, a combination of both or other things. There's also some external work to hands on model some early stage nanotechnology protein folding for FDM printed models. They call their models ''peppytides''. {{wikiTodo|find and properly reference}} === Looks === Full color gypsum powder inkjet style 3D printers (a service offered by various printing services) <br> are ideal for reasonably small parts (smaller than what is possible with filament based 3D printers) <br> that are meant only for visualization. Not for recreation of plausible forces. = Side benefits = Development of specific prototype systems like * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] * [[ReChain frame system]] might be useful for concrete more or less near term macroscale applications too. '''Frames for just about anything:''' <br> Quickly re-composable frames for all sorts of sane and insane things '''Space applications: Frames and perhaps self replication''' <br> Quickly re-composable structures in space made – eventually from laser sintered metal powders (mined from [[metallic asteroids]]) '''Extending on existing self replication in the context of 3D printing:''' Self replicating RepRap 3D printers by definition make some of their own plastic parts. <br> But they do not assemble the parts they make to more RepRap printers. That task is still up to human hands. <br> Pick and place robotic devicees capable of assembling both: * more RepRap 3D printers and * more copies of those same devices Would be interesting at least. Practicality seems questionable. <br> It does very much not seem that it could fit into the envelope of a typical 3D printer <br> at least given crude filament based 3D prints as base-parts. '''Keep being clear about the ulterior motivations:''' <br> A focus in prototyping for nanomachinery will have quite different priorities in the details. <br> So trying to sell the idea under the context of a different more near term macroscale product <br> while still keeping the ulterior motive of designing for nanomachinery prototyping is likely a pretty bad idea. <br> Unreasonable design choices will raise eyebrows. <br> {{wikitodo|Thus clear up the ulterior motivations on the RepRap wiki page about the RepRec & ReChain projects}} '''On open develoment:'''<br> A forkable (coopyleft) approach should be the right way to go here. <br> So if someone wants to develop in a direction with a very different target "product" they can do so. <br> And improvements there can be ported back. = Related = The author of this Wiki [[APM:About|(about)]] conducts a meta project that aims to build up a collection of 3D-printable 3D-models (mainly in ''atom aware bulk limit'') that will hopefully turn out to be useful in the development and understanding of advanced nanofactories. <br> See main article: [[The DAPMAT demo project]] * [[Design of Crystolecules]] * [[Stiffness]] ---- * '''[[Scaling law]]s''' * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] * '''[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]''' * [[Nanoscale style machinery at the macroscale]] = External links = * Miller indices {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_index}} kjyelb3oaj2nionaqqm9psvqjf6vb7b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 325 7087 4009 2018-06-14T15:39:46Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] {{stub}} = gem-gum bricks = Silent dust free reversible assembly of [[diamondoid metamaterial|gem-gum-tiles]] with very high and possibly adjustable [[thermal isolation]] can replace concrete, clay bricks, wood, steel sheets, styrofoam and essentially all other materials that today are used in house building. Materials could be delivered via an [[global microcomponent redistribution system]]. ("pumping houses") [[quasi welding|High level connection mechanisms]] for AP products should allow taking out bricks of various shapes and sizes. Eiter via makroscale automation or completely manually. If the materials are in place modifiable they could perform self repair and physical software upgrades possibly using upgrade compatibility [[microcomponent]] adapters if the new microcomponents are of different shape than the old ones. = Decor from Nature = For looks thin sheets of stone (e.g. granite) cut out from the lithosphere via advanced [[underground working]] can be integrated. The exact location from where it was cut out can be kept stored and the pieces can be protected by thin diamond enclosures. This preserves as much of nature as possible and allows for later research if interest arises at some point in time. The pieces can be made small enough such that they can be easily lugged around by a human one at a time and stacked close enough such that the joint gaps are not visible without a microscope. Pieces of wood bamboo or just about any other nice looking stuff could be encapsulated for wall decor too. = Spezialisation = The metamaterials of interest here are of a specialized nature unlike e.g. [[utility fog]]. ([[self limiting for security reasons]]) = Price = Concrete and clay are among the cheapest materials available today thus AP metamaterials even if as cheap as potatoes might have trouble to compete with them. Inflated low density structures can help making them competitive. Also there's the much higher durability functionality and the possibility to replace at a low rate motivating their usage. = Upgrading old structures = Old concrete structures or asphalt streets could be cut in place into pieces (e.g. cuboids just like outlined in the [[underground working]] article) of a size that is nicely handleable by human hands and enclosed in a tough functional diamondoid shell. Those blocks can then be reconfigured by a kind of strength preserving "hole conduction" into a new desired geometry. That is shuffling the bricks around while keeping only a few holes at a time. The blocks could also be shipped of to another place via [[Transport systems|advanced infinitesimal bearing transport systems]] of appropriate size. Reasond for doing this may be * the building structure is in the way for newer plans * the concrete is old crumbly or the structure was designed to weak to begin with * the building structures geometry needs to be analysed * the carbon in the asphalt is of use * new cables need to feed through * ... = Related = * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * civil engineering __TOC__ o51c2ehidoe5w5qaqdk9ldkyadyy517 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1194 11111 2021-07-01T12:08:17Z Apm 1 basic page [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px| Argon is the third common gas in Earths atmosphere. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] Argon is a noble gas that is highly abundant in Earths atmosphere. <br> All other noble gasses ([[Helium]], [[Neon]], –, [[Krypton]], [[Xenon]]) are quite rare on Earth. As a noble gas it does not form bonds to other atoms when uncharged. <br> It can only be enclosed or held by giving it a charge. Early (now outdated) concepts of [[molecular assemblers]] sometimes came with the proposition <br> to fill the [[mechanosynthesis chamber]] with a noble gas like Helium, Neon, or Argon to inflate a graphene chamber or such. <br> Especially with the (least reactive) lighter noble gasses this should not bother the process of [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. With atomic number 18 and atomic mass 40 ⁴⁰Ar (99.604%) <br> it is quite a bit heavier than di-nitronen (atomic mass 14)*2 = 28 despite being monoatomic. <br> It's thus not usable as a lifting gas. '''Stable isotopes:''' * ³⁶Ar (0.334%) – #protons = #neutrons * ³⁸Ar (0.063%) * '''⁴⁰Ar (99.604%)''' Argon condenses and freezes a bit before nitrogen does: * Melting point 83.81 K * Boiling point 87.302 K ​ == Related == * [[Gem-gum balloon products]] * [[Chemical element]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon Argon] op1q0wa4da2fd29lk4pglnkfacn4lsg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 611 11647 6296 2021-07-15T14:02:30Z Apm 1 /* Maybe in the far future */ {{Stub}} Atomically precise manufacturing is not about recreating life. Other unrelated research is. == Recreation of life is off-topic in regards to APM == The research that aims to recreate life in a somewhat similar fashion to the natural blueprint is called [[synthetic biology]]. Synthetic biology and similar research is not only strongly unrelated to [[Main Page|APM]] it points in a polar opposite direction since: * it is strongly adhering to the [[brownian technology path]]. That is ... * it is showing no intentions of striving for an increase in building material [[stiffness]] to move nearer towards [[machine phase]]. That is ... * It does not attempt to ditch the weaknesses of biological systems on the most fundamental level. In the very early stages of the development of APM some results of synthetic biology may find usage. But the drop in results from synthetic biology that are usable for APM development actually can be seen as a measure of success in the development of APM since it shows increasing dissimilarities and divergence of development paths. Areas like [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] already show strong divergence. * Completely synthetic short DNA snippets are used that have never seen any form of life. * DNA is used as multidimensional building material (sheets, wireframes, blocks) instead of unidimensional data storage (a tape) * Assembled structures (e.g. rectangular blocks) abstract away from the complex geometry of the base parts (wobbly nobbly DNA snippets) leading to parts with high symmetry that are easy to design with. === Synthetic biology – unrelated does not mean useless === For deeply biological applications synthetic biology will on the short to mid term likely be more relevant than focused development towards APM. Increasingly advanced APM systems (foldamber based -> biomineral based -> gemstone based) will become increasingly capable of backward integrating synthetic biology "functionality". Note that this is the other direction! Synthetic biology then starts to benefits from APM. Synthetic biology (just as biology) will start to be managed by more advanced APM systems. Example: Microcompartmentalized cell culture. Related to this is the [[synthesis of food]] where management of biological growth too can managed in more advanced gem-gum APM systems. === Bio-analogies – mental trapdoor attractors === Hiddenly superficial bio-analogies are a perpetual and very detrimental mental attractor for people encountering the concepts of APM for the first time in an unguided fashion. There are [[common misconceptions|many mental trapdoors]] prepared leading people to false conclusions. Prime example:<br> The viral spread of the [[molecular assembler]] bioanalogy concept when it already was considered obsolete by the one who introduced it. Superseded by the more sensible concept of [[nanofactory|nanofactories]]. == Maybe in the far future == {{speculativity warning}} This is about the scenario of [[gem-gum goo]]. Going far enough into the future it seems not unthinkable that our artificial gem-gum systems will reach a complexity (experienced at the macroscale) similar to natural life on earth. One could think of [[techno plants]] sharing the biosphere with natural flora and fauna and also reaching into the hydrosphere atmosphere and lithosphere. When comparing super advanced atomically precise gem-gum systems (let's call it '''gem-gum life''') to natural life there are two main differences. The first difference is mentioned many times on this wiki because it pops up in many contexts. Very far term '''gem-gum life''' just as much more mundane far term gem-gum technology would be [[diamondoid metamaterial|gem-gum]] based with nanosystems operating in [[machine phase]]. The consequence: '''High independence of water.''' Side-note: The people at SETI looking for really smart aliens (ET) for having a conversation maybe shouldn't focus too much on planets with water in the habitable zone. Searching for gem-gum life in dry (massive) asteroid belts (with low gravity and high surface area btw.) may be a much better approach. Btw: Water ice and [[nitrogen|nitrogen]] ice (or even hydrogen ice??) found far away from stars are bad building materials for advanced APM systems when occurring in isolation / high excess. See: "[[Colonization of the solar system]]". The second difference between "gem-gum life" and natural life would be equally fundamental. The difference would be that the gem-gum life will features higher level control. There's no need to put the full building plan of a product (DNA in biological cells) in each and every [[microcomponent]] it is constituted of. Well [[microcomponent]]s can't really be compared to biological cells. They have no replicative functions**, no metabolism. Many of them (not all of course) not even have any necessity to being capable of any active behavior at all. The only similarities between [[microcomponent]]s and biological cells lie in their property of isolation against contaminants. And that on a high abstraction level because the environments and the contamination levels are vastly different. Everything else is fundamentally different. (** The old and obsolete [[molecular assembler]] concept again.) Related: [[Gem-gum rainforest world]] 078wvk4c9szcfw0hk9acnfakornm81h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 306 3149 2015-03-06T12:27:03Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Artificial motor-muscle]] to [[Motor-muscle]]: its obviously artificial so I think it makes sense to drop the "artificial part" #REDIRECT [[Motor-muscle]] ai4zh4ro1nsjhpl7f0pqa9vukuektss wikitext text/x-wiki 0 223 4265 2203 2015-09-29T16:08:01Z Apm 1 collapse double redirect #REDIRECT [[Motor-muscle]] ai4zh4ro1nsjhpl7f0pqa9vukuektss wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1169 10893 2021-06-24T11:54:57Z Apm 1 Created page with "{{stub}} * There's quite a bit of asphalt recycling. * Hot asphalt releases toxic gasses which is not healthy for workers * It's not as bad ad with rebared concrete but tear..." {{stub}} * There's quite a bit of asphalt recycling. * Hot asphalt releases toxic gasses which is not healthy for workers * It's not as bad ad with rebared concrete but tearing asphalt up againg is loud slow and energy intensive Just as with concrete asphalt is one of the cheapest materials around. So competing with it is hard. <br> Still, given that [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s only need will need air sun and time (once the code is written) <br> asphalt will most likely be outcompeted. Just as in [[3D printing]] generating and replicating complexity in [[gem-gum metamaterial]]s comes for free (once the code is written) <br> So just about anything can be integrated into streets no matter whether sensible or not. == Misc notes == Just as with [[vertical farming|farming]] a good idea might be to (fully automatedly) put roofs over all street. <br> In dense cities the materials for above ground layers for traffic could be taken directly from the material that needs to be removed for some underground tunnels.<br> Given there are some suitable materials like oxygen silicon aluminum calcium (very likely!).<br> This related to [[underground working]] and [[mining]] including [[soil processing]]. See: [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] == Related == * [[Replacement of cheapest industrial materials]] * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[Concrete]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] qc5tnnc34b3xbyek3z03cpthw4ronc0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 171 11999 9141 2021-09-20T10:28:50Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Assembly layers]] to [[Assembly layer]]: plural => singular {{Template:Site specific definition}} [[File:productive-nanosystems-video-snapshot.png|thumb|450px|Cross section through a nanofactory showing the lower assembly levels vertically stacked on top of each other. Image from the official "productive nanosystems" video. '''The most part of the stack are the bottom layers. [[Convergent assembly]] happens very thin at the top.''']] [[File:Bottom_layers_and_convergent_assembly_layers.JPG|thumb|450px|This is an '''extremely simplified''' model of the layer structure of a AP small scale factory. '''The stack of bottom layers (fine tubes in the image) is reduced in height by two to three orders of magnitude!''' The size steps above will likely be bigger than x4 in a practical system. Size steps of x32 allow for easy reasoning since they are nicely visualizable and two steps (32^2) make about a round 1000fold size increase.]] The layers in a stratified [[nanofactory]] are the [[assembly levels]] mapped to the [[assembly layers]] interspersed by lockout [[routing layers|routing]] and other layers. Note that here the levels refer to abstract order and layers to physical parallel stacked sheets. == Layers as natural choice == [[Scaling laws]] say that ('''assuming scale invariant operation speeds!!''') when '''halfing the size''' of some generalized assembly unit one can put '''four such units below'''. Those are '''twice as fast''' and '''produce each an eight''' of the amout of product the upper unit produces. Multiplied together one sees that the top layer and the layer with units of halve size below have exactly the same throughput. This works not just with halving the size but with any subdivision. '''All layers in an arbitrarily deep stack (with equivalent step sizes) of cube shaped units have equal throughput.''' Especially the upper [[convergent assembly]] layers very much behave scale invariant. At the bottommost assembly layers the lower physical size limit becomes relevant. That is manipulators cannot be as small or smaller than [[Moiety|Moieties]]). This and the fact that one needs too slow down slightly from m/s to cm/s or mm/s speeds to prevent excessive waste heat. distorts this scale invariancy somewhat. Stacks of identical layers that thread by finnished [[Diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] are sensible at the bottom. === Layers as a limitation === If '''power dissipation per volume''' is the parameter that one wants to keep constant instead of operation speeds the speeds must be raised with progressing convergent assembly steps. Bearing surface per volume falls quickly which would make losses fall too when speeds are kept constant. But if the bearing surface it is kept constant and the total constant speeds are distributed over many bearing surfaces in [[infinitesimal bearings]] power dissipation falls even faster. When using higher speeds at the higher convergent assembly levels one can either consent to being only able to use those speeds for recycling of preproduced parts or one needs to change the nanofactory to o more fractal design with increasing branching at the bottom end of the convergent assembly chain. At some point speeds get limited through acceleration forces (a spinning thin-walled tube ring made from nanotubes ruptures at around 3km/s independent of scale) much sooner mechanical resonances and probably some other problems will occur (acceleration & breaking losses?). == Slowdown through stepsize == Increasing the size of a step between layers slows down the throughput due to a shrinking number of manipulators per surface area. In the extreme case one has one scanning probe microscope for a whole [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_%28unit%29 mole] of particles. There it would take times way beyond the age of the universe to assemble anything human hand sized. This by the way is the reason why massive parallelity gained by either [[exponential assembly]] or [[self replication]] is an absolute necessary. Increased stepsizes bring the benefit of less design restrictions in the products (fewer borders). The slowdown incurred by bigger stepsizes can in bounds be compensated with parallelity in parts assembly. To avoid a bottleneck all stepsizes in the stack should be similar. == Consequence of lack of layers == Using a tree structure instead of a stack means halving the size leads to more then four subunits and the upper [[convergent assembly]] layers can potentially become a bottleneck. Since every layer has the same productivity (mass per time) the very thin bottommost layer has the same productivity as the (practically or hypothetically implementet) uppermost [[convergent assembly]] layer - a single cube with the size of the sidelength of the factory. This lets the density of productivity (productivity per volume) explode - but there are issues. == Maximizing productivity == For all but the most extreme applications a stratified design will work well. Going beyond that it becomes tedious. As an analogy one can compare it to going from very useful PCs to more specialised grapic cards. Filling the whole Factory volume with the immense productivity density of the bottommost layer(s) of a stratified design would lead to unhandlable requirements for product expulsion (too high accelerations) and ridiculousdly high waste heat that could probably even with advanced [[thermal energy transmission|heat transportation]] only be handled for very short peaks. ('''Todo:'''check when it becomes possible). See: [[productivity explosion]]. Sensible working designs for continuous maximum performance cannot fill a whole cube volume with an implementation of the bottommost [[assembly levels]] but need a complicated an unflexible 3D fractal design. If one goes to the limits the cooling facilities will become way bigger than the factory. Deviating from the stack structure to get more volume than the bottommost layer in a stratified design where actual mechanosynthesis happens * makes system design onsiderably harder (less scale invariance, harder post design system adjustability) * may lead to a bottleneck at the upper [[convergent assembly]] levels. === Assemblers === In the early (and now outdated) "universal diamondoid [[molecular assembler]]" concept space is also filled completely with production machinery. But in this concept there is a lot lower volumetric density of locations where mechanosynthesis takes place compared to [[gem-gum factories]]. That is molecular assemblers would freature few and big and slow [[mechanosynthesis core]]s due to their general purpose applicability requirement. So for the molecular assembler concept there might not be a bottleneck problem despite of the productive devices filling the whole volume. The actual problems with molecular assemblers are: * Limited space for the integration of a second [[assembly level]] beyond the first one. Here not organizable as not layers. And … * If assembly levels are "simplified" then product assembly design gets severely complicateddue to the lack of intermediate standard part handling capabilities. * The product growth obstructing molecular assembler crystal scaffold that needs logic for mobility and coordinated motien that lies in complecity at or even above what would be needed for [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s. == Delineation to microcomponent maintenance microbots == * In the diamondoid molecular assemblers concept they are supposed to be capable of self replication given just molecular feedstock. * Microcomponent maintenance microbots usually are incapable of self-replication. And if they are then need their [[crystolecule]]s supplied as [[vitamins]]. ----- In the diamondoid molecular assemblers concept they are usually assumed to perform assembly at the [[fist assembly level]] and perhaps the second assembly level at best. Assembly should happen in their internal [[building chamber]]. Usually in the past it where assumed there is just a single internal building chamber. And outside in a volume that is somehow very well fenced off against inundation of air. [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s would usually not feature any [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic capabilities]] on the [[first assembly level]]. Thery would rather rather only freature assembly capabilities at the [[second assembly level]] and [[third assembly level]]. == Large scale == What about building whole houses skyscrapers cities or even giant space station? In large scales mass becomes increasingly relevant and may begin to pose a top level bottleneck. But this is far off. Unplanned working is likely to emerge when time is not critical. This would look like many nanofactories operated at different locations at the same time in a semi manual style. This is a fractal style of manufacturing at the makro scale with very low throughput compared to what would be possible with even a single simple stratified nanofactory. == Related == * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Assembly levels]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] * [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] f46b1vxgqfyg6y77cfuf2h29dx9cdmy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1314 12000 2021-09-20T10:28:50Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Assembly layers]] to [[Assembly layer]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Assembly layer]] pea2dhz4sjmx4zirxhum0aitos3vtg6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 796 8104 2021-03-13T12:47:00Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Assembly levels]] #REDIRECT [[Assembly levels]] 6hbqoy95atc71motwdf1tbt7gqp2ule wikitext text/x-wiki 0 25 11414 10803 2021-07-09T13:24:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]] {{wikitodo|!! Fix the mess with the second assembly level being ill defined ATM}} The '''assembly levels''' describe how the [[assembly subsystem]] of an advanced productive nanosystem of [[technology level III]] eventually could be organized. <br> The '''assembly levels''' constitute a greatly implementation agnostic scheme for the organisation of an advanced productive nanosystem on the bottommost levels. <br> Assembly levels can be e.g. concretely mapped into a [[Nanofactory layers|layered Nanofactory design]] or a partially fractal design. Since non-degradable [[waste]] may be a quite underestimated [[dangers|danger]] of this otherwise potentially extremely clean technology a special focus on [[recycling]] is taken here. * A concrete implementation of the lower assembly levels is shown in the concept visualization video [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]. * Assembly levels may aid in the [[design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] * Do not confuse ''[[convergent assembly]]'' with ''[[self replication|exponential assembly]]''. * The here used ''terms in italic'' are newly proposed. = A Listing of Levels = == Take-in and preprocessing (Level -1 and 0) == At the very first two processing steps there is no real constructive assembly yet. <br> And the manipulated structures do not yet grow in size. <br> Thus calling these processing steps "assembly levels" is stretching it a bit. <br> To still integrate them into the scheme of assembly levels <br> a good option might be to just give them numbers smaller than one like so: * Processing step (PS=1) == Assembly Level (AL=-1) * Processing step (PS=2) == Assembly Level (AL=0) This way the "first assembly level" (Level I) is the first real "assembly level". === Take-in (PS=1, AL=-1) === What is happening here is a filtering/cleaning of resource material. <br> A lot of liquid phase (and maybe gas phase) processing is involved. * Contaminants are removed * [[resource molecules]] are (at the end of the process permanently) transferred from liquid phase into [[machine phase]] * The entropy in the resource material is reduced See: [[Purification mills]] === Preprocessing (PS=2, AL=0) (''prepatation of tooltips'') === Tooltip preparation / tooltip regeneration. From here on out everything happens in [[machine phase]]. <br> From here on out everything: atom, molecule, and all bigger building-components are always and ever held onto. <br> Nothing is ever let go off. See: [[Never unclasp]]. Here the tool-tips are: * loaded up with feed-stock molecules ([[Moiety|moieties]]), * then sent up to the first real assembly level (AL=1) * then return empty to be reloaded again. <br> A closed cycle like this is a lot more complicated than this simple description might suggests. <br> A lot of theoretical work has been done for a closed cycle for the mechanosynthesis of diamond and closely related pure carbon structures. <br> See here: [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf A minimal Toolset]. <br> For further information visit the pages about * [[mechanosynthesis]] * [[tooltip chemistry]] * [[tooltip preparation zone]] '''A note on irreversibility:''' <br> The tools are fully reusable (and reused in complex recharge cycles) but <br> the [[molecule fragment]]s that are bond onto the tools (which constitute the payload) <br> are on an irreversible one-way-trip downstream to the next higher (first) assembly level. Downstream. == First assembly level – Level I: (''crystolecule synthetization'') == '''Main page: [[From molecule-fragment to crystolecule assembly level]]''' * This is the third processing step (PS=3). <br> * This is the first real assembly level (AL=1) where small parts are getting put together to much bigger parts. Summarized characteristics of this assembly level: * '''In goes:''' fully preprocessed [[moieties]] on reusable tools * '''Out goes:''' assembled [[crystolecule]]s * '''Where processing is done:''' [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]]s in specialized assembly lines. * '''What processing is done:''' [[force applying mechanosynthesis]] in [[molecular mills]] <br>very stiff bulky design of mill wheels and assembly lines – hard-coded operation === About this assembly levels product – the crystolecules === The assembled crystolecules encompass: * '' [[diamondoid]] molecular '''structural''' elements '' * the parts that constitute '' [[diamondoid]] molecular '''machine''' elements '' Crystolecules are most useful when they are designed to be reusable standard models. <br> For any kind of conceivable nano-system holds: <br> From every type (or set of types) of ''[[diamondoid molecular element|DMEs]]'' an enormous number of identical copies is needed. <br> <small>(The reasons for this are nontrivial and lie in [[data-compression]].)</small> <br> Therefore for an efficient system <br> lots of specialized building chambers in <br> lots of specialized assembly lines for the different [[crystolecule]]s makes sense. <br> This naturally leads to the [[on-chip nanfactory]] design. Examples for a sets of standard parts (producible by specialized assembly lines) are e.g.: * [[Diamondoid_molecular_element#Sets|set for minimal dynamic systems]]. <br> * [[mechanical circuit element]]s === Lack of reversibility on the first assembly level === '''Main page: [[From crystolecule to crystolecular machine element assembly level]]''' A note on '''recycling:''' [[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesis]] is not necessarily (that is most likely in some processing steps not) reversible. <br> If diamond is used as building material then the carbon atoms that get bound as diamond (or similar) into the products <br> can only be brought back to the biosphere by burning of the [[crystolecule]]s. (See: [[Diamondoid waste incineration]].) <br> There are other [[diamondoid|diamondoid materials]] that are slightly water soluble and <br> may allow for an unattended route back to the biosphere. == ?? assembly level (''sinterface welding & crystolecule assembly'') == Summarized characteristics of this assembly level: * '''In goes:''' fully mechanosyntheized [[crystolecule]]s without or with some bonds intentionally left open * '''Out goes:''' assembled [[crystolecular element]]s (including [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]) * '''Where processing is done:''' [[crystolecule to crystolecular element assembly chamber]]s. * '''What processing is done:''' Pick and place assembly including more or less [[covalent welding]] with various adapters for basic end-effectors <br>(preferably parallel robotics for stiffness) == Second assembly level – Level II: (''sinterface welding & crystolecular machine element assembly'') == '''Main page: [[From crystolecular machine element to microcomponent assembly level]]''' Summarized characteristics of this assembly level: * '''In goes:''' fully assembled [[crystolecular element]]s (including [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]) without or with some bonds intentionally left open * '''Out goes:''' assembled [[microcomponent]]s * '''Where processing is done:''' [[crystolecule to microcomponent assembly chamber]]s. * '''What processing is done:''' Pick and place assembly with various adapters for basic end effectors <br>(preferably parallel robotics for stiffness) Here the output of the first assembly level [[crystolecules]] are assembled to bigger ''[[microcomponents]]''. The process is more or less irreversible. That is ''[[microcomponents]]'' are necessarily disassemblabel. ''[[Microcomponents]]'' are assembled in an evacuated building chamber. Thus their size is limited. They are * assembled covalently by pressing compatible ''[[surface interfaces|sinterfaces]]'' together and they are * assembled structurally by pick and place (think of putting rings on rods). ----- Parts which are supposed to move in the final product must be temporarily held down by one of * VdW forces * sparsly distributed covalent bonds (which serve of predetermined breaking points for later break free) * a second manipulater holding it in place till its locked otherwise This is absolutely necessary because due to thermal motion having still strong effect at this size scale <br> Anything that is no longer held in place shoots off with high speed. <br> Well, more likely is that it skitters of planar surface on planar surface till it gets stuck in some corner held ther by VdW forces. Now it's missing where it would be needed and where it ended up it way or may not get in the way of other machinery motions. For an intuitive feeling how violently/fast stuff shoots of once no longer hold onto see page: [[Intuitive feel]]. ----- Finished ''[[microcomponents]]'' ready for the next (the third) assembly level are complex or simple conglomerates of many small [[crystolecule]]s. <br> The step from the second to the third assembly level is the soonest point where product parts can be expulsed to a non vacuum environment. <br> Expulsion into a non vacuum environment requires that all non enclosed [[open bonds|unterminated radicals]] that should remain in the final product must be sealed. <br> That means that open [[surface interfaces]] for [[covalent welding]] with open bonds are no longer allowed. <br> Finished ''[[microcomponents]]'' must not use open [[covalent welding]] interfaces. Only use interlocking or weak VdW sticking for interconnectivity. <br> The creation of monolithic non-modular non-reusable structures becomes harder or even impossible. <br> For certain products (e.g. diamond single crystals) it would be necessary to defer product expulsion to higher assembly levels. <br> [[diamondoid metamaterial|Metamaterials]] from passivated [[microcomponents]] should be capable of fulfilling almost all our needs though. <br> [[Microcomponent]] expulsion marks a clear line preventing inter-mixture between the second and the third assembly level. Open bonds in the final assembled microcomponent are ok if they are fully sealed. <br> Such [[enclosed radicals|enclosed radicals]] may be used for [[locking mechanisms]], springs, energy- and data-storage. '''Recycling:''' <br> In this assembly level [[surface interfaces]] of ''[[diamondoid molecular elements|DMSEs]]'' are "welded" together. <br> [[Seamless covalent welding]] in most cases is an irreversible assemblyoperation. For recycling of the whole finished ''[[microcomponents]]'' it is highly advisable to * keep all the outer interlocking mechanisms reversible and to * physically tag all ''[[microcomponents]]'' so that they remain recomposable later-on even after they where shuffled. * Open documentation will also improve chances for reuse and thereby help to minimize biosphere pollution. <br>See: [[Gemstone waste problem]]. Since at this assembly level only whole [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] blocks are handled <br> most overhangs should be assemblable with only three degrees of freedom (like in an 3D printer). It makes sense to create for each product [[crystolecule]] an [[adapter crystolecule]] such that only one maipulator can grip a multitude types of [[crystolecules]]. <br> High programmability is desired. <br> Perhaps even more so than in the next assembly step where a lot of in place production can occur. === Reversibility on the second assembly level – Level II-R: (''crystolecule component tweaking'') === The final product of the second assembly level: Finished ''[[microcomponents]]'' might be designed such that they provide: * some adjustability (on the smaller [[crystolecule]] size level) and or * some means for functional mechanical testing of their innards. General purpose ''[[Microcomponent maintenance microbot|maintainance microbots]]'' with <br> a similar size to microcomponents and some mobility (possibly [[legged mobility]]) <br> Could remain permanently stationed within the final product. There they should be able able to * operate subfunctionalities (like functional testing) of microcomponents on the smaller crystolecule size scale (2nd assembly level actions). <br> * pull out as-broken-detected microcomponents and push in new replacement microcomponents (bottom up 3nd assembly level actions) * eventually do some repair of microcomponents without replacing them as a whole (difficult 2nd assembly level actions). In other words: * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s could repair/replace/remove [[microcomponents]] based on the results of some tests they perform on them. * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s could operate with assembly capabilities on both the second and third assembly level. == Third assembly level – Level III: (''microcomponent composing'') == '''Main page: [[From microcomponent to mesocomponent assembly level]]''' Summarized characteristics of this assembly level: * '''In goes:''' fully assembled [[microcomponents]] * '''Out goes:''' assembled [[product fragment]]s – (or the final product right away) * '''Where processing is done:''' robotic assembly chambers (clean room) * '''What processing is done:''' Pick and place assembly with just a few if any adapters for the end-effectors. <br> Much more filigree robotics here since stiffness is no longer so critical. Eventual part streaming robotics here. Here out of ''[[microcomponents]]'' finished in level II structures of arbitrary scale are built. Connections are made via interlocking possibly in an ambiet pressure envirounment. Dirt like chain molecules viruses and dust must be considered. Positional accuracy may be lower than atomic. The connectors restore atomic resolution by guidance. '''Recycling:''' Note that there is a tradeoff between functional-density and module-reusability. The smaller the units get the more fundamental and reusable they will be, but they'll have much interlocking surface eating up quite a lot of otherwise usable volume. === Reversibility on the third assembly level – Level III-R: (''component recomposing'') === General purpouse ''[[Microcomponent maintenance microbot|maintainance microbots]]'' can recompose components to completely different makroproducts. Compared to "rezzing" products from level 0 this produces considerably less heat and can be done considerably faster. Hopefully [[Global microcomponent redistribution system|a global network of machine phase component redistribution pipes]] will emerge at some not too late point in time. == Fourth assembly level – Level IV == An optional step. Some layers of [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0507molManConvergent.html convergent assembly] can be added fro various reasons. One can think of convergent assambly as putting ''[[microcomponents]]'' together from the leaves to the root of an [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octree octree]. '''Todo:''' Find out the advantages of convergent assembly over direct assembly. (It's not speed.) They are mentioned but not really explained here: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/convergent.html] Exponential assembly is more sensitive to disturbing vibrations / accelerations than direct assembly. Proucts are more anisotropic. A lot of quick macroscopic handling (makro scale reconfigurations) may be automated in a convergent assembly nanofactory capable of dealing with dirt from recycling. Interfaces / surfaces capable of self alignment and bonding from crude alignment by hand ([[quasi welding]]) would allow the topmost convergent assembly stages huge fault tolerances. '''Recycling:''' A level IIIb and IIb system may be included into the product that bypasses Level IV so that products can execute self repair actions while running. (hot plugging) =Related topics= == Interleaved component router systems and stocks == For the transport of unfinished product parts of different sizes from lower to higher [[assembly levels]] nanofactories may use [[routing layer|routing structures]]. The routing structures can either have separate or merged multiplexing and de-multiplexing steps where the former provides redundancy of rails. (Nanosystems Fig 14.7.) There are two in some respects similar yet in other respects very different steps where this can occur. * when [[diamondoid molecular elements]] (DMEs) are transported from assembly level I to II * when [[microcomponents]] are transported from assembly level II to III For all the optional steps in convergent assembly (assembly level IV) the lower stages should be programmable/steerable enough that no further shuffling is required. (Depending on the programmability the lower stages may too be simplified.) Since direct control of the bottommost systems could clog the IO bottleneck hirachical heterogenous [[nanomechanical computing]] system must be integrated in parallel (one layer might suffice). Temporary storage facilities for microcomponents are optional (they may also be useful as seperate macroscopic entities). [Todo: explain free space designs, analyze parallelism] == Product expulsion == In any [[technology level III]] productive nanosystem that uses vacuum up to the topmost assembly level (blending assembly levels, allowing for unrecyclable macroscopic maximum performance single crystals) a macroscopic perfectly tight lockout mechanism is necessary. Vacuum lockout in the micro-scale at the soonest possible point in the [[convergent assembly]] process like described [[vacuum handling|here]] may be easier and may enforce recyclability of products at the price that one needs to deal with dirt not just in product usage but already at the assembly time. In E.Drexlers new book "Radical Abuncance" '''[add ref]''' the outlined system differs to the presented assembly levels in that it keeps the process in vacuum/noble-gas till the product is completely finished. This design avoids the complexity of dealing with dirt but introduces the complicity of providing appropriate vacuum at all convergent assembly levels (level IV). Note that for recycling one has to deal with dirt at least on the products surface in any way. An "isolation till finished macro-product" approach would further allow intermixing for Level II & III and thus allow for undissasemblable unrecyclable macro-products like one big diamond crystal. Such products may only be of interest for products that not just ought to work but are supposed to push the limits like in motor sports and in military interests. Well designed form closure connectors can retain almost the full material strength and may suffice for aerospace applications. == Recycling == A very important issue whenever responsibly designing nanomachinery is to aim for best waste avoidance. It does not come for free. The history of plastics show the dangers pretty well. But with [[Main Page|APM]] systems one can take a range of [[recycling|countermeasures]] starting in their inherent design and buildng up with additional functions. Very desirable would be some kind of [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] parallel to our current water gas and electricity supply that couples to assembly level IIb. == Relation to product structure == Somewhat complementary to the assembly levels is hirachical product structure. A given product description (e.g. implicit volume definition) can be reversely subdivided into assembly level assembly steps and the assembly levels can be used as a guide for foreward product design (which is most prominent with microcomponents). [TODO: link Nanosystems] = Related = * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[In place assembly]] * More general including the in between levels (not necessarily layers): [[Chain of zones]] * [[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]] = External links = * Motivations for splitup into assembly levels (Level1 & Level2) can be found in ''Considerations for Self-replicating Manufacturing Systems by J. Storrs Hall, PhD. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing'' [http://www.autogeny.org/selfrepsys/Architectural] [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Hall/] [[Category:Nanofactory]] == Table of assembly levels == {{Assembly levels}} [[Category:PagesWithNiceTables]] tpclnclyu1j6hq5smcd7t9quqjt0v76 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1002 11872 10151 2021-08-24T05:29:37Z Apm 1 added related section with two relevant links {{stub}} [[File:AssemblylinePositioningStage.png|200px|thumb|right|Positioning stages on a conveyor chain.]] == Discussion of the depicted example design == The depicted example design is a cropped screen capture from the [[productive nanosystems]] video. === Present elements === Elements of the design: * two screws: light yellow and light blue * two wedges: orange and dark blue * slider wedge: light grey * adapter pallet: red * [[crystolecule]] under construction: mid grey at the top * assembly line chain segments: dark grey at the bottom === Function === It is a differential mechanism. * Turning the two screws in the opposite directions shifts the crystolecule upwards or downwards * Turning the two screws in the same direction shifts the crystolecule sideways * The lengthwise position is continuously swept through by the assembly lines chains movement ---- * Note that this design makes heavy use of [[Van der Waals force]]. The design would not work at the macroscale === Missing elements === '''Adjustment screw actuation:'''<br> How the adjustment screws could be actuated is not shown. This could be done: * by toothed racks parallel to the assembly line that are actuated in a nontrivial reciprocate motion * by static cams somehow '''Rotative tooltip counter stages:'''<br> Not shown in the animation is a [[tooltip positioning stage]] which would need to provide rotational degrees of freedom. Instead in the video what is shown is a [[simple static mill-wheel]] (not in the cropped screencap here) The problems with this approach is that * the encounter time can only be adjusted by the speed of the assembly line * bends and twists cannot be performed on bonds '''Cain interlinks:'''<br> How the interlinking of the chain segments work is barely visible in the video. Or rather invisible. In other parts of the same video very simple non form closing hooks are shown. These seems more like a rough sketch than a concrete proposal though. To keep the animation comprehensible and to keep the modelling effort low. There are many straightforward ways to do it. A chain with pins e.g. would be a slightly bigger but natural choice. '''Chain track:'''<br> There needs to be a back-pressure providing track segment below. The most trivial solution would be just a square channel. To reduce friction the middle of the square channel could be removed between the assembly stations. Ideally at places where no back-pressure is needed the chain should be running in free space. Since the assembly stations should be cramped together as close as possible there might not be much space for that. Other effects (like variations in [[Van der Waals force]]) may counteract the small gains in friction reduction. The design effort might not be justifiable. Especially at this point where we cannot physically test the designs yet but only simulate them. With gaps in the track up and down resonances might be a worry. Due to the expectable operation speeds being way below what wold results from [[scale natural frequencies]] (chosen low to keep friction levels low), this should not be a problem at all. == Related == * [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] * [[Assembly line orienting stage]] ... the same for rotations e.g. for orienting the opposing tool-tips in angle over time g8ep1nqluz0lix61mn2jyizfkjhb4ai wikitext text/x-wiki 0 978 9571 9558 2021-05-29T22:07:00Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: * [[Assembly line positioning stage]] {{stub}} == Nanoscale == See main page: '''[[Bottom scale assembly lines in gem-gum factories]]'''. <br> Components of these assembly lines are as small as physics permits. <br> Bottom scale assembly lines include: * [[Tooltip preparation assembly lines]] * [[Crystolecule assembly line]] == Microscale and larger scales == Assembly line style manufacturing at higher assembly levels is likely not necessary since there is enough space that allows for programmable assembly and at macroscopic even for very high dexterity. See: [[Gem-gum tentacle manipulator]] Quite similar to assembly line manufacturing though is [[part streaming assembly]]. * there is also the need for an [[attachment chain]] and [[adapter pallets]]. But ... * the path of transport needs some dynamic live in operation shape changing capabilities * there is no manipulation of the transported path along the path of transport but rather assembly of the parts of the stream into a bigger structure at the and of the path of transport. For the macroscale in [[gem-gum tentacle manipulator]]s there should be plenty of space even for a combination of the two. <br> This would be a [[part streaming assembly with integrated assembly line]]. == Related == * [[Components]] * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Attachment chains]] * [[Assembly line positioning stage]] ---- * [[Microcomponent transport in gem-gum factories]] * [[Part streaming assembly]] * [[Part streaming assembly with integrated assembly line]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_stock_scheme Buffer stock] f2u1dtty91lzf4r6ft3o35w9gxhd222 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 840 8388 8386 2021-04-02T18:33:09Z Apm 1 added a crazy story -- maybe for a different page? A treasure trove of resources. While the total mass of the asteroid belt is rather minute compared to the planets <br> the exposed and easily accessible surface area is enormous. <br> Plus the material is not locked in deep gravity wells like <br> it is very much the case for the planets and less so for the moons. A disadvantage for [[nanofactory|gem-gum manufacturing systems]] is <br> that the resources come in solid state rather than gaseous form <br> which makes the development of more complex [[mining technology]] necessary. What about mining induced interplanetary space debris? <br> Interplanetary space is probably too big for this to become a danger any time soon. <br> And if technology reaches a point of space mining of unfathomable scale is should have means to prevent such debris. <br> {{todo|maybe investigate this somewhen}} == Colonization of asteroids == Any humans living there will want to go underground. This gives: * Radiation protection * Micrometeorite protection There are many asteroids that are made out of loose material. This makes for easy digging. But with advanced [[deep drilling]] and [[underground working]] technology harder ones (even solid metal ones) should also pose not much of a problem. Low gravity allows for: * very deep digging. * very very big chambers === Communication === Light speed lag between the asteroids and towards earth is severe. <br> Live calls obviously impossible.<br> Big local data-caches on each asteroids backing up large parts of earth's internet likely. === Energy === Between Mars and Jupiter solar energy is already quite low but still usable. <br> beyond that in most cases there might bot be much other options than nuclear. <br> With a few exceptions maybe like geothermal energy on Ceres. <br> Which is big enough to be a differentiated dwarf planet. === Big chambers === One big asteroid could house many big chambers. We are not talking about chambers of a size of [[O'Neill cylinder]]s here. <br> Much smaller and a dug cavity leaving very thick "walls" of asteroid material. Big chambers allow for (several) centrifuges such that: * Coriolis forces are not nausea inducing * speeds are slow calm and not dangerous Big chambers: * make necessary the development of means for [[free space microgravity locomotion]] * will help in preventing eventual caustrophobic feelings * may help in the mitigation of eventual [[homesickness for Earth]] of non-natives – some aspects of [[gem-gum technology]] may help against such suffering too === Intuition about life in such a colony === Big cambers would likely be mostly leisure and relaxation spaces. Chambers could be made in interesting shapes like natural caves or some bobby foam. Lets assume the chamber is of uneven bean-shape in the biggest centre part with some dendridic extensions here and there at the ends. Imagine being in one corner of that chamber just leaving behind a 3D micro-gravity sports and playground for both children and adults. With climbing structures and other interactive sports devices inside. You won't worry about of falling down and hurting yourselve here. Just do not speed up to much. You will have been informed about the dangers of inertial mass. You feel powered out and hungry. So you plan to meet up with someone in a nearby restaurant. Upon leaving the structure you peer "above" the horizon of a hill/mountain that is the concave part of the asteroid cavity. You peer over to some brightly yellow lit open centrifuges on one side of the long bean shaped chamber that are inset into the asteroids cavities walls. In each centrifuge there are several restaurants. Eating drinking and what comes after is much nicer with gravity you know. The centrifuges are huge but they are still so far away that they seem rather small from this vantage point. The hill you are peering over is a park. It is covered with plants and greenery that is somewhat chaotically and oddly growing due to micro-gravity. The park at the horizon of the hill is crisscrossed by some "ladder-paths" and "anchor-points" for both the robotic maintainers and the curious humans to handle along and relax. There are some spot lanterns in that park on sticks giving off some atmospheric warm light. It simulates a twilight mood of an earth evening right now it seems. Also in that park a little more near towards you there is a chain of funnily shaped huts in that park. They look like wood but they are most likely some [[gem-gum]]. After enjoying the view for a while you decide to get a move on. Since there is for many hundreds of meters just free space without anything to hold on first (and just for fun) you use your [[grappling gripper gun]] to lathch onto the last of the sport structure bars on this side of the camber and make some nice intense spiderman like accelerating. While you aim and shoot with your hand the ropes pull on your waist so it won't rip out your arm and you wont start to spin tumble and rotate uncontrolledly. Now you are a ballistic missile and will litterally will crash a party in one of those restaurant cetrifuges on the otherside in a few minutes. Just kidding. [[Grappling gripper gun]]s come only in [[medium mover suit]]s. You know the strange micky mouse ear looking disks sticking out from your sholders waist and side of the feet. These can accelerate air quite vigorously. And that without any macroscopically visibly moving parts and completely silently. Except the sound of air turbulence on high tilt. Look out for the "free-space-lighting-buoys". They also use [[medium movers]] to move around. Albeit automatedly. But mostly they are static. Since they have a big chemical battery inside they only rarely need to come back to their docks for a recharge. So you make your way to the other side of the chamber. Steering the [[medium mover suit]] with some sort of hand-joystick that is integrated in the suit. Hopefully abiding traffic rules for free-space-high-speed-pedestrians. Unfortunately you're flying was a bit too sporty and now you come in at a worryingly high speed. So it's crashing the party after all. But the system automatically detects that an helps you decelerating just right. Only that this "just right" was a full 4g of deceleration. Wow that was intense. You wonder wherther some of the guest might have seen that and have worried too. Finally you arrive in front of the "landing-srtipe" of the "restaurant-centrifuge". You wait till the right restaurant slowly swooshes by grab on onto the narrow and inset ladder. You're dragged along and suddenly you feel like lying on the ground with earth gravity. After a bit of reorientation you stand up. Easy for you. You just work out all the time. That is keeping you top fit. You spot your friend and walk up to them. Your lazy friend looks at you in bewilderment. They have taken the efficient path. You see: The walls of the cavity are littered with stations of an efficient and fast human transport system. == Related == * [[Colonization of the solar system]] * Low temperature resilient energy storage systems with no self discharge * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder O'Neill cylinder] -- author is not a fan - too fragile mom7bypt21il3eoold7pmkc19xoabjq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 393 4258 2015-09-29T12:43:16Z Apm 1 moved out from [[carbon dioxide collector]] {{stub}} Watching out for malicious micro ships. If they have the same size as the aggressor ships they may be most effective but then they may become a problem themselves. * Skysweepwers (term coined by J. Storrs Hall) 6wt4wmk2cfktzpod2320puyh1ad1ul6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 458 10897 10896 2021-06-24T12:41:41Z Apm 1 {{Speculative}} Hypothetical airmeshes are based on [[robust metamaterial balloons]]. <br> An airmesh is basically a three dimensional mesh network out of vacuum balloon metamaterial floating in the sky that is '''anchored to the ground''' at multiple points. Anchored such that it roughly stays stationary in translation and rotation. == Size, structure shape and look == Imagine a cartesian computergraphics grid but in 3D with all the lines being replaced by thick translucent lighter than air metamaterial tubes. * The grid spacing several tens of meters at least * The tubes several meters in diamter at least. We're talking BIG here. Other (optically more pleasing and or for technical reasome better geometries than a simple cartesian may be possible. E.g. the edges of a regular or irregular foam structure. == Basic properties == Airmeshes could serve various purposes. Depending on the purpose it may have very different size and shape. Aerial meshes may have a severe impact on the look of the landscape. Aesthetically pleasing design might become a quite important aspect. Its yet unclear how well they could be hidden in the human visible spectral range with holographic displays. Human flight by eye in areas with optically cloaked airmeshes would be impossible. Airmeshes sticking far far up into the sky will want to catch lightning strikes. Thus they must be capable of handling atmospheric discharges. {{todo|investigate new possibilities that APM opens up for protection against lightning. e.g. nanotube lightning protectors?) It might be desirable to design airmeshes such that they can be climbed in some way. Ultra lightweight elevators could be put into the ground anchors going up the center of the floating translucent tubes. == Survival of wind loads == Similar to balloons and zeppelins lighter than air structures need to be voluminous and thus have the problem of a big wind attack surface. * Plus wind loads do not scale linearly with the wind-speed * Plus Earth climate occasionally has really bad storms in store * Plus all the force sums up down at the anchor points Gem gum metamaterials allow for making lighter than air materials that, when overloaded, reversibly fold up their micro-to-nano structure Like a soft fluffy spread out yarn that gets really strong and tough when pulled apart The issue though that the material then is no longer lighter than air and if too much of this happens the whole thing comes falling down. Who knows how slow or fast. === Eventually possible strategies to prevent destruction by winds === * full retraction in case of an upcoming storm – (can't deal with unannounced pressure waves from very large scale explosions) * active cloaking against the wind – moving the wind contacting surfaces at wind speed with ultra low friction ([[stratified shear bearings]]) – this might work surprisingly well Using wind power to move against the wind is possible. Sailships and ventomobiles do so. <br> But it won't reduce the forces on the anchor points. <br> At least it allows the structure to keep itself in a "nominal" position. <br> E.g. a straight vertical despite a sideways wind. <br> This should look very strange and counter-intuitive. == Energy extraction and weather control == For weather control and energy extraction airmeshes need [[mechanical energy transmission cables]] integrated into their "filaments" == Wind energy == Inside vertically orientated rectangular or other polygonal rather planar mesh loops there can be integrated [[medium mover]] sails. for energy extraction and back-splicing from the weather system. They should be designed to be adjustable such that can be set to let through enough airflow to not disturb the weather system in a detrimental way. Airmesh surfaces might be designed with advanced features for [[wind cloaking]] like [[active surface motion]] and [[temporary adiabatic presence cloaking]]. * [[wind energy]] == Solar energy == Inside horizontally or better sunward orientated rectangular or other polygonal rather planar mesh loops there can be integrated adjustable sunshade sails that work as advanced solar cells. If the airmesh reaches up through the troposphere into the stratosphere (possible?) one has a permanent daytime energy source. == Transport == Aerial meshes for local urban transport will likely be much smaller than aerial meshes for energy extraction and weather control. Pillar shaped high wind compensating [[robust metamaterial balloons]] could be used to lift passenger capsules up through the layer of electric legacy cables from todays age into a higher situated urban aerial mesh for local transport (still way smaller than the airmeshes used for weather control). The passenger capsules / gondolas can then be transported by the airmesh in a gondola or spiderman style albeit with the height kept constant for more comfort and faster transport. The advantage over just flying with the lifting pillar balloon is avoiding the inefficient use of air for propulsion. The high volume of balloons for a given mass (~ factor 1000) may be an issue for air congestion this may drive more inefficient means of transport Note that with atomically precise technology many things can be transported by just disassembling them to their [[microcomponents]] and transporting them through the [[global microcomponent distribution network]] or even better using locally "cached" sufficiently identical microcomponents. If you care for the preservation of the exact settings you may use some advanced form of pipe mail included in [[upgraded street infrastructure]] too. Related: [[Transportation and transmission]] == Notes == Since static aerial meshes are at all times anchored to the ground (abiding the [[mobility prevention guideline]]) ... One could use non-floating anchoring lines to anchor intermeshed floating lift balloons but this isn't very safe. When an accidentally ripped off cable falls down it could create heavy damage. A better solution may be to connect everything with quite thick (but wind-cloaked) "air-swimming" cables let's call them "air filaments". {{todo| investigate how big these need to be in diameter for a) lifting themselves b) lifting a [[ mechanical energy transmission cables|chemomechanical powerline]] and c) lifting an elevator}} == Related == * [[global scale energy management]] * [[energy extraction]] * [[geoengineering]] * [[geoengineering mesh]] == External links == * http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/26-aerial-meshes/ {{wikitodo|integrate this material into this page}} nsxqrkse22i5rezbazslvwugg63imrp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 484 10539 10538 2021-06-17T10:02:08Z Apm 1 /* Example */ {{stub}} For [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] to be able to put human scale objects together atom by atom in reasonable timespans they need to place atoms at mind boggling rates. == Compensating for a loss in parallelity == When going from "normal" (solution phase) chemistry to the [[unnatural chemistry]] <br> that [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] is than one has to deal with a loss of parallelism. <br> To elaborate: '''In solution phase chemistry high throughputs are achieved via:''' * massive spacial density of reaction locations (mixed dense liquides with many molecules in close contact) * massive temporal density (frequency) of reaction attempts (molecules bouncing into each other) <br>– (For gaining an intuition about how much bumping into each other down there actually is see: [[The speed of atoms]]) A countering effect is: * A low success rate per bump '''In machine phase:''' * spacial density is much more limited (due to the volume of the machinery needed to operate the tooltips) – Related: [[Fat finger problem]] * temporal density is also more limited – See: [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] But making up for this big time is: * An (extremely) high success rate per atom (or [[moiety]]) placement. Fortunately when running the numbers in the end this works out nicely. {{wikitodo|Add a skech that is comparing spacial and temporal frequencies of natural and [[unnatural chemistry]]}} == Example == Assuming f₀ = '''1MHz''' atom placement frequency per [[mechanosynthesis core]] how many cores (N_core) does one need to reach the desired throughput of Q₀ = '''1kg/h''' ? <br> N_core = Q₀ / (m_C * f₀) = ~1.4*10¹⁵ cores (about an '''1.4 Petacore system'''). (m_C … mass of carbon atom.) <br> A core size of ~(32nm)³ = ~32000(nm³) seems to be a sensible guess for advanced APM systems. <br> '''All the cores together then take a volume of size ~45(mm³)''' = ~ 45microliters. <br> This can be spread out plenty to remove high levels of waste heat. <br> The effective atom placement frequency in this system is f₀*N_core = 1.4*10²¹ atoms per second (1.4ZHz – '''1.4 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetta- Zettahertz]''' – quite mind boggling) (>> 10⁹ Atoms/second). <br> Early mechanosynthetic systems will be several orders of magnitude lower in throughput though. * They will have low temporal placement frequency * they may be only two dimensional * but they'll be already massively parallel Note: <br> Despite the similarity in name [[mechanosynthesis core]]'s are totally different (and much more complicated) in nature compared the "cores" we have in our computer processors (data processing arithmetic logic units ALUs). [[Mechanosynthesis core]]'s are much more simple in nature and controlled in whole groups by contolling logic. Thus the enormous number of ~1.4*10¹⁵ cores is actually achievable. Not to say that bootstrapping to there will be easy. == Related == * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Pages with math]] ---- [[Nanosystems]] chapter 8 Mechanosynthesis <br> => 8.3. Solution-phase synthesis and mechanosynthesis <br> => 8.3.2.a. Basic constraints imposed by mechanosynthesis <br> => 8.3.2.a. '''Loss of natural parallelism''' [[Category:Pages with math]] svdz89m9vq88ps4ob3kjw8il1t7p0z3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1035 10600 9985 2021-06-18T14:48:57Z Apm 1 /* Related */ = Math for constructing orbitals = == Raw solutions == Basic solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the one electron atomic orbitals (aka hydrogen-like atomic orbitals): <br> (source – Demtröder 3 – page 149) '''First shell s orbital:''' * phi(n=1, l=0, m=0) = 1/sqrt(pi) * (Z/a_0)^(3/2) * exp(-(Z*r)/a_0) '''Second shell s orbital:''' * phi(n=2, l=0, m=0) = 1/(4*sqrt(2*pi)) * (Z/a_0)^(3/2) * (2-(Z*r)/a_0) * exp(-(Z*r)/(2*a_0)) '''Second shell three p orbitals:''' * phi(n=2, l=1, m=0) = 1/(4*sqrt(2*pi)) * (Z/a_0)^(3/2) * (Z*r)/a_0 * exp(-(Z*r)/(2*a_0)) * cos(theta) * phi(n=2, l=1, m=+-1) = 1/(8*sqrt(pi)) * (Z/a_0)^(3/2) * (Z*r)/a_0 * exp(-(Z*r)/(2*a_0)) * sin(theta) * exp(+-i*phi) '''Third shell s orbital:''' * phi(n=3, l=0, m=0) = ... '''Shorthands for the basic solutions for the p orbitals:''' * phi_pz = phi(n=2, l=1, m=0) * phi_pa = phi(n=2, l=1, m=+1) * phi_pb = phi(n=2, l=1, m=-1) All what follows below is (for copy paste purposes) in a syntax that is <br> compatible with most programming languages (e.g. python) == Real valued helper orbitals == Adding two counter-rotating wave functions together in two different ways <br> to get two static wave functions pointing in two static orthogonal directions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital#Real_orbitals * phi_px = 1/sqrt(2) * (phi_pa + phi_pb) * phi_py = -i/sqrt(2)* (phi_pa - phi_pb) For a better understanding of what is going on here: <br> When separating the exp(+-i*phi) part into cos(+-i*pi) + i*sin(+-i*phi) <br> One can see a phase shift of 90° between real and imaginary part of the wave function. <br> The direction of the phase shift determined the direction of the rotation. <br> That works for electrons travelling as wave packets in free space too. <br> Here the electron is delocalized over the whole 360° though. <br> So the rotation is not no observable as a moving packet of electron density. == Building the hybrid orbitals (single electron hydrogen-like atom orbitals) == '''sp1 orbitals:''' * phi_spa = 1/sqrt(2) * (phi_2s + phi_2pz) * phi_spb = 1/sqrt(2) * (phi_2s - phi_2pz) '''sp2 orbitals:''' * phi_sp20 = 1/sqrt(3) * (phi_2s + sqrt(2) * phi_2pz) * phi_sp2p = 1/sqrt(3) * (phi_2s - sqrt(1/2) * phi_2px + 1/sqrt(3/2) * phi_2py) * phi_sp2n = 1/sqrt(3) * (phi_2s - sqrt(1/2) * phi_2px - 1/sqrt(3/2) * phi_2py) TODO In which direction do these orbitals point relative to the axes? '''sp3 orbitals:''' <br> The sp3 orbitals are oriented in the 111 directions (which is natural since highest symmetry) * ① phi_sp3ppp = 1/2 * (phi_2s + phi_2px + phi_2py + phi_2pz) * ② phi_sp3pnn = 1/2 * (phi_2s + phi_2px - phi_2py - phi_2pz) * ③ phi_sp3npn = 1/2 * (phi_2s - phi_2px + phi_2py - phi_2pz) * ④ phi_sp3nnp = 1/2 * (phi_2s - phi_2px - phi_2py + phi_2pz) == Next steps == === Accounting for shielding/screening === Unfortunately the nice orbitals for one electron hydrogen-like atoms (which are nice exact analytic solutions of the Schrödinger equation) are not applicable anymore to atoms with two or more electrons (or molecules). The problem is the combination of ... * ... that electrons mutually repulse each other and * ... that electrons are not localized in a small enough space that they can be assumed to be point charges (static aka non-moving). Like done with the positively charged atomic core nucleus. In effect this leads to a shielding/screening effect that (with distance from the nucleus increasingly) hides the charge of the core from the electrons. Particularly the higher the electron shell the more electrons are "below" and the more screening it experiences. Ignoring shielding/screening would lead to errors >100% so this absolutely must be dealt with. A first approximation is to assume that electrons are repulsed by the electron density cloud of all the other electrons (the "mean field") This is ignoring short lived virtual particle states. (These are responsible e.g. for the rather small [[london disprsion force]]s.) Still this will give at least "chemical accuracies" that are reasonably in the ballpark. In practice accounting for shielding/screening is done by choosing some sort of approximation orbitals that ... * ... can take a parameter for the shielding/screening effect * ... may be qualitatively different form the hydrogen-like atom orbitals Unfortunately instead of choosing qualitatively different orbitals to better match the now qualitatively different electric potential (deviating from simple 1/r) qualitatively different orbitals are typically rather chosen to improve on computing efficiency (including making things manageably computable in the first place). There are at least two types of commonly used approximation orbitals * (1) Slater-type orbitals * (2) Gaussian-type orbitals * ... ??? Both (1) and (2) sweep nodes in the wave function generously under the rug (to check). Gaussian type orbitals are especially crude. '''Next step:''' Construct these approximation orbitals that take into account the shielding/screening effect of the inner electrons. Superposing Slater-type approximation orbitals while adhering to the Pauli exclusion principle (two electrons with opposing spin per orbital) should gives at least a crude electron density distribution. Naive superposition of such approximation orbitals of adjacent atoms in a molecule or crystal (or [[crystolecule]]) leads to even more not insignificant errors though. When it comes to visualization-only purposes this should already give some nice reasonable looking results. So maybe one can stop here if it's only for that. Going further gets into serious business. === Ignoring entanglement between electrons in first approximation === For a more accurate modelling of the "real" situation the modelling would need to be done in an holistic way. That is: All electrons must be described by one single multi particle wave function that cannot be fully disentangled into individual electron states. That is because in the general situation there can be at least a bit of quantum entanglement between the electrons. In practice as first approximation it's assumed though that the electrons are mostly non-entangled. That is that the multi particle wave function as be written as a product of single particle wave functions. Product states. Entangles states are exactly the ones that cannot be written as product states. Some modelling methods later on introduce ways to account for the error that originates from ignoring entanglement here. Note: There is no entanglement in the case for one electron hydrogen-like atoms. These are fully disentangled. === Accounting for particle indistinguishability === At last for the Hartree-Fock method the product state for the multi particle wave function needs to be constructed such that the swapping two "[[particle]]" positions leads to a swap of sign of the multi particle wave function. * This must be modeled because this is an inherent property of fermions which include electrons. Details go into [[more fundamental physics]]. * This is called antisymmetrization * This is done by means of a Slater determinant (that come with some properties that are important to know for calculations) {{wikitodo|Find out how to construct an initial guess wave function for density functional theory (DFT) and note it here – this info is hard to find}} == Related == * [[Useful math]] * [[The basics of atoms]] == External links == Inner electrons screening the attraction from the nucleus: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge Effective nuclear charge] <= '''There's a table with screening constants.''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect Shielding effect] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric-field_screening Electric-field screening] Approximating orbitals: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater-type_orbital Slater-type orbital] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_orbital Gaussian orbital] Exact solutions to the Schrödinger equation: * angular part: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics Spherical harmonics] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_spherical_harmonics Table of spherical harmonics] * radial part: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre_polynomials Laguerre polynomials] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_partial_differential_equation Separable partial differential equation] Constants and basics: * Real valued helper orbitals: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital#Real_orbitals Atomic orbital ~> Real orbitals] * a0 = 5.29 * 10^(-11) m — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_radius Bohr radius] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(algebra)#Absolute_square Square_(algebra)#Absolute_square] 18wdfwnazoizuirq2zkqrkytlbyebmr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 594 11639 6167 2021-07-15T12:27:56Z Apm 1 {{stub}} Up: [[Precision]] Atomic precision in general can encomapass both: * the weaker [[Topological atomic precision]] (precisely specifiable bond connectivity) and * the stronger [[Positional atomic precision]] (precisely specifiable placement coordinates) In both cases precision is preserved over long periods of time.<br> Excluding thermally rather unstable bonds and compounds (including [[pure metals]]) or too high operation temperatures. == Related == * [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Main Page]] lp6hu4e2y14kejujpgtrizzxzzcdv5h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 592 6148 6122 2017-08-07T17:14:46Z Apm 1 Resolution must not be confused with [[precision]]!<br> {{todo|Is the term "atomic resolution" sensibly usable for some concept?}} You may actually be looking for the page:<br> "[[Atomically precise positioning]]" rm60uvco4epoy5qpx34s8o3v72t8skt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 87 9777 6886 2021-06-01T15:06:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[gem-gum waste crisis]] In advanced atomically precise manufacturing systems the capability of general atomically precise disassembly is not a necessity. In contrast to [[mechanosynthesis]] atom by atom disassembly can be a much harder problem. {{todo|Mechanosynthesis can be made to be highly energetically reversible (efficient). How does this relate to reversing the reaction?}} == Disassembly of diamondoid products == When atoms are placed into e.g. a stable diamondoid crystal lattice they form multiple bonds. To get them out again one would need to bind them even stronger to the tooltip. But thats (seems) not possible anymore since there are no single bonds that bind stronger than three carbon-carbon bonds (''maybe a counterexample with silicon [http://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/annual-report/volume-4/graphics/15.html]''). So once placed in most cases the atom stays stuck until the whole part in which it resides in gets burnt. (See: [[Diamondoid waste incineration]]) With materials that have weaker bonds and or are more loosely meshed one might have more luck disassembling but there are other problems. Note: Experimental results may suggest otherwise. {{wikitodo|ref Si Sn exchange paper}} == Disassembly of natural products == For materials which do not have [[diamondoid compound|diamondoid]] character (e.g. chain polymers, metals alloys) cryogenic temperatures are needed so that everything stays put. Many natural materials are very unordered, have some of their atoms diffusing around and they also have crystal defects making it necessary to scan the surface and have a plan for every possible situation which might occur. A very difficult problem way beyond the scope of in relation simple APM attainment projects. To simplify matters preceding conventional thermal processing methods may help a lot. Usually the goal is to get only a view types of rather small molecules. (See: [[Unknown matter claimer]] and [[Diamondoid waste incineration]]) Preprocessing devices may also be subject to improvement and miniaturization from the megascale to the meter scale. (Better thermal isolation, higher pressure capacity, ...) But no further miniaturization down to micro and nanoscale due to inherent complexity. === Example applications === * APM aided oil refinement: refining crude oil on a much smaller (but not nano) scale * waste water treatment - a device locally in your own basement - also not partly not operating way above nanoscale. * handling of crude substances in general - mining - old aluminum - ... * [[recycling]] == Related == * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] * [[Unknown matter claimer]] * [[Mining]] * [[Recycling]] * Energetic instead of structural reversibility: [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Gem-gum waste crisis]] [[Category:Technology level III]] gz5z9mmdh334eg1x8hbcj1jtwff7ray wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1271 11641 11640 2021-07-15T12:30:29Z Apm 1 '''Atomically precise manufacturing''' * is manufacturing of artificial artifacts with at least [[topological atomic precision]] * has a dedicated focus towards more advanced technology like <bR>[[gemstone metamaterial technology]] and its production devices [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] <br> (featuring [[positional atomic precision]] all the way up to the macroscale) The term '''atomically precise manufacturing''' was introduced in the book "[[Radical abundance]]" <br> To prevent mix-up of the this technology with any of [[the various other nanotechnologies]] that * are not atomically precise or * do barely or not at all focus on improving on atomically precision (improve in "controllable scale") All this is the main topic of this wiki (See: [[Main Page]]). <br> == Related == * [[Main Page]] * [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] ---- * [[Topological atomic precision]] * [[Positional atomic precision]] Side-note regarding an observation: "precision", "accuracy", and "resolution" might have quite detailed definitions. <br> But digging deep it turns up some insuffieciencies/inconsistencies it seems. <br> Especially when trying to get a unified picture over across both sensing (in) and actuation (out). <br> See: '''[[Precision]]''' ([[Atomic precision]]) ---- * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Atomically precise nanostructure]] lf4ob0rlor7sxn6hke3k6xfwl5z8gg5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 172 11271 11270 2021-07-06T09:19:58Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Stub}} * DNA (sriff frameworks for block precise resolution) * RNA [note: environment dependedt folding] * polypeptides [note: de novo design] * foldamers > peptidomimetics > peptoids * polyoxymetallates * (diamond) mechanosynthesis tooltips * moieties * stiff organic molecules [note: sandwitches] * further: buckyballs, metallorganic compounds ---- * artificially extended DNA (to encode unnatural amino acids) [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=6098 Expanded DNA alphabet provides more options for nanotechnology] ['''Todo:''' maybe rename article to "Atomically precise building block"] == Related == * [[Foldamer R&D]] * [[Chemical synthesis]] – a very old long existing mean for production of atomically precise structures of nanoscale size b99ejczt25bi0be0bhih5y1tz6l4rln wikitext text/x-wiki 0 593 6133 2017-08-07T16:31:35Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Atomically precise positioning]] to [[Positional atomic precision]]: better word order and better sub acronym preservance #REDIRECT [[Positional atomic precision]] cnxcpohygsci247sven8ky7vq56c5eo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 553 8407 5790 2021-04-08T12:07:59Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 379 4129 2015-09-26T18:46:20Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Atomically precise structure]] to [[Atomically precise nanostructure]]: size matters here #REDIRECT [[Atomically precise nanostructure]] qpjg9o8htukckqr3c51lz2tttbs1qbf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 217 2959 2836 2015-02-28T07:40:32Z Apm 1 The term autogenous means "Produced independent from an external cause or influence." (See: [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autogenous wiltionary]). In the context of perpetuate systems (including [[Main Page|APM]] systems) "autogenous" refers to a sufficiently closed system that can [[self replication|self replicate]]. Examples for autogenous systems: * diverse species of life (more in case of lone living extremophiles or less is case of symbiotics and parasites) * the human industry a whole * hypothetical long term autark space stations * the early concept of [[molecular assemblers]] * the current concept of advanced [[nanofactory|atomically precise small scale factories]] In many cases it can be difficult to draw a line at which point something becomes dependent. That is at which point you consider the consumed goods prefabricated by external source. (Even atoms could be called prefabricated by stars) [[Category:General]] 8ku5fmyrswj7lbzbyn9i39uztr2dy6r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 808 8169 2021-03-21T18:03:26Z Apm 1 seems like another good alias -- probably no clash with other concepts in context of APM #REDIRECT [[Disaster proof]] ee78vf4hg6hx1pmnjeo4pfudpk9rw5x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 773 7896 2020-06-21T17:54:11Z Apm 1 basic version of the page {{stub}} A [[gemstone like compound]] that has high performance in terms of some metric that is to be used as structural material in [[metamaterial]]s. Some of the the materials maximally possible performance is sacrificed in order to * gain material amazing properties that otherwise would not be possible. * avoid the necessity of many other material alltogether '''Performance metrics may be things like:''' * '''0th derivative of energy''' ~~ toughness (in therms of the energy given by stress integrated over strain till irreversible damage) * '''1th derivative of energy''' ~~ ultimate tensile strength * '''2nd derivative of energy''' ~~ stiffness * material density (in mass per volume) * thermal conductivity (or its inverse) * … == Related == * [[gemstone based metamaterial]] * [[gemstone like compound]] * mechanical [[metamaterial]] 3b38x4xyt4c7ggq1od3vzrbsksozot0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1223 11341 2021-07-08T10:59:47Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Base materials with high potential]] #REDIRECT [[Base materials with high potential]] o2xjokft5qur1i7mof1364nti0kae46 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 881 11822 11198 2021-08-19T14:26:36Z Apm 1 /* Other compounds */ added Sodalith __NOTOC__ = Very good materials = == Best of the best == All diamondoids come in: * cubic zincblende structure * hexagonal wurzite structure Related main page: [[Diamond like compounds]] === Best diamondoid compounds === '''C – pure carbon "[[dialondeite]]"''' this includes the allotropes: * C in zincblende structure is called [[diamond]] of the normal cubic variety * C in wurzite structure is called [[lonsdaleite]] "hexagonal diamond" ---- '''SiC – gemstone quality optically transparent silicon carbide aka [[moissanite]].''' <br> The structure of natural moissanite is in-between the zincblende and the wurzite structure. <br> This is part of what makes natural moissanite more though than natural diamond. <br> <small>This does not apply to piezochemically mechanosynthesized and very small structures like some [[crystolecules]] though.</small> <br> A main advantage of moissanite over diamond is it's high heat and oxidation resistance. ---- '''Si – pure [[silicon]]''' (eventually) <br> Not optically transparent since a semiconductor with low enough bandgap. <br> Lower mechanical chemical and thermal stability then the above. ---- '''BN – diamondoid [[boron nitride]] (cubic c-BN and hexagonal w-BN)''' <br> Boron is not super extremely abundant and available. <br> There is a rare natural mineral of the cubic variety called – [[quingsongit]] [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Qingsongit (de)] – cubic – Mohs 9-10 <br> <small>Like graphene in the case of carbon there's a graphitic polymorph of BN. This is not counted as "diamondoid" here.</small> ---- '''BC₂N – heterodiamond''' <br> Basically an intermediate between [[dialondeite]] and "diamondoid boron nitride". ---- '''AlN – [[aluminum nitride]]''' – optically transparent due to big bandgap (visible light) <br> A main advantage compared to boron nitride is that aluminium is much more common than boron. <br> Disadvantages are lower mechanical (thermal?) and chemical stability. <br> The surface is not stable against water at the nanoscale level <small>(powders hydrolyse to amonniak NH₃ and aluminum hydroxide)</small>. <br> Nanomachinery out of AlN must thus be sealed into a product internal environment like e.g. [[PPV]]. ---- '''Phosphides:''' Phosphorus has a similar abundance/acessibility problem as boron. <br> It's by no means scarce (see fertilizer) but by no means anywhere near accessible as nitrogen. (See:[[Air as a resource]]). <br> Plus some compounds can be a huge health hazard. Like (AlN aluminum nitride) releasing highly toxic phosphine (PH₃) gas on contact with water. <br> Out of these reasons they are not listed here as materials with high potential here. <br> Diamondoid phosphides are listed on the page: [[Diamond like compounds]] === Best SiO₂ polymorphs === Metastable ultrahard and dense SiO₂ polymorphs: * SiO₂ [[stishovite]] (tetragonal [[rutile structure]]) * SiO₂ [[seifertite]] (orthorhombic scrutinyite structure) === Simple titanium gemstones === [[Titanium]] combined with all sorts of abundant non-metal elements forms astoundingly many [[gemstone like compound]]s with exceptionally good mechanical and [[refractory compound|thermal]] properties. (Unlike the extremely abundant element iron that disappointingly underperforms in this regard). Titanium is reasonably abundant in Earths crust. Not as common as iron though. Titanium is especially common on our moon. There is also lack of non-volatile non-metal elements (like carbon and nitrogen) to combine it with though. Well, even for a quite big moonbases the volatiles in polar moon craters will suffice. '''Titanium compounds with second row elements''' * TiB₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_diboride titanium diboride] - hexagonal 2D layered - 3230°C - 4.52g/ccm - '''optically metallic''' - highly [[refractory compound]] * TiC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide titanium carbide] - simple cubic - 3160°C (800°C in air) - 4.93g/ccm '''Mohs 9 to 9.5''' - water insoluble (almost) * TiN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_nitride titanium nitride] - simple cubic - 2,947°C - 5.21 g/cm3 - '''optically metallic (golden) - "barrier metal"''' - water insoluble (almost) Associated minerals: * TiC titanium end-member of '''[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Khamrabaevit khamrabaevit] – Mohs 9''' – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Hongquiit hongquiit] Mohs 5.5-6.0?? * TiN '''[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Osbornite osbornite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbornite (wikipedia)] – Mohs 8.5''' – 5.43g/ccm '''Titanium oxides:''' * TiO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide] - hongquiite - simple cubic - 1,750C° - 4.95g/ccm - '''optically metallic (golden)''' * Ti₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tistarite tistarite] - hexagonal [[corundum structure]] (like [[sapphire]]) - 2,130°C (decomposes) - 4.49g/ccm - '''semiconducting to metallic at 200°C''' * TiO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide] - rutile, anatase, brookite, and more '''Titanium compounds with third row elements:''' * TiP [https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Titan(III) - phosphid Titan(III) phosphide (de.zxc.wiki)] - hexagonal - 1860°C - 3.94g/ccm - '''optically metallic''' * Ti₃P [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-31214/ (materialsproject.org)] - tetragonal - 4.7g/ccm ----- * '''TiSi₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_disilicide titanium disilicide]''' - orthorhombic (complex unit cell) - 1,470°C - 4.02g/ccm - water insoluble - '''optically metallic and electrically conductive''' - [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Crystal-structure-of-the-C54-TiSi2-Phase-oF24-showing-nearest-neighbours-of-Ti-and-Si_fig8_285014211 C54 phase (researchgate)] - More [[titanium silicides]] ... * '''Ti₃Si''' - tetragonal - ''(isotype to Ti₃P - see above and Zr₃P)'' – '''(can this form a cubic A15 phase too ??)''' * Ti₅Si₄ - 2120°C - tetragonal (isotype to Zr₅Si₄) * TiSi titanium monosilicide - 1760 °C - orthorhombic (isotype to FeB) * Ti₅Si₉ - spacegroup Cmcm (Nr. 63) - 3.9g/ccm * Ti₅Si₃ Given silicon is a semi-metal and titanium is a metal titanium silicides should come with quite metallic properties (optically and electrically). <br> But mechanically still gemstone like like inter-metallic compounds. === Simple zirconium gemstones === '''[[Zirconium]] Zr compounds''' (maybe) * Zr (fifth row) is the element below Titanium (fourth row) * Zr is the most abundant fifth and below row non alkali element (Earth's crust). * Zr makes similarly good compounds with various other elements as Ti ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium#Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides Zirconium: oxides, nitrides, and carbides] * ZrC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_carbide zirconium carbide] very high melting point (~3530 °C) * ZrN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_nitride zirconium_nitride] – * ZrP ?? * ZrO * '''ZrO₂''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeleyite Baddeleyite] (aka cubic zirconia) [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Cubic%20zirconia 3D structure (mineralienatlas)] * ZrSiO₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircon Zircon] (zirconium silicate) == Quite simple [[rutile structure]] & Hard == * [[Rutile]] TiO₂ – Mohs 6.0 to 6.5 * [[Stishovite]] - metastable SiO₂ polymorph - [[rutile structure]] & very hard and dense – Mohs 8.5 to 9.5 And [[neo-polymorph]]s with [[rutile structure]]. These include: * Silicon group: GeO₂, SnO₂, β-PbO₂ – (germanium Ge is rather rare) * Other: MnO₂, FeSbO₄ – (antimony Sb is rather rare) See: [[rutile structure]]. There is also a mention on that on the page about [[silicon]]<br> This could be called the '''the stishovite continuum'' or '''the rutile continuum'''. == Corundum structure & hard == The corundum structure has lower symmetry than the rutile structure <br> which can be but not necessarily is a downside in that the [[design of crystolecules]] <br> based on these materials might be more difficult and or more limited. * [[Leukosapphire]] (Al₂O₃) – Mohs 9 (defining mineral) * [[Tistarite]] (Ti₂O₃) – Mohs 8.5 – optically metallic ---- * [[Eskolatite]] (Cr₂O₃) – Mohs 8 – optically metallic – [[Chromium]] is less common * [[Hematite]] (Fe₂O₃) – Mohs 5.5 to 6.5 – optically metallic – [[Iron]] compounds are usually weaker For more examples including less performant ones see:<br> [[Corundum structure]] – corundum is a term for low grade sapphire (and polymorphs: deltalumite) == Mono metal monoxides (simple cublic NaCl salt structure) == === Earth alkali based === * MgO [[periclase]] * CaO anhydrous lime - questionable - highly reactive with water - ok if well sealed inside of products === Transition metal based === Some [[transition metal monoxides]] (Typical: '''Max 1300-1900°C - Mohs 5-6''') * TiO hongquiite * MnO manganosite - (Mn is less abundant) * FeO wüstite * NiO bunsenite - (Ni is not too abundant on earth but very abundant on metallic asteroids) V vanadium, Cr chromium, Co cobalt do that too but <br> these elements are more scarce thus <br> not included as pure high volume base materials here == Other quite interesting compounds == Decently hard iron nitrides: * '''Fe₄N Roaldite''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Roaldit 3D structure (de)] – '''cubic''' – Mohs 5.5-6.0 – (very simple crystal structure) * Fe₉N₄ Siderazot [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Siderazot 3D structure (de)] – triclinic – Mohs ?? – (not as complex as formula suggests) Silicon oxynitride: * '''Si₂N₂O Sinoite''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoite] silicon oxynitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_oxynitride] [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Sinoit 3D structure (de)] – ortorhombic pyramidal – 2.83g/ccm Corundum/sapphire polymorphs (See: [[Leukosapphire#Polymorphs]]): * '''Al₂O₃ Deltalumite''' (δ form of corundum, polymorph of [[sapphire]]) – tetragonal – Mohs ?? (likely quite hard) – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Deltalumite] === Spinel minerals (they all have nice cubic unit cells) === * '''[[Spinel]]''' MgAl₂O₄ – Mohs 7.5 to 8.0 – cubic * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel Ulvöspinel] TiFe₂O₄ – Mohs 5.5 to 6.0 – optically metallic Ambient pressure stable high pressure modificaions of [[olivine]]: * High pressure modification of iron olivine γ-Fe₂SiO₄: '''Ahrensite''' – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Ahrensit] – (Mohs 6 – 4.26g/ccm) * High pressure modification of magnesium olivine Mg₂SiO₄: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite '''Ringwoodite'''] – (Mohs ? – 3.9g/ccm) = Quite good materials with some hampering weakness(es) = == Con: low crystal structure symmetry == * Al₂O₃ – [[leukosapphire]] - Mohs 9 (defining material) - (isostructural to Ti₂O₃ tistarite?) * β-C₃N₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride beta carbon nitride] – (possibly a fire hazard) * Si₃N₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride silicon nitride] * Si₃N₄ – '''nierite''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Nierit 3D structure (de)] – '''Mohs 9''' * SiO₂ – common [[quartz]] - and other low density polymorphs of SiO₂ == Con: Somewhat soft materials == Saving graces: very common or acessible elements, some degradability, nature friendliness (common biomineral – sea shells) * CaCO₃ [[calcite]] – trigonal – Mohs 3 (defining mineral) * '''CaCO₃ aragonite''' – ortorhombic – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – (a bit harder and somewhat higher symmetry crystal structure) [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] == Other compounds == '''B₄C – boron carbide''' High mechanical thermal and chemical resistance. <br> Boron is not as common and almost everywhere accessible as carbon though. '''BeO [[brommelite]]''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromellite] – excellent material – hexagonal – simple minimal unit cell [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Bromellite (de)] – very hard '''Mohs 9''' <br> Problems: * beryllium is quite scarce * beryllium is quite poisonous – it's can be quite well sealed in a macroscopic gemstone though – how well a nanomachinery metamaterial out of many nanoscale brommelite [[crystolecules]] will seal the beryllium: not so clear ---- * Sodalih [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Sodalith] – cubic – Mohs 5.75 * And (almost?) isostructural ones like: Haüyn, Nosean, Bicchulith, ... === Garnets === X₃Y₂(SiO₄)₃ the class of [[garnet]] gemstones [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet] – typically hard Mohs 6.6-7.5 – and cubic – but big unit cell * '''Andradite''' – Ca₃Fe₂Si₃O₁₂ – '''iron but no aluminum garnet''' – HUGE unit cell [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Andradite 3D structure (de)] ---- * Almandine – Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – iron and aluminum garnet * Pyrope – Mg₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – aluminum but no iron * Grossular – Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – aluminum but no iron ---- * Spessartine – Mn₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – (less abundant manganese) * Uvarovite – Ca₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂ – (less abundant chromium – neither aluminum nor iron) ---- Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Garnet_group Category:Garnet_group] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Garnet_gemstones Category:Garnet_gemstones] == Related == * [[Gemstone like compound]] and [[Diamond like compounds]] * '''[[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]]''' * '''[[Simple metal containing carbides and nitrides]]''' * Can we make these high potential base materials from random stones lying around on the ground? <br>Yes! See: [[Common stones]] * [[Abundant element]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] ---- * Older redundant page: [[Charts for gemstone-like compounds]] == External links == Wkipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Superhard_materials Category:Superhard_materials] (Note: Many of them incorporate very rare elements) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_material Superhard material] 4kc2mljkqian8fnuolz0dodbevp0b1g wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1265 11601 2021-07-13T15:39:58Z Apm 1 basic page {{Stub}} '''Automatic differentiation but:''' * generalized to arbitrary dimensionality * generalized to arbitrary order * employing lazy evaluation – <small>allowing to avoid obfuscation of code</small> == Related == * [[Constructive solid geometry]] == External links == '''Central page linking to all relevant material:''' * http://conal.net/papers/beautiful-differentiation/ '''Actually usable implementation:''' * Haskell library [https://hackage.haskell.org/package/vector-space '''vector-space''': Vector & affine spaces, linear maps, and derivatives] vector-space provides classes and generic operations for vector spaces and affine spaces. <br> It also defines a type of infinite towers of generalized derivatives. <br> A generalized derivative is a linear transformation rather than one of the common concrete representations (scalars, vectors, matrices, ...). '''Wikipedia:''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_differentiation Automatic differentiation] [[Category:Conal Elliott]] rdjr70gga8y5jncn9tazqbcna5zsejg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 503 10387 10367 2021-06-13T20:24:45Z Apm 1 /* Related */ == Unusability despite benefits == Due to their extreme hardness beryllium compounds would be an excellent building material for products of advanced atomically precise gem-gum technology. Beryllium oxide BeO also known as the gemstone Brommelite e.g. has a Mohs hardness of 9. The problem though is that: * A) Compounds of beryllium are highly toxic and often slightly water soluble. A bad combination. * B) The element beryllium is rather rare. == Gemstones == In hard and water insoluble gemstones beryllium can be contained pretty safely. Simple berylliumoxide (Brommelite) - a due to it's high hardness (Mohs 9) mechanically interesting compound - is slightly water soluble though and thus toxic. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromellite Brommelite] BeO (Mohs 9) The presence of beryllium in the crystal structure usually can in cases improve the hardness of a compound. === With aluminium Al (and magnesium Mg) === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl] BeAl₂O₄ (Mohs 8.5) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaffeite Taaffeite] BeMgAl₄O₈ (Mohs 8-8.5) === With silicon Si === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakite Phenakite] Be₂SiO₄ (Mohs 7.5-8) (nesosilicate) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nertrandite Nertrandite] Be₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂ (Mohs 6-7) (sorosilicate) === With silicon and aluminium === * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl Beryl] Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ (aka Emerald, Aquamarine, ...) (Mohs 7.5-8)''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclase Euclase] BeAlSiO₄(OH) (Mohs 7.5) - there are forms that do not cleave easily === With other elements === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambergite Hambergite] Be₂BO₃OH (Mohs 7.5) - with not so common boron * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezzottaite Pezzottaite] Cs(Be₂Li)Al₂Si₆O₁₈ (Mohs 8) - with not so common cesium and lithium; hard but complex unit cell The following compounds are below Mohs 7 and may release critical amounts of Beryllium into the environment via abrasion. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danalite Danalite] Fe₄Be₃(SiO₄)₃S (Mohs 5.5-6) - silicate; contains iron and '''sulfur''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabesite Nabesite] Na₂BeSi₄O₁₀·4(H₂O) (Mohs 5-6) - silicate; rich in crystal water * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herderite Herderite] CaBe(PO₄)(F,OH) (Mohs 5-5.5) - phosphate => maybe slightly water soluble => probably more toxic * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllonite Beryllonite] NaBePO₄ (Mohs 5.5-6) - phosphate => maybe slightly water soluble => probably more toxic == Atypical covalent salts (may be incorrect - there is a note of E. Drexlers on a wikipedia talk page on that!) == Compounds of beryllium behave quite unusual. (They could be counted to the [[oddball compounds]].) <br> Its location in the earth alkali group would suggest that it forms purely ionic bonds. But instead even in compounds where one would expect to find highly ionic salt bonds like BeF₂ abd BeCl₂ the bonds have strong covalent character. Such covalent (directed) character of bonds is very desirable in [[diamondoid systems]]. It makes it possible to passivate surfaces and have sliding interfaces. So the material is usable for more than just structural elements. The "brother compound" of BeO is Magnesium oxide MgO. It is also known as the gemstone Periclase and has strong ionic character bonds and forms a rock salt crystal structure. Wile excellently friendly to the biological environment it does not feature the benefit of covalent bond character. Another less directly related compound is Al₂O₃ Leukosapphire. It has similar hardness and aluminium has low toxicity and high abundance. Those two things that beryllium lacks. Beryllium often can be better bound (that is safer contained) in garnet like compounds. But then the material strength benefit got lost. <br> {{todo|investigate this in more detail}} == Nuclear == As a side-note: Molten beryllium fluoride along with a greater mass of lithium fluoride is considered for usage in nuclear molten salt fission reactors of '''non''' atomically precise technology. The disadvantage of salts tending to form no covalent character bonds turns in an advantage in high radiation environments where the recombining ionic bonds in a structurless soup of molten salt prevent material destruction by radiolysis and metamictisation. Looked at this reversely radiation is the natural enemy of atomically precise technology since the in APM desired directed covalent bonds are susceptible to irreversible breakage and due to the densely packed functionality there's lots of structure that needs to be preserved. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] * [[Magnesium]] ... element below beryllium (and thus electronically and chemically somewhat similar) * [[Aluminium]] ... also some similarities to beryllium [[Category:Chemical element]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Beryllium_minerals Wikipedia: Beryllium minerals] hrh3uekkrzn9cqbajyf0p15t79f1ajn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 768 7869 7868 2020-06-21T11:56:42Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ Beta carbon nitride (C₃N₄) may be a peculiar interesting potential base material for [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. This is because (just as [[diamond]] and [[lonsdaleite]]) beta carbon nitride consists exclusively out of volatile and in earths atmosphere abundant elements. When drawing atoms for building solid stuff from (thin) air carbon has a far lower concentration than nitrogen and thus is the limiting factor. * CO₂ 0.0004 ( = 400 ppm and rising ) is by far the limiting factor. Nitrogen * N₂ 0.7809 ( 78.09% ) Given four seventh (or let's call it just more than halve) of the carbon atoms can be replaced with easily attainable nitrogen the extraction speed can be more than doubled. There are other volatile elements in the air like oxygen and sulphur but these are not suitable. <br> '''oxygen:''' It does not form solid low energy (aka nonexplosive) compounds with the other abundant volatile elements in the air. <br> '''sulphur:''' Sulfur oxides are even more dilute in presence than CO₂ (except near an active volcanoe or environmentally hazardous industry), sulphur nitrides are interesting solids but not sable enough as a building material, the simplest sulphur carbide is CS₂ and an (interesting) liquid. (Crystalline) sulphur on its own is usable but it's a pretty weak and soft material (Mohs 2). == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride * Solid sulfur nitride inorganic polymer material: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythiazyl (manageably explosive) – [[oddball compounds]] * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride fi2masx6ffdez42xg2r7cjd50ldnx7h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 410 7086 7085 2018-06-10T07:08:05Z Apm 1 /* Borderlessness without infinity */ {{stub}} {{speculative}} All of this might be complete bogus - I strongly advise the reader to treat this just as food for thought! == The big bang was not a point - clearing a common misconception == The big bang was not an "explosion" starting at some "point" in a prepared 3D space as often depicted. It is well known that when we look out into space we see into the (our) past due to the finite speed of light. The further away the cosmic objects/events that we look at are, the longer ago it was when they existed/happened. We can see only back till the time when our universe cooled down enough to become transparent for light. Since the universe became transparent for light everywhere pretty much at the same time and light-speed is the same in any direction (isotropic), what we see of the universe is a spherical patch. The horizon of that patch is known as the "microwave background". Beyond the horizon of our patch we cannot see. What we can see is actually only this "tiny" spherical patch of the universe centered at our solar system. This "tiny" spherical patch of the universe that we can see indeed was compressed to almost a "point" but this patch is only a tiny part of "the whole universe" which is unknownly or even unknowably bigger. For the actual "whole universe" including everything outside our horizon (not just the part of the universe that we can see) we do not know of any kind of border. Lack of a border does not mean "infinite" (infinities in physical models usually point to a lack of understanding). The lack of a border more likely means that the concept of space-time looses its meaning. More on that later. Going backwards in time compressing the "whole universe" (that may have no "border") to densities where space-time looses its meaning too (in the ultra small scale - plank length scale - high dimensional quantum foam ??) does not lead to a point like big bang in some prepared empty space. Probably a better picture for the big bang is a full-blown border-less universe ... (not flat - not 4D space-time - more like high dimensional string theory and beyond) filled to the brim with "big-bangium". Whatever that is. == Outside the horizon == In the local vicinity of our "tiny" observable patch that we can see one could guess that it would most likely have to look consistent with what we see inside. Sharp changes in character just outside our viewing horizon seem very unlikely but cannot be excluded. E.g. it seems natural to assume continuity of the flat space-time that we observe inside. But what is much farther out beyond our viewing horizon? Can still anything be said about this mystical "place"? === Borderlessness without infinity === Actually being outside (behind) the backward light cone is pretty much the best isolation to space-time events that one could think of. And quantum mechanics gets the more active the better one isolates an experiment. So if one contemplates to apply quantum mechanics (that two contradictory things can be genuinely true at the same time) to universal scales then one can think of the far outskirts of the universe (far beyond our visibility horizon) as areas where all possible universes "exist" placeless and timeless jumbled up into - what shall we call it - the multiverse (?) - the heat death (?) - the (???). In short this thought is about something remotely like quantum superposition at the scale of the whole (unobservable) universe caused by high quality isolation from the light-cone. == Universe a closed system? == When one defines the universe as everything one can possibly theoretically interact with then the universe is an ''isolated system'' since impossibility of interaction is equivalent to isolation per definition. Since the whole universe is expanding faster than the light horizon of the observable universe expands, we are loosing stuff to see (and stuff that can be interacted with) all the time. This can hardly be called a closed system. Judging from this the observable universe is an open system. It's kind of like "evaporating off" hot stuff thereby "cooling and crystallizing" the remaining stuff (e.g. in evaporating water or ions in an optical laser-trap) such a process decreases entropy and kind of would explain why an expanding universe is best for bearing life. (This "evaporating off" is probably a weak analogy though.) Gravity and Black hole horizons may play the same "evaporating off" role just on the other (fragmented) future end of space-time. When assuming an isolated universe according to the second law of thermodynamics when looking back in time we must see entropy decreasing. This leaves the big bang as the state with lowest entropy and highest order. By assuming something "before" the big bang (pulsating universe models) one may just defer the problem of where the low entropy stems from. Instead let us check whether the big bang could have been a spontaneous demixing event. {{todo|How does the above go together?}} == Demixing by Poincaret recurrence - small and large == Demixing does not contradict the second law of thermodynamics since it is just a statistical law. Don't worry no perpetual motion machines upcoming - (except the whole multiverse as only exception maybe). Isolated microscopic systems (like e.g. a microscopic gas chamber) that start with a highly ordered state (all gas molecules on one side) will after a while of mixing (entropy increases to the point the molecules have no bias to one side) spontaneously demix (entropy decrease to the point the molecules are on one side again - arbitrarily close to the initial state). This is called the poincaret recurrence theorem. At nano-scales this recurrence happens frequently and is e.g. responsible for thermal jerks that cause jumps of atoms in different lattice points in the slower diffusion processes (e.g. in earths mantle movements over geologic times). In principle there is no size limit to poincaret demixing recurrence but with every molecule (or whatever other degree of freedom) added the time for the recurrence doubles. At human scales recurrence times already are many many orders of magnitude beyond the age of the universe. It's rather rare that e.g. the air molecules around you "decide" to knock you over. But in principle they can. At universal scales (spontaneous generation of the low entropy state at the big bang) one would expect recurrence times that are even greater. Except the [[simulation hypothesis]] (maybe in unconventional form) is applicable and all of the universe is the consequence of one (or many extensionally equivalent) very compact programs that require only very low dips in entropy. == Lack of information-processing time-perceiving observers makes time "nonexistent" == So why seriously considering a spontaneous demixing event as the explanation for the big bang when recurrence times are mindboggling uber astronomical? Lets assume that time that is not experienced by information processing conscious observers does not "exist". It is not sampled by any information processing frame-rate. Any universe in a state nearing complete thermal death (maximal entropy) the "arrow of time" is lost. If one is given a sample of perfect white noise it is indistinguishable from its reverse. In fact all different possible universes become indistinguishable when nearing thermal death. Without flow of time and without the availability of thermodynamic free energy there is no support for information processing entities and thus there cannot be any time perceiving consciousness. So whatever ginormous (directionless) pseudo timescales there are "before" a big bang - they are shrunk down to zero. This is closely related to the anthropic principle. We can only observe those parts of the universal "evolution" where the laws allow information processing entities like us to exist. This is also related to what happens before birth and after death of information processing conscious entities like me and you. And why we stay we when we wake up the next day or after a not to severe concussion. Or do we? * [[Continuity of perception]] == Consequence == Demixing is extremely costly (every additional demixed degree of freedom halves the "probability of existence") so it seems more than a bit likely that most life bearing universes (including ours) do just spent the very bare minimum amount of demixing such that information processing conscious entities become possible. Simple universes are strongly preferred. (Related: fine tuning, Occam's razor) One may imagine to plot a graph with "universe demixing complexity" on the x-axis and "consciously perceived time in these universes" at the y-axis. Integrating/summing over that infinite distribution gives a finite probability of 1 (normed - an infinite but convergent sum). {{wikitodo|maybe add some fantasy graphs}} Our universe loves minimalism. It is low dimensional in space (3D) => two eyed life forms. It has a minimal number of stable elements ~100 which is not more than necessary. Judging from that one might suspect that this distribution has a sharp peak at the bare minimum complexity that is just sufficient for the emergence of "life". == Evade the unavoidable? == * Is fighting thermal death theoretically possible?<br> It is known that the order in which quantum measurements are taken can influence the outcome. Is the amount of available demixing of the universe maybe still largely undefined (superposed). (Probably not – more superposition more entropy. There should be a clear association of entopy to quantum system stat - to check.) If so can quantum measurements fixate not yet defined amount of demixing? If so can one maximize entropy reduction by choosing an ideal measurement sequence? == Misc == * While there are much more universes with deeper entropy dips (more bits more combinations) they occur much more rarely. There needs to be some convergent infinite sum. * Our universe seems to have a rather minimal entropy dip (3 spacial dimensions; ~100 chemical elements). * Maybe "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathemathics in the Natural Sciences" is limited to only the "areas" of the multiverse with sufficient dips in entropy? Do the areas where entropy dips are too small then allow Gödels incompleteness theorem from math to find a correspondence in physics? Such that (not yet known) physics can be just as fundamental as math? But the farther one goes to the from our perspective three borders of the universe in space-time (large scale past, large scale future, small scale timelessness) the more general the models become. How would this go together? == Related == * quantum computing == External links == * Second law of thermodynamics {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics}} * Poincaré recurrence theorem {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem}} * Anthropic_principle {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle}} [[Category:Philosophical]] owe3p4btt4qoyaz394baf8pxqtnq8d2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 567 5896 2017-07-05T16:01:51Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Binary diamondoid compound]] to [[Binary gem-like compound]]: diamondoid too narrow and a bias laden term #REDIRECT [[Binary gem-like compound]] jda3zqgbn7py2ahrezzae7ff3p9mhc8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 417 4489 2015-11-01T11:02:46Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Binary diamondoid compounds]] to [[Binary diamondoid compound]]: plural->singular #REDIRECT [[Binary diamondoid compound]] i65esyg3cao4zssicoi3rriaoj3o6lg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 240 8618 7830 2021-04-14T08:25:49Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Transition metal monoxides]] '''Binary gem-like compounds''' are [[gemstone like compound]]s that are constituted out of just two chemical elements. = Possible motivations for preferring them over single element compounds (allotropes) = * desired biodegradability * making use of abundant reactive elements like e.g. calcium beside just carbon silicon and maybe boron * better accessibility of these materials in earlier productive nanosystems * access of properties that are not emulatable by bond topology and bond strain alone (that is by metamaterial structure) most prominently electronic properties = An exhaustive list of the binary compounds of interest is possible = There aren't that many elements in the periodic table that are available in vast abundance. Systematically combining them to pairs does lead to a manageable amount of possibilities. A pretty exhaustive list can be given. After checking for the stability and suitability of these compounds the list of the ones that turn out to seem suitable as structural building materials become even shorter. Many [[Ternary and higher diamondoid compounds|ternary compounds]] can be derived from binary ones by suitable substitution of atoms. For orientation something like [[pseudo phase diagrams]] can be used. = Classification by resistance against water = == binary compounds that do not react or dissolve in water == One important subclass of the water stable binary compounds are the [[passivation layer mineral|'''passivation layer minerals''' of today's industrial metals]]. <br> A big advantage of them is that their effect on human skin (in bulk contact - not nanoparticle form!) is widely known to be safe for most of them. <br> Other binary water stable compounds are: * SiC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide '''silicon carbide'''] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissanite mossanite] - transparent when pure * B₄C [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_carbide boron carbide] * SiB₄; SiB₆ ? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_boride silicon boride] * AlB₁₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_dodecaboride aluminium dodecaboride] - hard * β-C₃N₄ [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride beta carbon nitride] (possibly a health hazard if cyanide release can occur - '''to investigate''') * Si₃N₄ [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Nierite.shtml#.WVjMMB8yrb1 Nierite] (Mohs 9), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride silicon nitride] trigonal α-Si₃N₄, hexagonal β-Si₃N₄, cubic γ-Si₃N₄ * BN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingsongite Qingsongite] (Mohs 9-10), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_nitride#Cubic_boron_nitride cubic boron nitride] - very similar to diamond (also cubic and hexagonal "allotropes" - and a graphitic form) * BP [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_phosphide boron phosphide] - transparent and chemically very stable * CaB₆ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hexaboride calcium hexaboride] - non water soluble earth alkali compound which is uncommon - irritating * SiO₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz quartz] (it's actually slightly water soluble) & allotropes like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stishovite dense and hard stishovite] '''(Mohs 9-9.5 !!)''' * Tectosilicates: [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gillett1/] [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gillett2/] * Al₂O₃ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxide aluminum oxide] aka [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum corundum] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire sapphire] * Fe₃C [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohenite cohenite] aka [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementite cementite] (Mohs 5.5-6 orthorhombic 7.65g/ccm) * iron silicides & iron borides ? - unknown properties * FeS₂ iron disulfides - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite pyrite] (Mohs 6-6.5 cubic) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcasite marcasite] (Mohs 6-6.5 orthorhombic) ... * FeS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilite troilite] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite iron-sphalerite] (Mohs 3.5-4 | hexagonal or cubic respectively) * diverse [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide iron oxides] * FeO [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCstite wüstite] (Mohs 5-5.5 | cubic) (sunstitution Fe->Mg leads to periclase MgO) * Fe₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide iron(III) oxide]<br> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite hämatite] (α-form | Mohs 5.5-6.5 | trigonal)<br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghemite maghemite] (γ-form | Mohs 5 | cubic with a tetragonal supercell)<br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixbyite iron bixbyite] (unnatural end-member? | Mohs 6-6.5 | cubic) * Fe₃O₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide iron(II,III) oxide]<br>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite magnetite] (Mohs 5.5-6.5 | cubic) * the various [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_nitride iron nitrides] Fe₂N, Fe₃N₁...Fe₃N₂ (Iron(II) Nitride), Fe₄N, Fe₅N₂, Fe₇N₃ and Fe₁₆N₂ (nitrogen loss at high temperatures) * Fe₄N [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaldite iron roaldite] (Mohs 5.5-6.5 | cubic | metallic) * Fe₅N₂ [http://webmineral.com/data/Siderazot.shtml siderazote / silvestrite] ---- * ZnO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincite zincite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide zinc oxide] (Mohs 4 | hexagonal | 5.68g/ccm) (wurtzite structure) (oxygen in tetrahedral coordination) * ZnS zinc-sphalerite or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtzite zinc-wurtzite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide zink sulfide] (Mohs 3.5-4 | cubic or hexagonal respectively |3.9-4.2g/ccm) * Cu₃P [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28I%29_phosphide copper(I) phosphide] (copper is not too abundant) * Cu_XS_Y [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulfide copper sulfides] CuS [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covellite covellite], Cu2S [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcocite chalcocite], many more ... * CuO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenorite tenorite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide Copper(II) oxide] (Mohs 3.5-4 monoclinic) * Cu₂O [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprite cuprite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide Copper(I) oxide] (Mohs 3.5-4 cubic) '''sensitive to moist air''' * B₆O [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_suboxide boron suboxide] (hardest known oxide) * various structures and stoichiometries of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_oxide manganese oxides] * MnO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide manganese(II) oxide]<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganosite manganosite] (Mohs 5-6 | cubic | 5.364g/ccm) (rock salt structure)<br> likely stable: manganese end-member zincite (hexagonal wurtzite structure) * MnO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide manganese dioxide]<br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite pyrolusite (β-form)] (Mohs 6-6.5 | tetragonal - [[rutile structure]])<br> (α-form is akin to similar to hollandite) * Mn₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide manganese(III) oxide] (forms: α,γ,CarlO3); α-form is: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixbyite manganese bixbyite] (Mohs 6-6.5 cubic) * Mn₃O₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide manganese(II,III) oxide] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausmannite hausmannite] (Mohs 5.5 | tetragonal) (magnetite structure?) * ZrO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeleyite baddeleyite] (Mohs 5.5-6) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_zirconia cubic zirconia] (Mohs 8-8.5) Theres is a big stable group of B-C-N compounds, a few aluminum (Al2O3,AlB) and few silicon (SiC,SiO2,N4Si3) compounds. There seem to be no binary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_minerals iron minerals] that have hardness above mohs 6.5 '''[[Titanium]]''' formConstructing Isosurfaces with Sharp Edges and Cornerss chemically and mechanically rather stable compounds with many nonmetals. * TiC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide titanium carbide] (May form a passivation layer when in contact to moist air / water => sealed use only?) * TiSi₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_disilicide titanium disilicide] (unknown mechanical properties ?) * TiB₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_diboride titanium diboride] * TiN Osbornite [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titannitrid titanium nitride] * TiP [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%28III%29_phosphide titanium(III) phoshide] (metallic conductivity) * titanium sulphides [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%28II%29_sulfide TiS] (goldbrown), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_disulfide TiS₂] (bronze/golden yellow), Ti₂S₃ (black,graphitic), TiS₃, Ti₃S₄, Ti₄S₅, Ti₄S₈, Ti₈S₉ * TiO₂ Ti₂O₃ titanium oxide polymorphs: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile rutile] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase anatase] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite brookite] (same crystal structure as superhard stishovite SiO₂) * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoxide Other titanium oxides (de)] Lead and tin: * α-PbO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrutinyite Scrutinyite] (Mohs ?? | density 9.867 g/cm³ calculated) * β-PbO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattnerite Plattnerite] (Mohs 5.5 | density ~9.06 g/cm³) * SnO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite Cassiterite] (Mohs 6-7 | density 6.98 - 7.1 g/cm³) Misc (rare elements): * CeO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide] interesting due to good lattice scaled [[stiffness]] (??) / compatibility with water (?) * MoO₂ [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugarinovit Tugarinovite (de)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum(IV)_oxide] (Mohs 4.6) * GeO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argutite Argutite] (Mohs 6-7) * CrN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbergite Carlsbergite] (Mohs 7 | 5.7g/ccm) ==binary compounds which very slowly dissolve in water and are thought to be rather nontoxic== Solubility is good for an envirounmental viewpoint (decay time of abandoned scrap material) but bad for engineering materials. Especially in nanosystems the slightes bit of dissolvation completely destroys the outermost layer of nanomachinery. This makes sealing of products and high system reduncancy even more necessary than it is when more stable materials are used. * Al₄C₃ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_carbide aluminum carbide] - hydrolyses to aluminum hydroxide and methane * AlN [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride aluminum nitride] - oxidizes in air @ room temperature (layer <= 10nm) - hydrolyzes slowly in water to aluminum oxide and ammonia * S₂N₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride disulfur dinitride] shock sensitive - decomposes explosively above 30° * S₄N₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride tetrasulfur tetranitride] explosive decomposition to nitrogen and sulfur 4N₂ + S₈ * (SN)_X [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythiazyl polythiazyl] - conductive inorganic polyner chain * P [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus the allotropes of elementar phosphorus] * S [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur the allotropes of elementar sulfur] simplest most water stable compounds of abundant alkaline eart metals * MgO [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclase periclase] also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide magnesium oxide aka magnesia] very low but nonzero water solubility * MgO₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide magnesium peroxide] irritant, environmentally persistent * CaS [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfide calcium sulfite] decomposes with water to calcium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide gas - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamite oldhamite] end member * MgB₂ magnesium diboride (high temperature superconductor) * CaB₂ calcium diboride ?? most water stable solid fluorides from abundant metals * TiF₃ titanium fluoride * MgF₂ magnesium fluoride aka sellaide * CaF₂ calcium fluoride aka fluorite == dangerous compounds to stay away from == * solid nitrogen (except you want to make highly potent explosives) * AlP extremely toxic. See Wikipedia page about: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide_poisoning Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning (AAlPP)] * Al₂S₃ toxic - H₂S generation * sulphur phosphorus compounds - highly toxic * Fe₃P highly toxic * BF₃ BCl₃ PCl₃ all highly toxic (but gasseous anyway) == reactive but useful compounds == Many other highly reactive compounds may be useful when encapsulated and serving a non structural like electronic or other function. * Mg₃N₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitride magnesium nitride] = III - V compounds = Note that nitrogen and phosphor forms four covalent bonds here instead the usual three. This can be pictured as their lone pair of electrons sticking into the electron deficient orbitals of boron or aluminum. The character of this bond is distributed over all four bonds such that perfectly tetrahedral symmetry is reached. * BN cubic boron nitride - highly stable and similar to diamond * BP boron phosphide - rather stable thus maybe low toxicity (?) * AlN aluminium nitride - slowly attacked by water - low toxicity * AlP aluminium phosphide - '''highly toxic''' - releases phosphine when in contact with water The elements Ga,In,Th & As,Sb,Bi that are also in group III and V respectively are rather scarce and thus not considered here. Table of III - V compounds: ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:III-V_compounds wikipedia]) = Silicon dioxide and related compounds = All compounds reached by full substitution of silicon or oxygen by their groupmembers carbon or sulfur respectively are rather unstable. Partial substitutions should work though. See: [[pseudo phase diagrams]]. * allotropes SiO₂ (e.g. quartz,...) * structurally equivalent solid CO₂ - probably explosive (similar to room-temperature solid nitrogen) since normally the well known low energy gas * structurally equivalent solid CS₂ - normally a molecular liquid * structurally equivalent SiS₂ - normally a soft solid made from polymeric chains = Some interesting oddballs (not necessarily diamondoid) = * CS2, SO3, Osmium oxide, ... == Related == * [[Transition metal monoxides]] * For binary chemical compounds suitable for advanced APT sorted by the chemical element they contain check out the page: [[Chemical element]] * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Binary_compounds Category:Binary_compounds] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_compound Binary_compound] 94mw4ulgee6u8ffq9dos9l644hwop4t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 535 5544 2017-06-10T07:24:56Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided]] #REDIRECT [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided]] 7dc1uhp8gmr47q5bgfhw570yhjuioo5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1099 10287 10286 2021-06-13T14:43:08Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added some links {{stub}} == Questions to answer == * How little or much of atomic precision is involved in the diverse biomineralization processes found in nature? * How do the various involved catalytic centers look like? * How could these centers be abstracted out from the natural environment of proteins and be integrated into artificial structures of higher stiffness. ([[Spirologomers]])? What is the nature of the involved reaction kinetics? <br> We want already assembled stuff * neither to dissolving again * nor to crystallizing out even more without tool-tip interactions. == Delineation == Current day mainstream bio-mineralization research seems mainly focused on <br> recreating nice biomineral-protein composite metamaterials (like e.g. nacar seen in sea shells) <br> but without any focus on atomic precision in biomineral synthesis. For pushing [[atomically precise manufacturing]] capabilities towards more advanced levels <br> there would need to be focused research in * isolating catalytic centers * putting them on tips and * demonstrating in solution [[mechanosynthesis]] with them. '''Relation to [[pathways]]:''' * The "demonstrating mechanosynthesis [[SPM]] on tips part" here is related to the [[direct path]]. * The focus on materials that are advanced but still quite a bit before only vacuum synthesizable [[diamondoid]] structures is related to the [[incremental path]]. In biomineralization there is probably not yet very much of [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] involved. == Related == * '''Here's a list of [[biominerals]].''' * [[Kinetic traps]] * [[Pathways]] – [[Direct path]] – [[Incremental path]] * [[Technology level II]] 008anx63bnojm7m1n7u46ipljwsle15 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1090 10337 10327 2021-06-13T18:29:25Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] [[File:Calcite_jaune.jpg|800px|thumb|right|A crystal of calcite (a polymorph of calcium carbonate CaCO₃) one of a few attractive bio-minerals]] == Classified by oxoacid salt anion == === Carbonates === calcium carbonate (sea shells, corals, ...): * calcite CaCO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite] – '''Mohs 3 (defining mineral)''' – trigonal * aragonite CaCO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite] – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – orthorhombic === Phosphates === calcium phosphate with crystal water (bones, enamel, ...) * hydroxy-appatipe – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite] – '''Mohs 5 (defining mineral)''' – hexagonal Wikipedia: ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite apatite]) === Silicates === * hydroxy-silicates – diatoms (tiny glass making sea creatures) ('''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz Quartz] is the defining mineral for Mohs 7'''. Biogenic silica is likely softer though. To check.) === Sulfates (quite soft and soluble) === * gypsum CaSO₄·2H₂O – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum] – '''Mohs 2 (defining mineral)''' – monoclinic * baryte BaSO₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryte] – Mohs 3.0-3.5 – 4.3g/ccm-5.0g/ccm – orthorhombic * celestine SrSO₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestine_(mineral)] – Mohs 3-.0-3.5 – 3.95g/ccm-3.97g/ccm – orthorhombic == Simple Salts == * Fluorite CaF₂ – '''Mohs 4 (defining mineral)''' – cubic == Iron minerals == * pyrite FeS₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite] – Mohs 6.0-6.5 – cubic * marcasite FeS₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcasite] – Mohs 6.0-6.5 – orthorhombic * magnetite Fe₃O₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite] – Mohs 5.5-6.5 – cubic * greigite Fe₃S₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greigite] – Mohs 4.0-4.5 – cubic * goethit FeO(OH) [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethit] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethite] – Mohs 5.9-5.5 – orthorhombic = Related = * [[gemstone-like compounds]] * Iron cluster * Zinc finger ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness] == Remaining Mohs scale defining minerals (not as bio-minerals) == * 6 [[orthoclase]] * 7 (abiotic) [[quartz]] * 8 [[topaz]] * 9 [[sapphire]] (= corundum) * 10 [[diamond]] = Related = * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] * [[Technology level II]] * [[Biomineralization]] * [[Polyoxymetalates]] = External links = Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization Biomineralization] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom Diatoms] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_silica Biogenic_silica] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_mineral Bone_mineral] ---- Interesting reprocessing use of bio-minerals: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_china Bone_china] o5fvsaqch9lgbvdvvpn833jq205ayqq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 337 10636 9665 2021-06-18T20:01:36Z Apm 1 /* Popular science and futurism */ added links to Radical Abundance {{stub}} == Technical Books: == * [[Nanosystems]] – by K. Eric Drexler * Kinematic Self Replicating Machines (aka [[The Bunny Book]]) – by Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle. * [[Nanomedicine (Book)]] – by Robert A. Freitas Jr. == Popular science and futurism == * [[Radical Abundance]] – by K. Eric Drexler * [[Engines of Creation]] – by K. Eric Drexler * Nanofuture – by J. Storrs Hall [[Category:General]] [[Category:Books]] == External Links == '''Radical abundance:''' [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15843186-radical-abundance (goodreads)] [https://www.amazon.com/Radical-Abundance-Revolution-Nanotechnology-Civilization/dp/1610391136 (amazon)] [https://1lib.at/book/2224512/fe5a85?id=2224512&secret=fe5a85 (pdf @ 1lib.at)] [https://pdf.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/8a7a34106489caac2821c8b8d191494e/Radical_Abundance_How_a_Revolution_in_Nanotechnol_2224512_(z-lib.org).pdf (Please support the author by buying it if you like it!)] == Related == * [[Wikis]] h6y94hlxwct61z5pq7hu4pa8vu6ofed wikitext text/x-wiki 0 502 5226 2016-12-03T06:58:42Z Apm 1 simplifies linking to the page (want to keep accuracy of long title) #REDIRECT [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] 65vps176lw1ar2ymgvqspexljbekp8x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 380 11333 10182 2021-07-06T15:47:25Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * '''Up: [[Where to start targeted development]]''' {{Stub}} A nanofactory needs the parts of a nanofactory to make another identical or improved nanofactory. <br> There's a chicken egg problem here. The solution to this dilemma is not ultra compact self replication like in the outdated concept of [[molecular assemblers]]. The solution to this dilemma is a gradual improvement on the parts of currently existing technology that are most critically necessary and most relevant for getting to the [[gemstone metamaterial technology|target technology]] as soon as possible. So the task is identifying these technologies and improving on them in a focused way. Doing so eventually may lead to a self emerging highly distributed self-replicative capabilities of the system as a whole. Similar as human technology is self replicative a a whole. Just that this will be all on a single chip. == What do we want to do - What do we need to do == To produce macroscopic amounts of atomically precise structures that * do not only have nanoscale feature sized (like simple molecules or protein medicines - we can do that today) but rather eventually * do have (atomically precise) features at all sizes scales all the way up to the macroscale … there needs to be a combination of: * an introduction and eventually exponential growth towards massively parallel [[means of assembly|means of manufacturing]]. * an establishment of full location adressability over increasingly large size scales. Growing repetitive crystals is easy. Beside that [[stiffness]] of used materials need to be continuously improved to: * get positional atomic precision not only topological atomic precision * get to high performance materials and swift production speeds There are at least three independent orthogonal axes where technological capability can be judged by and scaled along. These are: * [[Convergent selfassembly]] levels <br>(like experimentally demonstrated in [[SDN]]: bricks to blocks then blocks to multiblocks) * Material stiffness <br>([[SDN]], protein, stiffer stuff) * Degree of introduction of positional assembly aspects = Bottom Up = == Bottom up thermally driven self assembly == [[Thermally driven assembly]] excels at massive parallelism but <br> today's artificial [[thermally driven assembly]] is very limited in <br> the second critical requirement that as already mentioned is: total adressability over large size scales. One of the prime first objectives is thus to scale this addressability for [[thermally driven assembly]]. <br> In this regard there has been some progress in [[convergent self assembly]] of [[structural DNA nanotechnology]]. Stiffness of these [[SDN]] structures is very low though and there is no positional atomic precision. <br> There is only topological atomic precision. == Further bottom up approaches == Beyond only [[thermally driven selfassembly]] alone. That is with mixed assembly methods. === Foldamer 3D printers === This includes the scaling approach of [[expanding the kinematic loop]] <br> which leads to the concept of [[foldamer printer]]s. [[foldamer printer]]s would requires already sufficiently scaled up [[thermally driven assembly]] such that * such foldamer printers can be self-assembled * parts for these printers to semi positionally assemble can be pre-self-assembled [[foldamer printer]]s would enable: * the printer making parts from better materials for an eventual next gen printer * the printer making parts for eventual larger positional assembly structures * In the [[foldamer printer]] concept there is both [[thermally driven assembly]] and positional assembly involved. * Eventual introduction of [[diffusionless selfassembly] for The nanoscale foldamer based printers being fully self assembled would make production of such devices scaleable. Thereby giving some positional assembly skills at scale. But the scalability here is without large scale addressability. === Foldamer pick and place robots === [[foldamer pick and place robots]]s would requires already sufficiently scaled up [[thermally driven assembly]] such that * such devices can be self-assembled * the parts for these devices to pick and place can be pre-self-assembled An idea here is to go for less compact replication on the second assembly level. <br> rather than the ultra compact self replication on the first assembly level that <br> is present in the outdated concept of [[molecular assemblers]]. See: [[RepRec pick and place robots]] If parts eventually become big enough in the assembly hierarchy of [[mixed convergent assembley]] then direct manipulation with top-down manufactured MEMS devices might become possible. === Printer or pick and place robot - which first === This is hard to say. These two seem to lie on two somewhat orthogonal axes on the technological capability landscape. Both require a focus on scaling technological capability in thermally driven self assembly. * Foldamer 3D printers - put a focus on material stiffness improvement and material diversification * Foldamer pick and place robots - increases the focus on scaling technological cabability in thermally driven self assembly = List of non self replicating bootstrapping tools = * '''bottom up:''' fully parallel (and hierarchical) self assembly of atomically precise chemically pre-produced building blocks * '''top down:''' conventional photolithographic methods (MEMs) * [[exponential assembly]] – somewhat of an oddity – the glue between bottom up and top down? – time will tell = List of non self replicating scenarios = * non compact self replication – as self emerging highly distributed self-replicative capabilities * medium compact self replication on the second assembly level * ultra compact self replication via [[molecular assemblers]] (outdated since hellishly difficult and very inefficient) See main page: [[Self replication]] = Related = * '''Up: [[Where to start targeted development]]''' * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] –'''[[Incremental path]]''' and [[Direct path]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Thermally driven assembly]] * [[Exponential assembly]] * [[Molecular assembler]] – not a good bootstrapping method ---- * [[Dynamic rebootstrapping of upper convergent assembly levels]] ---- * [[Expanding the kinematic loop]] ---- * [[Non atomically precise nanomanufacturing methods]] lylh0g3c7c8qfhux7uk2li7kvtrbx9f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 383 4182 2015-09-27T17:25:35Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Bootstrapping productive nanosystems]] to [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]]: not the process but the methods #REDIRECT [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] 65vps176lw1ar2ymgvqspexljbekp8x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 793 8079 8075 2021-03-12T18:53:18Z Apm 1 added related section {{stub}} The idea here is getting * the largest size of bottom-up assemblable structures sufficiently above * the smallest size of top-down manufacturable structures such that the two can be made to interact in a controllable fashion. == Examples == * Aligning self-assembled structures in/on photolithographically created structures * Grabbing bottom-up self-assembled structures by MEMS tweezers * What about [[Exponential assembly]] that involves both top-down manufactured and self-assembled bottom up manufactured structures? * ... Side-note: Manipulating self assembled structures with an SPM tip <br> (possible with another bottom-up self-assembled structure attached) <br> does not really involve a top down tech part. == Related == * [[Top-down manufacturing]] * [[Bottom-up manufacturing]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] eu7nsth8bd4q4tl0rekmt9adh0kqmrb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 791 8071 8068 2021-03-12T18:30:25Z Apm 1 added related section Complementary: [[Top-down manufacturing]] == Size of product parts – starting very small – upward size limit == This term generally refers to assembling an in relation big assembly from its small constituent pieces. <br> * It is usually used for processes that make assembled products in the nano to low micro size-range. The upper limit for artificial structures is basically the limit of what is achievable today (2021-03). But that may change with the emergence of true advanced gem-gum-tec APM. As of today there are still only natural macroscopic bottom up structures around. Namely: All life on Earth. * It is usual not used for processes that already start at the mesoscopic or macroscopic size-scale like like e.g. FDM 3D printing. == Both for self assembly and positional assembly == * It is used in the context of [[self assembly]] like [[self folding]] and [[self finding]]. * It is also used in the context of building stuff up via (macroscopic) scanning probe microscopes So this is independent of the size of the manufacturing device. It seems to make sense to also apply the term to future positional synthesis and assembly at the nanoscale like e.g. in [[mechanosynthesis]] and following [[convergent assembly]]. <br> It also seems usable for [[exponential assembly]]. == Edge cases == Gasseous deposition processes can be an edge case. * If deposition is sticking to by SPM premade patterns only then it could be considered bottom up I guess. * If it is a hole surface cover in the context of chip production then it's most definitely top down. * Nanoscale non atomically precise resin hardening 3D printers may blur the line a bit. == Related == * Complementary: [[Top-down manufacturing]] * [[Bottom-up Top-down overlap]] d6jxgjh5phaqi5fr4vfzpygctodbrsz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 979 9415 2021-05-27T08:57:56Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} This is about assembly lines in [[gem-gum factories]] * up to (but excluding) the [[second assembly level]] and * in the [[first assembly level]] and below. These assembly lines include: * [[Crystolecule assembly line]]s * [[Tooltip preparation assembly lines]]s The special property of these two assembly lines that discerns them from other ones that might be found in [[gem-gum factories]] is that the size scale of their component parts is (and needs to be ) squeezed down to the lowermost physically possible size scale that allows for representing the necessary shapes sufficiently accurately. Necessary components * [[back-pressure track segments]] * [[attachment chain elements]] (eventually connected with pins) * [[adapter pallets]] and [[tooltip-bases]] * [[guide and drive wheels]] (eventually sprockets) == Back-pressure track segments == In order to keep friction from [[suberlubricating]] sliding minimal, <br> bottom scale assembly line chains should probably run "free floating" as much as possible. It should be avoided to have them slide over over a track or nearby surface as much as possible. Back-pressure tracks segments are only needed at places where * the position needs to be tightly constrained and * forces need to be counteracted like in e.g. in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] stations in [[mechanosynthesis cores]]. Care must be taken when chains run onto or off of a back-pressure track segment. During operation the total contact area between chain segments and track segments must vary as little and as slowly as possible. This is because the [[van der Waals force]] acts a bit like surface tension. So varying contact area would leads to periodic forces that is dragging the chain in periodic positions with maximal contact area. Given a lot of chain segments and track segments forces can add up badly. There are two obvious tricks to avert this: * V shaped onboarding onto backpressure tracks * longer range force compensation via out of phase arrangement of backpressure tracks segments == Attachment chain elements == These must interact with: * back-pressure track segments * drive wheels (sprockets) * adapter pallets * (whatever assembles them) == Adapter pallets and tooltip-bases == These must interact with: * attachment chain segments * whatever is attached – That would be all sorts of [[crystolecule]]s (and maybe [[tooltips]]). * [[adapter pallet handling mechanisms]] == Guide and drive wheels == Even numbered wheels === Sprocket style === Requires an attachment chain design that features cylindrical pins. This may need a bit more space but may have other advantages. Even numbered wheels might be advantageous compared to odd numbered wheels because they potentially could compensate [[Van der Waals]] on-boarding and off-boarding forces. Given the force profile is roughly symmetric. === Polygonal === It kinda intuitively does not look good and there might be some truth to it but for other reasons that one would assume. <br> A main issue with a naive design is that the [[Van der Waals force]] has huge discontinuities due to [[V-brake force spike]]s. This might: * induce vibrations normal to the chains motion axis * some pulsating forces in the axis of the chains motion – even for even numbered wheels because the force profile is probably rather asymmetric due to high nonlinearity of the [[V-brake force spike]]s. What would be an issue in a macroscopic implementation is a "sliding off" of the polygonal drive wheels sides. That is not an issue for the nanoscale though because of the high levels of [[Van der Waals force]]. === Side-slide wheel === Just an idea. <br> This would be specifically designed for continuous soft contact area on-boarding and off-boarding. <br> * may not be able to support high loads on the chain * may have higher [[superlubricating]] [[friction]] due to higher total contact area This has no macroscopic analogon. Well, except one fakes VdW force with magnetism. == Related == * [[Components]] * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Attachment chains]] tsna0xxmtivythtt2g6wpmnxskudzoy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1294 12019 12018 2021-09-21T10:42:04Z Apm 1 {{stub}} Branching factor is a characteristic number for [[convergent assembly]]. <br> Let's abbreviate it with b here. <small>(Otherwhere also used: n, B, ...)</small> In a first approximation of [[convergent assembly]] organized into [[assembly layers]] <br> each assembly chamber has exactly b² sub-chambers. <br> These sun-chambers collectively prepare: * b³ sub-parts in once full cycles time or equivalently * b² sub-parts in b^-1 = 1/b of a full cycles time '''Concrete visual example:''' <br> A chamber making 27 piece Rubiks cube like assemblies <br> has only 9 chambers in the next smaller sub-layer <br> but this sub-layer works with the 3-fold frequency, <br> so the throughput of the sub-layer matches with the throughput of the chamber atop. <br> <small>("sub-layer" above refers to just the local patch of the sub-layer below one single chamber atop)</small> == Pros and cons of higher branching factors == '''Benefits of higher branching factors are:''' * More design freedom in parts – less constrained by the production process * A bigger (better) assembly-motion-distance to transport-motion-distance ratio – in case there are slower operating stacked layers of same size '''Downside of higher branching factors:''' <br> Given constant speed bigger branching factors lead to longer assembly times. <br> Doubled branching factor gives one eighth of the throughput. <br> It's a third power scaling law. == Misc notes == The branching factor can vary over a stack of layers. <br> When and how much to do that depends on the details of a concrete implementation. Not factored in in a a first approximation of [[convergent assembly]] are eventual errors. <br> Since this is not compensated in space it needs to be compensated in time. That is: delays. == Related == * '''[[Convergent assembly]]''' * [[Chamber to part size ratio]] * [[Convergent assembly depth]] * [[Error handling]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] jqlvusz4kkc7pydh1uwla45dt9udye4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 749 11551 11291 2021-07-12T22:47:53Z Apm 1 /* The gaps in software */ {{stub}} For the successful development of a [[gem-gum factory]] several gaps need to be bridged. * the gap in scale: top-down to bottom up gap * the gap in time: present-forward to future-backward gap {{wikitodo|Add illustration with four hands before and after linking up, cracks as gaps and tech sketches.}} ----- * the conceptual gap: the gap between scientific thinking and engineer-like thinking in the field of experts on both sides. Leading to a misjudgment of the reliability of predictions and consequently a lack of motivation.<br> * the institutional gap: the incompatibility gap between between results of many small and independent science groups (unnecessarily stalling progress). Gaps between established fields of science (disciplines, interdisciplinary). ----- * the gap between APM expert knowledge and public perception. Exactly what [[main page|this wiki here]] is attempting to fill. * the gaps between the various parties involved in the [[history]] conflict about APM == The gap in scale == Actually the smallest possible structures that can be produced photolitographically today (2018) are already smaller than the biggest atomically precise sturctures that can be self-assembled. Bridging the gap and tying the knot: [[Bottom-up Top-down overlap]] === top-down === Main article: [[Top-down manufacturing]] The issue is that these smallest photographically producible structures: * are purely electrical, mechanical ones (MEMS) are still quite a bit bigger * the facilities producing these record holding small structures are so exorbitantly expensive that they are only available for mass production of devices and not for research groups. === bottom up === Main article: [[Bottom-up manufacturing]] Development heavy R&D. <br> Basically the early steps in the [[incremental path]]. == The gap in assembly methods == * From pure [[thermally driven self assembly]] * over mixed forms of assembly * to pure [[positional assembly]]. For details see main page: '''[[Spectrum of means of assembly]]'' == The gap in time == This is actually a gap in the [[timeless landscape of technology]] mapped onto time (and space). A gap from and to technologies that the laws of physics fundamentally allow, just that some technologies already implemented while others aren't (yet). Its very easy to miss this subtle but important difference. This difference is the reason why we, when we ask the right [[exploratory engineering]] questions, can get some very reliable (but admittedly narrow) glimpses of aspects of future technology. Why [[main page|this whole wiki]] makes sense in the first place. === present-forward === Main article: [[Present-forward development]] Development heavy R&D. <br> Basically the early steps in the [[incremental path]]. === future-backward === Main article: [[Future-backward development]] This is about preparatory design that creates: * (1) desirable development targets * (2) a bit of a [[theoretical overhang]] Examples: * preliminary experimentally testing advanced mechanosynthetic reactions with the limited means available (slow crude SPM tips) * preliminary theoretic investigation of mechanosynthetic processes (closed tooltip cycles, ...) * preliminary design of different types of [[crystolecule]] to establish and grow a convex hull of points in design space. A convex hull spanning an "volume" in design space of what should be (with high reliability) possible. These efforts overlap with the [[direct path]] approach, <br> with the difference that there is a strong focus on trying to tie the results together with the most advanced results of the [[incremental path]]. <br> e.g. moving advanced tool-tips onto self assembled protein nano-robotics. == The gaps in software == Advanced gem-gum-tech APM makes matter digital in a rather literal sense. <br> To have safe, well working, and pleasurable to use [[gem-gum factories]] in our future <br> we absolutely need to fix software on a very fundamental level. This may seem totally off-topic, but there are more connections points than one might think. * See: '''[[Gaps in software]]''' * See: [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] == Related == * [[Technology levels]] and [[building material capability levels]]. * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Pathways]] to [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] and [[in-vacuum gem-gum technology]]. * [[Technological percolation limit]] * [[Theoretical overhang]] * [[Exploratory engineering]] * [[Near term and far term]] ----- * Why [[citizen science]] or (better citizen R&D) faces challenges (for closing the gaps). 2t9i630uo8bafdfat1wwrzyjdrdqvdv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1161 10853 2021-06-24T06:38:18Z Apm 1 basic page * Titanium is common in earths crust (and in space) * Hardness is decent * Crystal structure is simple * Unit cell is not a bit fragmented (choose other unit cell?) '''Overall a good structural base material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] for larger scale construction.''' * Formula: TiO₂ * Hardness Mohs 5.5 to 6.0 * Crystal system: orthorhombic * Density ~4,133g/ccm * Refractive index: n_α = 2,583, n_β = 2,584, n_γ = 2,700 – quite high == Related == * [[Titanium]] Other polymorphs of same formula: * [[Anatase]] * [[Rutile]] * [[Tistarite]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite Brookite] * mineralientalas.de: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Brookite Brookite] (3D structure) 4pfary709gr68kwyu0d52b7wr1b4spv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 753 7777 2019-01-27T08:23:15Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Brownian technology path]] #REDIRECT [[Brownian technology path]] 3bnbb1i8fk1tnrahb90gy8jlpl2bq3e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 439 4785 2016-02-15T14:27:27Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Brownian assembly]] to [[Thermally driven assembly]]: more information in the name #REDIRECT [[Thermally driven assembly]] bt3pt5c09db28yhl4iqcvww6jkyv6nu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1228 11379 11377 2021-07-08T17:39:39Z Apm 1 added [[Thermal motion]] - not the same topic as Brownian motion {{Stub}} == Related == * [[Thermal motion]] * [[Diffusion transport]] * [[Brownian technology path]] * [[Thermally driven self assembly]] * [[Soft nanomachinery]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion Brownian motion] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_equation Langevin equation] 1kyi7wrjm6r7jpdxgeifi0by8c8ndte wikitext text/x-wiki 0 37 11383 11381 2021-07-08T17:42:10Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Thermal motion]] {{Site specific definition}} The term '''Brownian technology path''' will be used on this site to describe the '''branch of advancement to an [[atomic precision|AP]] nanotechnology''' (beyond simple self assembly) '''that does exploit thermal movement''' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion Brownian motion]) like biological nanomachinery does instead of avoiding it and turning to [[machine phase]] like the mechanosynthetic branch does [[Main Page|APM]]. Thechnology of the ''brownian path'' utilize borrowed thermal energy to archive an [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_%28physics%29 action] (e.g. material transport). It will develop parallel to the mechanosynthetic technology levels I to III and may interact with them in unexpected and yet unpredictable ways. Like in the mechanosynthetic branch a switch from more scientific to more engineering treatment is probable to occur. keeping useful principles salvaged from biological systems and ditching evolutionary remnants that hinder orthogonal design .... [Todo: add link] Beside polypeptides artificial materials that biological systems cant easily break down can and will be used like (foldamers, peptoids). Due to it's nature brownian-technology is often limited to a narrow temperature range. The solvent's liquid range must not be out-stepped. Flexible 1D molecular chains or 2D sheets are generally more susceptible to thermal breakage than 3D crystals where multiple bonds would have to break simultaneously. If inventions of this technology path find use in [[technology level III]] they may severely limit the range of allowed operation temperature. See: "[[consistent design for external limiting factors]]". Richard Jones [http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/] may be someone looking out in this direction. <br> [Todo: add description ... about speculative advanced bio-compatible area] == Related == * [[Brownian motion]] * [[Thermal motion]] * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[Soft machines]] == External links == * Excellent graphical visualizations for conventional thermodynamic phase diagrams (german) [http://www.ahoefler.de/maschinenbau/werkstoffkunde/legierungen/58-begrenzte-loeslichkeit-der-komponenten-im-festen-zustand.html] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level 0]] [[Category:Technology level I]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] t2u0ewt4t6uod46s49qwiz6svcf11c1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 951 9142 2021-05-23T12:05:01Z Apm 1 Created page with "{{stub}} A designated volume where smaller parts are assembled to bigger parts via robotic means. Depending on scale there will be differet degrees of isolation from the env..." {{stub}} A designated volume where smaller parts are assembled to bigger parts via robotic means. Depending on scale there will be differet degrees of isolation from the environment that the building chamber provides. * Protection against UV light * Clean-room protection against dust and dirts * Protection against air. See: [[Practically perfect vacuum]] ([[PPV]]). This is needed in [[molecular preprocessing]] and [[mechanosynthesis]] in the [[first assembly level]]. In [[molecular preprocessing]] and [[mechanosynthesis]] in the [[first assembly level]] many building chambers may be connected in a chain with a common assembly line running through. This likely puts some limits on the finegrainedness of [[PPV]] vacuum compartmentalization. At higher assembly levels building chambers might be singular boxes with one big port downstream the assembly process and up the assembly layers. Many tiny ports upstream the assembly process and down the assembly layers. == Related == * Chains of [[Mechanosynthesis core]]s with [[molecular mill]]s inside. * [[Crystolecule to microcomponent assembly chamber]] * [[Microcomponent to mesocomponent assembly chamber]] * [[Mesocomponents to millimeter sized components]] * [[Components]] hxbrn4zaywzz1puvr5ppgw5c730rsnu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 987 9466 9465 2021-05-27T11:43:41Z Apm 1 {{stub}} {{Site specific term}} A stack of thin [[assembly layers]] may not always be the optimal arrangement for [[assembly levels]]. <br> Especially when [[transport]], [[recycling]], and [[caching]] becomes involved and thermal aspects are considered. Similar so for [[gem-gum product systems]] ([[gem-gum technology]] other than [[gem-gum factories]]) Bunching shall here refer to when deviating from stratified layer designs. <br> E.g. to more cube like blocky systems with cable like connections. <br> Bunching different functionalities separately together in space. <br> Maybe it's a bit like the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] somewhat intermixing with [[assembly levels]] and subsystems of [[gem-gum factories]]? ... == Related == * [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] - [[Thermal bunching]] * [[Thermally driven folding]] – [[Bunching of stages by temperature]] * [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] ---- * [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] 5y5zopshn9cjtl4fu49eyvqpq3k5ab4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 835 8359 2021-03-30T09:26:07Z Apm 1 basic page {{Stub}} Advantages: * Calcium is a very common element * Calcium is a nature and health friendly element Disadvantages: * rather low hardness * low crystal structure symmetry == Related == There are other calcium carbonate CaCO₃ polymorphs including Aragonite. <br> {{todo|Check how does the crystal structure compare in symmetry}} {{Category:Base materials with high potential}} 1ip0nrnq71y0be3i5vs4v7zbj045dyt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 513 10384 7302 2021-06-13T20:22:55Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] Calcium as pure metal is unsuitable as building material for advanced atomically precise manufacturing since: * as metal it has meatllic interelemental bonds that is the bonds have have low directionality * it has weak interelemental bonds * => diffusion jumps at low twmperatures are likely * it is also highly electropositive and reacts strongly with oxygen and even water (this actually is less of a problem since parts can perfectly be sealed) Just oxidizing calcium may solve the problem of weak undirected metallic bonds but the formed compound is still highly reactive. Calcium oxide CaO is commonly known as burnt lime. It strongly reacts with water to calcium hydroxide. The resulting compound calcium hydroxide is slightly water soluble (it is what makes water hard / slightly basic) and very soft. Hardly usable as building material. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlandite Portlandite] Ca(OH)₂ (Mohs 2 '''soft'''| Trigonal) Calcium oxide does also react with carbon dioxide to calcium carbonates (naturally occurring as: limestone, calcite, aragonite, ...) which (albeit still pretty soft) are better candidates for building materials. Only silicates and phosphates of calcium though form decently hard and more water resistant compounds. = Calclium oxoacid salts = Most simple stable common calcium oxoacid salts compounds are: * environmentally friendly * nontoxic when ingested * fireproof (For oxoacid salts of other elements see the main article: [[Salts of oxoacids]].) == Calcium silicates (decently hard) == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite Wollastonite] CaSiO₃ (Mohs 4.5-5 | Triclinic) * There are several other known stable stoichiometries of calcium silicate not found as natural mineral. See wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate Calcium silicate] * ... == Calcium phosphates (hard) == * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatite Hydroxylapatite] Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH) (Mohs 5 | Hexagonal)''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatite Fluorapatite] Ca₅(PO₄)₃F (Mohs 5 | Hexagonal) * Chloroappatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃Cl (Mohs 5 | Hexagonal) == Polymorphs of calcium carbonate CaCO₃ (soft) == * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite Aragonite] (Mohs 3.5-4 | Orthorhombic)''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite Calcite] (Mohs 3 '''by definition''' | Trigonal) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterite Vaterite] μ-CaCO₃ (Mohs 3 | Hexagonal) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohydrocalcite Monohydrocalcite] CaCO₃·H₂O * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaite Ikaite] CaCO₃·6H₂O (Mohs 3 | Monoclinic) == Calcium sulfates (very soft) == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrite Anhydrite] γ-CaSO₄ (Mohs 3 | Orthorhombic) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum Gypsum] CaSO₄·2H₂O (Mohs 2 '''by definition''' | Monoclinic) * alpha & beta hemihydrate (CaSO₄)₂·H₂O == Calcium nitrates (very soft and highly water soluble) == * Nitrocalcit Ca(NO₃)₂•4(H₂O) (Mohs 1-2) = Halogenides = * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite Fluorite] CaF₂''' (Mohs 4 '''by definition''' | Cubic) All other calcium halogenides are water soluble salts. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticite Antarcticite] CaCl₂·6H₂O (Mohs 2-3 | Trigonal) * Calcium hydride CaH₂ is reactive similar to calcium oxide. = Misc = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hexaboride Calcium hexaboride] CaB₆ is a good ceramic * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicide calcium silicide] CaSi₂ is pretty stable * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbide Calcium carbide] CaC₂ strongly reacts with water (it's commonly known as carbide) '''Calcium carbide''' may be of interest for APM since on contact with water it releases ethyne C₂H₂. A compound which is due to its low hydrogen content (C:H = 1:1) a good resource molecule for [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond (better than methane CH₄ C:H = 4:1). <br>Mechanosynthetic means though will allow independence of crude chemical means of storage like in calcium carbide. * Calcium titanate: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite Perovskite] CaTiO₃ (Mohs 5-5.5 | Orthorhombic) == Trivia == * Calcium is one of the [[Abundant elements|most abundant elements on earth]]. * The Mohs-scale levels of 2, 3 and 4 are all defined by calcium minerals. <br>They are defined by (gypsum, calcite and fluorite respectively). = Related = * Alkali and earth alkali metals: [[S-block metals]] * [[Chemical element]] * [[Concrete]] [[Category:Chemical element]] = External Links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Calcium_minerals Calcium minerals] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Calcium_compounds Calcium compounds] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aluminates Calcium aluminates] iwz6l7iwsjxj13rg2xd4t8ktngosx1m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 149 7477 5974 2018-08-20T17:24:51Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page [[Superlube tube]]s Special case of: [[carrier pellets]]. When transporting liquids or gasses in pipes there's always [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29 drag]. AP surfaces too have nonlinear drag but it's [[superlubrication|several orders of magnitude lower]] thus packing the medium into pellets and moving them through pipes is a much better solution. Such pellets can be useful at a number of occasions like: * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Medium movers]] * [[Energy transmission]] with [[mechanical energy transmission cables]] carrying [[energy storage cells|fuel capsules]] * physical data transmission (sneakernet) When bigger capsules are transported friction can be further reduced by usage of [[infinitesimal bearing]]. == Filling and emptying pellets from a macroscopic reservoir == Fluids need either hydrophilic or lipophilic surfaces or droplet cutting pistons. Gasses loe in with their speed of sound. == Related == * [[Tube mail]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Superlube tube]]s == External links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakernet [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] fj2f1i93wx55p2ygkvfaf3yyxgmk1tq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 563 10385 7888 2021-06-13T20:23:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] {{stub}} See: [[Gemstone like compound#Carbons versatility]] '''sp³ allotropes:''' * Diamond (cubic) * Lonstaleite (hexagonal) * ... '''sp² allotropes:''' * Buckyballs (convex curvature; concave from inside) – weak molecular solids * Nanotubes (no curvature – flat rolled) * 3D meshes (hyperbolic curvature) * "penta graphene" (cairo pattern) * ... '''Binary compounds:''' * Silicon carbide SiC aka moissanite * carbon nitrides: beta carbon nitride and cubic gauche carbon nitride ---- * Titanium carbide TiC aka titanium-khamrabaevite (cubic rock salt structure) Mohs 9-9.5 [[refractory]] * <small>Vanadium carbide VC (vanadium is not too common) vanadium-khamrabaevite <br>similar is: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_carbide NbC] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_carbide TaC] (Nb is not abundant, Ta is extremely rare)</small> * Zirconium cabide ZrC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_carbide] (same structure but no natural mineral present) <br><small>similar is: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_carbide HfC] (Hf is pretty rare)</small> * Iron carbide (this here is not cementite!!) iron-khamrabaevite (unknown stability, likely very hard) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_carbide Chromium_carbide] (various stoichiometric & structures - may point to useful covalent behavior) <br> Cr₃C₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongbaite Tongbaite] (refractory, Mohs 9.6; orthorhombic; 6.64g/ccm) Cr is not too abundant<br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr23C6_crystal_structure Cr₂₃C₆] * Molybdenium carbide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4ncarbid (de)] Mo₂C (insoluble, two modifications α and β) Mo is rather rare * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbide Tungsten_carbide] (hexagonal, Mohs 9) W is rather rare ---- * Fe₃C, Ni₃C, Co₃C [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohenite cohenite] endmembers (likely rather metallic, Mohs 5.5-6) ---- * copper and zinc are more electronegative => more covalent behavior => organometallic compounds ---- * Boron carbide B₄C [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borcarbid] (boron is not too common) * Aluminium carbide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_carbide] (reacts with water - releases methane gas CH₄) * <small>Beryllium carbide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_carbide Be₂C] (very hard but reactive, toxic and rare)</small> * Magnesium carbide ??? * Calcium carbide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbide CaC₂] (an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Acetylides acetylide] - reacts with water - releases ethyne gas C₂H₂) * TODO: La, Ce, (Li, Na, K) == Related == * [[Diamondoid]] * [[Diamond]] * Elements in the same group: '''Carbon''', [[Silicon]], [[Germanium]], [[Tin]], [[Lead]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond Pi bond] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Orbital hybridisation] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide Carbides] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbides Category:Carbides] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compound Graphite_intercalation_compound] KC₈ * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_carbido_complex Metal_carbido_complex] (Transition metal carbides) * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocarbohedryne Metallocarbohedryne] fh8ic6s729k31owj5q6oopzvlrlbmfr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1007 11116 9600 2021-07-01T12:35:14Z Apm 1 added image {{stub}} [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px|Gasses in Earths atmosphere. Half of that cube representing CO₂ is man made. (~200ppm pre-industrial, ~400ppm and rising as of 2021) [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] Carbon dioxide. Our global crisis number one today (2021). <br> It seems that with [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] the problem would be quite easy to fix via various options. <br> The big issue though is that it is quite unclear how long it will still take for the technology to emerge and mature. <br> == Related == * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] – ([[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]]) * [[Air as a resource]] ---- * [[Resource molecule]] – [[Ethyne]], [[Methane]] * [[Molecule fragment]] obu5trot7tscbu08mgxph7q998gb8mw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 22 10867 6890 2021-06-24T07:19:54Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Speculative}} ---- [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px|There's plenty of building material in the atmosphere. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] This page is about devices for the extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The prime focus is earth's atmosphere. Two motivations must be separated: * greenhouse gas reduction * carbon extraction for productive use Solar powered carbon dioxide collectors have the potential to fulfill the global energy needs and remove the excess CO₂ that had accumulated due to burning of fossil fuels along with other unwanted gases of industrial origin. = About the optimal size of devices = Devices for the removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere do not need and probably should not be able to do [[self replication]]. Making such devices macroscopic seems to be a better alternative than making them in the micro- to nanoscale. Big devices: * can work more efficient -- just like pants pocket sized [[nanofactory|nanofactories]] can operate much more efficient than ultra compact (sub microscale) [[molecular assembler]]s * are obviously easier to handle (even collectible by hand) * are less problematic in regards to [[Mobility prevention guideline|environmental spill]] Side-notes: * Every conscientiously designed mobile (airborne/seaborne) device must care about its fate after their end of service. * Carbon extraction must stop at a certain level - otherwise '''all plants on earth may be in severe danger of CO₂ starvation'''. = Medium = Sub-classes: * stationary carbon dioxide collectors (see section "Land" below) * [[mobile carbon dioxide collector]]s <br> Locating [[diamondoid solar cells|solar cells]] for CO₂ recuperation sparsely distributed in the air or on the sea instead of placing them concentrated in one place on the ground may be good for environmental (no pave-over) and political reasons. == Land (more or less stationary) == [[Nanofactory|Nanofactories]] may use air directly as a building material.<br> The filtering system may be more or less integrated (more or less detachable). Speedier operation without loss of efficiency needs bigger filter systems that are less likely to be directly integrated. Going from fully integrated to "fully" separated one could imagine: just two ports then a flap on a hinge then separable devices connected with a "cable". The extreme case would be global distances between carbon dioxide collection and carbon consumption. This goes a bit against "[[material deglobalisation]]" which is one of the main benefits of advanced atomically precise manufacturing technology. So one might avoid long range carbon dioxide (or carbon) transport for small scale low throughput applications like mechanosynthesis of cloths. Long range material transport may be more sensible for e.g. the fast erection of large scale structures like whole cities. For the extreme case of global distances a global [[infinitesimal bearing|infinitesimally bearing]] [[tube mail]] [[capsule transport]] (alongside a [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]]) could be envisioned. The transportation of other building materials (like e.g. titanium, aluminum and silicon) that are not present in the air and need to be mined from solid material would benefit from such a system anyway. Fully consumer-device detached collectors-devices have been proposed that feature a structure that makes them look slightly akin to trees.<br>{{todo|what are the benefits of this shape vs flat solar cells}}<br> Placement in inhabited areas - environmental issues!<br> {{wikitodo|find and link existing paper}} == Water (seaborne) == [[file:CO2-harvesting-boya 845x480.png |thumb|300px|Concept art of buoy for collection of atmospheric CO₂. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/e/ec/CO2-harvesting-boya.svg SVG] - [[mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]]s ]] Seaborne [[mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]]s of a size that is easy to handle. Swimming units have the benefit of easier access to wind power and easier propulsion. They can easily be kept stationary. They need only plain air as lifting medium can use the wind for propulsion and are easier to collect manually (skimming) if something goes wrong. == Air (airborne) == Micro airships: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]] * have a very lightweight bubble as main body in a size range between 10um and 100.000um * use depending on size thermal heating or hydrogen for lift * use their surface for harvesting of solar energy * are capable of water capture and splitting for compensation of hydrogen diffusion loss * may be capable of carbon dioxide capture and splitting * may be capable of self replication * may (if malicious) create some nasty gases === Extraterrestrial application === * usage on [[Venus]] * usage in [[Gas giant atmospheres]] = Questions = * packing and shipping CO₂ or preprocessing it right away? '''To investigate:''' If replicative how fast could they replicate (doubling time) depending on their diameter? <br> What is the limiting factor: solar-power for hydrogen generation, diluteness of CO₂ or something else? '''To investigate:''' Can they be made to actively propel themselves? Their high volume to mass ratio makes this rather difficult when there's even the slightest bit of wind. Flattening the bubbles drops the aerodynamic resistance significantly. '''To investigate:''' [[AP manufactured solar cells]] & [[mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] = Related = * Mobile in general: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector]] * Seaborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]] * Airborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Air as a resource]] * [[Mining with gem-gum-tec]] ---- * Josh Hall's high altitude mirror bubble concept (not necessarily handling atmospheric gasses) [todo: add video link] * [[Mobile mesoscale robotic device]]s "nanobots" * [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]]s "microbots" * [[atmosphere sentinels]] * large scale storage of carbon dioxide (side-note: collection and storage together make "sequestation") * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] = External Links = * Diamond Trees (Tropostats): A Molecular Manufacturing Based System for Compositional Atmospheric Homeostasis - 2010 Robert A. Freitas Jr. [http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep043.pdf pdf] * Video: [https://vimeo.com/153449899 "Tropostats: Nanotechnology Harnessing Photosynthesis"] (very conceptual) ---- ['''todo:''' split off macro and self replicating aspect from this page - distribute to sub-pages of [[Mobile robotic device]] ] ['''todo:''' tackle size and mobility decisions ] - done? [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] svthdlud6ko7k27nag9zo3c3tntwv2y wikitext text/x-wiki 0 407 4380 4379 2015-10-02T13:54:57Z Apm 1 redirect repair #REDIRECT [[Carbon dioxide collector]] mfw0tu3c6hcjiffgaplcdqq9yajxj09 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 263 5236 2719 2016-12-03T17:10:15Z Apm 1 flatten double redirect #REDIRECT [[Carbon dioxide collector]] mfw0tu3c6hcjiffgaplcdqq9yajxj09 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 260 4381 4266 2015-10-02T13:55:38Z Apm 1 doube redirect collapse #REDIRECT [[Carbon dioxide collector]] mfw0tu3c6hcjiffgaplcdqq9yajxj09 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 157 6416 6080 2017-09-04T13:26:02Z Apm 1 /* Applications */ {{Stub}} {{Speculative}} Carriage particle accelerators do the following: They have many carriages (high speed [[carrier pellets]]) that pick up nano sized payloads accelerate them half of the thrusters length let go of the payloads then decelerate to stop before the thrusters end and finally accelerate and decelerate back to the starting point. Alternately the carriages go in droplet formed loops of speed dependent radius. Then they only need to accelerate and decelerate once per cycle but must take care that the released payloads don't crush into retreating empty carriages from layers further outward. A sturdy symmetric configuration is needed to avoid unbalanced torque. * For low areal densities of exhaust particles [[infinitesimal bearings]] can be used. * For high areal densities some form of [[levitation]] for the carriages must be employed (charged carriages). == Applications == * as alternative [[Rocket engines and AP technology|space propulsion system]] remotely akin to ion thrusters * to accelerate fuel pellets for inertial fusion (''speculative!'') * ... == Related == * [[Carrier pellets]] * [[Rocket engines and AP technology]] & [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] * [[Nuclear fusion]] * [[Levitation]] * [[Most speculative potential applications]] [[Category:Technology level III]] f21jqqrf72hqd9f4qveirfz1fpi2xkh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 114 7483 6874 2018-08-21T01:55:51Z Apm 1 /* Moiety carrier pellets */ corrected spelling of link {{stub}} Up: [[Transportation and transmission]] ---- Carrier pellets are adapters between means of transport (e.g. [[molecular conveyor belts]]) and the sub product parts being transported. Disassemblable DME size level pellet chains can be build in a compact fashion by using simple puzzle tile style Van der Waals interlocking. To avoid very seldom but in large systems possible present ['''todo''' make estimate] accidental thermally agitated slideout non contacting (and thus non friction inducing) sidward walls can be placed. In an other design for simple random pellet access axles coul be used for driving the pellets and displacable sideward with engraved rails could be used for deflecting pelets into another path. Carrier pellets may have some similarity to types in functional programming languages. Pellet carrying pellets may make sense in certain situations. Pellets can provide plane surfaces for vacuum lockout. == [[Moiety]] carrier pellets == Used to deliver moieties from the [[sorting mills]] through the [[tooltip preparation zone]] to the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s. con: avoidance of low level steering <br> pro: very complicated [[tooltip preparation zone|tooltip preparation]] graphs even for basic diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] == [[diamondoid molecular element|DME]] carrier pellets == DME carrier pellets are necessary for [[redundancy|redundant]] DME [[crystolecule routing layer|routing]] and delivery to the [[DME assembly robotics]]. == [[Microcomponent]] carrier pellets == Due to the [[scaling laws|vanishing masses in small scales]] microcomponent carrier pellets can be made much smaller than microcomponents (around DME carrier pellet size?) == Other cases where pellets are of use == * [[carriage particle accelerators]] [[Capsule transport]]: * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Medium movers]] * [[energy transmission]] with [[mechanical energy transmission cables]] carrying [[energy storage cells|fuel capsules]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] 5uc7u34cucizpxlknwvyii0rxodknux wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1164 10879 2021-06-24T10:01:30Z Apm 1 basic page This page is about the seemingly present belief that: first: * (1) even if one can identify a sensible far term target (see: [[Nanosystems]] [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]) * (2) if there are no areas of R&D where the problem of getting there ([[bootstrapping]]) can be tackled in a targeted way then <br>the identification of the far term target is completely pointless and a misplaced effort. <br> The as sensible identified target is just an unreachable '''"castle in the sky"'''. '''AND''' second: * (3) there indeed are no such areas of R&D where the problem of getting there ([[bootstrapping]]) can be tackled in a targeted way == Errors == (3) Is clearly false. <br> There are plenty of points to put efforts in targeted development. <br> See: '''[[Most relevant R&D construction sites for progress in APM]]''' <br> Economic viability is likely one of the biggest challenges. Even if (3) were true that might change at any time. <br> And in the case of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] it <br> would not requite ultra surprising scientific discoveries that go very against what we currently know, <br> like [[Star Trek]] like "beaming" or "warp drive" or "matter from energy replicators" would require. <br> This weakens (2) == Related == * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Exploratory engineering]] * [[House of cards]] b1b3nr1uuggs5548hu2txmf4hk0wbk8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 540 5617 5611 2017-06-14T20:59:19Z Apm 1 added word of caution {{stub}} Up: [[Mobile robotic device]] Please note: These are possible products of advanced productive nanosystems ([[nanofactory|nanofactories]]) and not productive nanosystems that make things from raw atoms themselves. Far term goal productive nanosystems do '''not''' consist out of swarming nanobots. The old [[molecular assembler]] concept was an early simple bio-analogy. It is obsolete for a long time by now. * [[Utility fog]] * [[Claytronics]] * [[Single rotation joint reconfigurable shape robots]] There are some ongoing experiments with current day technology in which we gain some preliminary experience. == External links == * Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot Self-reconfiguring modular robot] (contains a good overview over current experimental macroscopic systems) dj9zh2qpax7ir046c4z0hv1kbuum2s5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 784 10614 10586 2021-06-18T16:24:09Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added links to NASA pages {{stub}} [[File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg|426px|thumb|right|'''Planet [[Ceres]] (a dwarf planet)'''. Located in the main asteroid belt '''between Mars and Jupiter''' it is '''the nearest big "waterworld" to Earth''' and perhaps a very attractive target for colonization. Ceres is about 1000km in diameter and the only object in the asteroid belt that is spherical due to it's own gravity. Ceres is '''similar in size to Saturns moon Thetys (see above image for scale)'''. Image Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / UCLA / MPS / DLR / IDA / Justin Cowart]] Why may Ceres be interesting in regards to [[Main Page|advanced APM]] and [[Colonization of the solar system|colonization]]? <br> * The challenge of exploring and eventually exploiting [[cryovolcanism|cryovolcanic channels]] robotically. * colonization and a space gas station (electrolysis of water and production of methane) = Some trivia about Ceres = * Ceres is a (dwarf) planet (just like [[Pluto]] and its moon [[Charon]]). <br> * Ceres is the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt in the gap between Mars and Jupiter where<br> one would maybe expect a planet if it weren't for the large gravitational disturbances of Jupiter. * Ceres is one on the bodies in our solar system where liquid water is present in underground cracks. There is stark evidence for that due to the very conspicuous young white spots that are [[cryovolcanism|cryovolcanic]] salt deposits. A [[subsurface water ocean]] like on Enceladus, Europa and perhaps Titan, Ganymede, and Callisto is not expected, but not entirely excluded as of yet (2021). = Exploration Cryovolcanism = What could we find there? * (1) Muddy possibly visous sludge more like Earth's mud volcanues? * (2) Crystal clear water more like Earth's Geysers? From the bright white deposits the latter seem more likely. * (1) would make exploration rather challenging * (2) would make exploration much easier = Colonization of Ceres = Unlike on our moon there are plenty of volatile elements as raw materials available. <br> Don't be fooled by the grey cratered similar appearance. <br> Ceres is very very different from our moon. <br> Small asteroids of the main belt are the same distance from the sun as Ceres but <br> they may have a harder time to hang on to their volatiles due to their lower gravity and smaller diameter. <br> ---- Directly exposed water ice in space (when not really far from the sun) sublimates and gets blown away by the solar wind. <br> Maybe volatile ices can be found right under a very thin more silicatic regolith dust cover from asteroid impacts though. <br> We've seen that on the (even closer to the sun) Mars but there way higher gravity (and a somewhat notable atmosphere) is present. <br> Gravitative differentiation also may have concentrated the lighter less dense more volatile elements on the outer parts of the planets volume. = Underground ambient pressure unpressurized bases for human activities = Wikipedia lists: ---- * equatorial surface gravity: 0.28 m/s² = 0.029 g <br>This means a 100kg person would way there just 2.9"kg" (what an earth scale erroneously would show – scales should show Newton) ---- * mean density 2.162±0.008 g/cm³ (Earth upper crust 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm3) * (model dependent) crust density 1.25 to 1.95 g/cm³ * (model dependent) core density 2.46 to 2.9 g/cm³ == The one Earth atmosphere pressure depth level == At the right depth level in Ceres' crust the water of cryo-volcanic (or artificuially molten) channels could fulfill the pressurizing function that on Earth is fulfilled by air. That is an underground base at the right depth would need no airlock. A down facing port into a cryo-volcanic (or artificially molten) channel can suffice. A door against excessive air humidity and eventually unpleasant toxic gasses filling the whole station may still be advisable though. This is very much NOT like a submarine since the pressure of the water outside and the air inside are equally 1bar. So there is no need for thick sturdy and heavy submarine like walls resisting an implosion. Ice diving in very cold briny water with earth ice diving dry-suite equipment might be borderline possible. <vr> But likely not a good idea though. This calls for specialized suites that remove any and all discomfort from ice diving. <br> See: [[Gem-gum suit]]s. Artificial channels far from natural cryo-volcanic channels likely need to be filled <br> with synthesized air (of the same pressure as the surrounding ice-rock) to prevent re-freezing and collapse. <br> No need for ice diving in these channels It's exactly 1bar only for exactly one depth though. <br> So what is the depth ''range'' that would be nice for human physiology? == The human physiology depth range == Earth at 5000m ~0.5bar is pretty much the lower limit that humans can endure over extended periods of time (not healthy though). <br> Oxygen rich air can help but comes with known unpleasent risk of fires becoming much more dangerous. <br> Earth at -5000m (not reachable ~-4000m is the limit ATM) would be ~2bar. As to the upper limit: <br> In contrast to diving (short to medium time exposure to high overpressure), <br> the effects of long time exposure to only slight overpressure on human physiology are largely unexplored (are they really??). <br> The poor souls that are deep mine workers on Earth are additionally exposed to high temperatures an hard physical work. <br> Also they come up regularly (more details to check). '''Numbers:''' On Earth water pressure reaches 1bar overpressure at 10m depth (adding to the already 1bar of the atmosphere making it 2bar). <br> On Ceres water pressure reaches 1bar overpressure at 34.5 times the depth 345m (since the 1g/0.029g = 34.5) <br> '''That is when assuming cryovolcanic channels with a density of salt water not much above 1kg/liter.''' <br> If water pockets are closed to the surface then pressures might be higher and closer to what the density of the crust causes. <br> For Ceres that is about double the pressure at the same depth or equivalently half the depth for the same pressure. * Earth 5000m height (in air) 0.5bar – Ceres 172.5m depth (under water) * Earth sea level 1.0bar – Ceres 345m depth (under water) * Earth 5m depth (under water) 1.5bar – Ceres 517,5m (= 345m * 1.5) depth (under water) That gives a layer of 345m thickness in Ceres' crust that is suitable for human physiology in unpressurized stations and diving suites over longer durations of time. <br> Note that this is assuming a channel open to the surface and stable self supporting channel walls. At least a slight crust must be there though since liquid water cannot exist in vacuum. == The unpressurized briefly visitable deph range == More extreme depths borderline acceptable for brief visits: <br> Multiply the following by 34.5 (or half of that for 2g/ccm density) to get the corresponding depths for Ceres: * scuba diving 20m (beginners) 50m (more risky experienced) 120m (highly risky buisness with special equipment) * saturation diving record depth Earth ~200m (typical) ~700m (highly risky buisness) 700m * 34.5 = 24.15km (or 12.075km) = Synthesis of Air = Oxygen is easy: Direct synthesis from water. <br> Nitrogen may be a bit more tricky: <br> To make nitrogen there's a need to find some ammoniak ice (or other easily processable nitrogen rich compounds). <br> Amonniak is even more volative than water. <br> It will be interesting to see if and where it will be found. <br> Molecular nitrogen is only retained at bodies way out the solar system (Titan, Triton, Pluto, TNOs, ...) = Very deep mining made possible by Ceres' very low gravity = == How deep could we mine on Ceres? == Earth's deepest mine (a gold mine) is about 4000m=4km deep. <br> Assuming for Ceres the depth that can be mined down to the material has the same density as Earth's upper crust <br> (which seems like a conservative estimation) then the same pressure is reached 1g/0.029g = 34.5 times the depth 138km (46000 3m high floors) This might be hugely off though since: * Heat might be much less of a challenge than on Earth (allowing for much deeper mining) * Glacial flow of material might be a big challenge (allowing for much less deep mining) == Creation and maintenance of artificial underground tunnel channels == The material being quite water ice rich may be quite soft and rater easy to dig through. <br> Mining by melting and pumping might work well. Artificial molten channels far from cryovolcanic site will likely <br> refreeze fast if not permanently heated with unholy amounts of energy. <br> Filling channels with dry on site synthesized air at the same pressure as the surrounding ice-rocks might be an option to prevent refreezing. <br> Gas might diffuse out over large exposed ice-rock surface areas. <br> A very thin sealing foil against gas escape should suffice though. <br> Given there is a prssure equilibrium channels won't shrink in diameter through glacial flows. <br> Shearing and deformations through glacial flow might occur though. <br> So active dynamic work may be needed to maintain underground artificial channel systems. <br> Ceres cryololcanic activity seems pretty limited though compared to say Enceladus cryovolcanic activity. So glacial shearing flows may be rather limited which would be beneficial. == How deep could we drill into Ceres (the center?) == On Earth the record was near 14km. <br> Conservatively assuming same density as Earth's crust Ceres' corresponding depth would be 14km * 34.5 = 483km. <br> This pretty much all the way down to Ceres' innermost center. <br> That is if temperatures are not too high down there then probably <br> it's likely possible for us to drill down all the way down to the (weightless) core. <br> And that even with conventional technology. With [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] this should be easy. Again if temperatures are reasonable. Expectable pressures down there (assuming 2kg/liter) are high but still reasonable. <br> Note that gravity drops of to weightlessness, so this needs to be integrated. <br> TODO make an estimate. = Related = * [[Colonization of the solar system]] * [[Cryovolcanism]] * [[Titan (giant moon)]] – Another volatile rich candidate for colonization with high potential (albeit way farther out the solar system at [[Saturn]]) = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) Ceres_(dwarf_planet)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust Earth's crust] (upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/ccm and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/ccm) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites List_of_natural_satellites] Ceres (not a sattelite) is similar in size (slightly smaller than) Saturns moon Tethys * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_cities List of highest cities] (To see what humans can deal with – 5000m is certainly not healthy) ---- '''Awesome picture of a cryovolcanic vent:''' * https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/1530/dawn-takes-a-closer-look-at-occator/ * https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19889 ---- * [https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/overview/ NASA Dawn mission page (the probe that visited Ceres)] 5vtapkgthz9td9ttxiu7d50n1hdoz2e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1110 10355 10338 2021-06-13T19:51:26Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{stub}} Ceria CeO₂ supposedly has an especially good [[lattice scaled stiffness]]. <br> Big lattice constant reasonably high stiffness. <br> [[Cerium]] is one of the most common rare earth elements. == Related == * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] * [[Gemstone-like compound]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide Cerium(IV)_oxide] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerianite-(Ce) Cerianite-(Ce)] – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Cerianite-%28Ce%29 (on www.mineralienatlas.de)] – cubic * Same stoichiometry and structure: Thorianite Uraninite * Off-topic: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrnaesite-(La) Dyrnaesite-(La)] of20sbrlwc8phmgywpiof8dy7ui5zk9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 743 7568 2018-08-22T21:00:25Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Chain of zones]] to [[Sequence of zones]]: not a physical chain #REDIRECT [[Sequence of zones]] 4ak84geo17q77ixdw5lpwwatju3pfxi wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1032 10157 9968 2021-06-10T07:54:28Z Apm 1 added two sections == Repetition == == Time scaling and motion blur == {{stub}} == Static non-animated visualization == Visualizing the internal workings of a [[gem-gum factory]] over all the involved size scales <br> in just one picture is hard. Especially when there shall no be discontinuous jumps in scale. <br> The natural solution to that problem seems to be a '''log polar mapping generalized to 3D''' <br> See: [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] <br> Whether such a depiction can helps for [[building an intuitive understanding]] remains to be seen. == dynamic animated visualization == * Challenges in speed visualization – [[stroboscopic illusion]] * Acceleratingly racing along long assembly lines to give a feeling of relative length 3D was never build for modelling over so many size scales <br> Modelling everything on the same scale can leads to * running out of floating point precision * running into size scales where the 3D software rounds to * other weird stuff So one needs to hack around this and model on different size scales <br> A continuous cut-less animation over many size scales then faces the problem of plumbing several sequences <br> of scenes shot at different scalings (different scalings that making different scales the same scale) mathchingly. <br> This is super annoying, tedious and productivity quenching. == Texturing and rendering choices == How to visualize a [[gem-gum factory]] at different size scales physically as accurate as possible, <br> but still visually appealing and helpful? Rendering gemstones as transparent optical gemstones makes only sense for the macroscale. <br> See: [[Visible wavelength light at the nanoscale]] <br> === Mimicking a real physical microscopes contrast mechanism === Tho show something physically more accurate the the contrast should go down and things become blurry <br> leaving only the overall homogenous monochomous color. <br> To still see things really well despite all that optical blurring <br> an other non optical contrast mechanism must be added. Emulating electron microscopy is not such a good idea since <br> * especially at the lowest scales everything becomes quite transparent (like in TEM images) <br> * practically this would be hard on the sample – well [[gem-gum sytems]] might cope A really good contrast mechanism is what (cold neutral helium) matter wave microscopy would give. <br> This is extrelmely surfece sensitive. Pretty much no penetration into the material that is being imaged at at all. <br> This technology currently (2021) is still far from atomic resolution, but eventually shoud be able to achive that someday. <br> And then it should be an exceptionally useful tool. In effect choosing to emulate a matter wave microscopes images look would <br> roughly mean keeping a scanning microscope like look all the way down to the smallest scales. Downsides of the contrast mechanism mimicking approach: * Can come over as bland and ugly. * If not colorizes hard but just grayscale then can be hard for the viewer to decypher what is seen. * Annoyingly the atomic precision of these sytems disallows for any artistic scratches and such. <br>All the stuff that makes things pleasing to look at is out. === Atomistic texturing === As for when atomic details become visible several more challenges present themselves: <br> * The (crappy) compression algorithms of our time like to make a mess out of huge high spacial frequency patterns – confetti effect – moire effect <br> * Modelling all the atoms individually as highly resolved spheres is infeasible * "displacement maps" introduce the same load but only at the final rendering * bump-maps are cheap but one can see that it's fake In case of diamond three textures for the different faces are needed * 111 (3fold symmetry) * 110 (2fold symmetry) * 100 (4fold symmetry) And they somehow need to be slapped on the right faces. === True atomistic modelling === ==== Approximating atoms by spheres ==== For the tooltips modelling individual atoms as highly resolved spheres is feasible. <br> Here even a completely fake pretty metallic and colorful rendering is ok (and useful) since it's obvious that its not mimicking a microscopes contrast mechanism. Note that the sum of all orbitals of a free unbound atom (full shells) is actually perfectly spherically symmetrical and a equi-electron-density surface (the shape of the atom) is really a perfect sphere.<br> <small>Ignoring here that free unbound atoms alone in a vacuum disperse quantum mechanically as a matter wave. But what interests us here is bound atoms in [[machine phase]] anyway.</small> ==== Modelling the actual shapes of atoms ==== Modelling atoms more accurately than just by spheres requires modelling [[atomic orbitals]]. Difficulties in determining the shape of atoms (in the sense of equi-electron-density surfaces near the Van der Waals radii) are: * electron-electron interactions (even mean field ones) cause deviations from the ideal analytic solutions for one-electron hydrogen like atom * more than one nucleus being present causing deviations from ideal analytic solutions for a pure 1/r potential When it is just for visualization purposes then using linear combinations of crude initial guesses for the orbitals orbitals can suffice though. Difficulties in rendering such shapes: * Many 3D modelling programs provide by default no or limited means for rendering surfaces defined by implicit functions == Repetition == Visualizing huge numbers of the very same geometry (or worse slight variations) is difficult. '''Cases where this occurs:''' * exact repetitions of atomic patterns on surfaces – Related: 2D wallpaper groups (and 2D quasi-crystal symmetries) * almost exact repetitions in [[molecular mill]] assembly lines * almost exact repetitions in 2D layer of larger robotic assembly cells. E.g. naked eye visible 1mm sized assembly cells that may form the last main [[assembly layer]] '''Options to model this with limited computing resources:''' * pre-rendering on a 2D texture for a certain perspective of a 3D geometry (possibly at different scales aka mipmapping) an plastering that texture all over the place * Rendering by raymarching rather than triangles – a fundamental switch == Time scaling and motion blur == Giving an intuitive sense for the absolute speeds and frequencies might be impossible. <br> Giving an intuitive sense for the relative speeds and frequencies might be possible at least in some cases cases but is still hard. '''Ways to visualize relative speeds and frequency transitions include:''' * gradual scaling of the flow of time * motion blur – actually that only visualizes that the point of last visualizability has already been crossed – like a binary flag '''Concrete cases:''' (1) Showing a small [[crystolecular element]] and sweeping frequency from thermal motion illustrating to machine motion illustrating. Scaling the flow of time from thermal-motion-visualizing scales down to machine-motions-visualizing scales in a way that is intuitively comprehensible is not easy because (for [[proposed operation speeds]]) that time-scaling-sweep goes over several [[orders of decimal magnitude]] with no reference "points" in-between. Illustrating the this large of a frequency gap probably can be done best in an auditorily way since human hearing goes over quite a freqency range of (20Hz to 20kHz => ~x1000Hz) This (optionally) poses the additional (interesting) challenge of determining the spectrum of phonons present on diamond surfaces or diamondoid crystolecule surfaces such that a physically accurate sound of atoms can be created. A visual illustration of a frequency sweep is a bit more limited than an audio sweep (0.3Hz to 30Hz => ~x100Hz rather than ~x1000Hz for audio) Once the sweep is no longer visually illustratable the sweep can no longer be followed. It is beyond rendering capabilities (that where made for human senses) and would be beyond human senses. Worse: Without a proper motion blur there might be confusing stroboscopic effects. It is highly advisable (but not necessarily easy) to add motion blur. Otherwise viewers may fall prey of the [[trapdoor]] of the [[stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]]. Note that this blurring mixes up with the already present quantum blurriness of electrons in atoms. Quantum and thermal blurriness is only clearly separable by viewers when the quantum blurriness is replaced with a hard shell visualization with hard surface modelling of atoms (equi electron density surface of atoms near the typical Van der Waals radius – or just crude sphere approximations) Of course there is some quantum blurriness of the nuclear core positions in the crystal lattice too. This goes into a whole nother can of worms. (2) Racing down a [[molecular mill]] assembly line getting increasingly faster. <br> {{todo|Find out how long will molecular mill assembly lines need to be typically? What would be their aspect ratio?}} <bR> Speedline like radial motion blur to visualize speed gives an emotionally intense visual effect far too good to pass up from a movie director poimt of view. <br>. This effect can only give an intuitive feeling of large distance (in relative terms) though. Not an intuitive feeling for actual distance (in relative terms). (3) Crossing [[speed transition point]]s: <br> At a [[speed change point]]: Stop the camera motion and softly slowly sweep the time-scaling factor down a bit such that the output speed becomes as slow as the input speed was at the sweeps start. == Related == * [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] * [[Visible wavelength light at the nanoscale]] * [[Matter wave microscopy]] * surface sensitivity * contrast mechanism * [[3D modelling]] i7uwm92uwiq8tczg0w02yor1go2qbr1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1295 11871 11845 2021-08-24T05:26:06Z Apm 1 /* Sheet form-factor gemstone metamaterial on chip factories */ big improvements & extension The '''chamber to part size ratio''' is the volumetric ratio between the assembly chamber <br> and the the maximal size of product that can be assembled in that chamber. == Sheet form-factor [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] == In case of '''convergent assembly that stops at a layer which still has many assembly chambers inside''' <br> (convergent assembly that "stops short") <br> this last layer now must eventually fill up the whole volume of space above densely. <br> * The (now virtual) "chamber to part size ratio" drops down to exactly 1 (or equivalently) <br> * The "volume fill ratio" goes up to 1 (100% filled volume) So given these "last assembly layer assembly chambers" needs to fill up the volume above to a 100% whereas <br> the ones below are designed to fill up the volume only to a much smaller "volumetric fill ratio" <br> (leaving enough space for the robotics of the next higher layer) <br> these "last assembly layer assembly chambers" need a lot more <br> parts per chamber per unit of time than the ones below (assuming the same [[branching factor]] across the last layers!). <br> In order to compensate for that the second to last layer assembly-chambers must: * either be stacked * inclusive or operate faster in terms of absolute speed * inclusive or have a lower [[branching factor]] === Conceptual but concrete example === Example robotics of a final convergent assembly layer that <br> still consists of a plane of many assembly chambers not yet a single cell <br> can be seen on the page about "[[part streaming assembly]]". Here [[part streaming assembly]]: * allows for the last layer assembly cells to have the necessary overlapping areal reach (other methods could do that too) * makes assembly faster in a single layer without an necessary increase in absolute speed or reduction in [[branching factor]] <br> additionally increasing the throughput-demands on the layers below. More generally and more importantly [[Part streaming assembly]]: * '''allows to avoid support scaffolding complexities for smaller voids of problematic shape''' (e.g. stalagmitic shape) * allows for local speed variations in assembly (patches lagging behind) == Box form-factor [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] == This is especially important at the macroscale end of [[convergent assembly]] with a single assembly chamber at the very top. <br> Just like with 3D printers it is inconvenient needing a giant machine only to produce minute parts. == Bigger chamber to part size ratios possible but not desirable at smaller scales == At smaller scales a high chamber to part size ratio is much less critical <br> as long as one can compensate with increasing speed of operations (or stacking same sized layers). <br> Higher speeds indeed are possible given the good characteristic-force to characteristic-stiffness ratio of [[gem-gum]] materials. <br> In the interest of minimizing friction losses stacking is to prefer over speedup though. Higher factors may give more design freedom in design of robotics and other necessary subsystems. == Related == * [[Convergent assembly]] hrgxvbbqucw03vvn43q6weinc6a7at8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 620 11192 6386 2021-07-04T14:59:47Z Apm 1 added link to new redundant page This page is a collection of the [[gemstone like compound]]s that seem the most useful/promising/interesting/awesome/... for the use in products of [[technology level III|advanced gemstone metamaterial products]]. Diamond will not be included here, Historically a ([[Diamond|motivated]]) strong fixation on diamond has been drawing attention away from the so many other interesting potential building materials. Note that this chart contains opinion of the author ([[APM:About]]). The readers favorites may differ. == Mosissanite SiC (cubic & hexagonal !!) == This is essentially diamond and lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond) with every second carbon atom replaced with a silicon atom. * Unlike silicon it's transparent in the visible spectrum and. * It has much better thermal resilience than diamond (it's stable not meta-stable - there's no desire to turn to graphite at high temperatures) * Macroscopic amounts (not finely dispersed) are self fire extinguishing. An oxygen excluding liquid glass slack layer prevents sustainment of fire. * At places in the solar system where carbon is scarece (moon presumably) it doubles the building material. Common knowledge: It's almost as strong as diamond (theoretical limit). It has a higher refractory index than diamond (and has double refraction) Note that today's (2017) moissanite specimens, which are produced by thermodynamically means, have neither cubic ABCABC nor hexagonal ABAB stacking order. Depending on the production method different more complex patterns emerge. == Stishovite SiO₂ (& Rutile TiO₂ & ...) == This is essentially quartz with a better crystal structure. * It consists out of the two most common elements on earth silicon and oxygen. * In contrast to quartz it has a much higher hardness (Mohs 9) * In contrast to christobalite (another very hard polymorph of quartz) it has a crsytal structure with higher symmetry (tetragonal) * The crystal structure (Rutile structural type) matches many other interesting compound allowing transitions. See: "[[Pseudo phase diagram]]" The issue: Just like diamond it's only metastable, so probably not suitable for very high temperature applications. == Cubic gauche carbon nitride == * Just like diamond this stuff can be made out of air. On earth nitrogen is much easier to filter out of the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Thus one can produce faster when the air stream is the limiting factor. Side-note: this does not apply to Venus "air" and Titan "air" since there carbon is as abundant as nitrogen. In Mars' thin atmosphere the situation is reversed. There nitrogen is scarce relative to carbon dioxide. * In contrast to beta carbon nitride its crystal structure has higher symmetry (cubic aka isometric). * very strong but metallic conductivity (exotic property) There's a tiny issue though: It may be a fire hazard or even explosive. (silicon nitride is not) '''External Links:''' * [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02593?journalCode=cmatex Synthesis of Ultra-incompressible sp³-Hybridized Carbon Nitride with 1:1 Stoichiometry] * [http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v3/n8/full/nmat1146.html Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen] == Non-sapphire polymorphs of aluminium dioxide == Sapphire crystal structure has an inconveniently low symmetry. There are other polymorphs without that problem. They are just metastable though. = Degradable / Biominarals = == Periclase (MgO) == Magnesium is one of the most common elements (lots of it can be found in seawater) * It is just so very slightly water soluble. This makes it nicely "bio-degradable" since there is no fast massive magnesium salt release. * It has (as most simple salts) a high symmetry cubic crystal structure. The issue: the ionic salt like character may prevent one from using it for sliding nanoscale interfaces and deem it to just structural uses. == Further == Water insoluble calcium salts: (Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compounds_by_element#Calcium]) * phosphate => appatite (hexagonal and decently hard - Mohs 5) * carbonate => aragonite (higher symmetry than calcite - orthorhombic - and a bit harder - Mohs 4) * titanate => perscovite (decently hard - Mohs 5 - but only mid level symmetry: orthorhombic) Water insoluble magnesium salts: * carbobnate => magnesite (decent symmetry - trigonal) * '''Dropouts:''' silicate => wollastonite (drop out since too low symmetry - triclinic); sulfate => gypsum (drop out since way too soft - Mohs 2); nitrate => no mineral? (drop out too since highly water soluble) Iron compounds: * pyrite (high symmetry cubic - probably one of the easiest entry points for gemstone mechanosynthesis) * wüstite (iron monoxide) - cubic salt like structure (advantage: many other transition elements form the same structure and can be substituted!); <br>Hematite (decent symmetry - trigonal); Magnetite (high symmetry - cubic - but big unit cell) * iron titanate => illmenite (decent symmetry - trigonal) == Related == * Newer redundant page: [[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]] lvw72zoj3tbsbwypcecoa43jh0amvh0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 699 7108 7104 2018-07-10T15:41:16Z Apm 1 added links to todo templates {{stub}} * Templates: [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=Special%3AAllPages&from=&to=&namespace=10] * Links to Wikipedia: [[Template:WikipediaLink]] * Todo: [[Template:Todo]] * Wiki-Todo: [[Template:Wikitodo]] hoe0xss1xh636rxw2kwufk4nu69pedi wikitext text/x-wiki 0 466 10365 10356 2021-06-13T20:11:23Z Apm 1 /* Abundant elements [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements] */ added links to hydrogen and helium {{stub}} This page is about the possible usage of elements in advanced atomically precise technology. Predominantly in the context of usage as structural building material in compounded form to various nonmetals forming gemstones. If you seek the general definition for what a chemical element is please consult Wikipedia or other sources. == Abundant elements [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements] == <font face="monospace"> * [[Hydrogen|H]] [[Helium|He]] -- Helium is scarce on Earth but abundant in space * Li ([[Beryllium|Be]]) [[Boron|B]] [[carbon|C]] [[Nitrogen|N]] [[Oxygen|O]] [[Fluorine|F]] [[Argon|Ar]] * [[Sodium|Na]] [[Magnesium|Mg]] [[Aluminium|Al]] [[Silicon|Si]] [[Phosphorus|P]] [[Sulfur|S]] [[Chlorine|Cl]] (Ne) * [[Potassium|K]] [[Calcium|Ca]] ([[Scandium|Sc]]) [[Titanium|Ti]] ([[vanadium|V]]) ([[Chromium|Cr]]) [[manganese|Mn]] [[Iron|Fe]] ([[Cobalt|Co]]) [[Nickel|Ni]] [[Copper|Cu]] [[Zinc|Zn]] ([[Gallium|Ga]]) (Ge) (As) (Se) (Br) (Kr) * [[Rubidium|Rb]] [[Strontium|Sr]] ([[Yttrium|Y]]) [[Zirconium|Zr]] ([[Niob|Nb]]) ([[Molybdenum|Mo]])... (In) [[Tin|Sn]] (Sb) ((Te)) (I) (Xe) * [[Caesium|Cs]] [[Barium|Ba]] ([[Lanthan|La]]) ([[Cer|Ce]]) ... (Hf) (Ta) (W) ... (Hg) (Tl) [[Lead|Pb]] (Bi) ... * ... [[Thorium|Th]] (Pa) [[Uranium|U]] (Np) [[Plutonium|Pu]] ... </font> == Metals == Metals in pure or alloyed form can be [[Unsuitability of metals|problematic for use]] in [[gem-gum factory|advanced productive nanosystems]].<br> For existing examples how metals atoms can be integrated such that bonds stay sufficiently covalent in character one can look into: * Gemstones (See: [[Gemstone like compound]]) * [[Metal complex]]es == Special seldom elements == * [[Germanium]] Ge (very useful for mechanosynthesis) * seldom halides: [[Iodine]] and [[Bromine]] I Br * seldom stable chalkogenides: [[Selenium]] and [[Tellurium]] Se Te * seldom pnictogenides: [[Arsenic]] [[Antimony]] and [[Bismuth]] As Sb Bi (bismuth so little radioactive that it can be considered stable) * most precious metals: [[Gold]] [[Iridium]] [[Indium]] Au Ir In * seldom heavy metals: [[Osmium]] Os ... * less common rare earth elements: ... == Related == * [[Periodic table of elements]] * [[Abundant elements]] [[Category:Chemical element]] lghqkyt3x2aly1te9in8otr113ejpm8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 965 10903 9354 2021-06-24T15:14:56Z Apm 1 fixed link {{stub}} {{wikitodo|add crossed out electrical power lines as illustrative image}} <br> The idea here is to [[energy transmission|transmit energy]] by [[capsule transport]] of chemical [[energy storage cell]] through special chemical energy transmission cables. Transport inside the cables happens at potentially high speeds in solid state inside a sheath of [[stratified shear bearings]] ([[superlubricating]]) that acts as a ultra low friction rail system. The cables are tightly packed with [[energy storage cell|energy storage capsules]]. There is no air in the small voids that are left. Instead there is a very good vacuum. '''Similar transport systems to this one include:''' * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] For higher safety this could be combined with [[entropical energy transmission]]. This way a ripping cable won't lead to fires and maybe even explosions but instead freeze over. Chemical energy transmission like this has several advantages over (not superconducting) electrivcal energy transport. <br> See: [[Reasons for APM#The end of electrical energy transport?!]] {{wikitodo|copy the advantage bullet points over}}<br> Thus chemical energy transmission like this could eventually some day replace most of the high power electrical energy transmission of today (2021) = Questions = * Thickness of the cable - transmittable aerial power density * optimal size of the energy capsules - energy capsule content == Related == Transport: * [[Energy transmission]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] * [[Power density]] * [[Energy storage cell]] * [[Capsule transport]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Thermal energy transport]] – slightly off-topic * [[Transport and transmission]] * '''[[Superlube tubes]]''' ----- Storage: * [[Energy storage cells]] * [[Energy storage problem]] ----- Conversion: * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Chemomechanical converter]] * [[Entropomechanical converters]] * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] ----- * [[Global scale energy management]] * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] drc9z5e00svuqju586e7m8y4ia3c9zb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1087 11739 11127 2021-07-25T09:48:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[File:Universal-joint sideview hyrogen-passivated.gif|400px|thumb|right|'''Hydrogen passivations''' (like the one shown here on an flexing universal joint mechanism – designed by K. E. Drexler and R. C. Merkle) '''are highly chemically stable'''. They may well work in a clean air filled environment.]] [[File:Universal-joint sideview nitroxy-passivated.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''Nitroxy passivations''' (like the one shown here on an flexing universal joint mechanism) '''are mechanically and thermally stable'''. Due to the different bond lengths than the underlying carbon they introduce stresses though. '''The effect of bond-length-difference stresses on chemical stability is to analyze.''']] One often brought up concern about artificial nanomachinery is oxidation. Or more generally corrosion and decay through chemical instability. This is easily solved by: * (1) The choice of the right material for the right location. * (2) Isolation of as much of the inner nanomachinery from the outer environment. <br><small>(For systems that allow so. Filters e.g. necessarily have lots of exposed surface.)</small> == Choice of the right material for the right location == (1) Avoid [[pure metals and metal alloys]] and use [[gemstone-like compound]]s instead. Especially on air exposed surfaces most metals wont work at all. That's well known for iron. But even metals that are air resistant at the macroscale wont work. They form an initially invisibly thin protective oxidation layer ([[macroscale surface passivation]]). But on the nanoscale that thin layer can be huge. Much more than a single atomic mono-layer. So small nanoscale components made from metal can when exposed to air oxidize (or otherwise react) through and through. Making them swell up, lose shape, and loose structural integrity. Well there are exceptions. At least gold is immune to attack by air since it's so noble (not willing to give an electron away for a bond). Gold usually does not want any business with oxygen. == Isolate part of the nano-machinery to allow for chemically more delicate structures == It's a similar principle like seen in the case of apples and bananas. But with very different materials. The inside is protected and not exposed to air. Thus it stays non-oxidized. Only in case the inside gets exposed it gets destroyed by oxidation. ([[Gem-gum]] systems should usually be built not to break – See: [[spill prevention guideline]], [[splinter prevention]], [[elasticity emulation]], ...) Delicate tings one would want to isolate inside: * open covalent bonds / radicals * surface passivations that could not withstand contact with air * materials that could not withstand contact with air (most metals and alloys) == Highly chemically stable surfaces for housing shells (gem-gum skin) == Simple hydrocarbons can already be quite stable chemically. E.g. HDPE plastic, which is a very simple hydrocarbon chain can easily cope with concentrated sulfuric acid. Hydrogen passivated diamond surfaces have similar properties. ([[Moissanite]] too probably.) {{wikitodo|There is a paper on stability of hydrogen passivations on small diamondoid crystals. Find it and reference it here.}} == Halogen passivated surfaces (Halogenated surfaces) == Hydrogen is sometimes counted to the halogens since it has with the halogens in common its typical bond order of one. So let's count hydrogen passivated surfaces to the halogenated surfaces here. The next halogen after [[hydrogen]] is fluorine. * [[Fluorine]] F: Fluorated diamond surfaces are known to have extremely high chemical stability. * [[Chlorine]] Cl: Chlorinated diamond surfaces are also still quite stable. * With heavier halogens ([[bromine]] Br, [[iodine]] I) surface stability drops. <br>(Also they are much more rare and thus also much less interesting for structural purposes.) Forget astatine, it's waay too radioactive. But still, it's half life is likely long enough to permit passivating one single small [[crystolecule]]. For research purposes presumably. The nice thing about halogen passivations is a side effect of their typical bond order being one. Having only one bond to the surface "below" means that a chance of that bond length does (usually) do not lead to a change of stresses and strains in the surface passivation layer. That means different halogens can be swapped for each other without causing part deformations or drops in chemical stability due to too much strained bonds. == Chalkogen and pnictogen passivated surfaces == Swapping atoms out with others that have the same bond order but a different period can chance bond stresses and strains. That may lead to * chemical destabilization and/or to * a change of stress-induced part-deformations (= static strains) if the geometry permits that (tubular geometries don't). E.g. Switching between * [[oxygen]] [[sulfur]] [[selenium]] (tellurium maybe too metallic) (polonium too radioactive) * [[nitrogen]] [[phosphorus]] [[arsenic]] (antimony maybe too metallic) (bismuth too metallic) Also hydrogen passivated surfaces can be re-designed for e.g. a nitroxic surface passivation. In fact the software [[nanoengineer-1]] had that implemented in an automated way. See the two similar illustrating images, once hydrogen passivated, once nitroxy passivated. Surface stresses my be significant though. {{todo|Analyze effect of surface stresses in nitroxic passivation on chemical stability}}. While [[mechanical stability]] and [[thermal stability]] seem to be well in tact high bond stresses in surface passivations might significantly lower [[chemical stability]] against contact with air. A nitroxy passivation might have the advantage though that the air is also mostly nitrogen and oxygen. Water might act aggressive on these strained bonds though. More analysis needed. == Related == [[The three stabilities]]: * [[Chemical stability]] (this page here) * [[Thermal stability]] * [[Mechanical stability]] ---- * [[Pure metals and metal alloys]] * [[Skin]] – (potentially misleading bio-analogy) – [[Gem-gum housing shell]] * '''[[Nanoscale surface passivation]]''' * [[Macroscale surface passivation]] fkb8ey61679lkihlznybrf9vaiu26v8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1211 11309 11308 2021-07-06T10:43:10Z Apm 1 removed stub marker '''Chemical synthesis''' is ... * ... one way to make atomically precise structures and is ... * ... the oldest way to do so discovered/invented by humans. The size of of atomically precise structures that can be made by chemical synthesis is limited to to small (to medium sized) nanoscale molecules. <br> This is because: * (1) Mixing stuff in big flasks is slow and * (2) It is bound to an [[exponential drop in yield]] * (3) parallelization in synthesis for the individual product molecules is not possible due to limitations in [[specificity]]. <br> Not to confuse with the parallelism of synthesis of many identical small molecules. This one is trivial and massive. '''Making atomically precise products of macroscopic size via chemical synthesis is impossible.''' <br> Nature circumvents this by [[thermally driven self assembly]] which goes (per definition) beyond [[chemical synthesis]]. <br> Also nature only features [[topological atomic precision]] at the macroscale not [[positional atomic precision]]. __TOC__ = Making stuff from scratch = == (1) Speed limit due to size of chemical reaction vessels == This can (and is beginning to) be greatly improved on by [[microfluidics]]. <br> Microfluidics does not need atomically precise technology with macroscale product size and is thus doable today (2021). <br> Related: [[Non atomically precise nanomanufacturing methods#Microscale]] Once stuff needs to be separated more or less ingenious tricks need to be employed <br> (distillation, re-crystallization, liquid-liquid extractions, out-gassing, ...) <br> These each come with their own challenges in miniaturazisability. === Important "construction sites" of technology === * There are efforts in [[automation of chemical synthesis]] * There are efforts in improvement on [[microfluidics]] * Both eventually need to be combined. * Both seem quiet relevant for getting towards [[advanced productive nanosystems]] faster. == (2) Exponential drop in yield == See main article: [[exponential drop in yield]]<br> Without any form of [[mechanosynthesis]] available yet <br> (aside from borrowing weakly mechanosynthetic biological nanomachinery) <br> This cannot be improved on in the case of linear molecules in solution floating around freely. <br> If there is a fatal error it's game over. Synthesis can no longer proceed.<br> As an analogy it's like a severe car crash on a narrow road that hopelessly blocks that road. <br> With every car passing having a chance to crash of 50% (bad drivers, horrific road) and only ten drives passing <br> the chance of the road not being blocked is 1/2¹⁰ which is one in a thousand. === (3) Averting the drop by going to sheets and volumes === Well. this at least can be improved on for structures with higher dimensionality like 2D sheets and 3D volumes. <br> Where the chemical synthesis (aka product assembly) can redundantly move around single failed spots. That leads right into the next problem though. <br> The advantage of many open ends to continue the synthesis (assembly) process on is simultaneously a disadvantage. <br> If there are many spots to continue on then many of them need to be exactly the same as others. <br> This is because reactions for strong covalent bond formation (in some sense defining chemical synthesis) <br> gives only very very limited options for [[specificity]]. E.g. compared to [[thermally driven self assembly]]. A note on that later. Going to weaker bonds (including e.g. [[Van der Waals force|Van der Waals bonds]]) there can be more [[specificity]] <br> and a larger number of differing assembly spots. Plus [[kinetic traps]] can be averted. <br> Also then this is no longer called chemical synthesis but [[thermally driven self assembly]]. So let's talk about this later. '''Examples:''' One prototypical case of chemical synthesis in 3D (stretching the term a bit) is crystal growth (often done with pure metals). <br> One gets more or less defined crystal borders from crystal growth. <br> In the case of more defined crystal growth the slowest growing crystal faces prevail. <br> <small>This may be a bit counter intuitive but an animation can make that intuitively obvious.</small> <br> One gets nanoparticles with quite high symmetry. BUT ... There are incredibly severe limitations: * Shape is only minutely adjustable by growth condition/parameters – all shapes are convex polyhedral only (right?) * Size is somewhat statistical since there is no defined termination point * It's limited to one monolithic material and even switching that monolithic material for another is typically not a straightforward option Overall this seems very mich not promising as a part of a fast targeted path toward advanced productive nanosystem like [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. <br> Of course one cannot exclude that it may help in some obscure ways. But it's definitely not the technology to focus on. Another case that is thinkable is "branching and fusing chemical synthesis". <br> This seems like rather exotic chemistry. {{todo|Is there existing work on this?}} <br> [[Specificity]] for more than a few (two, three) active sites to continue forming covalent bonds on is hard and reduces the success rate for each of the spots. <br> As an analogy imagine a slightly braided river, blocking one path a ship can still redundantly pass trough another. <br> Each individual path has a a higher chance of being blocked though. = Borrowing the nanomachinery of nature = Nature has in some sense overcome the limitation to only nanoscale atomically precise products <br> as the existence of macroscale organisms impressively shows. <br> Then again over macroscopic scales * it is only [[topological atomic precision]] (what links to what) * it is not [[positional atomic precision]] like in a perfect single crystal of quartz. (where is that specific atom, same isotope atoms distinguishable by position) As far as [[positional atomic precision]] over macroscale distances would be theoretically possible given thermal expansion, sound waves, and such. Related: [[Why identical copying is unnecessary for foodsynthesis]] == Limitations == '''Limitation ins product classes:''' * peptides, proteins * DNA, RNA * Sugars, lipids There are a lot of fancy tricks to make variations on this basic natural product types. <br> E.g. unnatural side chains on peptides. <br> But variations typically decrease yield and increase production costs. <br> For some variations one even needs to * go back to in vivo synthesis without employing the nanomachinery of nature or * take an intermediate approach (this exists too) === Peptides and proteins === A major focus lies on peptides and proteins since these make up the major chunk of [[soft nanomachinery]] in [[molecular biology]]. Other stuff usually just modifies proteins. <small>(With the notable exception of the ribosome, the soft nanomachine that makes proteins. Not a coincidence.)</small> '''Callenges:''' <br> Expressing proteins in cells: * sometimes the proteins don't fold properly because of interactions with other parts of the cell * sometimes the proteins cannot successfully extracted and this is hard to predict. '''Advantages:''' A major advantage of employing the nanomachinery of nature is its integrated error correction mechanisms <br> Also in the case of foldamers the subsequent folding process is helped along by so called chaperone proteins. <br> This goes beyond [[chemical synthesis]] though. '''Interesting trivia:''' <br> Cells can produce astounding amount of artificial proteins without dying. <br> That looks quite odd in electron microscopy. == Self assembly == This goes beyond basic [[chemical synthesis]]. <br> See main article: [[Thermally driven self assembly]] = Related = * '''[[Spectrum of means of assembly]]''' – [[Mechanosynthesis]] * '''[[Exponential drop in yield]]''' * [[Atomically precise nanostructure]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction Liquid–liquid extraction] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry) Extraction (chemistry)] 1osgmdo3f9g26sc18txmk4emm2kw08q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 479 5096 2016-11-15T17:50:03Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Chemomechanical converter]] #REDIRECT [[Chemomechanical converter]] qyv78jru6njoq83ft8i2eeorsacjrbp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 54 10406 9178 2021-06-14T17:10:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Energy conversion]] {{template:site specific definition}} [[file:Chenomechanical-converter_640x378.png|thumb|480px|alt=block diagram of a chemomechanical converter system.|The main components of an advanced chemical energy storage system. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/7/7b/Chemomechanical-converter.svg SVG] ]] A nanomechanical mechanism that converts chemical into mechanical energy by splitting or joining covalent bonds and vice versa. <br> Subclass of [[energy conversion|molecular power mills for energy conversion]]. [[Entropomechanical converters]] like entropic batteries use similar zip style reactor cells. Chemomechanical motors of [[technology level III]] always come with their storage. Since the electrical intermediate step of today's systems is avoided "batteries" and motors overlap here. Since they also avoid the thermal intermediate of today's combustion engines they have no fundamental limit on efficiency. Storage and reactors can potentially be combined in any ratios. See [[energy storage cells]]. = Radical Batteries = They consist of stored nano sized gas-tight sealed [[energy storage cells|cells]] and a reactor. In the [[energy storage cells|cells]] carbon (or silicon) atoms have each three bonds to one corresponding handle and a single bond to an opposing equal but mirrored part. The single bonds act as reversible predetermined breaking points. Some nano-mechanical mechanism outside the sealed cells (the reactor or '''chemo-mechanical converter''') is able to grasp the handles of an incoming cell pull them apart and put them into a lock position. The result is an energy loaded [[energy storage cells|cell]] with some pairs of high energetic C-radicals (C atoms with open broken bonds) inside. The breaking process evens out the nonlinearity of the single bonds by breaking / building many bonds at the same in a zip style fashion and also handling multiple cell at the same time too. The breaking process furthermore transforms the motion into a wider ranging movement with less force (lever effect / gearing up). This way single bonds are not jerkily ruptured which would waste energy as heat. unbonded #### bonded Chained \|/ #### ########### C \|/ \|/ \|/ \|/ • C C C C | | | | • C C C C C /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ #### ########### #### Unlike thermal engines with a radical-zip-battery one can directly convert from chemical to mechanical energy without the detour over thermal energy. Without this detour (which would immediately split up the yielded energy into recoverable free and irrecoverable bound energy) we are no longer bound by the maximum efficiency of an carnough-process and can get (within limits) arbitrarily near 100% reversibility. The key to this is the complete positional control over every reactant (aka [[machine phase]] chemistry) which enables us to prevent the released energy from going rampant and disperse in all available thermic degrees of freedom which are partly irrecoverable. Expected features of radical batteries: * recyclability: potentially excellent - depends on AP - system design * durability: very high - like any AP product they slowly but unavoidably accumulate [[radiation damage|damage from natural high energy radiation]] - if one pushes the limits with power density spikes the battery components average lifetime will decrease exponentially * measurability: excellent - one can count while zipping - there is zero self discharge * power density: a lot higher than today's best motor-sport engines * efficiency: very high - no thermal detour * energy density: mediocre but sufficient - there's a lot of encapsulating structure per broken bond * resource consumption: no scarce elements are needed * health hazards: probably very low - no heavy metals are used * danger (when crushed): probably flammable, unlikely explosive - the use of non burnable SiO2 & Al2O3 as structural material is preferable over diamond Note that like in a hydrogen system a complete radical battery systems include both an [[energy storage cells|energy storage]] and an energy converter (reactor). The generated driving motion can either be delivered to electrostatic motors / generators or in one or more steps [[convergent mechanical actuation|merged]] to an axle of macroscopic scale. Its desirable to pack the functionally into different parts (e.g. different [[microcomponents]]). This allows adjustable storage to converter ratios. = Controlled molecular recombination = Radical batteries and entropic batteries do not allow for very high energy densities. To reach levels of gasoline one needs to turn to molecular energy storage substances. Since molecular energy storage substances often are in liquid gasseous or supercritical state entropy can effect efficiency and has to be considered. [Todo: take a closer look] With cheap AP-production one can avoid the need for (dangerous) high energy densities. Street bound vehicles may simply get their power induced over an AP road infrastructure. What can't work without high energy density storages are planes and ships in water air and space (not considering sails). == Molecular hydrogen as energy medium == [[Energy storage cells|energy storage cells]] could be implemented as nano-capsules filled with hydrogen that is compressed to fluid like densities (around thousand atmospheres). Compression heat is an efficiency issue. Whether and how single molecules can be extracted into [[machine phase]] has to be analyzed. The lack of available bonds to hold the reactants might complicate matters. Single hydrogen atoms can be hold by two lone pairs of oxygen if the structure is charged H₂O-H-OH₂⁺ but oxygen atoms in machine phase structures (R₂O-H-OR₂) cant be charged that much (?). == Analogies in current day technologies == === Chemomechaniocal converters vs redox flow batteries === Chemomechanical converters share with redox flow batteries the separation of concerns into * (a) energy density and capacity and * (b) power density and capacity Chemomechanical converters differ from redox flow batteries in fundamentally reachable efficiency and lifetime. Chemomechanical converters are fine tunable per atom (highly efficient nanomechanical energy recuperation). This is straightforewardly predictable with [[exploratory engineering]]. Redox flow batteries rely on electrochemistry which is not per reacting atom fine tunable. At least seen from current scientific knowledge. Of course totally unexpected discoveries can never be excluded but currently there is no exploratory engineering that would bring forth something useful. The energy density of today's redox flow (2017) lies orders of magnitude below potential energy densities for chemomechanical converters (which could get near gasoline). === Chemomechanical converters vs reversible Carnough process === * There is a similar seperation of concerns. <br>Two heat-baths for energy storage capacity and one thermodynamic machine that can provide a certain power capacity. * Unlike in the Carnough process chemomechanical converters have no efficiency limit. There is no bound energy involved. Actually that efficiency limit of the Carnough process isn't bad on it's own. The Carnugh process is reversible after all. The bad thing happens before when the heat that is fed into the process is produced by burning stuff. This burning unavoidably converts part of the energy to devaluated bound energy. One can go to higher temperatures to reduce the losses a bit but reaching efficiencies of direct chemomechanical converters would require exorbitant temperatures far beyond anything projectable by current knowledge. There are chemomechanical converters that make use of forces that arise due to structural entropic effects.<br> Namely: [[entropomechanical converters]]. They form a link to thermodynamic machines. == Related == * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Global scale energy management]] * [[Energy storage problem]] * [[Chemospring]] * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]]. * [[Nanosystems]] 13.3.8. Mechanochemical power generation * Chemosynthesis in biology [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosynthesis (leave to wikipedia)] * [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_heat_engine Carnot_heat_engine] * Wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox-Flow-Batterie Redox-Flow-Batterie] [[Category: Technology level III]] 87pmt51b1kwwcfty3xbyjicn8qhvxki wikitext text/x-wiki 0 478 5095 2016-11-15T17:48:59Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Chemomechanical converters]] to [[Chemomechanical converter]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Chemomechanical converter]] qyv78jru6njoq83ft8i2eeorsacjrbp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 685 9039 9038 2021-05-17T17:35:24Z Apm 1 converted the last bullet-points into text -- removed {{stub}} template {{Site specific term}} == The begin of a basic concrete design == Take the idea of [[seamless covalent welding]], but make the interfaces sparse. <br> This way pulling the welded together [[crystolecule]]s reliably breaks the bonds at the desired interface. <br> One gets a reversible (albeit weaker) interface instead of the typical irreversible interface when [[seamless covalent welding]] is done densely. <br> Pulling the interface only slightly apart one gets a very stiff short range spring action. <br> Take cylindrical crystolecule disks and put such sparse [[seamless covalent welding]] interfaces on both sides. <br> Putting multiple such disks in series (and possibly adding gear-down mechanisms too) can give intentionally weaker and longer range less stiff spring action with same force times distance energy take-up capacity (aka spring toughness). <br> When the sparse covalent interfaces in series are stretched to very high bond strains then care must be taken. <br> Nonlinear force over distance leads to some weird behaviors if no engineering measures are taken against them. <br> See below in the section about nonlinear effects. {{wikitodo|Add 1D simplified block diagram illustration}} == The basic abstract idea == A "spring" in a box that does not stretch bonds slightly but use them to their full extent, that is break them fully. Normally bonds in mechanical springs get stretched/strained only a very tiny fraction <br> of the distance at which they exert the maximal restoring force. <br> The idea here is to to make functional metamaterial cells <br> with internal geometry such that for a lot of internal bonds their whole range of stretching can be used for spring action. <br> '''Chemospring metamaterial cells''' could possibly be packaged into [[microcomponent]]s but smaller or bigger structure would works too. This extreme bending of many bonds blurs the line between * bond breakage and formation in [[chemomechanical converter]]s and * conventional mechanical springs. Just as in [[chemomechanical converter]]s there is [[structural passive material overhead|quite some overhead in structural framework material]] necessary to keep the actively hyper-stretched bonds in place. == High non-linearity and effects == '''When bonds are strained beyond their maximum of the restoring force a number of interesting things happen.''' <br> When a constant pulling force is applied then the bonds will stretch infinitely (aka fully rupture). <br> This will only stop if the design is such that other bonds kick in helping to prevent any further rip-apart. <br> Such a design is desirable. When chemical bonds are naively put in series, <br> e.g. in the form of a stack of sparse [[seamless covalent welding]] interfaces, <br> then it comes to an instability. All the stretching will concentrate in just one interface of the interfaces that are put in series. <br> Which one that is is completely random. Determined by thermal motion and or quantum randomness. <br> * This is kinda similar to when one puts LEDs into parallel with only one common series resistor which is a bad idea. It should be possible to devise mechanisms that make sure the stretching strain is equally divided over all the bonds in series. <br> The necessary control forces should be much smaller than the controlled forces. * This is kinda similar to the enforcing a linear speed gradient in [[infinitesimal bearing]]s.) == Power density vs energy density == Chemosprings lie in the middle between: * simple crystolecule springs (enormously high power densities very low energy densities) * chemical converters (lower power densities maximal chemical energy densities) == Maximizing [[gemstone based metamaterial|metamaterial]] toughness == Macroscale crash shock absorption: what normally goes into plastic deformation heat (picture crushed metal in a car crash test) goes into cool (reversible) bond breaking. So [[chemosprings]] may be especially good at shock absorption where it's important <br> to take up a lot of energy in a quite short amount of time. <br> E.g. convert the energy from a macroscopic high speed collision <br> into fully reversible internal deformation energy with as little thermal heat-up as possible. Thermal heat up can be used as additional energy dissipation mechanism <br> but by putting as much of it as possible in chemical energy the metamaterial <br> can cope with a lot harder blows. <br> This can be seen in that converting chemical energy into thermal energy can lead to enormous temperatures <br> way higher than 1000K which would be very destructive for many kinds of nanomachinery. Beside less impact energy being possible to take up purely by thermal heat-up dissipation into heat is also more wasteful. <br> A localized heatup is much harder to recuperate into useful mechanical energy. And limited by the maximal Carnough efficiency. <br> If one even attempts to implement means for thermal energy recuperation to begin with that is. == Possible advanced extended functionalities == * Isotropic or custom tailored [[elasticity emulation]] internally using chemospring designs. * Chemosprings with controllable lock and release functionalities * Combinations with [[muscle motors]] electromechanically or chemomechanically driven. == Why not using elastomers as springs == * Hanleable energy and power density is probably lower. * Singly linked polymers are much more susceptible to radiation damage * Singly linked polymers are more susceptible to thermal damage. Inclusion of fragile polymer chains may drag the whole systems maximal operation temperature down. See: [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] == Related == * [[Motor-muscle]] * [[Elasticity emulation]] * [[Chemomechanical converter]] 7t1soamp1prkfgbxz4azxrfqt3sgtx1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 469 10380 7021 2021-06-13T20:20:30Z Apm 1 * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] Chlorine is pretty abundant and also accessible (sea water). == Chlorine + carbon = bad == Chlorine is very common inside the human body in the form of free solvated ions (salt). Interestingly albeit chlorine can form very strong bonds to carbon these bonds are not used by biological systems (akin to [[phosphorus]]). Conversely when carbon is burnt in conjunction with chlorine these direct covalent carbon chlorine bonds can form and create chlorinated organic compoounds which are highly toxic (those are among others the infamous dioxines [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins]). This is why PVC plastic is mostly banned. == Atomically precise technology products can trap chlorine == Similarly in advanced atomically precise technology combining high amounts of both carbon and chlorine might be a bad idea (small traces should be ok). But if enough silicon or metals are present in the product to make the product incombustible high concentrations of chlorine might be less of a problem. Sodium could be included such that even if to near evaporation temperatures the chlorine does not outgass. Note that incombustible products may be harder to [[recycling|recycle]]. == Details == Chlorine is of special value since in benign chemical environments it features exactly one covalent bond (just like hydrogen and fluorine) and can thus be used to plug open dangling bonds closed. Chlorine is a lot bigger than hydrogen so the shape of the surface passivation layer can be adjusted replacing hydrogen. == Chlorine vs Fluorine -- toxicity, abundance, volatility, ... == Unlike the second period elements carbon, nitrogen and oxygen where compounds with the chemical analogous elements of the third period (silicon, phosphorus, sulfur) are usually more toxic, the situation with chlorine (third period) and fluorine (second period) is reversed. Carbon and nitrogen, despite being not too abundant in earths crust, are volatile elements that tend to accumulate in the atmosphere from where they where well acessible for life. Life not only got used to these two elements, it uses them as the core building material. Fluorine (clorines lighter analogon) on the other hand is so electronegative and reactive that its a very nonvolatile element usually strongly bond in rocks. In combination with its limited abundance it was and is mostly kept in the lithosphere away from the biosphere. Sonlife nevervget used to dealing with it in high quantities. Oxygen, as pretty reactive intermediate between nitrogen and fluorine, is a special case. Due to its massive abundance and strong metastabiliy in its volatile diatomic form life eventually had to learn to deal with it. In contrast to fluorine chlorine (as a third period element) is less electronegative and forms weaker bonds. Making it more volatile (especially in the sense of solubility in water) and thus better accessible to life. Both Chlorine and Fluorine form metastable diatomic gasses, with fluorine less metastable and more reactive. Both more reaxtive than diatomic oxygen. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] lq8z0dozdw2rsj73crt1lij9piit8ml wikitext text/x-wiki 0 751 11545 7737 2021-07-12T22:36:50Z Apm 1 Better would be '''citizen R&D''' but '''citizen science''' is a commonly known name so we'll go with that. Not much can be done yet. * A lot of knowledge is necessary to get going. * Unlike e.g. in 3D printing one does not (yet) get anything macroscopic physical and useful in nature to showcase as resulting product. * theoretical investigations and modeling is difficult too, but still much easier than experimentation == Physical == While astonishingly it's possible to resolve atoms in ones living-room for a very small budget, (one can e.g. resolve atoms of graphite single crystals HOPG or atoms on gold surfaces, both very resilient against oxidation in air) at this point (2018) doing actual physical R&D for APM at home is unrealistic. Interesting advanced machanosynthesis reactions are not possible since: * Testing more advanced reactions require a very good vaccum (UHV) * (Lack of cooling is actually not that much of a problem. Weak easily diffusing bonds aren't of much interest anyway) * Testing less advanced in solution biomineralization mechanosynthesis still requires advanced preparation facilities Best bet is foldamer technology. <br> Especially structural DNA technology where one can already order the strands over the web. Short DNA strands (oglionucleotides to be pricese) are not really cheap yet, but also not exorbitantly expensive anymore. DIY STMs would likely have sufficient resolution to resolve these structures, but these structures are non-conductive, so AFMs are needed, which are more difficult to bild for equivalent resolution. Wheter a DIY AFM with sufficient resolution to resolve (and manipulate) structural DNA structures can be built with a very tight DIY budget is a good and open question. Interesting to observes is the "DIYification" of microbiology (aka biohacking) especially 3D printed DIY microfluidics might rise from this field and allow for efficient usage for many assembly experiments of the still precious oglionucleotide base material. * Microscopic microscopes for the masses ... == Computational == Once one manages to install the old Nanoenginner-1 software (especially difficult to do on Linux) then it's quite easy to get started playing around designing some new types of [[crystolecule]]s. The Nanoenginner-1 software is old has some issue. It urgently needs some overhaul (rebuilt from scratch on more modern software fundaments). Since designing [[crystolecule]]s really can be like a (colorful and fun) puzzle, there are idea of making [[Design of crystoleculed|crystolecule design]] into a competitive game. There are issues with this idea though. First off: With all of the few crystolecules that have been designed and simulated by now (2018): * The goal was '''not''' to establish big library of random parts. * The goal was to establish a rough proof of the general existence and functionality of this class of physical objects. * The goal was to establish some far apart points in design space that span a convex hull in design space that encompasses as much "design space volume" as possible. When these spanning post designs do not work (well or at all) as is (e.g. because being a bit too hight or a bit too loose in fit) it is not a big issue. In later implemented actual physical design slight tweaks can be made to make it work. One could argue that if only enough designs are made then some designs are bound to work. But isn't that a giant waste of effort? Well if it really is a fun game then it at least has the value of the entertainment it provides to users. To build up big libraries (where some designs are likely to hit the sweet spot) various (semi)automated design series might be a better approach. Setting up those is too complex to be gamified though. It really seems not possible to make that into a proper game. Another danger: Designs that are right away (that is possibly prematurely) built up into very complex and big assemblies the upcoming necessity to quite drastically tweak the base parts may well leas to a the whole thing needing even bigger redesign (aka design from scratch). The typical card-house effect. [[Design of crystolecules]] requires some knowledge about what works and what does not, since atoms do not always behave like a construction toy (actually its more of an exception than the rule - but in the spirit of engineering an exception that is thought after). That is especially important when the design software is unaware and nonreminding/nonenforcing of some of these limitations (like it is the case in Nanoengineer-1 for example). So a gamified design tool needs to have extensive empiric knowledge incorporated, so to keep users from making poisonous bombs instead of proper nanomachinery. == Related == * [[Shoestring budget]] b9yrc1qnhl4vt3eojyvertfwqbo2znm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 541 5631 5620 2017-06-18T18:22:32Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to newer video with some simulations & ordered claytronic videos by date {{speculative}} '''Supercategory:''' [[Mobile robotic device]]<br> '''Supercategory:''' [[Cellular shape shifting tangible systems]] Claytronic is a concept presented by the Carnegie Mellon University.<br> For now please check the wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claytronics] for a basic introduction. == From the developers introduction page == "Development ... represents a partnership between the School of Computer Sciences of Carnegie Mellon University, Intel Corporation at its Pittsburgh Laboratory and FEMTO-ST Institute." == Development attempts via current day (2017) non atomically precise technology == Unlike with the more difficult [[utility fog]] there has been and is ongoing active development. == Comparison to utility fog == The claytronics concept strongly overlaps with the concept of [[utility fog]].<br> One main difference seem to be the choice for keeping complexity low and thus avoiding complicated linkage-arms. In fact the decision to put no hinges / moving components inside the "catoms" at all. The "material" (when in some kind of malleable mode) would likely behave more like an incompressible fluid. This has pros and cons: * Unlike in the case of [[utility fog]] this design choice does not allow for [[emulated elasticity]]. (At least it seems very difficult.) * Big changes in volume and density can still be emulated by one or many hidden voids that grow or shrink depending on the situation (letting air in or dragging up a vacuum?). * When few voids are present the "material" then it likely could resist higher mechanical compression loads than [[utility fog]]. For movement of the claytronic units (they have been dubbed "catoms" like the "foglets" in case of utility fog) a rolling approach seems to be preferred. The current macroscale prototypes use electromagnets. As scaling laws enforce at the microscale an electrostatic approach might become preferable. If the lack of hard interlocking interfaces remain in a future atomically precise microscale design that is if it is still held together just through magneto- or electrostatic interaction the "materials" tensile strength may lie way below the one of the base material (possibly below the tensile strength of some [[utility fog]]s). This may raise increased concerns of rub-off and spill (the same problem as with [[microcomponents]] that are just held together by Van der Waals forces. -- See: [[mobility prevention guideline]] Claytronics seems to be located more on the "sliding/rolling cube" end of the spectrum of [[Robotic mobility]]. The concept of a fractal hierarchy of increasingly sized computers suspended in the "material" known from [[utility fog]] is not noted by the developers but it could be added. == Not claytronics == There are very simple [[single rotation joint reconfigurable shape robots]] designs with base units that have a single internal rotation joint that is diagonally oriented. These have similar folding behavior to "[[indivisible protein like folding block chain]]s" (a different concept) with the huge difference that all links can be disconnected at any time making arbitrary subsections foldable. Since the base units have an internal moving mechanism (as said just a simple rotative joint) designs like these '''do not fall under claytronics in the sense of the design goals that the claytronic developers target'''. == Relation to functional programming / reversible computing / immutability == Unlike information/bits physical objects like "catoms" cannot just be overwritten and vanish into intangible heat. In a sense they are like immutable data-structures. Once created one only can shift them around. (This is generally true for [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s.) Interestingly the developers found the need to develop domain specific languages that shun imperative programming. One of these languages is called "Meld". It's A declarative logic programming language. Logic programming is relational and is a superset of pure functional programming which is functional (as the name says) which in turn relies on immutability. == Misc == As is the case with [[utility fog]] specialized mechanical metamaterials can have much higher performance. == External links == * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~claytronics/ Claytronics project page] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claytronics Claytronics] * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XaNzbiGLgM Claytronics @CMU Video] (2010-06-07) features some simulations * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HsUb1m27Ng Claytronics-Physical Dynamic Rendering] (2009-12-07) * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjJCGr8F6Fw Dynamic Physical Rendering] (2007-06-21) (noting switch to electrostatics) * Likely not encompassed by the claytronics concept -- Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZwTcLeelAY Self-replicating blocks from Cornell University] (2009-02-02) 0m13ed5jm5vsavovz4xzq4g20g6vnu0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 602 6252 2017-08-19T17:47:20Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Clean room lockout]] to [[Cleanroom lockout]]: Wikipedia uses no space #REDIRECT [[Cleanroom lockout]] 5l8flacbr6lugrp1wc35v15b6wqho0c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 601 10126 6255 2021-06-09T09:12:43Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Vacuum lockout]] During the assembly of atomically precise [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing|gem-gum products]] in advanced [[gem-gum factory|gem gum factories]] many atomically precise interlocking interfaces need to be coupled together. From very very small interfaces in the deep nanoscale up to interfaces big enough to be visible to the human eye. These interfaces may be more or less susceptible to all kinds of dirt. Susceptibility to dirt depends on the size of the interface and the design decisions taken for it. When there's no space at all or too little space for soft or hard dirt and the amount of dirt present is too high then locking building blocks together can potentially fail. Thus the assembly in the lower [[assembly levels]] of a [[gem-gum factory]] needs to be done in a very clean environment. This is especially essential for the assembly of the smaller [[crystolecule]]s and likely very beneficial for the assembly of the bigger [[microcomponents]]. The bigger the interfaces the more space is available for tolerance for dirt. When the interfaces become big enough even active self cleaning functionalities become an option. At some stage in the [[assembly levels]] rising in size the product can be and also needs to be released into the "real" dirty outside world. This is the cleanroom lockout step. == When/Where cleanroom lockout is possible == * The earliest point to perform a cleanroom lockout step would be simultaneously with the [[vacuum lockout]] step. But postponing this to higher and bigger [[assembly levels|assembly level]] steps should be advantageous. * The latest point to perform a cleanroom lockout step would be at the final macroscopic product size. == Nesting several stages of cleanroom lockout == It's possible to nest several cleanroom lockout steps in stages but this rapidly renders the lower stages to a state of having no real effect. Especially if the biggest level clean room lockout is near excellent (possibly even [[vacuum lockout]] quality). This is a chain product of sealing efficiencies all very near one leading to extremely fast exponential falloff of dirt moving back in against the production lockout direction. The only benefit the lower levels give then is safety for the very rare occurrence of a catastrophic full breach of the upper cleanroom levels. Considering the near indestructible properties of the frame metamaterials of a well designed [[gem-gum factory]] such a breach if it occurs is most likely due to intentional attack. == Method for cleanroom lockout == A cleanroom lockout step can be done with methods similar to the ones used in the [[vacuum lockout]] step. But perfect tightness against even the smallest gas molecules and atoms like hydrogen and helium is not required. But it's not forbidden either blurring the line between vacuum lockout and cleanroom lockout. == Cleanroom lockin (a necessity for recycling) == Especially for the [[recycling]] of products the capability of locking them back in into the cleanroom environment is important. To do that the potentially dirtied products need to be cleaned. There are many possible methods for cleaning including wet and dry cleaning, cleaning with compressed gasses, electrostatic cleaning, ... === Cleaning agents === Chemicals for wet and dry cleaning could potentially be synthesized within more advanced [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]. What could be useful (just a guess) are chemicals found in dry cleaning: * chlorofluorocarbons CFCs * silicone oils * long chain hydrocarbon alcohols? * super-critical CO<sub>2<sub> Also possible would be: * more aggressive chemicals for more robust building blocks * highly compressed streams of gasses. Plain air, nitrogen, argon, ... After usage the cleaning agents need to be cleaned themselves (filtered / distilled / ...). Thermal treatments (like distilling with heat recuperation) work better at the macroscale so this could be a seperate device. But direct integration might be more convenient for small mobile pants pockets sized factories. === Minimizing cleaning by exploiting modularity === Depending on the type of product more or less material needs to be cleaned. Most macroscale products have very little surface area compared to their internal volume. By peeling of just the outermost layer of microcomponents and just washing them the cleaning process can be done very compactly and will avoid the unnecessary work of cleaning clean internal coupling surfaces. This makes it faster and more energy efficient. A notable exception where pervasive cleaning is necessary are filters. Like air filters for carbon dioxide harvesting and also possibly cleaning filters for the cleaning solvents. === Logging cleaning history === It might be a good idea to log the cleaning history of [[microcomponent]]s via the [[microcomponent tagging]] techniques. == Dealing with dirt after cleanroom lockout and outside the clean room == * Dirt accommodating gaps * Self cleaning functionalities == Related == * [[Vacuum lockout]] * [[Connection method]] * [[Recycling]] == External Links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning Dry_cleaning] 35ahyr5yphreynu2vhy4o2d8fgpjpgz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 977 9774 9388 2021-06-01T15:04:23Z Apm 1 added link to * [[gem-gum waste crisis]] {{stub}} {{wikitodo|find and reference existing work that relates this problem to atomically precise manufacturing}} Could gem-gum technology allow us to stop and maybe even revert the release of carbon by human activity into our atmosphere? <br> {{wikitodo|discuss}} == Related == * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * > '''[[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]]''' * > [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] ---- * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * > [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector]] * >> '''[[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]]''' * >> [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloons]] ---- * [[Air as a resource]] ---- * [[Atmosphere sentinels]] === Future crisis === * [[gem-gum waste crisis]] h2r7raxly5f58kf8udbiwt18ho43zjp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 860 8484 2021-04-10T11:43:58Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Seamless covalent welding]] #REDIRECT [[Seamless covalent welding]] gz0hagd6pzsx3yogoxzuoap2jr2xq3n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 500 5222 2016-12-01T20:33:48Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Colonisation of the solar system]] to [[Colonization of the solar system]]: to american english #REDIRECT [[Colonization of the solar system]] epa4o5bpfv1c5bat3vg5agfflxcu4ni wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1287 11792 11791 2021-07-29T12:56:52Z Apm 1 added excessive notes about special directions and motions in big caverns {{stub}} '''Advantages of asteroids:''' * Easy diggability (piles of loose regolith & gravel) * Perfect shielding against space radiation even with just a few meters of rock (in contrast to O'Neill cylinders) * Large open volumes with low risk of rupture even in the case of larger meteorite impacts (in contrast to O'Neill cylinders) * Eventual minability all the way down to the the (weightless) core – at least for the smaller asteroids '''Disadvantages and challenges of asteroids:''' * Big communication lags due to speed of light => Big data-caches replicating Earth's internet * Risk of "gravel gas" Kessler syndrome? Strategies against this issue? == Reasons for presence of larger human crowds == * space sports * space tourism * mining? perhaps unlikely given advancing automation by then likely needing minimal to no human presence * having been born there * ... == A nice place for humans == '''Environment optimized for human well being / human psychology – the "zero gravity cavern park":''' * what would be the optimal cavern size? <br>– probably pretty darn big to give an open air feeling <br>– but probably not as big as O'Neill cylinders making crossing the cavern with an [[microgravity locomotion suit]] unpleasantly slow and possibly even dangerous * shape of the cavern – not too simple not too complex e.g. big bean shaped main body with some places tapering down into somewhat branching tunnels * putting plants on the walls of the cavern * putting ladders on the walls of the cavern * lighting choices in the caverns – at times full brightness artificial sunlight * emulated weather? – wind?, rain??? * "open air" restaurants as half open slowly rotating relatively small centrifuges in the walls of the much bigger cavern * "open air" playgrounds, sports-grounds, art & educational galleries, ... * entry points to the passenger transportation system * maybe some areas of the cavern transparently sealed showing the actual asteroid underground environment * Living quarters "underground" – also in small centrifuges big enough to not cause nausea * centrifuge ponds?? * how would pets get around??? {{wikitodo|this needs an atmospheric illustration}} == Transport and Locomotion == * Underground passenger transportation – in the walls of the voids * Floating lights (powered by rechargeable chemical energy batteries) * [[Microcomponent redistribution system]] ---- * Effects of slow rotation of the asteroid on human locomotion in big voids * Effects of minute gravity on human locomotion in big voids == Resources == * Widely varying in the main asteroid belt – located at a good distance from the sun * Silicate rich, carbon rich, metals rich, and even some water ice * Resources not in the form of more easily processable gasses or liquids available <br>– well [[Ceres]] might have some liquid brine water underground == The oddities of free-space-crossing big open very slightly rotating [[mesogravity]] caverns == '''Note:''' The usually very low asteroid gravity (well except on the very largest ones like e.g.: [[Ceres]], Vesta, [[Psyche]], ...) <br> is always bigger than the centrifugal forces. Otherwise the asteroids would not have been stable in the first place. <br> The two can come surprisingly close though (there are asteroids with oblate shape from fast spinning). <br> <small>Assuming a small asteroid: If the main cavity is a big part of the size of the whole asteroid gravity becomes highly nonlinear (but also very weak).</small> '''Note:''' In all the following assumed is repulsion from the walls and than purely inertial drift. * Assumed is no employment of acceleration capabilities of a [[microgravity locomotion suit]] * Effects of air resistance are in first approximation ignored. This might be significant for big caverns though. '''Assumptions on the cavern:''' If the cavern ... * is not at the center of the asteroid and * is reasonably round then it has eight special cavern wall areas. <br> It might be useful to conspicuously mark them to make the weak forces over long ranges <br> when crossing the cavern more comprehensible and more predictable. '''The six special cavern wall areas falling in three groups:''' ---- * centrifugal bottom (aka radial top, asteroid outside) * centrigugal top (aka radial bottom, asteroid inside) ---- * prograde direction (towards the in rotation most leading parts of the cavern) * retrogate direction (towards the most most lagging point of the cavern) ---- * rotational north direction * rotational south direction '''Prograde to retrograde cavern crossing (The easiest to understand crossing):''' <br> Standing truly still (that is standing still in the non-rotating frame of reference) one moves: * from the prograde cavern walls * to the retrograde cavern walls with the northern and southern cavern walls moving in circular arcs. <br> In the rotating frame of reference the centrifugal force balances out pretty much exactly with the coriolis force. <br> The absolute speed in the rotating frame of reference stays constant. <br> Only it's direction changes such that the motion follows a circular arc. <br> That is: Watching the walls from within the north and south cavern walls moves in circular arcs - (slowly). <br> Well, the asteroids gravity will add a bit of a parabolic rise (given centrifugal down is gravitative up) to that. <br> Falling and crashing into the "centrifugal ceiling" can get unpleasant to dangerous for very big asteroids and/or very big caverns. <br> {{todo|as a fun exercise: plot the danger-limits in the asteroid mass vs cavern radius chart}} Crossing prorgade walls to retrograde walls slower than the speed that fully compensates the asteroids rotation velocity (ignoring gravity for now) <br> in the limit just leaves mostly centrifugal force. The falling speed that amasses from that centrifugal force then in turn <br> accelerates you circumferentailly towards the retrograde cavern walls. {{wikitodo| check typical rotation speeds of asteroids of different size classes – to which size is reaching the full rotation compensation speed realistic}} Going prograde to retrograde gives you a boost, that is it gets you farther. * at some first critical speed (in this direction!) the trajectories curvature flips from curving "downwards" to curving upwards * at some second critical speed (in this direction!) the trajectory will turn into a circular "upwards" arc around the asteroids center of mass – without considering gravity this second critical speed (rotating frame) would be minus the rotation speed of the asteroid at that radius (static frame) – with gravity considered though this second critical speed gets reduced and the circular trajectory essentially is a segment of circular orbit around the asteroids center of mass. '''Retrograde to prograde cavern crossing:''' <br> Moving the other direction things get a bit less trivial. <br> Let's assume we try to naively trace back the way we came from by only <br> reflecting the speed (full rotation compensation speed) on arrival at the retrograde wall and doeing nothing else. Initially we still have: * still zero radial speed and <br> * but now we have double the circumferential speed that the asteroid rotates at our current radial distance from the center of mass. <br> Initially the coriolis force is coaxial to the the centrifugal force and doubles it which introduces and raises a radial "falling" speed component <br> then, with increasing radial "falling" speed, the coriolis force picks up a component that reduces the circumferential speed component. <br> Slowing down motion in the direction you want to go. <br> The overall effect is that while crossing the cavern retrograde walls to prograde walls <br> you'll "fall" and drift from the targeted "prograde cavern walls" more or less towards the "centrifugal bottom" cavern walls. <br> '''Top to bottom cavern crossing:''' <br> The same as for retrograde to prograde applies but here you already start out with zero circumferential speed. <br> So effectively you drift from the targeted bottom cavern walls towards the retrograde cavern walls. '''Bottom to top cavern crossing:''' <br> The coriolis force makes you speed up in the cirumferential direction. <br> So effectively you drift from the targeted top cavern walls towards the prograde cavern walls '''North to south (and vice versa) cavern crossing:''' Since the intended main motion is coaxial to the rotation axis an increase in starting speed does not amplify the drift There is though the baseline drift from initially radially and circumferentially rotating exactly matched up with the rotating frame of reference. <br> This gives a drift towards a a direction between the retrograde cavern walls and the centrifugal-bottom cavern walls. ---- * {{wikitodo|this needs some example trajectories}} * {{wikitodo|this needs some sketches}} * {{wikitodo|above text needs review}} * {{wikitodo|analyze the effects of air resistance – at which cavern sizes an asteroid masses do the effects become significant – say 25% more drift or so}} == Related == * [[Colonization of the solar system]] ---- * [[Microgravity]] * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] * [[Grappling gripper gun suit]] * [[Medium mover suit]] * ([[Gem-gum suit]]) * [[Gravity centrifuges]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder O'Neill cylinder] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force Coriolis force] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force Centrifugal force] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictitious_force Fictitious force] * Youtube: [https://youtu.be/w4sZ3qe6PiI Pigeons in space] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining Asteroid mining] sp1hlfs72d67afhf6pem9aaf61zvbjn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 359 11789 11528 2021-07-28T23:54:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[Colonization of asteroids]] [[File:25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg|426px|thumb|right|Beside earth the sum of all rocky planets and dwarf planets do not provide much more surface area. Often conditions are very harsh (e.g. high radioactivity on europa). Note that there might be a lot of big transneptunian objects (TNOs) like Pluto missing in this list. Those are hard to reach though.]] [[File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg|426px|thumb|right|'''Planet [[Ceres]] (a dwarf planet)'''. Located in the main asteroid belt '''between Mars and Jupiter''' it is '''the nearest big "waterworld" to Earth''' and perhaps a very attractive target for colonization. Ceres is about 1000km in diameter and the only object in the asteroid belt that is spherical due to it's own gravity. Ceres is '''similar in size to Saturns moon Thetys (see above image for scale)'''. Image Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / UCLA / MPS / DLR / IDA / Justin Cowart]] Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] This page is about how advanced atomically precise manufacturing may be usable to colonize interplanetary space. The focus is on possibilities that are relatively near term (under a century). If more far term stuff comes up this will be especially noted. == List of objects in our Solar system == '''Bodies with dense atmospheres are marked with a star: ★''' <br> Atmospheres can deliver building materials in the easiest processable form. <br> Unlike mining in rock: * Elements come in form of molecules that all have exactly the same "standartized" shape. * The material comes to you rather than you needing to come to the material. Plus atmospheres give radiation protection and allow for aerial transport. For more about using atmospheres as a resource * See: [[Air using micro ships]] (and macro ones). * See: [[Air as a resource]] (specific to Earth) === From innermost outwards === * [[Mercury (planet)]] (the tiniest of our planets) - hard to reach because high delta-v from earth * ★ [[Venus]] (12,103.6km) – is perhaps a paradise for advanced [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. * ★ [[Earth]] (12,736.5km) – Related: [[Seasteading]] * ★ [[Mars]] (6,792.4km) – Thus mars is the second tiniest "normal" planet right after Mercury. <br> Mars has an rather thin atmosphere (6.28mbar) that for human physiology equates to a full vacuum (pressurized spacesuit unconditionally needed). <br>But it is still plenty thick enough to be usable as a building material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. ---- '''[[Asteroid belt]]''' – advantages: big surface and area low gravity * [[Ceres]] (~940km) - nearest "waterworld" to Earth * [[Psyche]] <small>(278±5 × 232±6 × 164±4)km</small> – the biggest metallic planetary core remnant ---- '''Gas giants''' – advantage: atmosphere – disadvantage: enormous gravity and high radiation * ★ Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. See: [[Gas giant atmospheres|Gas giants]] ---- '''Jupiter:''' * [[Io]] (~3660km) – extreme volcanic activity (mainly hot molten sulfur) and extremely radiation grilled – only the [[deep depths of the gas giants]] seem more unsurvivable * [[Europa]] (~3120km) – cryovolcamic activity – Skyscraper high ice spikes (penitentes) supspected – very strongly radiation grilled * [[Ganymede]] (~5270km) – still quite high radiation but much less than Europa * [[Callisto]] (~4820km) – that one might actually be a nice place for early colonization. It's the most geologically dead one of the four though due to the least tidal hating. ---- '''Saturn:''' * ★ [[Titan (giant moon)|Titan]] (~5150km) – is Saturns only giant moon and the only Moon in the solar system with a notable atmosphere. It surpasses the one of Earth in terms of both density and pressure. Atmosphere blocks space radiation. ---- '''Uranus:''' * Aliel & Umbriel – both around ~1150km * Titania & Oberon – both around ~1550km ---- '''Neptune:''' * The only giant moon there is [[Triton]] (~2700km) – [[cryovolcanism]] ---- * Transneptunian objects like [[Pluto]] and Charon === Smaller spherical moons === '''All smaller but still mostly spherical moons (diameters heavily rounded):''' * Jupiter: – Biggest smaller moon right after the for giant moons is Amalthea ~170km (250 × 146 × 128) – it is already far from spherical * Saturn #1: – Minas ~400km, Enceladus (~500km), Thethys (~1060km), Dione (~1120km), Rhea (~1530km), '''Titan (~5150km)''', Iapetus (~1470km) * Saturn #2: – Hyperion ~270km (360 × 266 × 205) – first moon that id quite far from round – all other ~200km and below * Uranus: – Miranda (~470km), Ariel (~1160km), Umbriel (~1170km), Titania (1580km), and Oberon (~1520km) * Neptune: – Proteus ~420km (436 × 416 × 402), '''Triton (~2700km)''', Nereid (~360km) – all other ~200km and below Interestingly there are no objects in our solar system with liquid nitrogen oceans on the surface. Titan escapes that fate barely. <br> Also there are no ones with and liquid hydrogen/helium on the surface (this would need to be big objects very far out so it may be less certain). == Asteroids in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter == [[File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|300px|thumb|left|The main asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter. Jupiter with its gravitational disturbances played a role in creating it.]] [[File:Pallasite_slice-of-Esquel-meteorite.jpg|300px|thumb|right|There is lots of planetary core material flying around in the main asteroid belt. Shown here is a chunk of "pallasite". A material that is believed to be present in large quantities at the core mantle boundary of larger rocky planets. The green parts are [[olivine]]. An iron rich silicate.]] * pro: no gravity traps * pro: enormous accessible surface area - probably way greater than all the planets and moons together * pro: just the right temperature for the presence of a variety of materials => … * pro: … most unobstructed access to the perhaps the most interesting and useful group of elements <br> lithophile element, chalkophile elements, and a maybe somewhat limited amount of atmophile (aka volatile) elements. Meteoroids coming from these (and recent space missions 2020) give us info about the element distribution to expect. <br> See: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite Carbonaceous chondrite]s * con: all the material is in the solid state requiring complex mining. <br> Well [[Ceres]] seems to have some subsurface briny water inside. * con: there is quite a bit less solar energy than on earth - but it is still enough to be useful * con: laggy telecommunication in a dispersed net due to light-speed run-times === M-type asteroids === These asteroids are essentially pieces of smashed up/open proto-planetrary cores. <br> They are giving us the only option to physically access pretty much the same material environment that is present very very deep within out earth. A material environment that will likely remain inaccessible even with [[advanced APM]] available. Check out the [[deep drilling]] page for details). Setting up base at one of these asteroids would/will allow access to huge amounts '''siderophile elements''' (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification Goldschmidt classification]) These elements include [[Gold]] Au [[Platinum]] Pt and [[Iridium]] (among others) and are much more scarce on earth because they are highly depleted in our Earths crust. Still, most interesting elements for large scale construction with [[advanced APM]] remain the most common ones. '''[[Iron]]:''' First and foremost in M-type asteroids there is are huge amounts of iron. <br> This is presumably due to iron having the lowest energy per nucleon and thus being the "nuclear ash" final end product that cannot be further fusioned or fissioned any further.<br> {{wikitodo|maybe add the classic energy per nucleon chart for illustration here}}<br> And of course due to its high specific weight making it sink to protoplanetrary cores (aka the process of "differentiation"). * Con: [[Iron]] does not form very strong [[Gemstone like compound|gemstones]] with oxygen. * Pro: In space iron does not rust since there is no oxygen around. * Pro: Also as a metal with an electron gas iron may feature a bit more self healing after mild radiation hits. * Con: Pure metals such as iron [[are not optimal for APM]] but they can be used as long as some conditions are met which are: * -- (1) for preventing surface diffusion: operation at low temperatures (e.g. far out the solar system) and/or flat surfaces * -- (2) to prevent irreversible seamless welding: keeping nanoscale surfaces from coming too close together '''[[Nickel]]:''' Nickel is usually mentioned as the second most common element in earths core but … <br> When checking out the compositions of metallic meteroids it seems that there is actually very little nickel in there and athere elements take second place. <br> {{todo|investigate what is going on here a bit deeper}} {{todo|list most common elements beyond iron}} == The rings of Saturn == Saturns rings might remind one on a miniature version of the asteroid belt but they are completely different from a scaled down version. Both: * in composition – much more water ice and much less silicates in Saturns rings and * in distribution – Saturns rings are ridiculously thin compared to their diameter (just a few 100 meters thick – to check) Unfortunately as of today (2021) we have no images yet of the rings from directly within the rings with such high resolution that individual ring particles are well resolved. <br> The end of mission choice for the Cassini space probe was to dump it into Saturn to prevent eventual organic pollution of the ring system, <br> instead of getting as close to the rings as possible to get ring particle pictures. '''The best images we have today are:''' * Ring particles amassed on small moons that orbit within the rings. Equatorial ridges on shepherd moons. * Resonance structures in the rings, waves on the edges of the rings caused by these shepherd moons See: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_ridge * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_moon The few (in relative terms few) biggest pieces of ring matter are supposedly ~10m in size but most is rather gravel sand dust sized. '''Interesting to think about:''' * if the rings could be mined and * whether that would make sense (bigger moons have much more mass and not that much gravity) * If human activity would influence the rings optical appearance * The public outcry if that actually happens ... "saturnian ring preservation society" ... == Bodies in the outer solar system == Here considered outer solar system: Jupiter beyond ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System#Outer_Solar_System Solar_System#Outer_Solar_System]) all the way out to the Oorth cloud. These are usually '''covered in''' thick sheets of '''structurally mostly useless ices''' like water ice ammonia ice or (when really far out) even methane ice and nitrogen ice. One exception to this "rule" is Jupiters innermost giant moon Io which got/gets tidally heated so much that it volcanically evaporated off all of its volatile elements despite its large distance to the sun. At least that is the naive conclusion from observations. The only in bulk structural useful ices from volatile elements are dry-ice (CO₂) an methane-ice (CH₄) due to their carbon content. Titans Hydrocarbon lakes can be counted to that. == Moons and dwarf planets in the outer solar system == Furter out in the solar system small bodies become increasingly icy. Water ice and at some point even nitrogen ice becomes rock forming material. If not enough carbon and silicon is present one might want to mechanosynthesize weaker bonding ices there and use those materials for not too demanding structural purposes == Location specific flavors of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] == Vastly differing chemical and thermal conditions at different places in the solar system could lead to differentiation (do not use "speciation"!) of diamondoid technology into very different branches. Structures built out of water ice via cryonic inter-molecular [[mechanosynthesis]] wont find much use beside ephemeral consumables on earth since they quickly melt when uncooled or diffuse when insufficiently cooled. Further out and farther from the sun though ice and other compounds that are volatiles on earth can be seriously used as permanent building materials. This materials are also the most abundant materials in those regions so they are likely to be used. Unlike methane water can't be safely polymerized to stuff that does not melt above 0°C. Long peroxide chains are a powerful explosives. Also oxygen polymers are un-branched linear chains and thus can't form tight meshed poly-cyclically looped covalent stiff diamondoid materials. So technology that uses only the elements oxygen and hydrogen for structural components (that is water) stays out there. Reasonably safely making explosive crystals from mostly water that do not melt will certainly be possible via mechanosynthesis since they can be made practically perfectly clean - the usefulness may be questionable. * Chemically reducing environments (nonoxidic compounds) * high temperature environments (refractory materials) * metal rich environments (planetary core material in the asteroid belt) == Related == * [[Interplanetary acceleration tracks]] * [[Abundant elements]] * [[Asteroid belt]] ---- * '''gem gum spacesuits''' a special class of [[gem gum suit]]s * Telepresence robots based on [[multi limbed sensory equipped shells]] ---- * [[Large scale construction]] ---- * [[Colonization of asteroids]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization Space colonization] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites List of natural satellites] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids List of exceptional asteroids] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trans-Neptunian_objects List of trans-Neptunian objects] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons Galilean moons] and the other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter Moons_of_Jupiter] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn Moons of Saturn] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus Moons of Uranus] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune Moons of Neptune] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object Trans-Neptunian object] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt Kuiper belt] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills_cloud Hills cloud] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud Oort cloud] ---- Spaceflight: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_Network Interplanetary Transport Network] ---- Sarurns pair of small-ish moons that regularly almost collide in their almost shared orbit and thereby swap out their orbits: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_(moon) Janus] 203 × 185 × 152.6 km  * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon) Epimetheus] 129.8 × 114 × 106.2 km * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration Co-orbital configuration] ck4nt1edg0ullrul4rbqkwg0ur6atzn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 228 10758 10747 2021-06-21T16:46:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Site specific definition}} There are several ways to make a material have color. == Local origins of color == The electons in molecules are layered over one another since they are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion fermions] and thus obey [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle paulis exclusion principle]. Light can only be absorbed when at least the energy to the next higher allowed energy level is reached (and some further restrictions are obeyed). In simple molecules like dinitrogen (air) very high photo energies are needed to excite an electron (hard UV?). The problem is that the excited electron was responsible for the bond between the two atoms so the molecule falls apart. [''Todo:'' check out dinitrogen LUMO [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized-air_glow] there seems to be "stable" N₂*] Creating chains of double-bonded carbon atoms creates a big shared space for the participating electrons. Since they now have more spacial freedom according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle heisenbergs uncertainty principle] their impulse can be smaller. This has the nice effect that you gain some energy levels that are higher than the unexcited "sea level" of molecule orbital electrons[1] but are still low enough such that the electrons still fulfill their responsibility of holding the molecule together. The shape of the molecules may change though sometimes. Linear chain like molecules may be hard to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosythesize]] due to their lack of stiffness (or not). Visible light with its low energy can be absorbed by lifting electrons into these intermediate energy levels. The remaining light appears in a certain color. At the short blue wavelengths such chains become so short that the discreteness of the number of bond becomes problematic. Metal complexes where the photons either lift an electron to the from the complexed metal atom to the chaltrate ring or vice versa can do that. They may contain somewhat scarce elements like copper though. If it turns out it's impossible to arrange abundant atoms (possible unnaturally highly strained) such that they absorb short wavelength there are still other methods to make something look blue. * Pigments: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system#Conjugated_systems_in_pigments] * Color centers: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Center] * related is fluorescence and phosphorescence [note 1] also known as HOMO - for highest occupied molecular orbital) meaning that == Bigger scale origins of color == === Color form wave interference === * like the ones butterflies use or simpler ones like ... * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration Structural coloration] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence Iridescsnce] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating Diffraction gratings] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal Photonic crystals] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display Interferometric modulator display] === Color from plasmonic surface effects === [''Todo:'' check inhowfar quantum dots are related] == Metallic reflectiveness == Metallic reflectiveness is not exactly a color but if certain wavelengths are absorbed the reflected light can take on some color like present with copper and gold. The used materials need to have [[electrically conductive diamondoid compounds|metallic conductivity]]. See wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation plasma frequency] '''Present in:''' * All [[pure metals and metal alloys]] (obviously) but these may often not be suitable for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] due to surface diffusion at room temperature and limits on [[surface passivation|passivatability]]. * Semiconductors like pure [[silicon]] (Si) * Many sulfides including pyrite (FeS) * Some artificial titanium gemstones like e.g. titanium nitride (TiN) but also TiC, TiO, TiP, ... * monoxides of the transition metal elements not too far on the right side of the periodic table: <br>manganosite (MnO), wüstite (FeO), bunsenite (NiO) == Toxicity / environmental impact == '''Structural color:'''<br> As long as not splintered it should be rather unproblematic. <br> And if its made from more water soluble mundane material (like e.g. periclase MgO) <br> then even ingested splinters may not be all that problematic. '''Color from vacancies:'''<br> Not any more problematic than the chosen base gemstone. '''Color from metal ions:'''<br> Often it's just low doping concentrations. <br> And it's solidly encased in the (usually not water soluble) surrounding gemstone. <br> so even with more toxic metals it should not be all that much problematic. <br> We know that from glazed ceramics where even [[uranium]] is reasonably safe. '''Color from organic aromatic compounds:'''<br> These are often persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with more or less toxicity. <br> These are probably the most problematic ones, if not properly encased. <br> Should be often replaceable with the other options. <br> [[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesizung]] standalone molecules might be a bit challenging requiring specialized tools. == Related == * '''[[Optical effects]]''' * [[Metamaterial]]s * The [[non mechanical technology path]] See "[[organometallic gemstone-like compound]]" for an idea how to tune gemstone color via mechanical forces. <br> Possibly even dynamically making a [[passive color gemstone display]]. == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration Structural_coloration] * Diamond [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_laser raman lasers]. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency Transparency and translucency] (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabe%E2%80%93Sugano_diagram Tanabe Sugano Diagrams - diagrams to determine the color of crystals (leave to wikipedia)] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence Luminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoluminescence Photoluminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence Fluorescence] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence Phosphorescence] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_display quantum dot display]. Even at room temperature quantum effects of electrons often work on a scale significantly above the single atom level thus atomically precise manufacturing is not needed (but usable) to make light emitting quantum dots. These are already in displays today (state 2016-12). {{todo|check rare element usage avoidability}} ---- * Also there is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochromism thermochromism], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochromism photochromism], and several more exotic ones: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromism Category:Chromism] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] p68ab2ofstsrrb4kvx0wm91fpt5xikv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 530 5530 2017-06-10T05:50:31Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] #REDIRECT [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] 6m8c2bgnsq3cfwgrlxvg7w26iiwqak8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 85 10878 9973 2021-06-24T09:35:25Z Apm 1 /* Advanced APM systems are a "castle in the sky" with no way to built them - not quite */ added link to two yet unwritten pages APM is a very novel area of research and development that dives into fields of knowledge that are yet pretty alien for most people including many "nanotechnology" experts. When encountering a new network of knowledge one usually tries to apply existing knowledge to judge statements and claims - what else can one do. Without deeper understanding of the relationships this can lead people into trapdoors. Some are so bad that almost everyone falls in. This page is intended to be a guide around those trapdoors. = No nanobots here = See main page: [[No nanobots]] When thinking about manufacturing things from the bottom up almost atom by atom often <br> the first association that often comes up are "nanobots" in the sense of <br> "littly tiny critters" that can do highly compact [[self replication]]. A [[Nanosystems|more technical analysis]] though revealed that this concept is not the right <br> approach. (At least when it comes to most manufacturing systems.) This (mis)association of APM with "nanobots" and the intense historic discussion may be due to: <br> (1) Nanobots being a self suggesting first idea.<br> (2) Nanobots being a an idea that tends to rile up emotions because they coming with a number of wild secondary (mis)associations like: * them being [[almost life like]] – The "How dare you try to play god argument". * them being capable to evolve like bacteria cells * them being able to "eat" just about anything * them getting [[grey goo horror fable|totally out of control]] – The "How dare you even think about something so dangerous argument" And that's totally missing that [[molecular assembler|self replicatibe nanobots are not even the target anymore]]. = Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale ?! = Or: Macro-scale style machinery isn't suitable for the quantum world one needs something more exotic instead - wrong Topic of discussion: <br> What is under scrutiny here is what is crudely outlined in this animation video: <br> [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]. <br> What is shown is a quite accurate visualization of the results of [[exploratory engineering]] that was done in the work that is [[Nanosystems]]. There are quite a number of points of critique here. <br> They are listed and discussed on the page: '''[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]''' <br> The gist is: It is rather clear where the points of critique come from. That is: There are good reason for all these doubts given the current (2021) state of technology. But all of the most fundamental critique points have been analyzed and came to a favorabel conclusion for the concept to work. In the end it turns out that [[scaling law|the chaining of physics with size scales]] makes [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] actually work better rather than worse than "macroscale style machinery at the macroscale". Contrary to the expectation of some "current day nanotechnology" experts. (Side-note: If you are wondering about [[nanoscale style machinery at the macroscale]] now: This is hardly possible.) Related: [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] == Potential concerns about mechanosynthesis == === Atoms can't be placed individually because of "fat and sticky fingers" - sticky is actually good fat is just untrue for the tips === Disproved by basic experimental and detailed theoretical work. See: [[Mechanosynthesis]]. It may get a bit more challenging when the [[mechanosynthesis of chain molecules|mechanosynthesis of ''complex'' chain molecules]] is attempted. Which is not a requirement for [[nanofactory|gem-gum-factories]]. See main articles: "[[Fat finger problem]]" and "[[Sticky finger problem]]" <br> Or more generally see: "[[The finger problems]]". <br> There are two more finger problems beside the two infamous ones. === Once placed atoms won't stay there because of "thermodynamics" - mostly false - solvable problem === In other words: Thermodynamics prevents one from having every atom at the place we want it - wrong for practical scales <br> Picking the right materials to synthesize the placed atoms will very much stay where they are put. <br> Except hit by hard radiation. Radiation can be dealt with by: * damage redundant design – (See: [[Redundancy]]) * damage resilient design – (Avoidance of [[semi diamondoid structure]]s) * optionally by actively [[self repairing systems]] More details: * See: [[Thermal decay at room temperature]] – See: "[[Thermodynamics]]" * See: [[Radiation damage]] === Atoms can't be placed fast enough - false === To make macroscopic products in a reasonable time-span by putting them together atom by atom would require atom placement frequencies too high to reach. This is not true. Quite moderate atom placement frequencies in the MHz range suffice when combined with massive spacial parallelism that is hard but realistically to reach. See: "[[Atom placement frequency]]" for details. === Control data can't be supplied fast enough - false === We already do similar things with our current technology. See: [[Data IO bottleneck]] If the goal would be to make an exact copy of some chunk of naturally occuring matter with every atom at the <br> same place the amount of data would indeed could not be handled because the data can't be efficiently compressed. <br> But that is not the goal. Even in the actual case of [[synthesis of food]] this is not the goal. For organic matter the nature of data de-compression from DNA to tissue is vastly different to <br> the data-compression in [[gem-gum factories]] from code to [[gem-gum]] product. <br> See: [[Decompression chain]] = It's called "nanotechnology" - not anymore = Due to the terms extreme generality it caused confusion and conflict. <br> Hardening misconceptions causing unjustified discreditation going as far as <br> career fear based self censorship and consequently a severe setback in development. For details see main article: "[[The term nanotechnology]]" (and page: [[History]]). When referring to APM related ideas it's seems best * to refrain from using the term "nanotechnology" as much as possible and * to refrain from using the nano- prefix in general But be more specific as far as this is possible. = Nature does it differently thus advanced APM must be flawed. – Faulty reasoning. = See main article: "[[Nature does it differently]]". = It will be enormously difficult to develop advanced APM possibly requiring super advanced AI – Wrong = * The biggest current challenges are of conceptual and institutional nature. * What is not well know about advanced APM is that there is stuff that can be known. This concern may come from a confusion of the complexity of targeted artificial productive nanosystems with: * the complexity of life <small>(Not to say that this is impossible. The field of [[synthetic biology]], ''unrelated to APM(!)'', is the area aiming towards that)</small> and or * the complexity of quantum mechanics (see: "[[It's not quantum mechanical]]") {{wikitodo|add two appropriate links}} = Advanced APM systems are a "castle in the sky" with no way to built them - not quite = It has often be perceived that [[diamondoid molecular elements]] can only be synthesized by stiff tools made that themselves are made from [[diamondoid molecular elements]]. The [[incremental path]] avoids circular dependencies by continuously changing the [[method of assembly]] from self assembly to [[positional assembly|stereotactic control]]. ([[Radical Abundance]] - page 190) The [[direct path]] tries to use bigger already stiff but not quite atomically precise slabs of material to build stiff atomically precise structures (e.g. in MEMS-AFMs). This is not fundamentally impossible but a much steeper slope judging from the progress rates. == Lots of ''relevant'' pathway entry (and exit) points worth starting to take == There is by no means a lack of places where invested work would clearly lead to progress that is specifically relevant to APM. If one looks at the right places then one can find both: * Lots of pathway-starts "signed" to lead to the target. * Lots of pathway-ends "signed" to come from the start. With this many starts and ends the existence and realistic archievability of at least one path connecting some start to some end is very very likely. See pages: * '''[[Most relevant R&D construction sites for progress in APM]]''' * [[Castle in the sky]] * <small>(somewhat related: [[House of cards]])</small> = Using soft/compliant manomachinery to get to hard/stiff nanomachinery ASAP is hypocrisy - false = No, it's just a practical approach. <br> Ones usage of soft nanomachinery for a rapid [[bootstrapping|bootstrapping process]] does in no way invalidate the results of [[exploratory engineering]] which says (as a highly reliable prediction) that stiff nanomachinery (A) is possible and (B) will (if ever enough focus and effort is put in for it to be built) be capable of outperforming soft nanomachinery by orders of magnitude in pretty much all regards. It seems that currently there are more pathway entry (and exit) points via an [[incremental path]] approach rather than there are pathway entry (and exit) points for a [[direct path]] approach. That is, it seems as if current technology is just not ready yet to make a a big sudden leap forward. <small>(Side-note: This may be a good thing, considering stability of world economy and such.)</small> Using to a large (but not exclusive) part soft nanomachinery to get to stiff nanomachinery ASAP is thus the natural and most productive thing to do. '''On the other hand:''' <br> Using soft nanomachinery without a clear focus towards stiff nanomachinery will not automatically lead to stiff nanomachinery (at least not in any reasonable timespan). So arguing that there is already effort in soft nanomachinery and thus if stiff nanomachinery is possible, we will end up there eventually anyway, is a ''very'' bad approach. = Almost everything will be buildable - often misunderstood = * Moved to: [[Every structure permissible by physical law]] * More on: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] In particular organic matter like food, replacement organs, and chain polymers likes today's plastics are not a target product of [[gem-gum technology]]. <br> At least not a direct target. == No food from gem-gum factories == Future [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] are not in any way intended to be usable for [[synthesis of food|food production]]. Structures out of solvated weakly linked non stiff proteins and lipid layers are a good example of "'''anti'''-[[diamondoid]]" materials. Specialized devices will be capable of some limited form of [[synthesis of food]]. Attempting to create genetic twin tissue (avoiding the need for a complete scan) has the problem that information extraction from DNA to a spacial (not only typological) atom and molecule configuration is not straightforward to say the least. There's not only the forward [[protein folding]] problem but also the yet unsolved riddle how body shape at all scales is encoded. === Why an perfect 1:1 copy of a steak is and will stay impossible === Attempting to create exact copies down to [[positional atomic presicion]] of an original tissue at this point seems ridiculously complex. Some kind of ''very advanced'' scan ([[atomically precise disassembly]]) of the original would be needed to be performed in advance. Trying to compress quasi-random atom configurations data hierarchically like in diamondoid APM systems would probably lead to strange unnatural compression artifacts. The need to produce everything in a frozen state (ice crystals) might be a hard problem but one of the most minute ones. === Tasty "meta-food" may be creatable (given sufficient design effort in chain molecule mechanosynthesis capabilities) === Creating something edible by mixing pure synthesizes molecules together (quite a lot of sloppy molecules need to be synthesizable thus not something to expect early on) together would produce something like an '''[[synthesis of food|advanced nourishment dough]]'''. One may be able to fake familiar food for the human senses or make something else heterogeneous and tasty but it's questionable whether we really desire to fool ourselves. At some ends deficiencies through lopsided nutrition may arise while at other ends food might get a lot healthier. A mixed nutrition with natural food will probably be best. === Competing with cheap potatoes is hard === '''Note:''' Plants are already self replicating and thus cheap. Most people just don't grow all of the plants they consume because they need space, sun, soil, and often industrial post processing. Advanced (technical) APM will bring all the other stuff to the same or lower price level per mass. Including means for easier plant breeding. To be competitive with the cheap self replicating food that we eat today tissue construction via advanced [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] means (e.g. a pie like this hoax [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:155180]) must be quite a bit faster than biological machinery. This may be expectable but at this point the highly diverse tool-tip chemistry at cryogenic temperatures and at the threshold of stability needed poses a prohibitively high barrier. That is barely any [[exploratory engineering]] can be applied here. Further some kind of hierarchical assembly that completely replaces the natural system would be needed. === Other sources of synthetic food === Also other technology branches (bio-nanotechnology ...) unrelated to APM may be able to produce edible tissues before of after we attain advanced APM capabilities. = Less common and or less relevant misconceptions = == Why not go build with nucleons when they are even smaller than atoms? == Simply stated: Because it is not possible. <br> See: "[[Femtotechnology]]" == Gemstones are inherently scarce and valuable (and will always be) - wrong == Many gemstones are made of very common elements. <br> Making gemstones in a dirt cheap way is just a question of manufacturing capabilities. <br> In this case capabilities in [[mechanosynthesis]]. See page: [[Abundant element]] <br> On the page "[[Chemical element]]" the most abundant ones (in Earth's crust) are the ones that are not in brackets. <br> There are plenty of combinations of very comon elements that make gemstones that make a very good structural base material. <br> See: [[Base materials with high potential]] == Gemstones are inherently brittle - wrong == (Or: One can't make soft materials from diamond - wrong) What makes gemstones brittle are faults. Faults are unavoidable in macroscopic gemstones. * Todays (2017) synthetic gems have faults right from birth due to their thermodynamic production route. * Tomorrows [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] gems will quickly gain faults through natural ionizing radiation originating from the environment (or even from within in the likely case that radioactive isotopes where included) Faults are with a very high rate avoidable in nanoscale gemstones ([[crystolecule]]s) though. Most of a whole lot of identical crystolecules are perfectly flawlwess. Due to lack of any flaws these crystolecules are bendable to a pretty high degree. Well, not as extreme like rubber (several 100%) but still easily up to a two digit percentage range. A macroscopic block composed out of interlocking crystolecules does catch the cracks of the few unavoidably broken crystolecules at the clean unconnected borders between crystolecules. This makes the macroscopic block much less brittle than a single crystal. (Side-note: Crystolecules do not only feature a perfectly flawless interior but also atomically precise surfaces.) Adding a more sophisticated metamaterial structure allows even [[elasticity emulation|emulation off rubber like properties]] (reversible strainability to several 100%) but with much higher tensile strength (and heat resistance). == APM can make precious metals from dirt - wrong == APM is all about chemistry. Well, [[unnatural chemistry]] but that's not the point here. The point is that chemistry cannot make or change (transmute) elements. (See "[[femtotechnology]]" for more details why). Elements can only be made with nuclear technology (which are necessarily macroscale power-plants). This is called (nuclear) transmutation. It is (and likely will remain) way too inefficient to be economic. A better option may be to get scarce elements from space (asteroid mining) in case they really will be needed in great amounts.<br> Side-note: Not that its important in face of the other problems but, unlike chemical APM, nuclear technology seems to be fundamentally statistical in nature. At least if one does not want to go to [[Nuclear_fusion#Highly_speculative_one_try_one_hit_fusion|extremely speculative areas]]. Of course it will be possible to [[APM and nuclear technology|use APM to build nuclear power-plants in great numbers]]. But this is an entirely different topic. == Diamond has a much lower density than silicon (which has identical structure) - wrong == Quite the opposite actually - diamond is pretty heavy for its volume: * Diamond: 3.5–3.53 g/cm³ * "(Diamond+Silicon)/2" ~= Moissanite: 3.218–3.22 g/cm³ (heavier than the average density) * Silicon: 2.3290 g/cm³ * Quartz: 2.65 g/cm³ (denser than silicon although there are voids and lighter oxygen interspersed - how??) == Related == * [[Common critiques towards atomically precise manufacturing]] * Some of the trapdoors listed here are known for a long time now. They old [[Engines of Creation]] has some of them pretty early on in the introduction. Listed there are ... {{wikitodo|add list}} [[Category:General]] == Table of contents == __TOC__ 2z4z4g1fe9nc3in2lfnye6amuvxogin wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1029 9802 9801 2021-06-01T16:45:57Z Apm 1 /* Moon rocks => rutile, anatase, brookite, tistarite, hongquiite */ {{stub}} This page shall answer: <br> Given a [[gem-gum factory]] what could you make from the material in a stone <br> (or inorganic dirt) that you randomly pick up from the ground. == Granite => quartz and stishovite == Most stones are to a high degree silicates. One especially common one is granite. <br> From this you can make all sorts of polymorphs of SiO₂ <br> Including [[quartz]] and [[stishovite]]. == Chalk-stone => calcite and aragonite == Many stones (entire mountain ranges) are metamorphized ancient sediments from ea life. <br> One especially common one is microcrystalline chalk stone. <br> From this you can make all sorts of polymorphs of CaCO₃ <br> Including: Calcite (aka bifringent calc-spar), Aragonite == Clay => sapphire == Clays typically contain quite a bit of aluminum dioxide <br> From this you can make (among other things) Sapphire: Al₂O₃ == Iron ore => wüstite, hematite, and magnetide == Pick up a some random brownish looking stone an chances are good there's iron inside. <br> With this you can make wüstite, hematite, and magnetite. <br> Iron (unlike titanium) unfortunately does not like to make <br> gemstones with super awesome mechanical and thermal properties. == Salt => periclase == There are plenty of places to find magnesium <br> With that one can make periclase == Rocks in space == === Moon rocks => rutile, anatase, brookite, tistarite, hongquiite === If you so happen to be on the moon there is a good chance that your rock contains a lot of [[Titanium]] <br> This element is especially useful for making structural [[gemstone like compounds]]. <br> You can make the oxidic gemstones: * rutile (TiO₂) * anatase (TiO₂) * brookite (TiO₂) * hongquiite (TiO) * tistarite (Ti₂O₃) <br> More "[[synthetic moon titanium gemstomes]]" are: * titanium phosphide (TiP) – here ad hoc invented name: "phosphotanite" * titanium silicide (many forms) – here ad hoc invented name: "silitanite" * titanium diboride (TiB₂ – here ad hoc invented name: "diboritanite" since these partner elements are quite non-volative <br> and likely still on the moon in quantities. '''No shortage back here on Earth:''' <br> Not to worry here on Earth there is plenty of titanium too. Just not that much. <br> Beside the oxidic titanium gemstones there are plenty excellent others <br> Titanium combing in a pure way with other elements rarely happens in nature. <br> So these come without pretty mineral names. <br> * The golden titanium nitride (TiN) – here ad hoc invented name: "nitrotanite" * Titanium carbide (TiC) – here ad hoc invented name: "carbonitanite" === Rocks dunes and lakes on Saturns moon Titan => diamond and lonsdaleite=== On Saturns moon Titan your rock will most likely be water ice. <br> That is not too useful as structural building material. <br> Go to the tholine dunes and methane lakes instead. <br> All the stuff there is probably mostly organic volatile elements. <br> Hopefully not too sludge like (we will see when amazing the dragonfly mission will arrive) <br> So the products of [[titaninan gem-gum tech]] will likely be combustible if <br> heated enough in the presence of for that purpose synthesized oxygen. <br> See: [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] == Related == * [[Rock digestion chamber]] * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] – does not work for pretty much all stones except diamond and carbon notride * [[Passivation layer mineral]]s * [[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]] nh0vpfstmdxyyvorpor86opdphzfir5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 16 9181 6891 2021-05-23T13:39:38Z Apm 1 added * [[Meta pages]] '''Orientation help for Contributors''' <br> '''Note: Due to excessive spam account creation has been blocked. Please [[APM:About|send me a mail]] if you want one.''' If you want to contribute something non technical or slightly off-topic please first turn to the general discussion page: * '''[[General discussion]]''' When you link from a serious page to a page containing speculations and or far off ideas please add the <nowiki>{{speculativity warning}}</nowiki> template.<br> It looks like this: {{speculativity warning}}<br> That is when [[exploratory engineering]] isn't properly applied. Most valuable will be contributions that answer issues marked with "'''To investigate:'''" or "'''Todo:'''"<br> Please don't forget to add further "'''To Investigate:'''"'s and "'''Todo:'''"'s when further questions arise.<br> {{todo|"short description"}}<br> For small todos referring to this wiki use: <br> {{wikitodo|"short description"}}. Attainment of atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a interdisciplinary (and targeted) endeavor. The different areas of research and development that are necessary also require different levels of specialization of knowledge. Depending on your knowledge area and level you may contribute to different parts - look for what best suits you. Improvement of [[technology level 0]] to [[technology level I]] is the most important but also the hardest part. Also there is a gaping hole in [[technology level II]]. If you are a cross breed between scientist and engineer and have the possibility to do physical experiments in this area you are the ideal person for the job. A huge amount of (partly easier) preparatory work can be done for [[technology level III]]. If you have some technical expertises and consider yourself a Leonardo Davinci of the new age :) go looking there to help. * It's always good to try to split up ideas into their most atomic little pieces so that they can later-on be sorted and classified.<br> Readability should be preserved though, meaning the starting pages shouldn't become overloaded with too much highly specific information. They should be and stay enjoyable to read. * Please avoid personal opinions. Just add new ideas at the best fitting place as neutral as possible. If something in retrospect is found to be biased please leave a note or try to balance it. * Recommendation: If something is elegantly generalizable in most cases it's best to mention the common special case(es) before. * Redundant descriptions in different contexts make sense - it's good to link to a (possibly not yet existing) detailed common description page * avoid peacock terms - describe advantages tersely and soberly instead * avoid unformatted fact lists and empty headline skeletons * make the choice between formal and informal writing style ("one" vs "you") dependent of the seriouseness of the page (informal for highly speculative pages) and be consistent there. Back to the [[Main Page]] ==Further notes== For style questions refer to wikipedia. 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''Getting started'' *[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list] *[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ] *[http://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list] *[[MediaWiki:Mainpage|MediaWiki main page name]] *[[Special:Version|installed extensions and mediawiki version]] *[[Sandbox]] * Page with all categories: [[Special:Categories]] * Page for testing templates: [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] *[http://apm.bplaced.net/w/mw-config link to mw-config for wiki upgrades] * Sidebar [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] - table alignment & other formatting <br> [[MediaWiki:Licenses]] - choosable image licenses [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Image_administration#Licensing] == Related == * [[Meta pages]] sqnj3vven3n6v89x8wfx72l1twxd8vr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1092 10325 10249 2021-06-13T17:49:58Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] {{stub}} This is relevant for questions like: <br> * How much area of dense-hydrogen-terminated-diamond to dense-hydrogen-terminated-diamond Van der Waals bond is needed <br>to match the maximal binding force of a single covalent C-C bond. And ...<br> * How much excess area is needed to sufficiently reliably break the the desired one of two bonds when <br>there is a pull applied two to two bonds that are put in series. <br>– This is essential for designing reliable [[Van der Waals gripping]]. [[Van der Waals gripping]] is e.g. usable when transferring [[adapter palette]]s from one [[attachment chain]] to another. == Related == * [[Covalent bond]] * [[Van der Waals force]] * [[Energy, force, and stiffness]] * [[Connection method]] – [[Adhesive interfaces]] * [[Sticky finger problem]] * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] ---- * [[Intuitive feel]] * [[Pages with math]] 7ijixajtpglru3ohpw6tf84a6nptun1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1310 11974 2021-09-19T19:14:18Z Apm 1 basic page {{site specific term}} "Compenslow" is a design parameter for [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] <br> That allows [[Friction in gem-gum technology|friction]] to be reduced by many orders of magnitude while <br> keeping the areal throughput density capacity of constant. <br> It counterintuitively allows to reduce friction by increasing total internal bearing surface area. <br> That is because while friction increases linearly with nanomachinery bearing surface area it falls quadratically with nanomachinery speed. <br> So doing both (area up and speed down) overall what remains is a linear decrease in friction. <br> '''YAY!!''' == Specification / Units == Compenslow can be specified in: * total nanomachinery bearing area per factory chip area or – unit: (m²/m²) * areal throughput density per absolute nanomachinery speed – unit: ((m³/s)/m²)/(m/s) The two should be inter-convertible by a design dependent constant. The reason why it is affordable to increase the amount of nanomachinery by orders of magnitude is: <br> [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] == What if the speeds are not slowed down but just the amount of nanomachinery gets increased == Obviously this will need lots of active cooling. Filling a macroscopic volume to the brim with nanomachinery while keeping absolute speeds constant <br> would lead to totally impractically high throughput-densities. A hard bottleneck. <br> Assembly would be so rapid that resource resupply and product removal (the [[transport motions]]) would require impossibly high speeds. For laughs see: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] <br> Practical devices look differently. == Choice of name == This was just an ad-hoc decision in 2021. <br> "Compenslow" is a portmanteau for "by more nanomachinery compensated deliberate slowdown". == Related == * [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] trefmzho8b21egdqaif3ow4rk5z3vb3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1266 11724 11723 2021-07-22T21:50:54Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Control hierarchy]] {{Stub}} Generalizing over [[lambda calculus]] * allowing for various different interpretations of the exact same code * allowing to compile the exact same code to various very different compilation targets. One concrete example especially relevant for the main topic <br> of [[Main Page|this wikis]] ([[atomically precise manufacturing]]) is: Compilation of the same 3D models to a representation that is suitable for: * (1) visualization interfaces * (2) production devices == Related == * [[Constructive solid geometry]] * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Data decompression chain]] * [[Control hierarchy]] == External links == '''Central page linking to all relevant material:''' * http://conal.net/papers/compiling-to-categories/ * Direct link to presentation video (2018-01-16) [http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/compiling-categories] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_closed_category Cartesian closed category] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory Category theory] [[Category:Conal Elliott]] symgyqw0cuzm31eptziio6xo9qacftz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 839 10501 10500 2021-06-16T10:58:43Z Apm 1 /* crystolecules and crystolecular elements */ added wikitodo This is about components (building parts) that are expectable to be handeled by future advanced [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. <br> Listed are components on all size scales starting with the smallest the mallest ones. The [[molecule fragment|Molecule fragments aka moieties]]. <br> The size steps here are (by convention for the whole wiki) chosen to be of size ~x32. Two steps make exactly x1000. == List of the hierarchy of components == * [[Smaller than atoms]] – for all we currently know this is not physically possible ----- * [[molecule fragment|Molecule fragments aka moieties]] – (~0.2nm for carbon atoms) <small>and some atoms like hydrogen and halogen atoms</small> * [[Crystolecule]]s – ~2nm (varying a lot) – built in ~32nm chambers * [[Crystolecular element]]s – ~64nm – built in ~1µm chambers * [[Microcomponent]]s – ~2000nm = ~2µm – built in ~32µm chambers ---- * [[Mesocomponent]]s – ~64µm – built in ~1mm chambers * [[Millimeter sized components]] – ~2000µm = 2mm – built in ~32mm chambers * [[64mm sized components]] * [[Meter sized components]] ---- Gravity becomes relevant. <br> Structures increasingly become sparse trussworks. * [[32m sized components]] * [[Kilometer sized components]] * [[32km sized components]] * [[Megameter sized components]] At some point tidal forces, self gravity and the <br> limits of the solar systems resources become relevant. <br> See: [[Asteroid belt]]. == About standard components and size scales == Smaller components are generally more fundamental and reusable than bigger ones. The smallest components though have * irreversibilities ([[seamless covalen welding]]) and * inefficiencies (high energy turnover in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]) in their assembly process. This is hampering reusability. So the sweet spot of reusability may lie in the middle size scales with [[microcomponents]]. Most of the basic [[mechanical circuit element]]s will likely be components at the smallest scale that allows for nontrivial geometries ([[crystolecules]]). But bigger [[mechanical circuit element]]s at the [[microcomponent]] scale may be of use as well. == Related == * This page is about assembly level specific building components * [[Assembly level specific robotics]] * [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] * [[Orthogonal set of mechanical components]] * Assembly of these components in their respective [[assembly levels]] or [[assembly layers]]. === crystolecules and crystolecular elements === {{wikitodo|fix terminology to be more systematic - plan carefully}} '''general gemstone:''' * Generally all sizes; general gemstone: [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] * Smaller; general gemstone: [[Gemstone-like crystolecule]] * Bigger; general gemstone:[[Crystolecular element]] '''diamondoid:''' * Smaller; diamondoid gemstone: [[Diamondoid crystolecule]] * Bigger; diamondoid gemstone: [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] * Bigger; diamondoid gemstone: [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] '''Other topics:''' * [[Design of Crystolecules]] skprpr9i2ttfujswviapgdxx5cmpz1r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1054 10016 2021-06-07T12:13:07Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Components]] to [[Component]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Component]] gwoxpii0yuwx0vttgo7h179ggxjbaht wikitext text/x-wiki 0 805 8159 8154 2021-03-21T17:29:39Z Apm 1 /* Electric property emulating materials and related */ [[electrical metamaterials]] => [[electric metamaterial]] {{stub}} * A concept that can be quite misleading. * A convenient "magical" solution for all problems regarding computation. == Required perspective == Computronium requires taking a perspective high enough that all specialized subsystems blur together into a homogeneous mass. Eventually packaged in equal unit cells that are so small that they can be treated as a continuum. == Applicability / validity of that perspective == A problem for assuming the validity of such a viewpoint is that <br> a big part of scale in-variance over many size scales is broken by physical scaling laws not all behaving linear with scale. === Examples where the homogeneity assumption breaks === * There are various specialized subsystems in on one chip integrated processors * There are various specialized subsystems in on one PCB integrated computers === Examples where the homogeneity assumption holds somewhat === Within limited scale ranges: * neuromorphic computing * Highly regular FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) * highly regular memory cells (but this is already quite specialized) * ... == Relation to the concept of "utility fog" == Just as large scale homogeneous computronium is supposed to be general purpose in that it can perform any computation. Large scale homogeneous [[utility fog]] is supposed to be general purpose in that it can emulate a wide variety of material properties. Both concepts are similar problematic in their property of brushing too many (all) details under the carpet. Highly general utility fog has highly specialized [[mechanical materials]] as its complement. <br> So one might assume that computronium may have [[electrical metamaterials]] as its complement. <br> But it's not that simple. (1) Computation is more than a "simple" general purpose emulation of electrical properties. <br> (2) In computation instead of emulation of exotic electrical properties one usually rather wants just densely packed circuits. These may stretch the concept of metamaterials. == Electric property emulating materials and related == Hypotetical "magic" materials capable of general-purpose emulation of any electrical properties could be called: * [[electronium]] and * [[electromagnetronium]] – when frequencies become so high that start to matter em-waves to matter * [[magnetronium]] – just for completeness and (exploration of odd ideas) With these one could actually place the corresponding complements like so: * [[electronium]] <= vs => [[electric metamaterial]] * [[electromagnetronium]] <= vs => [[electromagnetic metamaterial]] * [[magnetronium]] <= vs => [[magnetic metamaterial]] Even the metamaterial sides here are troublesome since: * Electrical properties are not as independent from the chosen base material as mechanical properties. That is: * Electrical properties much more dependent on the chosen base material as mechanical properties. Instead of emulating many properties with just one base material. There is seems to be strong motivation to use more different base materials on a case to case redesign basis than in the case of mechanical metamaterials. So the whole concept of electro(magnetic) metamaterials seems much less solid and well defined than the concept of mechanical metamaterials. Note that this does snot apply to the electromagnetic metamaterials of today (2021) with way bigger microscale or macroscale meta structures. There base material and meta structuring can be perfectly separated. == Related == * [[Utility for]] * [[Molecular assemblers]] == External links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computronium cdwbu0q2troy4grbm4vbr8p5m0ekpsg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 722 10872 10861 2021-06-24T07:22:17Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} {{wikitodo|Explain relation to atomically precise manufacturing}} * pros: cheap * cons: crude, just structural, just compression <br>In erection and removal: not reversible without destruction (exception loose interlocking concrete tiles), dusty, loud, time and energy intensive, big CO₂ emittant ----- * Common minerals in "concretes" like CaCO₃ maybe interesting for atomically precise mechanosynthesis == Exotic forms of "concrete" == * Lime plaster (*) * Gypsum plaster * Sorel-cement (Magnesium based - very different) * Geopolymers * ... == Related == * [[Calcium]] * [[Asphalt]] * [[Replacement of cheapest industrial materials]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] == External links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide (burnt lime) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide (slaked lime) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate (lime) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster#Gypsum_plaster * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_cement * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolymer * (de) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikattechnologie * (de) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technischer_Kalkkreislauf 0gsbwwhia0f9ciici7efmc5ytszt2jd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 941 9055 2021-05-18T17:53:26Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Confluence of mechanical actuation]] to [[Convergent mechanical actuation]]: generally seems better terminology #REDIRECT [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] rieqd48o2mwbcomghz3x3ifynj132pq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 288 10188 4447 2021-06-10T18:14:29Z Apm 1 made it into a disambiguation page {{stub}} This may refer to: * [[Connection method]] * [[Coupling mechanism]] – Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling Coupling] hrro3sne862378ifyewtvayjsadf156 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 38 11298 10107 2021-07-06T10:16:53Z Apm 1 /* Related */ bold Connection methods in advanced diamondoid atomically precise technology ([[technology level III|systems]] and [[further improvement at technology level III|products]]) can differ quite a bit from conventional connection methods found at the everyday macroscale. Depending on the size of the observed chunk of product one can find different kinds of connection mechanisms. On the biggest scale advanced self aligning and self cleaning interfaces are possible. On smaller scales down to the physical limit there can be found: * interlocking structures * surfaces perfectly matching the shape of their conter-faces sticking togetherby VdW force * shape locking mechanisms * and finally covalent bonds between atoms <br> the simplest most compact physical structures that one can built that hold things together. <br> To be able to do [[recycling]] efficiently and fast it is necessary to make the connection mechanisms at the smallest scales reversible. e.g. the energy stored in a snap connection must be gently recollected instead of being suddenly released in a "click" sound. If this is not done great amounts of waste heat are produced need to be removed. Connection methods can be split into three classes: * energy barrier locks * hierarchical locks * friction locks {{wikitodo|Improve this article, add info-graphics}} = The different methods to lock building blocks into place = == Energy barrier locking (soft) == See: [[Snap connectors]] and [[VdW suck-in]] In the macro-scale springs, magnets, gravitation, and almost unused electrostatic attraction belong to this class. <br> In the nano-scale springs, VdW-force (Van der Walls attraction), chemical bonds and in some cases electrostatic attraction are well usable. There thermal movement can knock a lock open by probabilistic chance which must be taken under consideration in system design. Energy barriers high enough to effectively prevent opening by chance can be easily reached. ['''Todo:''' add VdW math example; add more details] All other locking methods do too display energy barriers but have other more predominant traits. === Van der Waals locking === See: [[Van der Waals force]] for details. [[Intuitive feel#Bonding energies - Tensile strengths - Stiffnesses|Comparing the VdW interaction with covalent bonds]] can give a better intuitive feel for VdW interaction forces. Although two coplanar atomically flat surfaces attract each other quite a lot (Values and comparisons on the "[[Van der Waals force]]" page) they can still slide effortlessly along each other (possibly [[superlubrication|superlubricating]]) so depending on the use indents may be needed to prevent that. ([[intuitive feel]]) Van der Waals forces can be used to do '''self assisted assembly''' (which is a weaker form of [[brownian assembly|self assembly aka brownian assembly]]). When assembling a hinge one does not need to plug the axle in actively and fix it in place with e.g. a locking snap-ring. Instead the axle gets sucked in as soon as its hold over its sleeve. One gets it out again by pushing with a blunt tool. This simplifies assembly a lot. Less manipulator complexity and less [[atomically precise positioning|positioning precision]] (and thus stiffness) is needed. For the tiniest assemblies counting only a handful atoms locking will be necessary since there are an Avogadro number (~6*10^23) of parts so some will thermally self disassemble if the probability for this is extremely but not astronomically low. The probability P for thermal self disassemly of parts sicking together with energy E quickly becomes astronomically low as can be seen by the formula: P = e^-(E/(kT)). ['''todo:''' add image] == Form locking == Main article: [[Form locking]] === Hierarchical locking === Something is hierarchical locked when one has to remove a part such that a locking part can be removed. The structure can be disassembled only in a specific order. Hierarchically locked structures can have tree shaped topologies. Related: [[Expanding ridge joint]] == Friction == Nails and screws base their locking ability on friction but in advanced atomically precise products one usually finds super-lubrication between surfaces. Also thermal motion is regularly knocking everything loose. One can design surfaces such that they perfectly intermesh but this would effectively create a series of energy barriers (energy barrier locking) in which the barrier after the first one won't have much use (linear instead of exponential decrease of accidental disassembly probability). Furthermore the energy might be not well recoverable (non-stiff hydrogen bonds dissipate power) leading to unnecessary waste heat. Thus '''the classical nail and screw design probably makes no sense at the nanocosm''' ('''To investigate:''' in-how-far is this statement true?) = Kinds of connection mechanisms that are typical for a specific scale = * <1nm - single covalent bonds * <1nm...typical:32nm...<1µm -- matching surfaces full of open radicals (densely packed -> irreversible connection) * >32nm...typical:1µm...open-end -- reversible interlocking structures * >1µm...typical:1mm...open-end -- high level self aligning and dirt expulsing interfaces {{wikitodo|add further graphics}} == Reversible nanoscale connection methods that are useful at the microscale == [[File:Fir-tree_connector_part_screencap1.png|200px|thumb|right|One of a pair of sliders for interlocking fir tree structures.]] Picture: A fir-tree connector piece. One of a pair. * The identical partner part is not depicted. * The supporting rail fir tree structures above are not depicted. * The opposing fir tree structures below are not depicted. Imagine a second identical part mirrored on the large green plane. Now when a simple cuboid shaped plate (the locking plate) is pushed down between the two still contacting green planes then both the the depicted and the not depicted parts move apart. They are guided by the up facing fir tree structures sliding in the not depicted supporting rails above. When the two parts move apart their down-facing long fir three profiles can interlock with opposing fir trees structures that are too not depicted here. Once the locking is complete the locking plate is held in place by VdW forces. In principle such a mechanism can be both bi-stable and reversible. Fir tree structures are a desirable design decision since they can retain more of the total material strength than simple dovetail interlockings. Structures like these are especially suitable for reversibly tying together [[microcomponents]]. * {{wikitodo|main article}} [[Nanoscale connection method]] == Microscale connection methods used by humans at the macroscale == Main article: [[Macroscale active align-and-fuse connectors]] [[File:Advanced_semimanual_macroscale_connection_method.svg|300px|thumb|right|A concept for an advanced macroscale connection method that could become possible with advanced [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]]. <br>(bottom) Two parts are roughly brought into the intended contact location and orientation by hand. (center) Small machinery on surfaces does the remaining fine alignment. (top) Small machinery on surfaces "fuses" the parts together via strong interlocking. Dirt may be tolerated (dotted line) or expelled (two fatter black dots). ]] With advanced [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]] a method for connecting pieces (like e.g. pipe segments) could look like the following. First pieces (e.g. pipe segments) would be roughly aligned by hand. Then small machinery can take care of the remaining fine alignment. The auto-alignment does not need much energy. It could be driven by internal energy storage (whatever the charging method) or the energy from the manual alignment. A kind of ratchet like mechanism allowing only motion towards better alignment may be possible. When the surfaces are separated and inactive the interlocking structures (like fir-tree-hooks) could be retracted and dirt-exclusion-ports closed such that only a flat surface is exposed that can slide. Electrostatic sensors can detect when a matching partner surface contacts triggering hook deployal. Some gaps can be left such that some soft dirt can be tolerated in a closed connection. Advanced versions may even be capable of actively pushing out dirt for the interface. The connectivity providing machinery could be in the microscale so still not visible to the human eye. Consecutive interfaces could lie very close together (again in the microscale) but the size of the separated chunks should be kept at least in the millimeter scale (See: [[splinter prevention]]). Choosing a non-default sub millimeter splitting location needs to be done via software somehow. Even part embedded software interfaces for the choice of a specific slice-location are thinkable. A (passive colored) touchscreen slider could be displayed magnifying the slice position. One thing that regularly get's sliced open and patched up badly today (2017) are streets. Imagine this kind of technology in future [[upgraded street infrastructure]]. Self alignment with macroscale conical shapes is obviously an option. It may simplify small scale machinery but limits allowed macroscale shapes. = The locking nature of screws = * mechanical advantage * self-retention by friction = Examples for various combinations of locking types = * snap buckles: pure energy barrier locking - zero hierarchical levels * snap ring: hierarchical locking of at least one but most of the time two layer * door handle mechanism: hierarchical locking of one layer (with retention of the locking part) * ... = Related = * [[Snap connectors]] and [[VdW suck-in]] * [[Adhesive interfaces]] like [[Van der Waals force]], [[Seamless covalent welding]], ''ionic and hydrogen bonding''. * [[Friction]] does not work well as a connection method at the nanoscale. * Connection methods are of paramount importance for reconfigurable frame systems (e.g. see: [[ReChain frame systems]]) * Combination lock stones as a safety measure against malicious disassembly attacks are mentioned [[Grey goo meme|here]]. * [[Intuitive feel#Everything is "magnetic"]] ----- Dedicated pages about low level connection methods: * [[Seamless covalent welding]] * [[Seamfull covalent welding]] – ("pinning") * [[Van der Waals force sticking]] * [[form closing interlocking]] ----- * You may instead look for: '''[[Spectrum of means of assembly]]''' = External references = * further information: Nanosystems chapter 9.7 Adhesive interfaces [[Category:General]] ak5hb0z7as8c5sshxhkys1cyreiqj4n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 414 4442 2015-10-04T05:18:25Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Connection method]] #Redirect [[Connection method]] ec8auu22ft1cbxrpa5a0vchdei37a06 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 69 10413 7815 2021-06-14T18:32:21Z Apm 1 thrmomechanical => emtropomechanical When designing a product one usually wishes that it poses some resilience to environmental influences. A few critical delicate components in a mainly robust system can bog down the whole system. Those components are the weakest links and constitute a bottleneck. To be able to avoid including components that disproportionately bog-down the whole system one should pair components with their resilience ranges. That is [[microcomponents]] could be [[microcomponent tagging|tagged]] with links to information (stored somewhere else) describing the allowed operational ranges. Just like the usual "absolute maximum ratings" section in datasheets of todays electronic components. This way one can design a system consistently for a chosen set of the external limiting factors that one requires. Or maximize for one specific spec (performance parameter). '''Some examples for external limiting factors are:''' <br> temperature '''T''', radiation '''I , ..''', acceleration '''a''', pressure '''p''', <br> chemical resilience when exposed to "surface" (pH, redox-potential), ... == Absolute maximum/minimum Temperature == The allowed temperature range of a whole system is defined by the intersection of all the allowed temperature ranges of the system components. This is of course only true when one assumes thermally equilibrium at the size scale of the whole system. Otherwise one could just protect the sensitive parts by thermally isolating them. At and below the microscale thermal equilibrium is almost always present (more or less) due very low levels of thermal isolation which are caused by the [[scaling law]] that surface area per enclosed volume rises with shrinking size. When one would keep using technology of early steps of the [[incremental path]] to advanced gem-gum technology (that is when one would keep in remnants of the [[bootstrapping]] process) in [[technology level III|advanced gem-gum technology]] then this new technology will be bogged-down to an accordingly restricted allowed range of operation temperature. Especially much of the otherwise completely allowed low temperature regime all the way down to zero kelvin will be cut off. The same happens when one would start using technology of the (with gem-gum technology unrelated) [[brownian technology path]]. There are likely several cases where one might want to include temperature sensitive parts and accept the implicated severe cuts in thermal resilience. Some of these could be: * [[Entropomechanical converter|Entropic batteries]] – They might work better with smaller molecules that are prone to freeze. <br>(In case of an implementation with floppy singly linked chain molecules they likely "feature" high sensitivity to radiation damage beside thermal limits.) * A situation where thermal capacity bog-down due to integration of thermally sensitive parts does not matter at all are advanced [[medical nanodevices]] since those are embedded in a highly temperature sensitive environment anyway. * ... The different technology path branches (micro chamber managed [[brownian technology path]] vs late stages of [[incremental path]]) have vastly different allowed temperature ranges. It is probably advisable to keep track off all the allowed temperature ranges for system components and keep the technology path branches as separate as possible. Potentially thermally weak structures to look out for could be: * Very strongly strained parts of [[diamondoid molecular elements|crystolecules]] like cylindric shells. Here less thermal energy is required to overcome the remaining energy barrier and break stuff. * Bistable structures with low energy barriers. * Close proximity of atoms that like to form low-energy highly volatile compounds. Many nitrogen atoms close together e.g. may tend to form N₂ gas on heating. Also water and carbon dioxide may form in very harsh thermal conditions. * Diamond is metastable and can turn into graphite at too high temperatures. Other [[refractory materials]] are better suited for high temperature applications. [[Category:Technology level III]] oaprxh26viv6pqp0i10tv2nbsdxrmdz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1192 11133 11107 2021-07-01T13:43:37Z Apm 1 added image {{site specific term}} [[File:Knex-connexions-base.jpg ‎|193px|thumb|right|Construction kit analogy: A defined number of connection points in defined directions.]] The '''construction kit analogy for the periodic table of elements''' is about naively treating the periodic table of elements as if it where a construction kit. <br> That is assuming the atoms of chemical elements act like soft flexible construction kit parts that come with a fixed number of connection points (given by their group in the periodic table). <br> This has severe limits though. It works well for some combinations of the light nonmetallic elements on the upper right of the periodic table. <br> But even there are wild deviations: * SF₆ (unexpected according to the construction kit analogy) – [[sulfur]] should have two bonds given its group ... <br> ... four more fluorines aggressively grab four more electrons though due to fluorines high electronegativity. <br>[[Fluorine]] really really wants to fill that last missing electron to become as noble as [[neon]]. * SH₂ (expected) <br> == Related == For details see: [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] rxibp0ek2ovoofvl9c3kgps030e5zlo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1263 11735 11733 2021-07-22T23:10:57Z Apm 1 /* Code: DSL libraries for CSG, CSG software, ... */ added link to [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] [[File:Csg tree.png|400px|thumb|right|Constructive solid geometry]] Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a form of volumetric modelling where complex geometries can be built up by combining simple geometries via boolean functions. <br> = Why functional representation is desirable = Functional representation (representing volumes with an implicit function in three variables) is especially suitable for CSG.<br> Functional representation (F-Rep) * is typically more robust than boundary representation (B-Rep) * is resolution preserving, and * the boolean operations can be combined with [[blending operations]] with a simple change in math. == Pro: Higher robustness == Functional representation is typically more robust than a triangulation based boundary representation. <br> There is no need to worry about * holes in meshes (meshes being not "watertight") * flipped normals, degenerate triangles, coaxial edges, and * a gazillion of other possible bad configurations. == Con: No convex hulls (general case) == Functional representation has one major weakness though: <br> The extremely useful of creating convex hulls seems not implementable <small>(aside from a few special cases maybe)</small> == F-Rep is higher level than (polygonal modelling) B-Rep == Functional representation (F-Rep) is on a higher abstraction level than triangulation based boundary representation (B-Rep). That is * F-Rep can be triangulated to B-Rep to arbitrary precision * Going from B-Rep to F-rep requires a bit of artistic creativity filling in the blanks The relation between F-rep and polygonal modelling B-rep is respectively a bit like: * the relation between vector-graphics and raster-graphics * the relation between '''[[denotative continuous-time programming (Conal Elliott)]]''' and treating time in a discrete way In all three cases dragging out the discretionary step to the last possible moment is the way to go. <br> Manipulation of the continuous not jet discretized representations allows for more expressiveness and <br> even more importantly more scalability in the complexity of systems modeled. = Why signed distance functions are desirable = Functional representations with their scalar field (f(x,y,z) in R³ aka "algebraic variety") <br> being constrained to a norm of one can be useful. <br> <small>(a special case with magnitude of gradient always being one - and C0 continuity?)</small><br> Finding points on the surfaces (by some root finding algorithm like Newton method or Regula falsi) can be much faster (one step). <br> That is useful for: * '''Faster triangulation''' * '''Ray marching''' As an example: * y^2 + y^2 + z^2 < R^2 – evaluated without taking toots suffices to define a sphere * sqrt(y^2 + y^2 + z^2) < R – evaluated this way unlocks the power of SDFs at the cost of needing to compute a root = F-Rep basics = Only a few types of elements are essential for F-Rep CSG * The base volumes * The boolean operations for combining them * The coordinate transformations * (projections) For a convex hull over any geometry it seems <br> it is unavoidable to leave F-Rep and triangulate down to B-Rep == Base volumes == Volumes are defined just by implicit functions in 3 variables (f(x,y,z) in R³) == Boolean operations == Combining geometries via volumetric boolean operations amounts to simple mathematical operations * minimum or maximum function corresponds to intersection and union (respectively or reverse respectively deepening if inside is positive * multiplicative negation (commonly known as multiplication with minus one) turns a volumes inside out and vice versa – with that and the above one can construct differences == Coordinate transformations == * linear transformations (translation, rotation, shear, mirror, boost) ... * nonlinear transformations (waves, swirls, twists, ...) == How it all goes together == {{wikitodo|Explain this in more detail.}} The order of composition in the programmatic 3D modelling process differs from the order the math is finally evaluated. <br> E.g. a translation of a complex geometry at the end gets "threaded through" and is the first thing applied to the coordinates. There are some neat tricks to do part of this on the type level. <br> Using type constructors X Y Z as placeholders for the coordinate axis values x y z. <br> This trick has been done in an F-Rep CSG library '''Implicitcad''' <br> (A domain specific 3D modelling library implemented in the programming language [[haskell]]) <br> In this particular example: * A lot of hard to trace indirection (somewhat typical for haskell) can make this quite hard to understand * In the case of haskell type level computing is kind of added as an after-though => consequence: incomprehensible error messages * Haskell is not a dependently typed language. So it has a [[value-level type-level barrier]]. This somehow feels like a big problem ... <br>{{wikitodo|This seems important – discuss this ...}} * First there is the domain specific modelling library code describing the geometry. * Then there is the single value of the entire 3D geometry with all the type constructors inside. This eventually needs to go to: * (1) a displayable 3D representation (ideally with [[data back-propagation]] allowing for [[direct manipulation]] that does not spoil the code) * (2) a representation that is suitable for the targeted production process <br><small>For now just 3D printers & co but eventually some-when [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. <br>Think about about "[[direct manipulation]] interactivity" of physical [[gem-gum]] [[products]] that threads back interaction data through that compilation chain. Sounds complicated.)</small> Compiling exactly the same code to very different targets is the topic of: '''[[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]]'''. <br> So this might be highly relevant here. Deeper analysis needed. == F-Rep to polygonal B-Rep == In the course of the compilation to some target (being it for visualization or production) <br> at some point a conversion of F-Rep to something lower level becomes necessary. <br> This lower level intermediate compilation target (at least today in the case of FFF 3D printers) is usually B-rep. * It is in principle possible to jump to an even lower representation right away (for FFF 3D-printers that would be g-code) * It may also be possible to compile to something higher level like [[quadruplication]] (if that works). In any case, for a compilation to a lower level some sort of discretization need to take place. <br> Points on the surface needs to be found with some root finding algorithm. <br> One interesting algorithms for triangulation may by like the following: * put a (to some degree triangulated) sphere inside the implicitly defined volume to triangulate * ray project the vertices out to the surface of the object * simulate mutual repulsion between the vertices under the constraint of staying on the surface till "reasonably" equilibrated * further subdivide the mesh * project the new points to the surface again * equilibrate again * repeat – edges and corners may need special attention in this algorithm. Needed for root finding and this algorithm are not just * the implicit scalar function defining the volume but also * the first and likely second derivative. * The fist derivative of a scalar field is called "gradient" (tensor of rank one) * The second derivative of a scalar field is called "Hesse matrix" (tensor of rank two) – (Gaussian surface curvature is in there) These are the first elements of a Taylor series that is approximating the surface locally. An acceptably good way to do (such here needed) derivatives on computers is [[automatic differentiation]]. <br> Numerically implementing the definition of the limit is '''really''' ugly and bad software design. <br> An extremely elegant way to do automatic differentiation was presented in '''[[Beautiful differentiation (Conal Elliott)]].''' This: * Generalized to arbitrary dimension not just 3D but also 2D, 4D, and whatever-D * Generalized to arbitrary degree (as needed for a Taylor series) * Implements this employing lazy evaluation handling infinite partially unevaluated lists – this gives reasonably readable code = F-Rep challenges = == Term simplification with a CAS == When big numbers of base geometries are combined this can lead to a really big symbolic expression. <br> The whole 3D models geometry is represented as one single formula (no matter how big). <br> One might need to simplify these in one way or another to get to acceptable performance. <br> Unfortunately this requires a full on computer algebra system (CAS) something that is typically not present as library in todays programming languages * The experiment in implementing "F-Rep CSG" in the sage computer algebra system ran into this problem: <br>See: [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:40210 miniSageCAD] * Interestingly Christian Scahfmeisters work on [[spiroligomers]] turned up similar algebraic simplification challenges == Term pruning == With max and min some parts of of the formula can completely cancel out for the most part of the total volume that the model occupies. <br> Thus there should also be other ways to prune out parts of the expression to avoid their unnecessary evaluation (and remember these pruneouts).<br> * Binary space partitioning trees * Octrees * ... = Quadrics = == Nice projections == Quadrics are a limited subset of algebraic varieties with some useful properties. <br> One of them is that projecting them to a lower dimension like 2D always yields nice formulas (2D quadrics). == Quadriculation == Quatrics may be usable for some non-trianle-based B-Rep. That is:<br> Maybe some king of "quarticulation" is possible, analogous to "triangulation" but adding continuity of the first derivative as additional boundary condition. = Related = * [[Data decompression chain]] * [[Computer algebra system]] * [[The naive geometry grouping fallacy]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling Solid modeling] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling 3D modeling] * Constructive solid modelling: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry Constructive solid geometry] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_representation Function representation] '''F-Rep''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_representation Boundary representation] '''B-Rep''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling Polygonal modeling] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_graph Scene graph] == Math == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_distance_function Signed distance function] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_surface Implicit surface] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosurface Isosurface] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety Algebraic variety] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadric Quadric] ---- * Ray marching and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_ray_casting Volume ray casting] Data-structures fast lookup of stuff in 3D space: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_space_partitioning Binary space partitioning] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octree Octree] == Code: DSL libraries for CSG, CSG software, ... == * F-Rep – '''[https://openscad.org/ OpenSCAD]''' – <small>(uses [https://www.cgal.org CGAL under the hood] – C/C++)</small> <br> Interestingly OpenSCAD ... * ... is a 100% pure/denotative/side-effect-free by design. But as of 2021 it ... * ... is ''not'' a higher order functional language with functions as "first class citizens". There are quite a few copycat projects of OpenSCAD around. <br> Unfortunately they all seem to fail to implement a hard guarantee on code purity – (inheriting impurity from their substrate language). <br> Beyond OpenSCAD of the software artifacts listed here only implicitcad can give hard guarantees on purity (there enforced by types). <br> Related: [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] ---- * F-Rep – [http://evanw.github.io/csg.js/ csg.js] – (javascript library) * B-Rep – [https://libfive.com/ libfive (formerly AO)] [https://github.com/libfive/libfive (on github)] — (guile scheme software) * B-Rep – [https://github.com/fogleman/sdf Foglemans SDF library] — (python library) * B-Rep – [https://implicitcad.org/ implicitcad] – (haskell DSL) * B-Rep – [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:40210 MiniSageCAD experiment on Thingiverse] (implemented in the sage computer algebra system) ---- * B-Rep (2D) – rendering engine of the enso programming language (rust library) * B-Rep SDF-code on shadertoy – many examples there <br>– [https://www.shadertoy.com/view/Xds3zN Raymarching - Primitives ~ by iq] <br>– [https://www.shadertoy.com/results?query=tag%3Dsdf shadertoy: tag=sdf] dd62dqvz06svkxxlghij6n8nmj6o5ry wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1260 11649 11648 2021-07-15T17:29:11Z Apm 1 {{stub}} * Unison language – content addressed on the single closure level * Holochain DHT – content addressed on the per file level? * IPFS – content addressed on the per file level * Git – content addressed on the per file level * Nix – content addressed on the per package level? * ... While access channels to data can still break and <br> while data still can get deleted/destroyed Links to data are no longer fundamentally fragile <br> <small>(think: no longer silently breaking symlinks in file systems)</small> Related: Content addressed objects do not suddenly switch to an new incompatible version of * some library or * some function or * some (vector)graphic that no longer fits the transclusion context No, a content address always and forever points to the same data. <br> It's immutable. If the word immutability raises the panic flag of running out of storage in no time then that worry is not unreasonable. But as it stands now (2021) every installed program comes with a redundant copy of near a whole operating system (exaggerating a bit) <br> Reason: Developers increasingly are giving up on code sharing, given the rampant dependency hell caused by fragile non content addressed links. === Purely functional data structures === Dealing with immutable data-structures is not easy and was <br> (especially in the early days of computer science) <br> considered by some as an potential ultimate roadblock. <br> But by now a lot of new insights ave been gained and <br> libraries have been written. === Saving data by storing diffs (and "keyframes") === What is needed is smart ways in storing data by diffing. <br> Interestingly these is a discovered rather than invented deep formalism that eventually can be used. From every (infinite?) data-structure (like e.g. lists, trees, ...) <br> there can be derived a zipper datastructure by "differentiation" of that data-structure. <br> "Differentiation" really means analytic differentiation as in d/dx(x^2) = 2x <br> Storing data in the form of what needs to be inserter into the zipper to reconstruct the data corresponds to storing by diffing it seems. <br> (well a rigid subset of diffing that is – no "key-frames" here). <br> When getting to know that datastructures can be differentiated for the first time that may sound wild, but it really works. <br> First one needs the datatype that ought to be differentiated in the form of an algebraic data type (ADT). <br> An ADT is made up of product types and sum types: * an n-tuple is a product-type * en enum is a sum-type For datatypes like lists and trees one needs nested recursive definitions. <br> These definitions can be rewritten literally with sums and products (as the names imply). <br> With some simple math one ends up with a formula representing the datatype (also called a generating function) <br> Now the normal mathematical derivative can be taken. <br> The result formula can be converted back into a datatype and voila one has the zipper. {{wikitodo|add example math}} A practical data-storage system would maybe need somehow a fractal pattern of key-frames interspersed. (??) <br> This sounds like a lot of thinking will be needed. '''Some interesting trivia:''' Actually one can take higher order derivatives of data-structures <br> (second derivative corresponds to the diffs of the diffs) <br> and make a whole Taylor series. * This is category theory – algebraic datatype make Cartesian closed categories is seems – functions correspond to powers * This is part of the Curry-Howard-Lambeck correspondence – propositions as '''types as algebraic-expressions''' * Generating functions occur in physics in the context of conserved quantities and the Nöther theorem == Related == * [[Programming languages]] * [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] * [[Reversible computing]] * Garbage collection (Software) * "data hoarding" * "space leak" == External links == * '''https://www.unisonweb.org/''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git Git] – https://git-scm.com/ * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System InterPlanetary File System] – https://ipfs.io/ * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_(Paketmanager) Nix (Paketmanager)] – https://nixos.org/ * '''https://holochain.org/''' * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent BitTorrent] https://www.bittorrent.com/ ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely_functional_data_structure Purely functional data structure] * "Purely functional Data Structures" by Chris Ohasaki 1996 – [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/theses/okasaki.pdf (pdf)] l7vuipe7zikj99tdcjlxcwuq44t1k1e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 512 5352 2016-12-17T13:17:05Z Apm 1 just some bullet-points for now {{stub}} * indistinguishability - equivalence class - jumping between / superposition of consistent environments not disprovable - possible * from connected to broken continuity - critical point? * equal "perfect" copy issue * mental frame rate never stopping - [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] looparound * no retained information - no assignability avvq5zljlzr3s8kx3omk9rbftgy6hhp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 168 11726 11725 2021-07-22T21:54:27Z Apm 1 some minor cleanup {{Stub}} {{wikitodo|separate out generalized article}} = Overview = There are three hierarchies. The virtual ''design levels'' need to be mapped to the physically computing ''control levels'' which then need to be mapped to the physically producing ''assembly levels''. * design levels -> control levels -> [[assembly levels]] This gives an extremely big design space. = Design levels = Starting with very high level programming languages going down a [[decompression chain]] to low level signals. * high language 1: functional, logical, connection to computer algebra system * high language 2: imperative, functional * [[constructive solid geometry]] graph (CSG graph), parametric surfaces * quadric nets C¹ – ([[quadriculation]]?) * triangle nets C⁰ – triangulation * tool-paths * Primitive signals: step-signals, rail-switch-states, clutch-states, ... Note that there is a second target for the decompression chain. In the development process. Virtual visualizations are necessary. = Control levels = * central computer * semi local nano-electronics * local nano-mechanics = Assembly Levels = The physical assembly process. Main article: [[Assembly levels]] = Related = * [[Decompression chain]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] toioa4csdi6fbf238gp96jv68c379ks wikitext text/x-wiki 0 403 4361 2015-10-02T06:03:55Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Control hirarchy]] to [[Control hierarchy]]: spelling error #REDIRECT [[Control hierarchy]] j2f7nmbj2y2nmizsjihexpqrc1zwebx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 253 12023 12022 2021-09-21T11:11:43Z Apm 1 /* Characterization of convergent assembly */ [[File:0609factory700x681.jpg|thumb|400px|Note that '''in a practical design the size steps would be much bigger than mere doubling steps''' also '''it is not a necessity that the topmost convergent assembly levels have the same size as the whole factory device''' - like shown here. - Devices can be made thin and flat. - Coplanar layers are natural when equal operation speeds in all assembly levels are present.]] In [[nanofactory|advanced gemstone based atomically precise manufacturing systems]] convergent assembly (Or hierarchical assembly or confluent assembly) is the general process of taking small parts and putting them together to bigger parts and then taking those bigger parts and putting them together to even bigger parts and so on. Convergent assembly must not be confused with [[exponential assembly]] <br> A concept for bootstrapping [[APM|AP manufacturing]]. <br> <small>Convergent assembly is also exponential due to its tree structure. Describable by geometric series. <br>This might be a source of potential confusion. </small> '''For related math see: [[Math of convergent assembly]]''' = Motivations for convergent assembly = * '''Avoiding unnecessary disassembly''' when reconfiguring already produced products in a way that just swaps big chunks. * Allowing to assemble unstable overhangs or impossible undercuts without scaffolds. (stalactite like structures) * The possibility to keep everything in a vacuum/cleanroom till the final product release - this should not be necessary and may decrease the incentive for the creation of systems that are capable of [[recycling]]. * Nontrivial effects on speed. = General = In an advanced [[nanofactory|gem-gum-factory]] the '''convergent assembly levels''' can be identified with the abstract [[assembly levels]]. Note that those are not tied to any specific geometric layout. Stacking those levels to [[nanofactory layers|layers]] as a concrete implementation is a good first approximation (especially in the mid range size levels where scale invariant design holds for a decent range of orders of magnitudes) it creates a [[nanofactory]] which is practical and conveniently also reasonably easy to analyze. For optimal performance (in efficiency or throughput) deviations from a design with coplanar layers may be necessary. Both at the very small scales and at the very large scales a highly optimized nanofactroy design may strongly deviate from [[Nanofactory layers|a simple stack of layers]]. Some new factors that come into effect at large scales are: * The production facilities own mass under earths (or other planetary) gravity * At very large scales even abundant materials can get scarce. * {{speculativity warning}} <br>At very very large scales production facilies would act as "planetoid" attracting the outer parts of its structure to its center. Related: [[Look of large scale gem-gum factories]] = Degree, stepsize, fillfactor, ... = There are at least three important parameters to characterize convergent assembly. <br> * The '''"degree" or "[[convergent assembly depth]]"''' of convergent assembly, in terms of number of '''convergent assembly levels across the whole stack'''. Stacks of chambers of the same are counted as one layer! Such stacks need means to transport finished parts to the top. Convergent assembly depth has little effect on maximal throughput! But not none. * The '''"stepsize" or "[[branching factor]]"''' of (convergent) assembly, in terms of the '''ratio of product-size to resource-size''' in each assembly step, has a huge effect on speed. Note though that this parameter is present for all "degrees" of convergent assembly even degree one or zero. Meaning it is also present in productive nanosystems that lack convergent assembly. (In systems with more than one convergent assembly layer unequal stepsizes can occur.) * The '''"fillfactor" or "[[chamber to part size ratio]]"'''. This is relevant for when the convergent assembly does not lead all the way up to a single macroscopic chamber but instead stops sooner. The topmost layer has to fill a dense volume unlike the layers below. If the topmost layer indeed assembles a dense product then this will slow it down (if not compensated by more and/or faster working sub-chambers in the layer below). = Topology and Geometry = The optimal branching topology (given by physics) can impose strong constraints on the geometry of the [[assembly levels]] of convergent assembly. <br> For artificial on chip gemstone based systems an organization into coplanar [[assembly layers]] seems to be a good baseline starting point. <br> Natural systems are quite different. They tend to * fill up whole macroscopic volumes with productive nanomachinery * form dentridic 3D tree like systems. Like e.g. vascular systems, lungs, lymph systems, trachea systems in insects, … = Influence of the degree of convergent assembly on throughput speed = Convergent assembly per se is not faster than if one would just use the highly parallel bottom layer(s) to assemble final product in one fell swoop. Assembling the final product in one fell swoop right from a naive general purpose highly parallel bottom-most layer would be just as fast as a system with the same bottom-layer that has a convergent assembly hierarchy stacked on top. There are indirect aspects of convergent assembly that provide speedup though. Including avoiding unnecessary energy turnover. Especially [[recycling]] of already produced [[microcomponents]] in the higher [[assembly level]]s should be able to give a massive speed boost. == Speedup of recycling (recomposing product updates) by enabling partial top down disassembly == * Simpler decomposition into standard assembly-groups that can be put together again in completely different ways. * Automated management of bigger logical assembly-groups Full convergent assembly all the way up to the macro-scale allows one to perform rather trivial automated macroscopic reconfigurations with the available macroscopic manipulators. Otherwise it would be necessary to fully disassemble the product almost down to the molecular level which would be wasteful in energy and time. In short: just silly. Especially doing full disassembly at the lowest assembly levels makes the surface area explode and number of strong interfaces that need to be broken and reformed explode. Each step with a ''potentially very low'' but still existent efficiency penality. Getting energy in and waste heat out can limit operation speed. Choosing to leave out just the topmost one to three convergent assembly layers could provide the huge portability benefit of a flat form factor (without significant loss of reconfiguration speed). Alternatively with a bit more design effort the topmost convergent layers could be made collapsible/foldable. == Convergent assembly makes low level specialization possible => speedup == Putting the first convergent assembly layers right above the bottom layers allows for specialized production units ([[mechanosynthesis core]]s specialized to specific [[crystolecule|molecular machine elements]]) that can operate faster than general purpose production units. The pre-produced standard-parts get redistributed ''form where they are made to where they are needed'' by an intermediary [[transport layer]] and then assembled by the next layer in the convergent assembly hierarchy. === Component routing logistics === Between the layers of convergent assembly there is the opportunity to nestle transport layers that are potentially non local. If necessary the products outputted by the small assembly cells below the one bigger associated upper assembly cell may be routed beyond the limits of this associated assembly cell that lies directly above them. That is if the geometric layout decisions allow this (this seems e.g. relatively easy the case in a stratified nanofactory design). This allows the upper bigger assembly cells to receive more part types than the limited number of associated lower special purpose mill outputs would allow. The low lying [[diamondoid molecular element|crystolecule]] routing layer is especially critical in this regard. === Comparison to specialization on the macroscale === In today's industry of non atomically precise production convergent assembly is the rule but in most cases it is just not fully automated. An example is the path from raw materials to electronic parts to printed circuit boards and finally to complete electronic devices. The reason for convergent assembly here is that for the separate parts there are many specialized production places necessary. The parts just can't be produced directly in place in the final product. Usually one needs '''a welter of completely identical building components in a product'''. Connection pins are a good example. '''Single atoms are completely identical but they lack in variety''' in their independent function. Putting together standard parts in place with a freely programmable general purpose manipulator amounts to a waste of space and time. General purpose manipulators are misused that way. Even in general purpose computer architectures there are - if one takes a closer look - specially optimized areas for special tasks. '''Specialization on a higher abstraction level is usually removed from the hardware and put into software.''' (In a physically producing personal fabricator there's a far wider palette of possibilities for physical specialization than in a data shuffling microprocessor since there are so many possible [[diamondoid molecular elements]] that can be designed.) '''Bigger assembly groups provide more design freedom''' and for the better or the worse the freedom of format proliferation. Here the speed gain from specialization drops and the space usage explodes exponentially because of the combinatoric possibilities. Out of this reason '''this is the place where to switch hardware generalization compensated by newly introduced software specialization.''' Thus In a personal fabricator the most if not '''all the specialization is distributed in the bottom-most layers'''. Further up the assembly levels specialization is not a motivation for convergent assembly anymore. Some of the other motivations may prevail. Higher convergent assembly levels (layers) quickly loose their logistic importance (the relative transport distances to the part sizes shrink). The main distribution action takes place in the first three logistic layers. Side-notes: * In the [[Molecular assembler|'''obsolete''' assembler concept]] all parts of a product where thought to be [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] right at their final place in the product. * Consumer side preferences in possibility space may drive higher level physical specialization in [[further improvement at technology level III|beyond advanced APM systems]]. = Characterization of convergent assembly = '''See: [[Math of convergent assembly]]''' Convergent assembly can follow different scaling laws and follow different topology. <br> Depending on that, the embedding of convergent assembly into 3D space sometimes necessarily need to change. For artificial [[machine phase]] systems an organization of [[assembly levels]] into [[assembly layers]] seems to be the obvious starting point for design. When liquid or gas phase is involved then dendridic tree like designs that have too much branching to match a layered design might be the better choice. = Related = * [[Math of convergent assembly]] * [[Convergent self assembly]] * [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] <br> In particular: [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Assembly levels]] * [[Assembly layers]] * [[Multilayer assembly layers]] * [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] * relation to data packages in electronic networks * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] {{todo | investigate various forms of self assembly further}} = External links = * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0507molManConvergent.html Convergent assembly can quickly build large products from nanoscale parts] (from K. Eric Drexlers website) * Illustrations: http://e-drexler.com/p/04/05/0609factoryImages.html ---- * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-flow_min-cut_theorem and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_max-flow_min-cut_theorem * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_flow_problem * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_network * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_problem * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization ---- * http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/convergent.html [[Category:General]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] sl7xisz6wddhpr0bvwfndvkzkwkxekq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 938 9046 2021-05-18T17:35:20Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Assembly layers]] #REDIRECT [[Assembly layers]] jdff7q5n4h55f5jhgd0xgmwbuvh22di wikitext text/x-wiki 0 15 9054 9049 2021-05-18T17:53:26Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Confluence of mechanical actuation]] to [[Convergent mechanical actuation]]: generally seems better terminology {{site specific definition}} For adding up nanoscopic movement (speed / angular speed and force / torque) generated by [[chemomechanical converters|chemical]] electrical or an other energy source to macroscopic movement there are multiple methods conceivable: * [[interfacial drive]] ''(invented name)'' * [[artificial motor-muscles]] * hierarchical axles ''(invented name)'' * ... == Interfacial drive == An [[interfacial drive]] has the same basic structure as an [[infinitesimal bearings|infinitesimal bearing]] with the layer structure made so much bigger that energy generation (conversion) and possibly [[energy storage cells|storage]] can be incorporated. Interfacial drives create shear movement (transversal). The volume of the material stays constant. == Artificial motor-muscles == Details about them can be found on the "[[artificial motor-muscles|mokel]]" page. They can be used to create axial (longitudinal) shape changes. In operation the materials volume changes. == Hierarchical axles == A system of hierarchical axles would be a macroscopic axle by driven by '''n₁''' sub axles each of which is driven by '''n₂''' sub sub axles and so forth down to the lower physical size limit meaning axles built out of single [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMMEs]]. This design is more complicated than an [[interfacial drive]] since it has a much more complex fractal geometry and many layers at different size scales calling for different designs. All the axles from the third or fourth hierarchical layer from the bottom upwards will need to be supported by [[infinitesimal bearings]]. Evening out the speed difference on the contact points of intermeshing meso- to macroscopic gears in a similar fashion ''(drive contact)'' is another difficult problem. To avoid gearing down to too low speeds some stages need to gear up as a countermeasure. There are more than eight inter-meshing gear contacts in series from the generators to the macroscopic load (or vice versa) thus this design only may make sense with the exceptionally high efficiency of nanomechanical gears compared to macroscopic gears. [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] sonkh8o0hzb20d705syz22t60zmhbq9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 909 8844 2021-05-03T11:53:30Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Convergent self assembly]] #REDIRECT [[Convergent self assembly]] 6h4qdonfn71gfi3quqt9gbqen6bf9ox wikitext text/x-wiki 0 819 8261 8260 2021-03-28T08:30:05Z Apm 1 added wikitodo = Experimental example demonstrations = As of before 2020 convergent self assembly (or convergent thermally driven assembly) <br> has already been experimentally demonstrated in [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] (SDN). <br> Specifically this was demonstrated with the DNA brick approach. {{wikitodo|add reference links to the relevant papers}} <br> {{wikitodo|add a sketch of the process}} == First assembly level == In the first assembly step the right set of "DNA bricks" (which are short pieces of floppy singe stranded DNA aka DNA oligomers) are <br> mixed together and thermally annealed to self assemble to bigger somewhat stiff and squarish blocks. == Second assembly level == In the second assembly level these some bigger blocks with complementary shapes where made to self assemble to even bigger multi block structures by means of salt concentration changed. = Limitations = == SDN stiffness and environment limitations == The stiffness of SDN structures just barely is sufficient to hold them in somewhat squarish shapes. <br> Minor issue: There is a slight natural twist to the bigger squarish blocks. <br> This is all performed in solution. <br> Given the low stiffness and [[high charges on DNA]] it's seems quite likely that <br> drying these structures out could make them shrivel up, deform and maybe break in some way. <br> {{todo|investigate this}}. == de-novo protein alternatives == Something in some way similar has not yet been demonstrated with more stiff proteins. <br> Thinkable would be: * A direct analogy with short peptide chains taking the place of of protein oligomers * Using wolde folded de-novo proteins as bricks The latter suffers from the situation that in de-novo protein systems it is hard <br> to get bigger sets of [[orthogonal sets of interfaces]]. The former suffers from the situation that proteins are <br> by evolution not as specifically tailored to pairing up as DNA is. == other foldamers or polymers == TODO ... == Related == * [[Structural DNA nanotechnology]] ---- In more advanced technology levels with positional control * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Assembly levels]] qkmssioo5tgz3qaki6mo8cz8zhj9599 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 820 8272 2021-03-28T10:40:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Convergent self assembly]] #REDIRECT [[convergent self assembly]] 67itgxebowic0k6lblwgq6p4fawzdck wikitext text/x-wiki 0 698 7101 2018-07-10T14:09:37Z Apm 1 Just a shorthand for easier lookup #REDIRECT[[Diamondoid heat pump system]] ijf9xmh1b51qbqqrn6r5s7ihkmh79cs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 621 6409 6408 2017-09-04T06:57:43Z Apm 1 /* Grazing the sun – A "mundane" form of star lifting */ added some notes on how this relates to the "parker solar probe" == Cooling a spacecraft by heating its radiators == A Spacecraft can only get rid of it's waste heat via radiative cooling. This is because there's practically no material surrounding it that could provide a path for conduction or convection that the waste heat could take. For the purpose of radiative cooling bigger higher powered sattelites/spacecrafts need infrared radiators. When the temperature of the radiators is kept constant then doubling the cooling power equates to doubling the area of the radiatiors. This furthermore roughly doubles the radiators mass (ignoring the mass of eventual fractal stiffening structures). Since the radiated away power per unit area '''(areal cooling power density) scales with the fourth power of the radiators temperature''' (Stefan–Boltzmann law [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law]) one can radiate away much more waste heat when the radiators are operated at a high temperature. While possible today {{todo|check inhowfar that has been done}}<br> actively pumping heat from the spacecraft into the radiators will be possible much more efficiently with [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s. Of course the maximum temperature is limited by the thermal material degradation of the radiators. Some good [[refractory material]]s (those that don't contain rare elements) will become dirt cheap with advanced [[gem-gum technology]]. Going to the ultimate limits requires rare elements though. === Going to the limits of spacecraft cooling === {{speculativity warning}} (level 1) Instead of using refractory materials containing rare elements and still being not much more performant than with cheap refractory materials one could try the following: It might be possible to use a heat pump to dump the waste heat into a magnetically confined plasma that one slowly releases. A plasma at temperatures way above the melting point of all possible solid state materials and possibly even way above the temperature of the sun (just as in today's tokamak nuclear fusion experiments). Possible problems are: * plasma narrow band RF heating bottleneck (serious issue ...) * plasma detachment from magnetic cage This looks very much like the VASIMR (variable specific impulse magnetoplasmatic rocket) concept. So could it double as propulsion? For cooling it's important to release a wide thermal energy spectrum carrying as much phase space away with it as possible. Narrowing the release angle should reduce phase space so double use for propulsion should degrade cooling capacity a bit. The other way around, avoiding an undesired propulsion effect, may be an issue too. === Grazing the sun – A "mundane" form of star lifting === {{speculativity warning}} (level 3) With this method: Could spacecrafts be sent near enough to the sun to replenish their released "cooling-plasma" (up to 200,000,000 K) with plasma from the suns atmosphere which is freezing cold in comparison (corona: 1,000,000 K)? This would likely mean dipping a bit into the (colder but denser) chromosphere (transition region). Problems: * it may be hard to shield against deeply penetrating hard radiation spectral tails (X-ray to gamma) * temperatures & densities: <br>corona temperatures > 1,000,000 K (very low density though!) <br>lower lying chromosphere: while temperatures are lower pressures are higher (effectively a higher thermal load?) * at scooping depth atmospheric drag compensation likely becomes an issue * extreme orbital speeds in periapsis significantly bigger than 100km/s<br> {{todo|check exact speeds and which temperature these corresponds to - these add to the environmental conditions}}<br> note that extreme orbital speeds make scooping more efficient – crossing more volume per time * likely negligible: interaction of magnetic systems of the spacecraft with suns magnetic field Here's a density vs temperature chart of the Sun's atmosphere: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Atmosphere_Temperature_and_Density_SkyLab.jpg] associated infos: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_talk:Sun_Atmosphere_Temperature_and_Density_SkyLab.jpg]<br> Here's a density vs heigth chart for the Earth's atmosphere: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmosphere_model.png]<br> 80km ~ 2ng/ccm = 2mg/m³ ~ one orbit around earth => way too dense || 150km ~ 0.3pg/ccm = 0.3µg/m³ || 200km ~ orbiting earth about 24hours (about 16 orbits)<br> Since the sun is much bigger and massive than Earth one contacts much faster at much longer distance thus one will want to avoid dipping in as deep as in earths atmosphere. {{todo|compare to galileo entry probe reentry conditions}} '''Related near term research''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe Parker_Solar_Probe (Wikipedia)]. This probe will approach the sun as close as 8.5 solar radii. It is hoped that it will solve the mysterious origin of the high speed of the solar wind. Note that 8.5 solar radii is nowhere near close enough to macroscopic amounts of gas. The original planned (but later cancelled) concept called for an approach as close as 3.0 solar radii. At this distance the sun already occupies an sizable chunk of the sky (solid angle). But this is still not at the point where the sun becomes a planar heat source occupying half of the "sky". At the point where the sun becomes a planar heat source further approach makes no difference in power density anymore. To hope for scooping up gas/plasma one absolutely has to go that deep. === Cooling whole Planets === {{speculativity warning}} (level 2) '''Venus:'''<br> With advanced gen-gum technology one could quickly start cooling down Venus by just reflecting back excessive in-falling light. The natural cooling process would take a very very long time though. If one wants to speed up the cooling process significantly the cooling by heating method may be usable. Also in a possible far off future where a one actually want's to use most of that energy and one taps a significant amount of it the cooling by heating method may be usable to prevent overheating of the whole planet. A planetary cooling system would likely look like plants shining thermal light beams at temperatures between 2000K and 3000K away from the sun during nighttime / on the nightside of the planet. If focusing does not degrade the cooling capacity too much (as explained further above) then part of the energy that's radiated away can be reused further out the solar system. This further degrades cooling efficiency though (due to receiver back-reflection). '''Earth:'''<br> In general this is about averting the "hypsithermal limit" and thus even applicable to earth. === Enabling magma submarines ?! === {{speculativity warning}} (level 3) In case earth core probes turn out to be possible than the method of cooling by heating (solid state) radiators is of absolute essence. An unconditional requirement.<br> See main article "[[Deep drilling]]" for more speculations regarding this topic. Easier accessible than the deep regions of terrestrial planets should be / may be the "deep" (still down only a tiny fraction of the planets radius) regions of gas giants. At these palaces one has a continuum in difficulty level with rising depth and a maybe less aggressive chemical environment (mostly hydrogen, helium and light non metal hydrides instead of iron and nickel). p9gseufh51nix6avg1eez6dg12bj5cj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 782 8918 8917 2021-05-15T13:40:54Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Coordinate bonds]] to [[Coordinate bond]]: plural -> singular Coordinate bond aka dative bond. A bond where [[lone pair]] of electrons sticks into an empty orbital of an electron deficient atom in a molecule. <br> Prime example is Nitrogen forming a coordinate bond with boron. This is in contrast to simple [[covalent bond]]s where electrons are shared symmetrically. <br> Two electrons one from each atom pair up. Electron spins must align antiparallel. Electron deficiency can lead to more complex things like <br> two electron three center bonds. == External Links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond Coordinate covalent bond] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_polymer Coordination polymer] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93organic_framework Metal–organic framework] f2iysvj5l5hucw5smucsu6grdoad383 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 915 8919 2021-05-15T13:40:54Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Coordinate bonds]] to [[Coordinate bond]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Coordinate bond]] mw51fotlraaquvl4rpdk7f27lppn9a7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 914 8916 2021-05-15T13:39:15Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Coordinative bonds]] to [[Coordinate bonds]]: coordinative was simply wrong #REDIRECT [[Coordinate bonds]] stk6nogg1ilzh7f1u2del1ma08fniu1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 932 9005 2021-05-17T10:04:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Copification square]] to [[Copyfication square]]: spelling error #REDIRECT [[Copyfication square]] 4pbe3ukwifnsmlgkn6cogl3vuigoiu5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 930 9013 9010 2021-05-17T10:57:35Z Apm 1 added note on analogy breakdown to the fire triangle {{site specific term}} "Copyfication" for "immobile replication" or "immobile self-replication". == Analogy breakdown to the fire triangle -- runaway accidents no longer possible == Unlike the [[reproduction hexagon]] and the [[replication pentagon]] this is no longer an analogy to the fire triangle <br> where when all sides are fulfilled it leads to a runaway chain reaction. <br> Without mobility copies pile up and congest further copying. See below. <br> Plus without active plug-in to the required resources by an external actor <br> not even a second generation of copies can operate by themselves itself. == The four sides of the immobile self-replication square == '''There are four necessary requirements on selfreplicativity for a [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]].''' '''Needed are:''' * replication capability * building block availability * energy supply * blueprint data mobility (a mere digital access to a central copy is sufficient, some redundancy is advisable though for resiliency) '''Not needed are:''' * replicator mobility -- needed for the (outdated) [[molecular assembler]] concept * sufficient adaptivity -- needed only by biological life == Intuitive image of pileup and congestion == Just like on a photocopier on the output side products pile up, and if they are not removed <br> manually then the clog prevents any further copying process. <br> Pileups could be quite bad though if congestions are not detected. <br> <small>Remotely related topic: Breach of a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]].</small> In contrast replicators ([[replication pentagon]] applies) move actively out of the way (arbitrarily far) <br> to make space for an arbitrary amount of further replications. == Blueprint data mobility == A note on "blueprint data mobility": <br> The biological example of DNA with a full nanomechanically encoded datastorage copy in <br> every single cell is ridiculously inefficient and nothing we would want to mimic in artificial systems for manufacturing. == Related == * [[reproduction hexagon]] - [[replication pentagon]] - [[copyfication square]] * [[self replication]] j63lseeyr97wqys89glypmckfy5kerp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1172 10981 2021-06-28T09:40:02Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Corundum structure]] to [[Hematite structure]]: more widely used it seems #REDIRECT [[Hematite structure]] 5947kkcbe80lnlks3hgoeoqsmgzuejl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1158 11413 10901 2021-07-09T13:22:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Control levels]] {{stub}} '''A hierarchical system.''' * Electronics on larger scales * Some [[nanomechanical computation]] at the smallest scales ---- * output: mostly open-loop controlling connections to the [[[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] * input: High level user interfaces (graphical or otherwise) for human users interfaces ---- Eventually possible (but not critically necessary!) exotic stuff: * larger scales than electronics (due to optical wavelengths being big) possibly soem photonci processing * computation with other physical phenomenons (plasmons, spins, ...) == Why the amount of data to handle is managable despite being enormous == TODO == Related == * [[Data decompression chain]] * [[Control levels]] ---- * [[Nanomechanical computation]] – [[Mechanical computation]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]] * [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] ---- * [[Reversible data processing]] ld8aj7gxrhox5w26wzfd9v0w03u2lkf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 845 8417 8416 2021-04-08T13:05:43Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ added link to German Wikipedia page that makes a connection to exchange interaction {{stub}} '''Beware from falling in this trapdoor:''' <br> Magnetic interaction between spins is '''not''' what holds the bond together. <br> It gives a tiny contribution but it is very minute. <br> What mainly reduces the binding partners combined total energy when a bond is formed and <br> what thus gives the vast majority of the binding force is the following: <br> Upon bonding the matter wave of the electron can spread out around the nucleus of the binding partner too and <br> according to the [[Heisenberg uncertainty principle]] more spread in volume means less spread in impulse and thus less kinetic energy. <br> This is because the phase space volume of an electron in ground state (volume spread impulse spread) always stays minimal. == Related == * The issue of [[Inter system crossing]] in [[Mechanosynthesis]]. <br> Spins must align before a bond can form. == External Links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond Covalent bond] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_interaction Exchange interaction] * German wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalente_Bindung#Physik_der_kovalenten_Bindung] – Exchange interaction as the attractive component in covalent bonds. 74yq00caeqo0t8ukab0pznjdqajowg8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 779 11144 7972 2021-07-01T16:25:55Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{stub}} In [[Main Page|gemstone metamaterial technology]] covalent bonds are of most interest since they: * are usually strongly localized (unlike metallic bonds) * allow for passivation of surfaces making them not weld together on contact. Essential for any kind of machine with moving parts sliding over each other. * are strong enough to not diffuse around at room temperature. (unlike metallic bonds where single atoms often like to diffusing around wildly on surfaces) == Related == * [[The basics of atoms]] * [[The nature and shape of atoms]] * [[Metallic bonds]] * [[Ionic bonds]] * others: coordinative bonds, hydrogen bonds, … == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond Covalent bond (Wikipedia)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_covalent_bonding Network covalent bonding] ep640eqixu9aabcior0rm7banvrf2q1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 746 7623 2018-08-25T11:15:42Z Apm 1 redirect fro the name used in [[Nanosystems]] #REDIRECT [[Seamless covalent welding]] gz0hagd6pzsx3yogoxzuoap2jr2xq3n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 675 6852 2017-10-30T16:54:55Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Seamless covalent welding]] #REDIRECT [[Seamless covalent welding]] gz0hagd6pzsx3yogoxzuoap2jr2xq3n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 785 10615 8016 2021-06-18T16:28:04Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ Cryovolvanism is volcanism in our solar system that instead of molten rock<br> vents more or less salty water or fluids that are liquid at even lower temperatures like ammonia. == Why cryovolcanism is exciting == * Robots can dive in and explore the cryovolcanic channel system without the need for extreme heat resistance (given cracks are big enough). * Diving down just a few meters deep already gives perfect shielding against space radiation. Good for space probes, even better for astronauts. * The radiation shielding water essentially replaces a thick atmosphere (that is only present on Titan, Venus, the four gas giants, and Earth of course). * The radiation shielding water makes burying oneself under regolith obsolete. * The radiation shielding water makes climbing down vacuum "filled" lavatubes obsolete. * The water provides strong buoyancy allowing for easy 3D navigation (no wheels or legs) * The water may provide decent amounts of dissolved elements that maybe can be used for manufacturing - some day with [[advanced APM]] === Are the cracks big enough to enter? === By the time of writing (2020) we certainly know about the existence of cryovolcanism, but how big the cryovolcanic cracks actually are is still hard to tell. The images we have today (2020) where all taken from orbit and thus do not provide enough resolution to tell us whether there are some openings that are at least about meter sized (like a big Earth geyser) where robotic probes could directly and unbobstructedly enter. On Earth volcanic cracks are typically small but we do have some lava lakes which may be connected to bigger supply channels. A better analogy might be geysers. There too are ones with openings that would be big enough for a probe to enter. Finding ones big enough for a crewed submarine to fit in is another story, but when it comes to colonization carrying a reactor along to melt away obstructions may be an option. Unlike elsewhere refreezing might be very slow or absent, thus a system for fast transport can be more easily built up. (At other non-cryovolcanic placed where refreezing is very fast one might wanna make (from local resources) vacuum "filled" tubes with strong lining walls. This seems much more difficult). Geysers on Earth feature clear water, so if the vents are not too active and agitated it seems very reasonable to expect to find some vents that are filled with clear water allowing to take direct visual video footage. == Comparison to "conventional" volcanism on Earth == In case of "conventional" Earth like volcanism (and beyond) we have: <br> <small>(listed by increasing potential "divability")</smalL> * very red hot and super viscous basaltic lava * barely red hot carbonatite lava [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatite] * cooking hot mud volcanoes * geysers All of these (except the last one) spew out an opaque and highly viscous medium.<br> <small>(maybe one could do some sonar navigation in mud volcano channels)</small> == In context of [[advanced APM]] == * What useful elements can be expected to be dissolved in the water ([[filtering]]) * How to build a research base or colonization habitat in there given these materials == Locations of cryovolcanism == Essentially all the places where [[subsurface ocean]] is suspected. But cryovolcanism might be present even without an open [[subsurface ocean]]. == External Links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryovolcano Cryovlocano] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser#Cryogeysers Cryogeyser] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryovolcano Cryovolcano] lfpiyid9ef75it8r04qn9sa09cwyvwu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1067 10505 10503 2021-06-16T11:05:53Z Apm 1 /* Examples of the diamondoid sub-class */ {{Site specific term}} This page is about small assemblies of [[crystolecule]]s of a typical size scale of maybe about ~64nm (very crudely widely varying). <br> This page covers all suitable [[gemstone-like compounds]] used as base material. Not just ones with [[diamondoid]] structure. Crystolecular elements are: * assembled from [[crystolecules]] – at the [[second assembly level]] involving often irreversible [[seamless covalent welding]] * assembled into a [[microcomponent]] – at the [[third assembly level]] Crystolecular elements: * are typically often not disassemblable because they where partially [[seamless covalent welding|fused together]]. * sometimes have enclosed movable elements ---- Here on this wiki the term "crystolecular element" will be used to refer to <br> functional components (structural or machine elements) that <br> may have any kind of [[gemstone-like compound|suitable gemstones]] as [[base material]]s. <br> = Examples of the diamondoid sub-class = '''For the subclass with diamond-like structure see: [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]''' <br> And for specific examples of this subclass see: * [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] '''(lots of animated images there)''' – these are on the small end * [[Acetylene sorting pump]] – this one is maybe getting more close to the typical size scale A basic diamondoid sleeve bearings is a small [[diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] made out of two [[diamondoid crystolecule]]s. = Machine elements (DMMEs) = == Types == === Bearings === DMME bearings exhibit [[superlubrication|superlubrication]]. In the case of [[diamondoid]] rotative bearings this looks like described here: [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingSums.html E.Drexler's blog: Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function]. The occurring friction is orders of magnitude lower than the one occurring when liquid lubricants are used in macro or microscopic (non [[atomic precision|AP]]) bearings [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html E.Drexler's blog: Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids]. DMME bearings can be built such that the force between bearing and axle is anti-compressive further lowering dynamic drag but also lowering stiffness possibly down to zero. [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322nonrepulsive.html E.Drexler's blog: Bearings can be stable despite attractive interactions between their surfaces] (related: [[levitation]]) If badly chosen the combined symmetry of bearing and axle can create a bistable tristable or an other low symmetry configuration. This should usually be avoided. Some symmetry considerations can be found here: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/bearingProof.html Zyvex; Ralph C. Merkle: A Proof About Molecular Bearings] and iirc on the Nanoengineer-1 developer wiki which went missing. :( A tutorial on bearing design can be found here: [http://www.somewhereville.com/?p=82 A Low-Friction Molecular Bearing Assembly Tutorial, v1] === Friction elements === Interlocking teeth with low stiffness can snap back and thermalize energy. [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html E.Drexler's blog: Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy] This can serve as a break (analog to an electrical resistor in an electrical circuit) One very interesting machine element design is the '''warp spring clutch'''. [http://www.tinyclutch.com/spring-clutches.htm] [https://www.google.com/search?q=warp+spring+clutch&oq=warp+spring+clutch google] === Gears === Single rows of protruding atoms can be used as gear teeth. But a simple pair of inter-meshing straight bevel-gears has a lot higher bumpiness than well designed DMME bearings. This can be reduced by making the gears very slightly helical (e.g. through applied strain) so that simultaneous contacts have phase shifts thoroughly below the angle of a tooth. Such bump-smoothing-gears have not been designed and analyzed yet (2014) ['''Todo''': example design]. Meshing pairs of unequal designed gears may help too. Making the teeth bigger by using more but not much more than one atom row for a gear gives a lot of undisired "bumpiness". Quite a bit bigger gears could use involute teeth like their macroscopic cousins. Involute teeth can be approximated by strained and or dislocation including diamondoid structures. Surface structure is best kept non-aligning. Friction prone [[passivation]]s like a standard hydrogen passivation should be avoided. Graphite linings might be usable. It remains to be analyzed whether and if which advantages approximations of involute and other gear profiles provide. The effects on transmittable torque, axial pressure and so on are of interest. Considerations about stiffness as in [[superlubrication]] for DMME bearings are equally relevant for grears [''more details needed'']. === Fasteners === Details can be found on the [[locking mechanisms]] page. <br> Enclosed radicals could be used to make very compact reversible connectors (name suggestion: ''covaconns'' - for covalent connectors) * [''Todo:'' note details about the expanding ridge joint] === Pumps === There is a model of a single atom neon pump which to some degree acts as a filter too. Positive displacement pumps like piston pumps scroll pumps or progressing cavity pumps have not yet been designed. === Others === * Parts for the management of [[semi diamondoid structure]]s - e.g. coil barrels - those are especially amenable for testing. * [Todo: telescoptc rods; joints; hinges .... ball joints -> issues lack of ball curvature?] == Sets == To be able to build the maximal amount of different [[microcomponents]] with the minimal amount of DMEs one needs to design/pick optimal sets of DMEs from a very large design space. === Minimal set of compatible DMMEs === In electric circuits there is one topological and three kinds of basic passive elements.<br> Adding an active switching element one can create a great class of circuits. <br> '''0) fork node; 1) capacitors; 2) inductors; 3) resistors''' Those passive elements have a direct correspondences in rotative or reciprocating mechanics namely: <br> '''0) planetary or differential gearbox [*]; 1) springs; 2) inertial masses; 3) friction elements''' <br> [*] and analogons for reciprocating mechanics (see: [[Nanomechanic circuits]]) But there are limits to the electric-mechanic analogy. Some mechanic elements often differ significantly from their electric counterparts in their qualitative behavior. Two examples of elements quite different in behaviour are: * transistors & locking pins * transformers & gearboxes With creating a set of standard sizes of those elements and a modular building block system to put them together creating rather complex systems can be done in a much shorter time. <br> Like in electronics one can first create a schematics and subsequently the board. '''To do:''' Create a minimal set of minimal sized DMMEs for rotative nanomechanics. Modular housing structures standard bearings and standard axle redirectioning are also needed. '''To investigate:''' how can reciprocating mechanics be implemented considering the [[passivation bending issue]] = Structural elements (DMSEs) = [[File:Wiki-tetrapod-openconnects-black-135.png|frame| An example of a diamondoid molecular structural element (DMSE). The bright red spots are open bonds.]] There's the ''shape-lock-chain-core-reinforcement'' principle. For details see: [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] == DME Adapters == It makes sense to have for each standard DME no matter of which type an adapter to a "the" standard couplings on the transportation chains. Since adapters will be reusable for many cycles the necessary production capacity for part-A-adapters will be much smaller than the targeted production capacity for part-A-DMEs. Building (mechanosynthesizing) the adapters right on the transportation chain couplings avoids the necessity of adapters for adapters. Connections at this level will mostly be sparse covalent reversible and for a bit bigger parts Van der Waals and shape locking. == Sets == * standardised building block systems * housing structures * standard corner pieces connecting the various crystallographic planes * in edge passivation with hydrogen can be problematic * issue of non androgynous [[surface interfaces|sinterfaces]] * brackets for sub bond length positioning [[http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update10/Update10.3.html]] * standard pipe and channel segments - the [[passivation bending issue]] is of relevance = Molecular transport elements = Elements that create one dimensional structures for the logistic transport of different media are a bit of a cross between machine elements and structural elements. == data transmission == For transmission of data in Nanosystems [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne polyyine] rods where proposed. They constitute the thinnest physically possible rod manufacturable and consist out of sp hybridized carbon which must be [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesizable]] for their construction which goes beyond minimal necessary capabilities (sure?). Handling of sp carbon is involved in already analyzed [[tooltip chemistry]] though and thus likely to be available. Polyyne rods obviously are rather susceptible to [[radiation damage]] thus it might be wise to use chains of benzene rings which are more stable. With the first few additional ring widths the event of non self healing catastrophic damage becomes drastically more unlikely per unit of time. ['''Todo''': calculate estimations] Still two of those ribbons like to fuse under UV irradiation (see: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene anthracene]) Going to cyclohexan chains and bigger diamondoid rods makes the surface a lot more bumpy and the housings a lot more bulky. * parity bits and more elaborate (somewhat holographic) data redundancy * bit flip - tape rupture == energy transmission == For power transmission strained shell near cylindrical diamondoid axles are a good possibility reciprocative movement may be better for high power densities. == Heat transport == For thermal drain water works well because of its very high heat capacity. To drastically reduce friction one should pass it around enclosed in diamond pellets ([[capsule transport]]) to get it in either one needs to use very high pressure (sealing might be difficult; thermal conductance may suffer) or the insides are made hydrophobic by adding -OH instead of -H surface terminations. In the latter case mechanosynthetic oxygen placement capabilities are needed which go beyond minimal necessary capabilities. Pipes are easily creatable but work better at the macroscale. It may be possible to use the phase transition ice water to keep the factory at constant temperature but note that super-clean water (that occurs as waste see below) does not necessarily freeze when super-cooled and the melting point might be significantly altered in small possibly hydrophobic encapsulation. == raw material supply == For supply of solvated raw material the same method as for the cooling solvent can be used. == waste removal == A waste that always occurs at a low rate comes from oxidation of excess hydrogen - atomically clean water. Water can be drained via pipes or enclosed in pellets [more investigation of existing literature needed] Beside that depending on how much self repair capability is included waste can be constituted out of shunned microcomponents because they are irreparable or likely to be broken or dirt contaminated. (see: "[[microcomponent tagging]]") or out of dysfunctional DMEs caused by assembly errors. ... = General properties of DMEs = To get a better picture how DMEs behave mechanically and in general how everything else behaves at this size range one can '''look at the [[scaling laws]]''' which describe how physical quantities scale with size. DMEs with carbon, silicon carbide or silicon as core material can have internal structure like * diamond / [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdaleite lonsdaleite] * or other possibly strained [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp3_bond#sp3_hybrids sp³] configurations. Due to the lack of defects the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength ultimate tensile strength] of larger DMEs lies above diamond of thermodynamic origin. == Strained shell structures == To form cylindrical or helical structures with high to maximal rotational symmetries for their size (good axles for [[superlubrication]]) one usually constructs wedge shaped segments and put them together until they naturally turn around 360 degree. Bending can be induced from internal structure or surface passivation (since passivation atoms haven't got the exact same bond length like the internal atoms, see: [[passivation bending issue]]). If 360° are exactly met the structures bending results from internal unstrained structure the whole structure is unstrained - a goal to aim for. If not bending to a strained shell is required. For thin tubes of high diameter a completely unstrained lattice of the used diamondoid material can be bent around. A note on bending tools can be found on the "[[mechanosynthesis]]" page. Spheres are rather hard to approximate. [to investigate: feasability of ball joints] When the gap between axle and sleeves is made bigger then interestingly it is possible to achieve negative pressures. <br> See: [[Negative pressure bearings]]. == VdW sticking == See: [[locking mechanisms]] <br> [Todo: add calculation of how much surface is needed to securely overcome the characteristic thermal energy (100kT?) -- to locking mechanisms?? -- techlevel I related too ...] <br> [Todo: link to force estimation] == Acceleration tolerance == [Todo: add calculation of a block on a neck model - for "intuitive" understanding] When halving size mass shrinks eightfold ([[scaling laws]]) this leads to ... high tolerance to accelerations (and possibly slow building speeds) may seduce one to build very filigree structures. Especially nanofactories will have lots of vacuum filled free space inside. Since the structures still can be crushed by external pinching forces one should - to avoid health hazards and waste production - always design with prevention measures for [[sharp edges and splinters]] in mind. = Design of MMEs / crystolecules = To this date (2015) most of the designed crystolecules where made with the software nanoengineer-1 When designing DMEs some things have to be taken care of. See: [[Design of Crystolecules]] == Related == * [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]] * [[Components]] * assembled from small [[crystolecules]] * assembled to [[microcomponents]] * assembly is typically irreversible i91o6lh888766bt0p8g3slnkh3azpaq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 389 6934 4234 2017-11-02T16:55:32Z Apm 1 resolved double redirect #Redirect [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] l4n5httxjwbzl1ycqoqwxwazejgs5kt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 160 5564 5539 2017-06-10T09:50:01Z Apm 1 extension from a stub {{Stub}} ---- {{Template:Site specific definition}} In this zone of advanced [[nanofactory|nanofactories]] [[crystolecule]]s are put together to bigger [[microcomponent]]s. Unlike in the [[Mechanosynthesis core]]s this happens under programmable control. Crystolecule assembly cores are thus general purpose and can assemble many different kinds of [[microcomponents]]. Consequently the next routing layer ([[microcomponent routing]]) has much lower importance than the preceding one [[crystolecule routing]]. The [[connection method|means for connection]] in this size regime are usually passive and may or may not be reversible. * [[seamless covalent welding]] to bigger monolithic crystolecules (irreversible) * "weak" [[Vand der Waals force]] sticking (reversible) * [[shape locking|interocking shapes]] (reversible) == Some possible kinds of crystolecules that can be assembled here == * [[Crystolecule]]s in general * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] * [[Static rebar profile force circuit]] * [[Tensioning mechanism design]] == Related == * preceeding: [[crystolecule routing]] and [[mechanosynthesis core]] * next: [[microcomponent routing]], [[vacuum lockout]] and assembly of product fragments == External links == * [http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRec_Pick_%26_Place_Robots RepRec Pick & Place Robots] * [http://reprap.org/wiki/ReChain_Frame_System ReChain Frame System] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] ibtdcos9vthhjhkkvboizn1jb4me8b3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 963 9257 2021-05-24T17:17:45Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum technology]] 41fvf7i58q510whr6ocemaszlgpntcy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 394 8117 4281 2021-03-13T13:55:20Z Apm 1 {{stub}} * Information can be found in [[nanosystems]] (redundancy considerations) [[Category:Stub]] pspjmb8a20smrdlyd5dpb9u560rdxhq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1065 10081 2021-06-08T20:15:32Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] gexor4meap9cxh0txnp7tufqpnwvo2w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 533 5540 2017-06-10T06:51:56Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[DME assembly robotics]] to [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] over redirect: invented word better than invented acronym -- no one can guess what DMEs are #REDIRECT [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] gvojpu5mq08iwr7ttdpdodujw29fcb4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1043 9903 2021-06-03T11:27:03Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] #REDIRECT [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] 21x6le68voyvfwmm9a8rc74ixvyzf88 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 39 11355 10568 2021-07-08T11:14:33Z Apm 1 /* B biological */ spelling This is a condensed down list of the worst things [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing and technology]] could be misused for.<br> The reader might want to not take in all at once and take a brake with [[opportunities|more optimistic outlooks]]. Note that one might argue that both the worst nightmares and the brightest utopias are both extreme cases that are extremely unlikely to come true in their full extent. The reality most likely lies somewhere in-between. The question is: How far can we push civilization from the generally considered bad stuff to the generally considered good stuff. The [[opportunities]] that atomically precise technology will bring should hopefully significantly outbalance the dangers presented here. '''A word of warning:''' In many cases panic, alarmism and ensuing overreaction (e.g. total bans) with too limited understanding of the full breath of the situation can have worse effects than the danger would have brought if no action had been taken at all. This by itself could be added to the dangers (a "meta danger"). Every technology powerful enough to bring significant advances always comes with dangers involved too.<br> The plethora and level of scaryness of the dangers listed here is just one place where the (neutral and impartial) power of [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing technology]] shows. == List of possible dangers that could arise with the rise of advanced AP technology == === WASTE – perhaps the biggest (and most underrated) risk of them all === * '''non degrading waste [[recycling]] (envirounment)''' Waste related: * [[Spill]] (Related: [[Spill avoidance guideline]]) * [[sharp edges and splinters]] (health) === Software problems become even more physical === * '''building up on flawed software design ([[wikipedia:Technical debt]])''' * loss of unmaintained data (older building plans) due to dependence on giant library tree that changes and is not completely backed up (today most visible in the problem of archiving historic computer games) - "neo ephemeralism" * vulnerability to malicious software. (See: [[self limitation for safety]], ..) * undermining of the basis for [[both gratis and free open source hardware]] to exist due to fear-based over-regulation === Making even more and much worse of a mess when trying to fix our old messes === * risky [[geoengineering]] going wrong. * negative side effects of attempted cleanup after nuclear accidents (finely dispersed nanorobotic devices in the environment violating the [[Mobility prevention guideline|"keep in machine phase guideline"]]) === Bad old chemisty risks times a million === Dangerous substances: * easy production of explosives (e.g. solid sp³ nitrogen, solid quartz like carbon dioxide) * easy production of simple [[poisons]] (e.g. HCN) * easy production of drugs (may be hard for [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] though since it's basic form can't deal well with complex floppy molecules - see: [[synthesis of food]]) === Risks with politics and dangerous philosophies === * negative aspects of even more excessive surveillance that what already starts to transpire with current day technology (2021) * '''development of new [[weaponry]] (e.g. [[interfacial drive]] based kinetic energy weapons)''' * an arms race ? === Extreme right wing horror === Unethical perfectionism or whatever the actors perceive to be "perfect". <br> "Strength" as the single prime goal. <br> Usually associated with the extreme political right (oversimplifying things). Note that [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] is definitely not about building some crazy military stuff <br> (robotic super-soldies or horrific killer drone-swarms or whatever) <br> It's just a neutral but immensely powerful technology. <br> A bit like "fire" (but much more difficult to attain) it can be used for both good and bad. There are plenty of positive ways to use this technology in positive ways. (See: [[Opportunities]]) <br> Also there is * a focus on making and keeping stuff [[recycling|recyclable]] and where needed there is even * a focus on making products as '''deliberately weak and degradeable structures''' Examples: * There are (bio)degradable (semi)gemstones. Like [[periclase]] is somewhat water soluble and other gemstones even more so. * It will be desirable to design integrated intended breakage functionalities in strings and ropes and other stuff to prevent accidents ==== When something potentially extremely good turns into something pretty bad just because it happens too fast and is mismanaged ==== * [[social and economic dangers]] like detrimental effects of [[rapid and imbalanced economic change]] * [[social and economic dangers]] like globally [[declining birth rates]] at a dangerous rate – (Material wealth tends to decrease birth rates.) === Grey goo – perhaps a massively overrated risk === * [[the grey goo meme|uncontrolled replication]] (toned down to more realistic levels) <br>(Related: [[reproduction hexagon]] and [[Mobility prevention guideline]]) == Waste == Albeit [[technology level III|advanced APM]] has the potential to be an absolutely clean technology in production (since its primary waste products are only hot air and warm water) '''advanced APM would be a unprecedented wasteful technology in disposal if not built correctly''' since the products themselves must be considered waste once they become obsolete - and the products will become obsolete fast as we can see with today's pace of software improvement. Also the global production rate in mass or volume will be bigger since production will become so widespread and accessible. * '''[[Recycling]]''' is not an option its '''an obligation that has to be thought of before creating advanced APM systems''' that can produce products that do not biodegrade in reasonable timespans. === Related to the waste problem === * recomposable [[microcomponents]] * The two recycling classes of products: The ones that can be completely burned to gasses (C,H,O,N,S) & <br> The ones that produce [[slack|slacks]] when burned (containing too: Si,Al,Ti,Fe,Na, and the wole remaining periodic table). See: [[Diamondoid waste incineration]]. * amorphous [[slack]] of various elements is hard to deal with since blind [[atomically precise disassembly]] of unknown structures is a very hard problem. * there's no AP disassembly (at least its a lot harder to do than AP assembly) == Possible classification == === old:ABC vs new:CBRN === Please do not use the old (and outdated) classification classification ABC. <br> ABC was standing for: Atomic-hazard, Biohazard, Chemical-hazard. <br> Why? Because: * The benefit of easy remembrance does not outweigh <br> * the didactic damage it is capable to do and that it may have done. Todays (2021 and before) experts want to see * the old acronym ABC being superseded by * the new acronym CBRN. CBRN standing for: Chemical, Biological, Nuclear, Radiological. <br> CBRN is much less mnemonically helpful than ABC so opposing the use of the old its use may be a bit of a fight against windmills. <br> Still acronym replacement is pushed because but it stops a large group of non technical people from <br> [[confusing atoms with nuclei]] and consequently from making ill informed judgements e.g. when voting. About the current (2021-04) English wikipedia pages abut "weapons of mass destruction": * the English page does not even mention the old acronym and why it is so bad. Bad. * the German page has a bold note on the old acronym right in the second paragraph of the intro. Better. This may also be especially relevant for the German language room because it seems that <br> there people still seem to preferably call nuclear power-plants by the misleading name "atomic power-plants". The unfortunately still common [[confusion between atoms and nuclei]] is also a problem for the <br> now newest adopted title for [[atomically precise manufacturing|the technology that this wiki is about]]. <br> That is '''"atomically precise manufacturing (and technology)"''' A better [[terminology|term]] may have been '''"chemical bond precise manufacturing (and technology)"''' <br> but unfortunately in the book "[[Radical Abundance]]" the term "atomically precise manufacturing (and technology)" <br> was introduced the [[atom nucleus confusion trapdoor]] was not averted by the author. ==== C Chemical ==== Poisons are already quite simple to make in high quantities with current day technology. <br> [[Gem-gum factories]] would make that even easier if no [[smart regulations]] at all will be included. <br> See main page: [[Poisons]] ==== B biological ==== Today (2021): <br> Mainly referring to selective breeding and/or genetic engineering of infectious pathogenic agents. <br> Usually not referring to unhealthy effects from food originating from genetic engineering (and/or selective breeding). As for the technology tackled in this wiki discussed in [[Main Page|this wiki]]: * The [[gemstone metamaterial technology|far term part of the technology]] could be very indirectly abused to do nasty things area. Similar techniques to: [[Food production]] * There are good reasons to expect that any sufficiently towards [[gemstome metamaterial technology]] targeted "[[near term pathway technology]]" steers well clear of biohazardous risks. What may come with biohazardous risks (of hard to predict magnitude) is a technology development path that <br> is not at all focussedly targeting towards the stiff nanosystems of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. <br> A technology pathway where people want to recreate the soft nanomachinery of life in a similar fashion as it already exists <br> '''Which is very much not the topic of this wiki'''. <br> We are talking about soft and floppy artificial membranes, vesticles and such here. <br> This technology is called [[synthetic biology]]. <br> [[Synthetic biology]] is still an interesting and potentially valuable research. No attempt on discreditation here. But: * [[Synthetic biology]] is is not obviously directly relevant for getting to [[gem-gum tech]] ASAP. * [[Synthetic biology]] can eventually bring bio-hazard risks (of hard to predict magnitude) while <br>such risk for [[near term pathway technology]] that is focussedly targeting [[gem-gum tech]] is [[for all practical purposes]] zero. Its increasingly stiff and dry construction brick blocks that are increasingly incompatible to biology after all. Taking the path back to to make [[gem-gum technology]] compatible with biology again will take a lot of focussed effort. See [[gem-gum nanomedicine]]. That is a topic that lies even beyond the (in comparison simple) far term target of [[gem-gum factories]]. ==== R Radiological and N Nuclear ==== See main article: [[APM and nuclear technology]] <br> There's also the risk of abuse of X-rays from ultracompact optical particle accelerators. ==== Why not adding a "nanotechnological risk" to the list ==== Because it's to general. <br> This would be analogous to saying "macrotechnological risk". <br> Instead a prefix could be added like: nC, nB, nR, nN <br> But that's still to ambiguous. One could add the [[technology level]] like: n1C, n2C, n3C <br> but we won't go into such an overclassification rabbithole on this wiki unless it becomes really necessary. == Controversial topics and things hard to talk about == * Borderline SciFi concepts like: [[Transhumanism]] and [[Mind uploading]] - this links to: ethics, religions, core beliefs, all highly emotionally ladden * Fission nuclear technology (especially near term on earth)- you know why ... * Details about [[governance]] (it's the superset of politics) - who would have thought ... * Who are "the bad guys" really? Especially in commercial and political interest contexts this is often far from clear cut. * In more clear cut contexts: How much bad behavior can be excused on basis of unfortunate personal histories? Or rather how much can we afford to excuse? * ... And then there are those topics that would be dumb to even mention publicly. <br> Claim: Every sufficiently intellectual, curious and active person knows some of these. <br> And no, it's not the usual broadly known suspects like human trafficking of poor and unlucky <br> partly under-aged humans for sexual abuse and worse purposes. <br> These can and sometimes are publicly discussed. To a degree. Thinking too much about all the potentially bad things that could be committed or could happen by accident or nature <br> can be a dangerous psychological down-spiral. <br> Hell has no bottom and it want's to suck you in when you peer to hard down the abyss of true horror, so better don't.<br> Suggestion: If in any way possible take breaks occupying yourself with more positive topics. When thinking openly and publicly about what bad agents could do. <br> When thinking with the good intent to prevent and prepare for potential harmful actions of dangerous actors, then (if done carelessly)<br> it may actually give these bad agents inspirations and help in developing these bad tings. <br> It's the daily bread of ethical hackers, judging and juggling this dilemma. <br> It seems for now the far term [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] is still far enough away that most things <br> (that may eventually become critical in this regard) can still be discussed in the fully public open. <br> Once this era ends the secrets themselves can become the source of problems. {{wikitodo|this section needs its own main page}} == Related == * [[Disaster proof]] == External links == * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction Weapon of mass destruction]] * [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenvernichtungswaffe Weapon of mass destruction (german page)]] from ABC-Weapons now CBRN-Weapons [[Category:Technology level III]] q84ra8mqc5iu75wr0aen4lgjjunjowa wikitext text/x-wiki 0 729 7528 7355 2018-08-21T17:30:48Z Apm 1 added section linking the page to the page about [[Atom placement frequency]] {{stub}} There's an [[incremental path]] to the more advanced advanced systems. So we'll end up with a hierarchical data management and transmission subsystem in these systems. With local data caches and so on. If one wants a simple block of featureless material all the nanomachinery at the bottom needs to do the same operations. There's no need to control each and every manipulator from the very top of this hierarchy. Threading all that data all the way though top to bottom fully parallel would indeed be impossible. In case one wants more complicated heterogeneous structures the data won't rise too much. Why is that? It's because of something like reverse data compression. To elaborate: Although we often feed our computers exclusively via the keyboard with just a few keystrokes per minute (no high data rate inputs here like e.g. images) the amount of data and the seeming complexity that computers generate us from that input it is can be gigantic. One example with absolutely minimalistic input and very big output would be the generation of those pretty mandelbrot set zooms videos. Now imagine what amounts of data and degrees of complexities may arise from some more practical program that generates instructions for product nanomanufacturing. Even when the program is just somewhat more somewhat complex than the madelbrot example incredible seeming complexity can emerge. It's the magic of emergent structure from chaotic systems "de novo data decompression" ----- In any advanced high throughput nanofactory there is necessarily an [[Atom placement frequency|enormous effective total atom placement frequency]]. Most of these atom placement processes though will be: * in local hardware pre-pogrammed/"pre-hard-matter-coded" (single function mill style factories for standard parts) and * driven from local integrated computation. Almost no data is threaded through from the very top level down to the very bottom. == Related == * [[Data decompression chain]] * [[Relativity of complexity]] philosophical topic {{speculativity warning}} 6lzt8zk4xzfbem8vy6i8qwelmqheqxu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 404 11722 11684 2021-07-22T21:49:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]] {{stub}} ---- {{site specific term}} The data decompression chain is the sequence of expansion steps from * very compact highest level abstract blueprints of technical systems to * discrete and simple lowest level instances that are much larger in size. == 3D modeling == [[File:Csg tree.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Constructive solid geometry]] graph (CSG graph). Today (2017) often still at the top of the chain.]] {{todo|add details|add details to decompression chain points}} * high language 1: functional, logical, connection to computer algebra system * high language 2: imperative, functional * Volume based modeling with "level set method" or even "signed distance fields" <br>(organized in CSG graphs which reduce to the three operations: sign-flip, sum and maximum) * Surface based modeling with parametric surfaces (organized in CSG graphs) * quadric nets C¹ (rarely employed today 2017) * triangle nets C⁰ * tool-paths * Primitive signals: step-signals, rail-switch-states, clutch-states, ... === Targets === * physical object * virtual simulation === 3D modeling & functional programming === Modeling of static 3D models is purely declarative. * example: OpenSCAD ... == Similar situations in today's computer architectures == * high level language -> * compiler infrastructure (e.g. llvm) -> * assembler language -> * actual actions of the target data processing machine == Bootstrapping of the decompression chain == One of the [[common misconceptions|many flawed critique points of APM]] is that all the necessary data cannot be fed to the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s and [[crystolecule assembly robotics]] (the former are mostly hard coded and don't need much data by the way). For example this size comparison in [https://youtu.be/Q9RiB_o7Szs?t=13m35s E. Drexlers TEDx talk (2015) 13:35] can (if taken to literally) can lead to the misjudgment that there is an fundamentally insurmountable data bottleneck. Of course feeding yotabit per second over those few pins is ridiculous but that is not what is planned. {{wikitodo| move this topic to [[Data IO bottleneck]]}} We already know how to avoid such a bottleneck. Albeit we program computers with our fingers delivering just a few bits per second computers now perform petabit per second internally. The goal is reachable by gradually building up a hierarchy of decompression steps. The most low level most high volume data is generated internally and locally very near where it's finally "consumed". == Related == * [[Control hierarchy]] * mergement of GUI-IDE & code-IDE * The reverse: while decompressing is a technique compressing is an art - (a vague analog to derivation and integration)<br> See: [[the source of new axioms]] {{speculativity warning}} * In the case of [[synthesis of food]] the vastly different '''decompression chain''' between biological systems and advanced diamondoid nanofactories leads to the situation that nanofactories cannot synthesize exact copies of food down to the placement of every atom. See [[Food structure irrelevancy gap]] for a viable alternative. * constructive corecursion * [[Data IO bottleneck]] * [[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]] == External Links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling Solid_modeling], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science) Computer_graphics_(computer_science)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry Constructive_solid_geometry] * Related to volume based modeling: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadric Quadrics] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_shapes#Quadrics (in context of mathematical shapes)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry_of_surfaces#Quadric_surfaces (in context of surface differential geometry)] * Related to volume based modeling: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-set_method Level-set_method] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_distance_function Signed_distance_function] * Avoidable in steps after volume based modeling: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(geometry) Triangulation_(geometry)], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_triangulation Surface_triangulation] [[Category:Information]] 1uep8kr30k0jonbjxjfh538izv7d410 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1274 11661 11660 2021-07-16T13:12:58Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Software]] {{stub}} == Vendor lock in caused hostage data == * Data format being kept closed source (history of: microsoft office formats, adobe acrobat pdf-format, ...) * Data critically dependent on the structure of the "cloud service". – Especially devious if the service has software tools that do not scale (See: [[Toyls]]) * Companies bankruptcy taking the data down with its "sinking ship" In this regard the situation has already improved. <br> At least major centralized platforms (including: google, twitter, ...) by now (2021) provide means for "data takeout" <br> Does this even happen? Oh yes indeed it does: <br> Googles former social media platform "Google+" has has gone down. <br> But it provided an data takeout option. Displaying that data is another matter ... <br> Looking around a bit more one certainly will be able to find "services" that went down without any data takeout options. Generally the "everything as a service" (XaaS) trend has strong data hostage taking tendencies. <br> Be aware of that. == Technically caused hostage data == Niche software (e.g. for special hardware) that comes with its own obscure format. <br> E.g. Formats of note taking apps requiring a pen input device. <br> Plus that open format is too complex and too little in use for open source developers to bother to <br> code up some cross compatibility migration software between formats. == Related == * [[Local hosting]] * [[Software]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in Vendor lock-in] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_platform Closed platform] kkieqdya23rhhkngoazsg4ego5ljxpe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1167 10888 2021-06-24T11:17:14Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[De-novo protein engineering]] #REDIRECT [[De-novo protein engineering]] n0ckbz5fz85gnpv921chtxuxqdvniba wikitext text/x-wiki 0 600 6243 2017-08-15T18:39:41Z Apm 1 basic version of the page {{stub}} Proteins are nourishing (so long they are not [[poison|poisonous]]) but that's not what makes them interesting for technological development. What makes Proteins interesting (on the longer term) is that they can form decent engineering materials like e.g. horn and spider silk. Silk is inferior to say nanotube cables but still better than even steel (in terms of specific strength and toughness). Proteins can be the engineering materials that in turn will be used to form [[Stiffness|stiff]] structural frameworks in the nanoscale that open up the [[pathways|path]] to even more advanced productive nanosystems. The by far greatest part of current interest (state 2017) though stems from the near term objective of massively improving medicine. But that's not the focus of this wiki. There are plenty of other good sources for things like targeted cancer drug delivery for making the horrible treatment methods of chemo-therapy and radiation-therapy obsolete and a thing of the past. == What proteins are == Proteins are chains of aminoacids. They are assembled by the ribosomes in the cells of '''all''' living organisms on earth under the instructions from a copy of DNA (so called: transfer-RNA). This was a monumental discovery when it was made. Small proteins are called peptides. Big peptides are called proteins. === Proteins vs Polymers === Superficially proteins are chain molecules like plastics but the analogy breaks down immediately. Here is a comparison of polymers (plastics) with proteins: * plastics (like polystyrene) usually have very simple monomers while proteins have the set of ~20 basic amino acids as monomers * plastics are not folded up "permanently" by thermal motion. Especially not to complex predefined shapes. * plastics may contain branches in the chain proteins may not * plastics assemble in a statistical fashion while proteins are assembled almost deterministically in the ribosomes.<br> "Almost deterministically" because error rates are quite high when compared to digital electronics. A lot of quality control and repair mechanisms in the host organisms cell keep everything from going to utter chaos. == Hijacking lifes nanomachinery – The first step == The story of artificial proteins (not de-novo proteins yet!) started when we learned to hijack the molecular machinery of the cells of organisms (often cyanobacteria but also other organisms - even goats). This works by injecting synthetic DNA into the DNA of the organism using phages (viruses that attack bacteria) as transport vehicle. == Some limitations of lifes nanomachinery == Natural proteins have several disadvantages: '''The the (dreaded) folding problem:'''<br> Given the DNA for a protein (a gene) and thus the sequence of aminoacids it's extremely difficult to predict how the protein will fold. (By including the molecular biological context - the environment the protein "lives" in - some progress has been made) Institutional supercomputers & distributed citizen science Fold@Home are crunching such problems. There are various complex reasons why natural proteins * often are in configurations that are on the verge of falling apart – See: [[Evolution]] * are often highly susceptible to single mutations * are often highly susceptible to environmental conditions * often have low symmetry Note: In cells there are redestabilisation proteins present (which are called {{todo|find and add name here}}). These are nudging proteins in a way to get them out of bad states where they fell in the wrong energy minima. That is when they ended up in an incorrectly folded state. If nothing helps they are marked as garbage and recycled by a complex protein system that literally looks like a bucket. Sidenote: The presence of the many dynamic equilibria of assembly repair and recycling in biological nanosystems was and still is a major contribution factor for the persistent [[misconception]]s that * every nanosystem must work this way and that * having every atom in place for longer periods of time is fundamentally in conflict with thermodynamics. Both wrong. == Avoiding these limitations of lifes nanomachinery == '''>>> De-novo protein engineering <<<''' This is about ascending a small step beyond the limitations of lifes nanomachinery.<br> Despite the issue that the goal that may sound presumptuous to some readers the topic is quite mundane. To solve the folding problem (for artificial protein design - not for natural protein analysis) one avoids it.<br> One breaks it into smaller pieces and combines them to larger solutions. Sounds a bit like divide and conquer approach in programming. * (1) Solving the folding problem for small stable motives building up a library. * (2) Building up a bigger shape by putting those base motives together again in a way where folding is reliably predictable and stable. This approach is also known as the inverse folding problem. Taking an superficial analogy to cryptography where the inverse problem (multiplication) is much simper than the forward problem (factorization). One may want to create overall proteins with high symmetry e.g. allowing self assembly of the final folded proteins into rods shests and such. {{todo|find and link related paper}}. An abstraction to much higher symmetry has already successfully been performed in the related area of [[structural DNA nanotechnology]]. === Upgrading the deepest core of lifes machinery === There are efforts to adding a new basepair to the letters of the DNA. This allows for the encoding of a lot more aminoacids. Extending the toolset of foldamers. {{todo|Inhowfar is this related to [[synthetic biology]] and the [[brownian technology path]]}}. == Ending the dependence on the machinery of life == Going away fro hijacking ribosomes. On the [[incremental path|path to advanced productive nanosystems]] one wants to get away from dependence on and limitation by systems of molecular biology ASAP. There are already experimental instances of complete independence: * oglionucleotide only [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] * foldamers that are not made with ribosomes like e.g. spiroligomers Artificial building blocks are hard to degrade or undegradable by biological organisms. This brings the advantage of robustness and longevity of the products but the the problem of persistent "organic" waste. The fundamental problem with conventional chemical synthesis involving long sequences of steps is that one suffers an exponential drop in yield. Every step multiplies its (usually not too high) yield. (A chain multiplication). 1edruz0ngkukd2haok26gjt7kqcrzy6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1203 11225 2021-07-05T12:54:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[De-novo protein engineering]] #REDIRECT [[De-novo protein engineering]] n0ckbz5fz85gnpv921chtxuxqdvniba wikitext text/x-wiki 0 362 4062 2015-09-22T11:09:49Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Debugging]] to [[Physical debugging]]: "debugging" alone was too general #REDIRECT [[Physical debugging]] r7l9adc21s9xhc9hqtcloqfrlrlas4g wikitext text/x-wiki 0 402 4358 2015-10-02T05:31:29Z Apm 1 as a future shortcut #Redirect [[Data decompression chain]] li1cqvgfjqzzihwc9v77rtf57n9w3l6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 296 7285 7284 2018-07-30T15:46:42Z Apm 1 /* disposal of radioactive waste into outer earth core (the well to hell) */ added note that we might throw away something that would be very valuable in the future {{Template:Speculative}} ---- {{Template:Stub}} == General == * [[diamondoid]] microsaws for fine hull tube cutting with [[shearing drive]] material liftup * callenges of combined heat and pressure * preservation of drill cores -- usage of structural elements == SciFi applications == === [[geoengineering]] === Earthquake controlled tension release cables (& why its probably a bad idea). A very dense net of tension cables would be needed in critical zones replacing much of the lithospheres structure (that must be dumped -prefferably in a structurally preserved way - at a supersurface location). Controlled release of a sudden ride in tension could avoid earthquakes while simultaneously providing immense amounts of energy. But if this is not sufficiently undestood this unnatural slow relaxations might lead to very unpleasant consequences. ['''to investigate:''' how woud one handle shearing on a wavy fracture "plane"] === disposal of radioactive waste into outer earth core (the well to hell) === [[APM and nuclear technology]] If it really stays there it will really stay there for the immense amount of time it takes to decay. If not we have made ourselves a radioactive volcano. Also radioactive waste might become valuable when Transmutation will be started. Doing Transmutation and all highly radioactive technology remote controlled right at these depths might be a good idea. Heating up the earth massively from the inside sounds like a bad idea. '''Note:''' The highly problematic waste of today may become the very valuable resource of the future. There are several examples of this pattern. Both with and without humans involved. So permanently irreversibly getting rid of it might not be so good after all. See: "[[Recycling#General]]" === Earth core probes === {{speculativity warning}} (level: hallucinogenic drugs) Forget about all those ridiculous things you've seen in SciFi a real probe would (if at all possible) need to be very very different. It must be very compact and densely built without macroscopic voids to withstand the extreme pressure. Carrying a human is impossible. If one manages to build a device capable of cruising in one of the few (horrifying) open lava lakes one may be able to go deeper in a continuous fashion. Pushing the limits step by step. While the mantle is assumed to be mostly solid there should be liquid channels that supply our active volcanoes and those lava lakes. The outer core of earth is presumably globally liquid posing little to no obstacles for a probes navigation. Reaching these depths is alone temperature wise highly questionable. Even the best [[refractory material]]s (melting points up to 4488K) barely exceed the estimated 3000K at the upper edge of the melted outer core. Since melting points may drastically change at very high pressures the situation may be even worse. '''The refractory material must not dissolve into the surrounding magma''' (if it does than it should be a rather slow rate). This is likely a linchpin of the whole idea. * Diamond is completely unsuitable. It isn't sufficiently thermally stable and is excellently soluble in liquid iron. * Looking at materials used for long lasting crucibles in steelworks, periclase (MgO) may be a start to investigate. See: [[Magnesium#Misc]] Maybe (a very strong maybe) it's possible to filter material from the magma and use it to regenerate the probes refractory shell from the inside (and to collect some new nuclear fuel - more on that later). With rising depth the rising pressure must not crush the structural framework materials of the probe (including the refractory shell) into different crystal structures with lower volume and higher density. Instead one wants to use [[gemstone like compound]]s that are crystal structure invariant from normal conditions (1atm 300K) all the way to the target conditions. * Quartz (a polymorph of SiO₂) is unsuitable it gets crushed into various other crystal structures. * Stishovite (a polymorph of SiO₂) is crystal structure invariant under pressure (but maybe not under temperature?) * Moissanite (SiC) is crystal structure invariant under temperature (but maybe not under pressure?) * {{todo|search suitable compounds}} * Side-note: water gets crushed at these depths too Deliberate inclusion of crushable compounds combined with actuators could be used for buoyancy adjustment. To have a probe that can actually perform complex tasks/operations (data gathering processing storage) it's inside needs to be cooled down a lot. Every heat pump of course has a hot side so at least parts of the outer shell of the probe needs to be heated even above the already extreme outer temperature such that it can act as a thermal radiator. These refractory heat radiator parts are most susceptible for dissolution. Driven convection may improve heat removal but also worsen dissolution (by either mechanical friction of raising of the diffusion gradient). The method of cooling is basically equivalent to [[Spaceflight_with_gem-gum-tec#Cooling_a_spacecraft_by_heating_its_radiators|active spacecraft cooling]]. Creating a highly effective thermal isolation that can resist extreme pressures is likely rather difficult. (An interesting problem!). Nanoscale voids can only be used in a minimal manner. To have a probe that actually can be cooled faster than the heat flows back it needs to be pretty big and have a bulky shape not too far from a sphere. This way it has a low surface area relative to a big internal volume. (Hopefully not bigger than the magma channels.) Active cooling of course needs a powerful energy source. * Chemical would lack a resupply of oxidizer and the temperatures are too high anyway. * Nuclear fusion needs large empty spaces that can't really resist the extreme pressure * Nuclear fission seems to be to only option that seems somewhat plausible. The reactor of course produces even more heat that too needs to be isolated from the more thermally delicate parts of the probe. Motion: A magma diving probe would probably be rather slow too "drill" / "dig" / "screw" (flagella like propulsion?) its big volume through a hot viscous liquid. Fast sharp cube cutting as in [[underground working]] will pretty much certainly not work. Navigation: * how to find the way back out a lava tube? * how to avoid getting stuck in to viscous places? Sonar is pretty much the only thing that works (beside SciFi neutrino navigation) For dead reckoning the movement is way to slow. Communication: You basically have to wait until the probe returns which may take a long time given its slow movement. Would direct communication without waiting for the probe to return be possible * by setting of [[extreme sonic impulse]]s? (Seems more practical with a daisy chain of many probes.) * with neutrinos? While a truly giant probe could maybe detect neutrinos how the heck should it send neutrinos? Will the probe be fast enough to return before its nuclear fuel runs out? If it can gather fuel while moving around there's no time limit. To finally succumb to total bio-analogy insanity: How about in-situ self replication? There are certainly no competitors in this big homogenous "ecological niche". Perfect prerequisites for a [[reproduction hexagon|chain reaction]]. == Related == * [[underground working]] * [[High pressure modifications]] kd11zbgrcazfdq1c9ogbfsjokhzk4lm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1128 10553 2021-06-17T10:47:17Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] qo6yw3ctct4xwe4acf6reowbp3of2em wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1019 9682 2021-05-30T17:07:17Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] qo6yw3ctct4xwe4acf6reowbp3of2em wikitext text/x-wiki 0 907 9201 8837 2021-05-23T16:39:04Z Apm 1 /* Consequences */ {{stub}} When going down to the nanoscale the "surface-area to internal-volume ratio" rises <br> This is a well known, if not the best known, [[scaling law]]. <br> So bearing area increases. <br> With ([[wearlessness of loaded crystolecule interfaces|wearless]]) friction power loss being proportional to bearing area <br> this loss (and waste heat) increases. Add to that inefficiencies in the [[mechanosynthesis process]]. Which are hard to optimistically estimate. <br> <small>Even easy highly pessimistic estimations lead to viable designs.</small> The most effective way for decreasing friction is by slowing down operations. <br> dynamic friction, that scales with speed squared, this especially pays off. But won't things becoming too slow then to be practically functioning? Fortunately [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery|when going down to the nanoscale with robotic devices then productivity rises]] <br> A barely known, if not the least known, [[scaling law]]. <small>Maybe because nature barely exploits it?</small> <br> This nicely compensate a good deal for the slowdown. And thus the friction issue. <br> There are other compensating effects too. See main page: [[Friction]]. == Consequences == Due to [[level throughput balancing]] [[nanofactories]] will at the bottom-most [[assembly levels]] (where [[mechanosynthesis]] happens) strongly deviate from a stack of single layers (of exponentially growing size) with the height of a single cell for each layer. Instead with a slowdown (as explained why above) present when going upstream the manufacturing [[convergent assembly]] the lowers assembly layers need to be made to be stacks of cells of the same size. These chains of [[mechanosynthesis assembly chamber]]s (filled with manufacturing lines for in mass needed standard parts) may e.g. operate slowly horizontally instead of vertically. The here vertical transport of the finished base parts up to the [[second assembly level]] takes up many lines into one and thus needs to operate much faster. This is not a problem since the transport path for a finished [[crystolecule]] is minute compared to what needs to be moved to mechanosynthesize that said crystolecule. == Slowdown at the second assembly level? == At the [[second assembly level]] there is much less if at all any reason to slow down (and stack assembly cells of same size). Due to: * (1) the considerable bigger scale => less bearing area * (2) the less energy turnover intensive assembly processes being present (even [[covalent welding]] is only on surfaces, and [[VdW force]] is weak in relation) Probably models needed to determine what is going on. == Misc notes == "Slowdown" is to take in therms of absolute speed (like e.g. mm/s). <br> Or in terms of the deviation from the scale natural operation frequency which scales linearly with size. <br> == Related == * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * [[Friction]] * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] j1knzanlj5wy6esq26w4zwbg74njdei wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1267 11650 11604 2021-07-15T17:52:10Z Apm 1 added basic definition {{Stub}} '''Formerly called "functional reactive programming" (FRP).''' <br> But the meaning associated with the term drifted so far away from the original idea that <br> it was '''renamed to "denotative continuous-time programming" (DCTP).''' == Definition == (Taken from Conal Elliotts' slides) '''Two fundamental properties of DCTP:''' * Precise, simple denotation. (Elegant & rigorous.) * ''Continuous time.'' (Natural & composable.) '''Not DCTP:''' * graphs * updates and propagation * streams (since they are a discrete model, despite the name) * doing == Related == * [https://futureofcoding.org/essays/dctp.html The Misunderstood Roots of FRP Can Save Programming (on futureofcoding.org – 2019)] * [http://conal.net/blog/posts/why-program-with-continuous-time Why program with continuous time? (blog-post 2010-01-02)] * [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5875929/specification-for-a-functional-reactive-programming-language/5878525#5878525 Aswer to "Specification for a Functional Reactive Programming language"] (2011) ---- * '''Video:''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3Q32brCUAI Lambda Jam 2015 - Conal Elliott - The Essence and Origins of Functional Reactive Programming] (2015-01-18) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_reactive_programming Functional reactive programming (wikipedia)] * [https://wiki.haskell.org/Functional_Reactive_Programming Functional Reactive Programming (haskell wiki)] === Links needing review === * [https://gist.github.com/stevekrouse/aa6adda76df3ed45a893f75a51135481 Notes of Steve Krouse of DCTP (2018)] * [https://2020.splashcon.org/details/rebls-2020-papers/8/An-Introduction-to-Denotative-Continuous-Spacetime-Programming-Work-in-Progress- An Introduction to Denotative Continuous Spacetime Programming (Work in Progress)] – (Mon 16 Nov 2020) – Adriaan Leijnse – Universidade NOVA de Lisboa * [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21431217 discussion of DCTP on ycombinator hacker news (2019-11-03)] [[Category:Conal Elliott]] e1y6i3521qb3p7z5awkybj2aby5c3s2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 650 9375 9374 2021-05-25T22:31:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Story scenarios]] == Saved by a crystal – A short story == Our protagonist finds themselves in what looks to be an endless desert lacking even proper clothing. The sun burns down, there's no water in sight far and wide. Not to speak of anything to eat. The situation looks utterly grim and hopeless. But then suddenly a twinkling reflection of light flashes up not too far away. Curious our protagonist approaches. It's some kind of chip barely dug into the ground not much bigger than a key-fob. Surprisingly this thing is quite interactive and self-explanatory. After a while our protagonist regains some hope, survival may be possible after all. Following instructions our protagonist first pulls out two arms length of some super thin black foil from the side of the chip then placing the chip with pulled out stripe flat on the ground into the morning sun. The stripe is so eerily black that one might question that it is from this world. The size of this eery super thin stripe quickly begins to grow in width becoming a wider sheet. It grows faster and faster with every second. After a while the whole thing has an impressive size of a few dozen square meters. Then from the chip itself something is coming out. Something that seems to be a bigger chip rolled up to a scroll. After our protagonist unrolls it and connects everything according to the excellent instructions the bigger chip starts working. A part of that bigger chip seems to suck through air with scary intensity. First thing coming out of the big chip is an incredibly light skin-suit with patches colored in silver white and this eery black. Gloves, shoes, hood and pockets all included. Our protagonist puts it on as hastily as still capable. The suits insides are incredible. Despite the severe sunburn getting in is not too painful. In contrary once inside the pain actually recedes. Is this suit medically treating wounds? Wait there's more! It gets cooler, much cooler. Cooler than the blistering 37°C it has here already this early. Really nice. The Second thing coming out of the big chip a bottle filled with water and a few cubes of sugar. You can imagine our protagonists joy. All this took much less than two hours. Since our protagonist is now chilled and fed there would be no need to wait for the next cool night to continue the search for civilization. But an immense tiredness is welling up. There was an option for making a really big inflatable tent, but before starting that our protagonist cannot help but falling into a deep sleep of exhaustion lying just there on the ground under the brutal midday sun in cenith. But you know what? It doesn't matter. The suit is just as good as this tent would have been. Ok, maybe a mattress would have been nice. While our protagonist sleeps through the rest of the day, all this miraculous stuff is making and filling up batteries. (Speeding up with the sun rising higher). Just such that there's energy in case something will be of urgent need at night. There's no real need for wasting that energy for heating in the freezingly cold night though, since the thermal isolation of that suit is on par with a thermos bottle (if adjusted such). The next night when our protagonist wakes and feels like born anew there are given many options including motorized vehicles (among them even airborne ones!). The device suggests quickly finding a location that can provide biologically grown food (or at least a location with a wider range of raw materials) to prevent deficiency symptoms from a unhealthy diet of a few artificial hydrocarbons. Thats the end of the story. Or better the start. Our protagonist lived happily ever after. Or so it goes. {{wikitodo|maybe make some comic-strip out of this desert scenario}} == What where those things? == * The chip that our protagonist found was a [[Disaster proof|civilization re-spawn seed]] that is a [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] specialized for emergency situations just like the one described. * The pullable stripe was a [[diamondoid solar cell]] in form of a flexible [[gemstone based metamaterial|gem-gum metamaterial]] * The air sucking part was a [[medium mover]] to draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere [[air as a resource|as a resource]] (and water) * The suit was a [[gem gum suit]]. * The suit has excellent and widely adjustable [[thermal isolation]] * The batteries are made from [[energy storage cell]]s * The motorized vehicles would likely use [[shearing drive]]s (and the aforementioned [[medium movers]] if airborne). * The devices are bound to the difficulties of [[synthesis of food]]. <br>Also many chemical elements that are essential for long term survival are not present in the air (and also barely present in some desert soils – which would be much harder to process than air). == Related == * [[Shoes for all scenario]] * [[Story scenarios]] sorsgyn3sz8ypiit9akj8s3tfgzyyvc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 30 8121 7057 2021-03-13T14:04:27Z Apm 1 /* Software plumbing and "Frankenstein systems" */ added two links {{Template:Site specific definition}} Design levels for (advanced) APM systems provide a general blueprint for relevant software package architecture. <br> They are somewhat similar to the [[assembly levels]] which provide a general blueprint for a concrete physical layout. Back: [[technology level III]] = Design levels = This topic is basically about '''modeling methods''' and '''modeling software''' that matches the [[assembly levels]] plus software for overall system level management (design,simulation,...). == Tooltip level design == Here the goal is to find reliable and closed loop tooltip systems that support increasingly many moieties / elements. Highly accurate quantum mechanical simulations are necessary but the systems are small enough to be handlable well by currents computing systems. Some results can already be verified experimentally. [Tooltip cycle; DC10c;...] [[tooltip chemistry]] * [http://www.somewhereville.com/?tag=dc10c NanoHive@Home’s Published Results: Analysis Of Diamondoid Mechanosynthesis Tooltip Pathologies Generated Via A Distributed Computing Approach] * [http://e-drexler.com/d/05/00/DC10C-mechanosynthesis.pdf DC10c: Design and Analysis of a Molecular Tool for Carbon Transfer in Mechanosynthesis tip based nanofabrication] === Software === Simple force field approximations are suitable for all but the core [[mechanosynthesis]] processes of [[technology level III|advanced APM]]. For these more accurate simulations ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods Ab initio quantum chemistry methods]) are necessary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_%28software%29 Gaussian] can be used to analyze specific problems of [[tooltip chemistry]] A list of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry_computer_programs quantum chemistry computer programs]. == Atomistic mechanic level design == This is the art of designing [[diamondoid]] molecular elements [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]]. <br> Here are some tipps for their design: [[Design of Crystolecules]] === Software === Engineering of DMEs is a completely new field. The software tool '''Nanoengineer-1''' [http://sourceforge.net/projects/moleculardynami/files/NanoEngineer/] [http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/irc/nanoengineer/snapshots/] was developed to make this area more accessible. It's development is currently idle (2014). It was extended to support more near term structural DNA nanotechnology. There is also the [http://cadnano.org/ cadnano] for structural DNA nanotechnology. Additional information: <br> Nanosystems 14.6.3. Automated generation of synthesis and assembly procedures - a. Retrosynthetic analysis of chemical syntheses. == Lower bulk limit design == [[File:simple bellow.png|thumb|An example for a design at the lower bulk limit (a basic gas tight bellow)]] Bigger structures where atomic detail may matter less or which are simply not simulatable yet because of limited computation power may be designed with conventional methods of solid modelling. A few issues have to be thought about though: * Since we operate on the lowermost size level there needs to be set a minimum wall thickness that must not be deceeded * surfaces should be kept parallel to the main crystallographic faces such that they will not create random steps when auto-filled with virtual atoms. [todo add links to demo collection] Additional information: <br> Nanosystems section 9.3.2 and 9.3.3 (bounded continuum) Somewhat related here is the degree of [[applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]]. === Software === Programmatical CAD Software Tools for volumetric shape description are needed: (Makro and Meso) * [http://www.openscad.org/ OpenSCAD] - limited language capability + quick preview * [http://www.implicitcad.org/ ImplicitCAD] - no quick preview yet - native language interface could be better + high language capability * [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:40210 miniSageCAD] - very slow + nice interface + educative experiment * '''Proposal:''' creation of an Solid Body Construction Tool '''SoBoCoTo''' that combines the best aspects of the above and extended by the capability of intelligent atomic [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation tessellation]. (Binding to DME design tools.) Purely graphical 3D-modelling tools seem less suitable (see [//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG WYSIWYG] vs WYSIWYAF). <br> One of the more severe problems that came from purely graphical 3D-modelling tools is the concept of [[grouping of geometries]]. Additional information: <br> Nanosystems 14.6.4. Shape description languages and part arrays <br> == System level design == Main topics are: * '''organisation of [[diamondoid metamaterials]]''' * '''nanofactory system design''' ---- [[diamondoid metamaterials|Diamondoid metamaterials]] (and more heterogenous [[microcomponent subsystems]]) are of high importance since they form the basis for all advanced AP [[further improvement at technology level III|products]] an applications. <br> Examples for what metameterials we might want to design are: * [[emulated elasticity|elasticity emulation]] * [[infinitesimal bearings|infinitesimal gear bearings]] * [[legged mobility|legged block mobility]] for e.g. live [[self repairing systems|self repair]] * [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] [[recycling]] * ... It is desirable to '''organize these metamaterials in [[microcomponents|microcomponents]]''' which are designed such that they allow '''adjustable inter-mixture of standalone subsystems'''. Examples for intermixture of sub-systems: * [[infinitesimal bearings]] + [[chemomechanical converters]] + [[energy storage cells]] = chemical [[interfacial drive]] <br> * [[infinitesimal bearings]] + [[electromechanical converters]] + [[electric distribution system]] = electrical [[interfacial drive]] [[non mechanical technology path|(non-mechanical)]]<br> * [[interfacial drive]] + [[self repairing systems]] + hirachical heterogenous comutation systems = very advanced APM product Note that this functional composition has it's limits. Some especially fancy functions might exclude a whole set of others. ---- In '''AP manufacturing systems''' system level design determines the '''mapping of the abstract [[assembly levels]] into a concrete three dimensional layout''' of a nanofactory. <br> Today (2013) it is rather difficult to do work on this area. Lots of questions need to be answered. (''yet speculative'') [[further improvement at technology level III#List of new materials / base technologies|advanced metamaterials]]. <br> The main topics can each be further subdevided into: * three dimensional placement of huge amounts of standard components * topological interconnections * temporal organisation in a dynamic setting * IO logistics of all the media (materials, information, energy,...) to handle * emulation of physical (especially mechanical) properties A big problem at this design level is that the sizes of the diverse functional components and the locations of their connection points are yet unknown. Helpful may be a software capable of crystallographic space subdivision ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group space groups]) and piece-wise connection of different crystal structures with compatible 2D cross-sections ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group plane groups]). Scale invariant symmetries (fractal symmetries) are also of high relevance especially in redundancy design that is e.g. needed in [[artificial motor-muscles]] design. === Software === * DME system simulation * 3D Layout generation from schematics <br> Nanosystems 14.6.5. Compilers - b. Design compilers -- detailed info * Production control .. sub product part paths <br> Nanosystems 14.6.5. Compilers - a. Assembly compilers <br> Nanosystems 14.6.3. Automated generation of synthesis and assembly procedures - b. Hierarchical decomposition of larger structures. [move reference?] * Auto Assembly Code Generation - CNC path generation - slicing - gcode - retro-synthetic analysis [Todo: improve section] == Software plumbing and "Frankenstein systems" == Related: [[Software]] & [[General software issues]] Today (2017) the software solutions for subsystems that are being tied together often where originally never built to work together because '''historic reasons''' like: * Before the individual solutions where created the combined problem wasn't even known to exist. * In case the combined problem was known to exist from the start it might just have been to hard or unprofitable to tackle as a whole for the later creator of some individual sub-solution(s). Tying individual sub-solutions together nevertheless without fundamental and pervasive redesign can create a very problematic legacy of [[software plumbing]] and "[[Frankenstein system]]s". In CAD & BIM the most used software packages are often '''proprietary and closed source'''. This allows little to no internal restructuring by third parties which could mend the software plumbing nightmare at least a little. When having the opportunity for doing system design from scratch (which may or may not be the case for the development of gem-gum factories) one very much wants to avoid a repetition of the creation of such "[[Frankenstein system]]s". Beside the right preconditions {{todo|elaborate here}} this will require fundamental paradigm shifts in programming. Specifically: A switch will be necessary to new [[programming languages]] that have higher compositional power than languages that follow the [[object oriented paradigm]]. Examples for some "Frankenstein systems" today (state 2017): * proprietary BIM software conglomerates (to investigate) * open source CAD software conglomerates (e.g. FreeCAD ...) * ... there are most certainly many more ... === BIM (building information management) === While the modeling of the whole life cycle of buildings (BIM) on the outside is a pretty different problem compared to the design of gem-gum factories there are several parallels. Supply of energy, raw materials and information, transport logistics (elevators), waste removal, ... Just as with the the parallels to biological systems the metabolism analogies are only superficial. = Related = * [[assembly levels]] and [[convergent assembly]] * [[3D modeling]] = External references = * more information: Nanosystems 14.6. Design and complexity * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design Computer-aided_design] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling Building_information_modeling (BIM)] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling 3D_modeling] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 0de54nee7skl1wr68ga8n9tkfvvcpzo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 576 5963 2017-07-12T14:58:40Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Design of Crystolecules]] to [[Design of crystolecules]]: capitalization #REDIRECT [[Design of crystolecules]] bb435gxqzoniqczxrxjz9rrvo858dj1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 982 9428 2021-05-27T09:53:29Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Design of advanced nanofactories]] to [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]: "advances" is to wishy washy #REDIRECT [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] i6a9owg1sxhfgx6qamqgo0jej5wap40 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 361 11755 9410 2021-07-25T10:56:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * Design of [[kaehler bracket]]s {{template:stub}} This page is about issues with the design of crystolecules / DMEs. <br> For a definition of what they are see here: [[Gemstone-like molecular element|"What are crystolecules DMEs?"]] == Applicability of 3D FDM printing for Crystolecule Design == Main article: [[applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] Some strong limitations for plastic FDM 3D-printing also hold for mechanosynthesis of [[crystolecule]]s. <small>(FDM ... fused deposition modelling i.e. printing with molten plastic from a nozzle)</small> Thus, in the context of these limitations, if something works for FDM 3D-printing then chances are that the tested mechanical concept in question will work for mechanosynthesis of [[crystolecule]]s too. <small>(Not quite [[exploratory engineering]] but conservative design.)</small> Of course there clearly are limitations in the mechanosynthesis of [[crystolecule]]s that are not present in FDM 3D-printing. One needs to look out for those in the judgment whether bulk macroscale designs could be ported over to nanoscale crystolecule designs. === physical models for visualization only === Non functional models purely for visualization that have all their surface atoms visible and color coded require more expensive full color powder printing. (Hard brittle and rough material) === demos of principles === The author of this Wiki [[APM:About|(about)]] conducts a meta project that aims to build up a collection of 3D-printable 3D-models (mainly in ''atom aware bulk limit'') that will hopefully turn out to be useful in the development and understanding of advanced nanofactories. See main article: [[The DAPMAT demo project]] == Some things to take care of == === avoid quartz like solid CO₂ or the like === Too much oxygen must not be brought in direct bonding contact with carbon atoms since this may practically represent solid CO₂ which will likely behave like an highly potent explosive. The same goes for other combinations that are known to be highly energetic from normal cemistry. Some examples: room temperature solid nitrogen (in sp3 hybridisation), oxygen chains, ... === avoid too high interface pressure in sleeve bearings === If the fit gets too tight the atom "teeth" may spontaneously jump back with thermal speeds instead of lowly bend back with machine speeds the induced snap back overshoot vibrations will be fully dissipated and not, as desired, almost fully recuperated. Instead as a bearing the device will work as friction unit. === check for too strained spots in auto-generated passivation layers === Concave edges passivated with hydrogen sometimes causes the hydrogen atoms to massively overlap. Sometimes two hydrogens can be replaced by a oxygen bridge but this introduces tension that may detrimentally deform the crystolecule. Alternating with oxygen with its bigger cousin sulfur or nitrogen with phosphor might help in some cases. Since passivation atoms add thickness it can be tricky to create parts complementary in shape. <br> {{wikitodo| collect some tricks here how this can be made easier}} === avoid situations where poisonous molecules may be released on thermal or chemical attack === {{wikitodo|elaborate on this}} * Cyanides * organophosphorus compounds {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound}} * Halogenides * Small polyaromatic molecules - organic pigments {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_pigments}} have usually low toxicity but also low biodegradability - related: [[color emulation]] Designing mechanical metamaterials in such a way that in case of overload they do only break at predeterimined internal surfacts allow one to keep internal machinery as isolated as possible. Thus one can very effectively protect internal materials from chemical attack. == Regarding molecular dynamics == === avoid elements left of the carbon group (at least for now) === Electron deficiency bonds are misrepresented nanoengineer-1's current force field models. A nitrogen atom adjacent to a boron atom embedded in a diamond crystal shouldn't strongly repel each other but instead behave almost like carbon atoms since the boron has the space for the nitrogens excess electron. Since aluminium is to an electron deficient element it is likely to misbehave the same way as boron does in the nanoengineer-1 model. A safe way to go is to not use them yet in crystolecule designs. === Equilibration method === Nanoenginer-1 {{todo|version?|add latest nanoengineer-1 version 2015}} seems to use a rather naive force field equilibration method of just iteratively equilibrating all the atoms one after another and applying the changes all at once (not sure if this is the case - {{todo|check code|look into nanoengineer-1 code and check out the used equilibration method - is there documentation beside the code?}}) that does not scale well. A self adapting {{todo|add implementation ideas}} 6D space Fourier space deformation method might be implementable to speed up equilibration massively. {{todo|IIRC there where news of a new faster equilibration method - find it and link it here}} == The three levels of stability - chemical, thermal, mechanical == Stability against chemical attacks is hardest to achieve followed by stability against thermal loads (high temperatures). Stability against mechanical loads is easiest to achieve. A good design software should keep track of high energy bonds. Bonds can carry high energies either due to chemical instability (weak bonds that could form strong ones if rearranged) or due to very high strain. Some local spots / nests of high energy bonds may be ok but the products as a whole should not become explosive or a fire hazard. '''Silicon (or metals) as fire quenching agent:'''<br> Materials that contain a lot of energy when located in an oxygen atmosphere (like on earth) are not necessarily a fire hazard. Physical processes can stop a runaway chain reaction (a blazing major fire). In nature on earth there's the quenching agent is water (which unfortunately can evaporate and lead to very dangerous situations) In advanced gem-gum products of large scale (e.g. cities on Earth or balloons on [[Venus]]) one could use silicon as quenching agent. By replacing half of the carbon atoms in diamond (or lonsdaleite or other sp³ carbon compounds) one gets various forms of moissanite (SiC) which is ridiculously hard to burn. Very quickly a protection layer of [[diamondoid waste incineration|glassy slack]] forms which very effectively prevents further oxygen from reaching more of the moissanite. Due to the possibility of sealing most of the nano-machinery in into a highly inert internal environment ([[practically perfect vacuum]]) the strongest restriction (chemical stability) can for the most part be lifted. (For everything not facing weather exposed surfaces). Water soluble compounds and even compounds that moderately react with water can be considered for usage. For thermal stability one needs to mind "[[consistent design for external limiting factors]]". Weak or extremely strained bonds may limit heat resistance. == Avoidance of toxicity == A good design software should constantly look at which elements are put near each other and in which bond topologies. When advanced gem-gum products are attempted to be burned (which one may want to avoid in most cases - see: [[diamondoid waste incineration]]) then certain configurations are likely to undergo thermally induced reconstructions (and oxidations / nitrations) that lead to products compounds that can be slightly to highly toxic. There's a huge amount of knowledge about simple compounds and their toxicity and environmental impact. Even on the "surface" of the web (wikipedia) alone. This needs to be unified for a standard software interface. Two abundant elements that are especially prone to create problematic compounds are phosphorus and chlorine. Also sometimes problematic: fluorine, boron, ... == Related == Intended working environment: vacuum / aggressive medium At any time the accessible crystolecule structures are given by the available capabilities of [[Mechanosynthesis]]. * [[Design levels]] * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] * [[Pseudo phase diagram]] * [[Isostructural bending]] * [[The DAPMAT demo project]] * [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] * [[Mass and spring molecular modelling]] * Design of [[kaehler bracket]]s ---- * [[Crystolecule]]s can already be designed and analyzed in great detail but they cannot yet be built. <br>This is one area where a [[theoretical overhang]] can build up. ---- * The capabilities of the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s give design restrictions. == External links == * molecular dynamics: {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics}} Software: * '''NanoEngineer-1''' <br>Here some active development continues to happen: <br>(Umbrella brand: [http://moleculardynamicsstudio.blogspot.co.at/ MDS Molecular Dynamics Studio]) <br>The new focus though seems to go more in the direction of science than engineering. Situations to avoid or at least to be aware of: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxional_molecule * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_ion_conductor * water exchanges its hydrogen atoms mixing H₂O and D₂O produces HDO - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water lpw8tc1w7jotobia5mmgnwmtba4hxk8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 93 11529 11525 2021-07-12T21:16:19Z Apm 1 /* General nanofactory design method */ For a general overview over advanced atomically manufacturing the [[technology level III|technology level III page]]. For a less technical overview about nanofactories check out the [[nanofactory|general overview page]]. * (folding) * [[Assembly levels]] give a great aid in nanofactory design. & [[Tooltip preparation zone]] - [[Mechanosynthesis core]] - [[DME assembly robotics]] * [[Design levels]] * [[Control levels]] = Basic energy balance = As carbon carrying resource material the fuel gas '''methane (CH₄)''' or the welding gas '''acetylene (C₂H₂)''' is used. When those gasses are not burned but are being put together to products there still remains '''a lot of excess energy'''. * '''heating values:''' CH4 55,5MJ/kg > C2H2 49,9MJ/kg '''>''' Cn 32,8MJ/kg (graphite) As resource material the carbon carrying "exhaust-gas" '''carbon dioxide (CO₂)''' in ambient air can be used too. Its like "ash" on the lowest end of the carbon combustion chain thus the heating value of zero. If it is used as building material '''high amounts of energy are needed'''. * '''heating values:''' CO2 0,0MJ/kg '''<''' Cn 32,8MJ/kg (graphite) == Personal fabricator as stationary device == Depending on the used building material the needed or excessive energy must be taken from of fed into the power grid. <br> Gas lines (CH₄) and atmospheric CO₂ lend themselves as existing building material supply. Related: [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] == Personal fabricator as portable device == Huge amounts of energy cannot be provided from the small device. The resource-gasses (e.g. CH₄ or C₂H₂ in capsules) must thus carry along enough energy for production. Simply radiating excessive heat away may slow down production significantly because of the high chemical energies involved. It may be better to balance the excess energy roughly to zero by using atmospheric CO₂ as building material too. To pump high volumes of air silent [[Medium movers|medium mover]] metamaterials can be used. = Convergent assembly = See main page: [[Convergent assembly]] * Convergent assembly should not be confused with with exponential assembly which is an [[exponential assembly|entirely different concept]]. * Convergent assembly (putting things together in a hierarchical way) is not a means to speed up production in general. * The motivations for why to do convergent assembly are outlined on the its main page. * The lowermost three convergent assembly steps follow naturally from the character of the technology - see [[assembly levels]] to understand this. Covergent assembly crossing so many sizescales poses a challenge to visualizing it and making it intuitively comprehensible. Possible ways to visualize convergent assembly include: * [[Distorted visualisation methods for convergent assembly]] – all in one picture * Animating a fly-through with continuous scaling = Nanosystem units = == [[Robotic manipulators]] == * Nanoscale: [[Molecular mills|mill style robotics]] * Microscale: [[parallel robotics]] – delta-bots, steward-plattforms, parallel scaras, patallel gantry bots * Microscale to mesoscale: [[part streaming robotics]] * Mesoscale: [[serial robotics]] – classical scara bots, classsical robot arms * Macrocscale: [[dexterous tentacle style robotics]] (part streaming) == Threading by systems == Main page: [[Subsystems of gem-gum factories]] * [[Assembly subsystem]] – Related: [[Routing levels]] * [[Vacuum subsystem]] * [[Coumputation subsystem]] * [[Energy subsystem]] * [[Thermal subsystem]] – Related: [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] == Cooling, vacuum and other logistics == * [[Vacuum handling]] * [[Thermal isolation]] & [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Medium mover]]s for air supply = Macroscopically separating design considerations = The first two processing steps are: * capturing resource molecules from liquid phase and purifying them by sorting mills and * mechanosynthetic [[tooltip preparation]]. It makes sense to do the former in a warm environment and the latter in a cold environment. <br> In order to avoiding freezing of solvent and minimize error rates respectively.<br> Macorscopic separation (possibly even in physically separate devices connected by a [[matter conducting wire]]) could be considered. '''Cooling and isolation:''' <br> Although [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] works at room temperature cryogenic cooling will probably be employed just because * it seems rather easy to do (see: "[[Diamondoid heat pump system]]") and * error rates can be shrunken by many orders of magnitude. = General nanofactory design method = Given a set of "base units" for different components of the bottom-most assembly levels <br> their combination to form a full nanofactory unit can be determined by <br> first finding the relevant quantitatively or at least qualitatively (set of choices) of evaluable relevant metrics and <br> determine numbers of base units and branching factors based thereof. <br> ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_logic_programming constraint logic programming] - [http://www.swi-prolog.org/man/clpqr.html prolog library clpqr]?) might be useful. * '''condition to be fulfilled:''' output frequency of an assembly level == input frequency of the assembly level directly above – See: '''[[level throughput balancing]]''' {{Wikitodo|This section needs reformulation!}} = Design metrics = * ratio of manipulator to building block in volume, number of atoms or mass == Performance limits == The ultimate performance limit is determined by the accepted dissipation heat at the lower levels the maximal acceptable accelerations at the higher convergent assembly levels. Designs leading to practical speeds at human scale lie way below the performance limits. Power dissipation is only a limiting factor at the bottom-most assembly levels. At higher assembly stages bearing area per volume drastically falls. If bearing volume is kept constant [[infinitesimal bearings|via stacking]] the total speeds can be dramatically increased till resonance or acceleration limits are hit. Either one accepts overpowered upper layers of the nanofactory which only can be used to their full potential when prefabricated parts are recomposed or one may deviates from the layer structure to a more complicated fractal structure for the bottom layers. (dynamic drag and breaking losses) == Threading by pre-products == Depending on whether general purpose mechanosynthetic [[Robotic mechanosyntesis core|fabricators]] or mill style fabricators (serial chain of tools with no spaces) are used predominantly more or less layers and channels for threading parts by are needed [?]. === Speed limit at the bottom === [[file:Nanofactory - bottom layer slowdown 640x554.png|thumb|400px|Low density of actual mechanosynthesis locations are the reason why the bottom layers in a nanofactory need to be stacked up. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/d/d9/Nanofactory_-_bottom_layer_slowdown.svg SVG] ]] slow speed of [[assembly levels|assembly level 0]]: The mechanisms to assemble parts normally can potentially be smaller than the parts being assembled. Since The mechanisms to assemble minimal sized DMEs need themselves to be DMEs the mechanisms must have a similar size as the products they assemble. Since only a few atoms are added per assembly step the density of actual building sites of atomic size is rather low and consequently mechanisms at the bottommost layers are quite a bit slower than the ones above and need to be included in greater numbers. If assembly units of an assembly level produce (pre-)products slower than the size-characteristic frequency the next higher assembly level demands one can stack assembly units and thread by finished (pre-)products. Assembly units can be stacked as long as the size characteristic frequency of the threading by mechanics is not exceeded. Speed is also limited by the requirement to keep the rate of friction heat generation in bounds. See: [[Scaling laws#Speedup]]. == Ratios between levels == Layer and stage ratios: In any convergent assembly step a step size can be chosen. Big steps limit the maximum possible speed of the considered assembly level step but makes planning and programming more flexible and easier. A step size that is easy on the human mind is 32 since two such steps roughtly span three (dezimal) orders of magnitude (a factor of 1000). Starting from 32nm only three steps lead to around one millimeter sized products. === Conservative estimation === There is reason to believe that steps of this magnitude won't make a nanofactory design unpractical. Todays homebuilt 3D printers can fill about 20000 voxels in one minute assuming 100 mm/second head movement and 0.3mm lateral voxel size. (20000 voxels are about the same as 32^3=32768) Since frequencies scale up with shrinking size going down doesn't change the troughput capacity. Step sizes will probably just limit high recycling throughput but not throughput when mechanosynthesis is involved in production. == Influences of the branching factor == Branching factor: A branching factor of port area to block volume = n²/n³ leads to perfect size and frequency matching in an easy to design 3D iteration extruded 2D fractal design. Other ratios lead either to inefficient port space frequency and under used / under utilisized assembly levels or require 3D fractal designs that are more difficult to design. (There is no scale invariant design as baseline possible then) == Influences of assembly style == In any [[convergent assembly]] step one can choose from the different [[robotic manipulators]] to do the assembly. Mill style can (with the exception of the bottommost asselmbly level) have the smaller size and higher characteristic operation frequency of the lower assembly level. Single manipulator style assembly have the bigger size and smaller characteristic frequency of the upper assembly level. (Intermediate forms are possible). The choice depends on whether programmability or speed is the primary concern. == More complicated geometries == non stratified 3D fractal designs need higher convergent assembly stages (assembly level IV) to hold the structure together. They have the highest possible performance (way above practically needed levels) other limits are likely to kick in at some point. Finding a general design methodology seems to be a hard problem.For physical changes of such a design a complete microcomponent disassembly end reassembly is likely necessary. = Notes = * {{todo|list basic nanofactory subsystems as exhaustively as possible}}<br> Maybe add these block diagrams: [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/15-nanofactory-block-diagram/] = Related = * [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] – only depicts the assembly subsystem * [[Nanofactory]] more general introduction * [[Technology level III]] ----- * '''[[Subsystems of gem-gum factories]]''' * [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] * [[Bottom scale assembly lines in gem-gum factories]] * '''[[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]]''' ---- * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] = External links= Articles from E. Drexlers Blog: * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0512molManSystems.html Complete molecular manufacturing systems will have many subsystems, designed to meet many constraints] * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0505prodScaling.html Physical scaling laws enable small machines to be highly productive] * [http://www.imm.org/reports/rep041/ Josh Hall about scaling laws in productive nanosystems] = External references= * Nanosystems chapter 14 {{todo|add morphlense image}} [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] fvwwk3ktvausr8z4ts31jjz2grjhmnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1153 10831 2021-06-23T09:15:45Z Apm 1 very minimal basic page {{site specific term}} A [[neo-polymorphic]] crossover between [[diamond]] and [[lonsdaleite]]. <br> Allowing for complex intermixing of cubic zincblende strzucture and hexagonal wurzite structure. <br> Other stacking orders than ABAB are ABCABC are allowed. <br> If not all stacking planes are coplanar controlled faults must be integrated. '''More complex structures like this:''' * can give advantages in changing directions in structural frameworks without introducing any internal strains – (elegant design) * can give larger scale monolithic parts (which one usually would want to avoid in the first place) higher toughness * can ... == Related == * [[Kaehler bracket]]s 7e3qtww9rcoxjv9426ad3dd4nfjwx7x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 692 11121 11120 2021-07-01T13:05:36Z Apm 1 [[File:Diamond-39513.jpg |600px|thumb|right|A rough natural diamond. Found in south africa. <br>Attribution: Rob Lavinsky, [https://www.irocks.com/ iRocks.com] – CC-BY-SA-3.0]] = Why is there a focus on diamond? = Diamond (and it's hexagonal form [[lonsdaleite]]) <br> is one of the [[base materials with high potential]]. [[Moissanite]] (diamond with every second atom replaced with silicon) <br> might be even better for some applications due to it's even higher heat resistance. == If one of the most difficult materials is possible it follows that many less difficult ones are too == In short: <br> Because if one can show that the most difficult test case (mechanosynthesis of diamond) is feasible then all the easier ones are implied to be feasible as well. <br> This is in the spirit and essence of [[exploratory engineering]]. In [[Nanosystems]], [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond is not discussed as an early step in development, but as a ''particularly difficult test-case''. With a maximally difficult test case it is avoidable: * to have much less predictive power by demonstrating one less challenging example * to need to demonstrate very many different less challenging test cases to have the same predictive power as with one maximally challenging test case. Diamond maximizes the basic challenges of bond formation. Particular challenges are: * featureless repetitive structure - everything looks the same (pure framework) * many bonds aka high valence (tetravalent) * formation of and participation in many (tight) rings * small atoms => high atom and bond density => spacial congestion (tech-term: steric congestion) * higher bond strength and stiffness (Silicon and germanium pose the same topology challenges due to their identical structural type, but they are further down the periodic table ant thus have bigger atoms with weaker and less stiff bonds.) == Other perspectives == === Replacing natural building materials with better performing artificial ones === In the everyday macroscale world we switched from natural materials to better performing artificial ones wherever we where capable to and where we needed to (the right material for the right economic niche). Just like that wherever possible we'll do that in the nanoscale too. This was the point made in ''[[Engines of Creation]] (1986) page 11''. Analysis on a particularly difficult test case material (diamond) in [[Nanosystems]] (1992) showed that going all the way to very advanced materials (including diamond as one of the best) should be possible. There is the belief that this only holds for macroscale systems (e.g. presented in [[Soft Machines]] – 2004). * that the soft nano-machinery evolution ended up with is "just right" * that even on the long run nanomachinery it is not improvable in very deep radical ways towards stiff gemstone based cog-and-gear nanomachinery that works by restraining the magnitude of the amplitude of thermal vibrations instead of only being able to do work by using it roughly like molecular biology does. For why there are problems with this point check out the page: "[[Nature does it differently]]" === With just one single excellent base material a huge amount of material properties can be emulated === The [[gemstone based metamaterial]] perspective. While the challenges for the mechanosynthesis of diamond are maximally high (in the sense of positional accuracy and sterical congestion) the mechanosynthesis of diamond targets only one single repetitive structure and thus (in the sense of design effort for many different mechanosynthesis processes for many different compounds with many different chemical elements) the challenge is maximally low. Once one singe structure can be mechanosynthesized (dioamond or other) an extremely wide range of material properties can be emulated by making larger structures that contain nothing but this one single base structure. Since some absolute maximum ratings of the metamaterial are determined by the used base material, diamond is of interest. === Carbon is just the natural choice when looking at the periodic table === When looking at the periodic table as a construction kit carbon stands out as natural choice with many strongly directed strong stiff and versatile hybridizing bonds. So diamond is an important material in its own right. Its not a golden hammer for everything though. E.g. it "sucks" at thermal isolation and biodegradability / degradation by erosion. Related: "[[Periodic table of elements]]" and "[[Limits of construction kit analogy]]" === Diamonds hydrogen passivation is robust – good for contacting parts of nanomachinery (crystolecules) === Diamond seems to be a one of the materials thats surfaces are easiest to passivate in a robust way. Hydrogen passivated diamond surfaces are very stable against mechanical, thermal and even chemical attacks. Silicon (identical in structure to diamond) not so much. Silicon dioxide (e.g. in the form of quartz) even dissolves in water a teeny tiny bit. Related: "[[Surface passivation]]"<br> Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acid_dissociation_constant] == Related == * '''[[Base materials with high potential]]''' * [[Carbon]] * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Diamondoid]] – [[Diamond like compounds]] == External Links == E. Drexlers metamodern blog (internet-archive): * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015611/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1] (2008-12-27) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20160409113752/http://metamodern.com/about-diamond-synthesis/ about-diamond-synthesis] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond Diamond] * Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_properties_of_diamond Material_properties_of_diamond] Natural polycrystalline forms of diamond: * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bort Bort] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado Carbonado] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] oy96ocvi9ylhqjhe6izr0jev6ey93mk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1057 11191 11190 2021-07-04T14:57:50Z Apm 1 /* Other */ mátraite: trigonal not triclinic – added hardness {{stub}} Compounds which * (1) fall under the class of [[gemstone like compounds]] and * (2) have a crystal structure similar to diamond (cubic and hexagonal) Sometimes "diamondoid" refers to just (1). In this wiki though both will be required to be true (starting 2021-06). Note that mixes between cubic and hexagonal are possible (along one spacial dimension) by choice of "stacking order". [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesizing]] such cubic hexagonal switches in more than one dimension leads to at least controlled atomically precise line like one dimensional faults. == Example compounds == === Diamond of course === * normal cubic [[diamond]] * hexagonal diamond aka [[lonsdaleite]]. === Compounds with partial (e.g. 50%) substitution of carbon === * [[moissanite]] (this is gemstone grade transparent silicon carbide SiC) * germanium carbide – (germanium is not too abundant) * tin carbide – this one is not producible via [[thermodynamic means]]. Maybe it van be [[piezosynthesis|piezochemically mechanosynthesized]]. === Compounds made from other elements of the same group in the periodic table === * pure [[silicon]] * pure [[germanium]] * The [[oddball compound]] that is grey [[tin]]. * ... [[lead]] rather not – it is too metallic === III-IV semiconductors === * AlN – [[aluminum nitride]] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride Aluminium nitride] – hydrolyses in water but forms a [[macroscale passivation layer]] – transparent in visible light since high bandgap * BN – [[boron nitride]] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_nitride Boron nitride (cubic c-BN and hexagonal w-BN)] – not referring to it's graphitic polyporph h-BN – (Visible appearance: Likely transparent? To check.) * BP – [[boron phospide]] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_phosphide Boron phosphide] – (only attacked by molten alkalis) – almost(?) transparent – n-doped orange-red, p-doped dark-red * AlP – [[aluminum phospide]] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide Aluminium phosphide] – reacts with water and releases highly toxic phosphine gas (beside alumina powder) – (Optical appearance: dark grey to dark yellow? What when ultra pure?) === Other === * Checkerboard pattern [[neo polymorph]]s between group IV elements and III-IV semiconductors. '''Soft:''' * ZnS – Zinc sulfides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide] * ZnS – cubic – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite sphalerite] – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – n_α = 2.369 – (40% iron substitution possible via [[thermodynamic means]]) * ZnS – hexagonal – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtzite wurzite] – Mohs 3.5-4.0 * – (ZnS mátraite – trigonal – is not of diamond like structure – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – 3D structure of unit cell??) == Diamondoid molecular building blocks == * 1,3,5,7-Hexamethylenetetramine | C6H12N4 – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine (wikipedia)] * 1,3,5,7-Tetraboraadamantane | C6H12B4 – [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_3_5_7-Tetraboraadamantane (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)] These two have been proposed as bigger building blocks that may be easier to handle in a [[direct path]] approach. See: [[Lattice scaled stiffness]]. * The integrated nitrogen atoms can form [[coordinate bond]]s to integrated boron atoms. * the tetrahedral geometry (equal to an sp3 hybridized carbon – See: [[The basics of atoms]]) stays preserved. {{wikitodo|Find that proposal}} == Related == * [[Gemstone like compounds]] * [[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]] * [[Neo polymorphs]] * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondoid Diamondoid] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_cubic Diamond_cubic] – [[Diamond]] * Lonsdaleite_hexagonal – [[Lonsdaleite]] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Adamantane-like_molecules Category:Adamantane-like_molecules] loj0ss6835kgkka64jofr20lv846pnk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1141 10724 2021-06-21T12:27:09Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamond like compounds]] to [[Diamond like compound]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Diamond like compound]] deaw60dq1u233h9i7zj1779gf2gqlnp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 238 10504 10024 2021-06-16T11:04:37Z Apm 1 removed stub marker – it's sufficient for a disambiguation page == Disambiguation == Diamondoid may refer to: * [[Gemstone like compounds]] (or [[gemoid compounds]]) in general. This usage of "diamondoid" will be (starting now 2021-06) avoided in this wiki in favor of "gemstone-like" or "gemoid". * [[Diamond like compounds]] (or [[diamondoid compounds]]). Compounds with a crystal structure similar to cubic [[diamond]] and hexagonal diamond aka [[lonsdaleite]]. stdfadi0174q34z126gdalrgm7hw5ji wikitext text/x-wiki 0 572 5914 2017-07-05T16:34:26Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid balloon products]] to [[Gem-gum balloon products]]: diamondoid too narrow and a bias laden term #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum balloon products]] 3qqy9px9dr334klg0plkamtj0qs3qwm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 557 10167 10023 2021-06-10T15:46:00Z Apm 1 better redirect location #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like compound]] huorguczmd7hjll53qj0kivnk19io7s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 291 3067 2015-03-03T19:10:08Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid compounds]] to [[Diamondoid compound]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid compound]] l6ggyqgu9t752jwa7u7dnl3mislkadh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1055 10042 10021 2021-06-07T13:33:53Z Apm 1 added two images with adjusted description and two further optional names {{site specific term}} [[File:Assemblies-gears-srg-iii.gif |300px|thumb|right|Differential gear (cut open). Author: Mark Sims – '''Beware of the [[stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]].''']] [[File:Strained-shell-sleeve-bearing.gif|300px|thumb|right|A simulation of a superlubricatinvg strained shell sleeve bearing. Author Eric K. Drexler – More examples here: [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].]] A diamondoid crystolecular machine element (DCME) ... * ... is an assembly of several diamondoid [[crystolecules]] into a bigger assembly with (usually [[superlubricity|superlubricatingly]]) moving parts. * ... is smaller than a [[microcomponent]] * ... may (or may not) feature an extensive amount of structural framework that was irreversibly assembled by [[seamless covalent welding]]. <br>(This is unlike typical [[microcomponents]] which should typically be designed for high reversible recomposability for [[recycling]]). '''Alternate names:''' * diamondoid molecular machine element (DMME) * crystolecular machine element (CME) – this is more general than just [[diamondoid]] in the narrower sense of diamond like structure * crystoleculic machine element (CME) * crystoleculline machine element (CME) == Related == * '''[[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]]''' * [[Crystolecule]] * [[Microcomponent]] * [[Component]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]] c9c71kyjvwpfk5pj2fsm17yon7nrno8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1061 10076 2021-06-08T20:10:46Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] 21vze7oe5y3943x4gz2takmdrmp69jk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 970 10428 10326 2021-06-14T20:19:40Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] {{site specific term}} Today's most efficient way too cool something is by means of heat-pipes. <br> This likely won't change. But the medium inside the heat pipe can be drastically changed. Todays heat pipes usually are made out of copper. <br> They are hollow with a porous high surface area layer inside <br> and some volatile liquid inside that is evaporating and condensing. == The idea == {{speculativity warning}} Carry the thermal energy out as fast and far as possible <br> via heat carrying nanocapsules ([[capsule transport]]). Capsules transported in [[stratified shear bearing]] are limited in speed basically just by <br> curvature radius of the track and thus allow much faster transport than convective transport <br> For free standing circular tracks there is a fundamental speed limit that lies around 3000m/s. <br> (See: [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] – Not saying that this would be practical or even possible). Water has a very high heat capacity (due to its molecular structure) but <br> it also has a rather low heat conductivity (at least when compared copper or to diamond) <br> Diamond is the reverse. It has exceptionally high heat conductivity but rather low heat capacity. To get the best of both it may make sense to encapsulate very tiny pockets of water inside of diamond nano-capsules. '''"Optimized thermal mass heat carrier capsules"'''. The water pockets in these (solid block undisassemblable) nanocapsules may be 0D point like, 1D line like, 2D lamellae like, or something more complicated. As a side-note: This may pose the interesting challenge of cryogenic mechanosynthesis of water ice. <br> (See notes on cryogenic mechanosynthesis on the page: [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]]) == Factors for the present optimization problem == There are some contradictory requirements working against each other. These include: Analogous to the porouseness in today's copper heat pipes one would want to interdigitate the diamond heat pipe walls with the the nanocapsule high speed transport channels in a way that maximizes surface area. Concretely: Extruded fir-tree shapes may work out nicely. The problems arising from this tough: * More contact area for more thermal contact also means more bearing area causing more friction losses * more shear bearing layers to reduce friction also may hamper thermal contact quite significantly. All in all it's an interesting optimization problem that may lead to designs with interesting structures. Time will tell if it is possible to outperform current day heatpipes. Maybe it will be possible to outperform them by orders of magnitude. ----- Maximizing surface area of water that is permanently encapsulated as thermal mass in diamond capsules: * reduces the total volume of water * may (if very tightly squeezed) reduce the degrees of freeom of the molecules so much that some heat capacity is lost == Related == * '''[[Superlube tubes]]''' * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Thermal energy transmission]] * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] ml56o0riwasd6rxd0f0eye905lkhq5n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1062 10077 2021-06-08T20:11:29Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] ckchqwzyhvc7d2hmmz5ec8hpg102b6w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 86 10427 10319 2021-06-14T20:19:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} [[file:Capsule-cooling 379x480.png |thumb|Simple cooling cycle with piston equipped gas filled pellets. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/8/84/Capsule-cooling.svg SVG] ]] Also '''Thermomechanical energy converter'''. With [[technology level III|advanced APM]] heat pumps systems for reaching liquid nitrogen or helium temperatures can probably be easily created. They could be made into desktop scale devices with nothing more than a power connection or more importantly integrated into nanofactories to gain more reliable [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] operation with lower error rates. [correction: the correct cycle is probably similar to the reverse otto cycle aka constant volume cycle] <br> Table of thermodynamic cycles: [http://www.thefullwiki.org/Thermodynamic_cycle] The '''air refrigeration cycle''' also known as Bell Coleman cycle or reverse Brayton cycle (see: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle heat pumps in general] and "[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/123572307/4_Reversed_Brayton_Cycle gas cycle diagram]" ) is nice for diamondoid AP systems since high compression ratios are easily archivable and liquid nitrogen temperatures can be archived just by using ambient air An easy to implement (but not optimal) gas cycle is like follows: # compress gas in thermal contact to the heat radiator to fluid densities (around ~1000bar) # let the generated compression heat dissipate into the environment # transport compressed gas inside through the thermal isolation layer while exchanging heat with out going gas ([[capsule transport|capsules]]) # expand gas in thermal contact to the isolated volume # let the now absent expansion heat be filled from the chamber (suck it cold) # transport expanded gas throug isolation layer while exchanging heat with the ingoing gas ([[capsule transport|capsules]]) # repeat the cycle To reach liquid hydrogen or helium temperatures the compressed hydrogen/helium must be cooled below its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_temperature inversion point] or else the gas will heat up instead of cooling down when expanded. A two stage design with good thermal contact is then needed. Gasses can be handled safely (without explosion hazard) in small small [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] capsules with lockable pistons. When oxid-ceramic diamondoid materials are used dry air instead of pure nitrogen should be safely usable. To keep the capsules small in spite of the high compression ratios the capsules could employ three consecutively acutated pistons each compressing the enclosed gas by a factor of ten. Since the capsules must be moved between two locations seperated by macroscopic distance the design (and the process steps) will be spread over multiple [[microcomponents]]. The most difficult part is the thermal [[thermal isolation]] layer since diamond is pretty much the worst thermal isolator conceivable. If SiO₂ structures can be mechanosyntesized [[positional atomic precision|AP]] aereogel might be usable. ---- Cooling systems must be heterogenous makrosystems since [[thermal isolation]] worsens with shrinking system size. == Reversibility == Thermo-mechanical energy conversion with such diamondoid heat pump systems can be near reversible. <br> In todays (2018) way we convert energy energy the "evil" step (that is: the thermodynamically irreversible step) is the burning hydrocarbon fuel (especially at low temperature). This is what devaluates energy and leads to a low Carnaugh-efficiency.<br> (See: [[Global scale energy management]]) == Possible application in a nanofactory: '''The cooling sandwich''' == In the lowest convergent assembly steps where mechanosynthesis happens cooling can drastically decrease error rates. Since it seems easy to do it it will likely be done. The special thing is though that thermal isolation doesn't work properly at the nanoscale. Thus the whole stack of bottom layers of a nanofactory (mechanosynthesis, crystolecule assembly and microcomponent assembly) may be packed in a sanwich of two macroscopic layers. The first one is there to cool down the raw molecular feedstock once it enters into machine phase from the bottom and the second one is there to recuperate the thermal energy when the assembled [[microcomponent]]s come out the top. These sandwich layers need to be connected at some points to send energy from the top to the bottom energy. The energy conversion steps may be: thermochemical conversion then chemical transport then chemothermal conversion. This process can be highly reversible and will - once cooled down only - only need to remove waste heat from mechanosynthesis. Main page: [[Nanofactory cooling sandwich]] == The Physics == In an ideal gas were it is assumed that particles neither attract nor repulse each other expansion or compression of this gas under "perfect" thermal isolation (adiabatic process) does not change the temperature. Taking the weak long range Van der Waals forces into account (that is using the Van der Waals gas equation instead of the ideal gas equation) expansion or compression will change the temperature. The Joule-Thomson effect. * gas particles attract each other (at greater distances) * => they need to spend work to increase their mutual distance * => The particles loose speed * => the gas cools down * gas particles repulse each other (at smaller distances) * => they gain energy when increasing their mutual distance * => the particles get accelerated * => the gas heats up The ratio between the two effects depends on the kind of gas, the temperature, and the pressure. The dominating effect determines the sign. Quantitatively the process is characterized by: ''"how the temperature changes when only the pressure changes and the enthalpy is kept constant"'' which is the Joule-Thomson coefficient. For a specific gas cooling can only be archived below the inversion temperature (which can be quite low for light gases like hydrogen and helium - thus they need pre-cooling via a different gas with higher inversion temperature like e.g. nitrogen from air). And the pressure window for a cooling cycle starts to open up at a specific pressure (which can be quite high - which is [[high pressure|not much of an issue for advanced APM systems]]). === Relation to quantum effects === Note that albeit quantum effects can lead to forces (like e.g. degeneracy pressure, exchange interaction, thawing of DOFs) the Joule-Thomson effect most is predominately not related to these quantum effects. (Excluding VdW forces here which is strictly speaking also a quantum effect.) It might be interesting to investigate if artificial cooling systems can be constructed that are dominated by these quantum based forces and can be put to practical use. (This well may have been done in some way in the course of ultra low temperature research {{todo|investigate this further}}) === Relation to machine phase === {{speculativity warning}} When removing motion constraints on [[crystolecule]]s, that is e.g. * letting a bearing thermally freewheel at least part of the full 360° or * letting a slider thermally "freereciprocate" some distance then * widening or narrowing the freewheel angle and * extending or reducing the freereciprocate length should slightly change the temperature depending on how repulsive or attractive the motion limiters are. Each wheel or slider has many atoms and is thus quite massive but still gets only one statistical thermal energy packet (equipartition theorem). Thus a Joule-Thomson like effect may be hard to establish due a the difficulty of perfectly balancing out the the VdW forces (which become quite strong when cumulated from all the many atoms). And if the effect can be established it will likely be rather small. Each relatively big crystolecule providing the effect of just one relatively small gas molecule. Sidenote: Note the strong resemblance (in fact pretty much identicallity) of this freewheel/freeslide setup to the setup used to estimate [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|to which degree nanomachanics is influenced by qquantum mechanics]]. The difficulty to get [[macro style machinery at the nanoscale]] to interact with thermal motion effects which are much stronger than mechanical quantum effects at room temperature should make it even more clear that quantum mechanics does not pose not a problem for such machinery. == Related == Strongly related to the Joule-Thompson effect is entropic cooling effect in rubber elasticity (an entropic force). This effect can be used to store large amounts of energy in a very safe way, where instead of violently exploding in case of an accident the storage just freezes and thwarts its own self-destruction. * [[Entropomechanical converter]] * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Thermal metamaterial]] * [[Thermal energy transport]] * [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] == External links == * Joule-Thomson effect {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect}} * Inversion temperature {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_temperature}} * Enthalpy#Throttling {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy#Throttling}} * Van der Waals equation {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation}} [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] i9wfwblhk7q0wgzj0g5cz98xjpdjkyv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1124 10499 2021-06-16T10:46:00Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] jbdvewvyf00nnq9n8tj21b9b5eug8w2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 556 5816 2017-07-02T05:43:16Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid metamaterial]] to [[Gemstone based metamaterial]]: diamondoid may be too specific / diamond has problematic associations #REDIRECT [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] 2su0umw76dvu0954t9kyqzrzohrcnxu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 66 791 2014-01-10T15:00:40Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid metamaterials]] to [[Diamondoid metamaterial]]: singular better than plural in this case #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid metamaterial]] 83f98rw3myb2ppm6dkfqktjb14scj0u wikitext text/x-wiki 0 570 5907 2017-07-05T16:23:16Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid molecular element]] to [[Gemstone-like molecular element]]: diamondoid too narrow and a bias laden term #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] gexor4meap9cxh0txnp7tufqpnwvo2w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 112 9966 1378 2021-06-05T09:49:31Z Apm 1 removed double redirect #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like molecular element]] gexor4meap9cxh0txnp7tufqpnwvo2w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1056 10019 2021-06-07T12:15:20Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid molecular machine element]] to [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]: matching built up nomenclature #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] jbdvewvyf00nnq9n8tj21b9b5eug8w2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 147 4616 4337 2016-01-16T21:10:14Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} How does one construct a solar cell material with just carbon or some abundant elements (N,O,P,S,(Fe??),..) too? <br> Bent graphene can be a tunable semiconductor as was found with nanotubes. <br> A direct conversion into mechanical energy might be to consider. <br> ['''Todo:''' how much research exists - what is missing?] Diamond seems to be an excellent material for solar cells. [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/exploration/news/news_diamond.htm Article: Turning diamond film into solar cells] <br> ['''Todo:''' better references needed] [[Category:Technology level III]] == Related == * rectenna [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectenna (leave to wikipedia)] for optical wavelengths with nanotube diodes that are able to switch fast enough [[non mechanical technology path]] * radiation protection * photonic crystals oe0hofnqxjyonm7bnofvcdikj6jwprl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 335 3627 2015-04-01T16:44:54Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Diamondoid solar cells]] to [[Diamondoid solar cell]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid solar cell]] 0yuqf04tixg6fvlbwic5liec8x0qy7w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 67 5870 1784 2017-07-03T14:18:31Z Apm 1 More general: [[Diamondoid metamaterial]] Materials for objects of everyday use are one of the first if not the first target for APM systems. Today the diverse types of plastic wood glass aluminum low-grade-steel brass and copper are a good examples for such a versatile material classes. Depending on which properties one wants to emulate of these materials differing amounts of design efforts are needed. Given enough design effort all relevant properties of the mentioned materials and more should be emulatable. Novel property combinations and entirely novel properties may emerge early on. Replacement materials (structural metamaterials) would be * easier in production * easier to recycle and reshape Novel property combinations * e.g. glass behaving mechanically like a metal Novel properties * e.g. freely choosable stress strain diagrams == Simple materials == The earliest available materials will be the ones easiest to design. That is they will show the most easily achievable properties. Passivated hollow truncated octahedrons that stick together by Van der Waals force only will make a very sturdy and lightweight material. They may come loose solitarily or in micro sized bunches. Wether this can lead to health hazards needs to be examined. truncated octahedrons fill space, form pockets which guide assembly and lack acute or right angles so they shouldn't form sharp [[splinters]]. Simple (multi)dovetail interlocking [[microcomponents]] will be hard and brittle vaguely akin to bulk silicon carbide. The simplest modifications to mend that behaviour are * deliberate weakening of the interlocking mechanisms to make breakage a little less uncontrolled. This prevents the creation of splinters and thus make the microcomponents potentially recoverable. * Addition of suspension into the interlocking mechanisms such that the material becomes quite strainable and seemingly elastic. == More advanced materials == When active components become involved one no longer has a structural but a quasi-structural metamaterial. * Emulation of step dislocation plasticity on the microcomponent level. When the forced steps are memorized they could potentially be undone when the external load recedes. * Active counteracting materials. No or even negative strain when you pull on the metamaterial. Sufficiently quickly Risig forces can not be counteracted. [Todo: add more details] == Related == * [[Surface passivation]] [[Category:Technology level III]] r3x2fy1gs9p57yphbqwy4ccedw771rq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 73 10898 10890 2021-06-24T13:36:07Z Apm 1 /* Further topics */ added * [[Soil processing]] in [[mining]] for [[resource molecules]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} '''Ultimately damaged diamondoid AP products''' ([[microcomponents]] or macro sized parts) beyond the poit where they can be [[recycling|recycled]] often do hardly decay by themselves. If badly designed they may even release [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] - [[splinter prevention|splinters]] in the environment so they '''need to be burnt''' or disintegrated to [[hot gas phase recycling cycle|reusable]] or harmless substances in an other way. Conventional furnaces will probably suffice but [[positional atomic precision|AP]] manufactured '''combustion cells''' for microcomponents or makro objects '''are desirable''' nontheless. They may be able to better filter combustion fumes and also better solve other issues. - Reseach needed. For now a list of potential diamondoid [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory refractory] materials can be found at the "[[consistent design for external limiting factors]]" page. = Slacks = The oxides of the elements C,H,O,N,S are all gasses thus if the product to dispose of contains only those elements it can be completely burned to gasses. If other elements are included burning will produce an amorphous glassy slack which may be very hard to recycle. On the positive side products that form large amounts of slack have the tendency to self quench large fires. (See: [[Design of crystolecules]]) == Maybe possible ways to regain molecular feed-stocks from slack == === Hydrogenation === Heating parts up in a hot and dense hydrogen atmosphere might be usable to extend the list of elements that can be reverted to easy to process resource gasses. e.g. Silicon -> Silane. === Making soluble with sodium === Melting sodium into low melting slacks or shooting sodium ions into refractory waste might do the trick since sodium compounds have a tendency to be water soluble - silicon and aluminum can be solvated that way. (this method should also be usable for dissolving hard rock in [[underground working]] - sodium silicate is actually used as drilling fluid today) * Na₄O₄Si sodium orthosilicate - molecular non polymeric from - few data available - ([http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumsilicate wikipedia (de)]) * Na₂SiO₃ sodium silicate ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicate wikipedia]) - chain polymeric form * Na_XAl_YO_Z sodium aluminates ([http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumaluminate wikipedia (de)]) - also used for removing transition metal salts from water = Microcomponents = * [[Microcomponents]] are a lot easier to burn since their large surface area in relation to their volume. * Also its easier too keep them free of elements that produce oxidic slacks. If [[microcomponent tagging|documented]] they can be seperated regarding their composition and disposed of seperately such that elements do not mix too much. * Microcomponents could maybe be put into a beam of ionized oxygen such that walls can be magnetically protected. = Chlorine = Chlorine is an interesting case. When burning organochlorides (or diamondchlorides with similar elemental composition) usually toxic combustion byproducts are produced. Although Chlorine is an abundant element (huge amounts in the sea) and it can form sturdy bonds to carbon molecular biology almost doesn't make use of it in biomolecules but instead only uses it as ions (it is an essential element). ['''Todo:''' find out why] Only very few natural occuring organochlorides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochloride (wikipedia)] are known that occur in notable quantities (examples: bipyrrol Q1, chlormethane). = Further topics = * [[refractory materials]] * [[Recycling]] * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Soil processing]] in [[mining]] for [[resource molecules]] * [[Gem-gum waste dissolution]] * [[Gem-gum waste crisis]] * Products made from [[common stones]] are as incombustible as these stones * [[Rock digestion chamber]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] sxwykl6txvmlwxfdcygdrwea4x64q38 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 481 11378 10197 2021-07-08T17:38:00Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Brownian motion]] == Myth's == === Myth: "Transport at the nanoscale can only be done via diffusion transport" === The lack of fully guided transport in biological system does not imply their impossibility.<br> The lack of fully guided transport in biological systems instead shows a limitation of biological systems and natural evolution. === Myth: "Diffusion transport has superior efficiency to non-stochastic fully guided transport (e.g. on rails)" === While diffusion transport takes no energy for the motion of transported molecules the necessary energy expenditure for the capture of transported molecules from the solution and subsequent permanent fixture to the target must not be overlooked. == Why diffusion transport is slow == === Inherent slowness === Diffusion transport speed is distance dependent. The farther the transport distance the slower it gets. On average the traveled distance grows with the square-root of time. === Slowness from lack of geometric constraints === Since fully unconstrained diffusion may transport molecules in any direction the situation is even worse. The surface area of a sphere with origin at the starting point and surface crossing the target grows with the square of the traveling distance while the target area that must be hit stays constant. == Speeding up diffusion transport == === Improving speed by improving geometry === Diffusion on a lower dimensional subspace (in biosystems e.g. on a lipid membrane) can improve the geometric part of the problem. That is diffusion transport can be sped up by reducing the dimensionality of freedom of motion and or restricting the range of motion to regions. === Improving speed by turning away from pure diffusion based transport === In biology motors work often by prevention of back reactions. If taken to the extreme one ends up with a one dimensional path with unidirectional erratic motion with unpredictable times for forward steps. By coupling many of these together in the background one ends up with predictable and continuous forward motion. This is exactly deterministic fully guided transport. The system is now all the way in [[machine phase]]. So when successively improving on diffusion transport one naturally ends up with fully guided transport at the very end. == Increasing speed by raising temperature == By raising the temperature one can speed up diffusion transport. It should be fairly obvious though why this can't be stretched very far. Systems relying on solvents usually have rather stringent constraints on temperature. The boiling point of the solvent (which can vary a bit dependent on pressure) must not be exceeded. In any system the temperature is limited by what the most delicate transported molecules can survive. See: [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] When temperature rises in solvent based systems the chemical interactions between transported molecules (mutually) and solvent can become problematic. In a fully guided system where molecules are transported in a practically perfect vacuum one only needs to care about the (usually much less critical) internal thermal stability and not about the (usually much more critical) external [[chemical stability]]. == A two by two matrix for detangling the prevalent confusion of ideas == === diffusion transport as (exclusive) far term goal (''bad'') === Exclusively sticking with diffusion transport for ones far term goals and complete shunning of system concepts featuring fully guided transport is detrimental. This often happens due to strong belief in the aforementioned myths. The consequence can be misguided development choices and vast misjudgment of the potential capabilities of future technology. This is essentially an exclusive focus on the [[brownian technology path]]). === fully guided transport as (main) far term goal === Fully guided transport is not about erroneously fighting thermal motion instead of using it. It's about sufficiently controlling thermal motion such that one can exploit the advantages of fully digital systems (error margins & error corrections). Diffusion transport has several fundamental limitations compared to non-stochastic/deterministic fully guided transport including the ones listed above. By switching over one can leave all this limitations behind. This is essentially a focus on the far term goal of [[gem-gum factory|gem-gum factories]]. === fully guided transport as (exclusive) near term R&D focus (''bad'') === Trying to move to fully guided transport right away may though be too difficult and less productive.<br> See: [[Pathway controversy]] === diffusion transport as (main) near term R&D focus === In the near term exploiting diffusion transport is very beneficial due to lack of options ([[bootstrapping]] problem).<br> But since diffusion transport is clearly inferior to fully guided transport moving over ASAP is desirable. Still profitable near term applications that create progress merely accidentally (like molecular biology based medicine) should be kept the only forefronts of development. After all their focus can anytime quickly and permanently veer off sensible far term goals. Even in a way that strongly hiders further progress to those goals. == Related == * [[Thermal motion]] * [[Thermally driven assembly]] and [[Thermally driven folding]] * [[Methods of assembly]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Surface diffusion]] * [[Effective concentration]] * [[Brownian motion]] == External links == * sci-nanotech forum: [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/19-diffusion-transport-efficiency-misconception/ diffusion transport efficiency misconception] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_diffusion Atomic_diffusion] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_equation Langevin_equation] [[Category:Thermal]] 88cz2lbt9g775yztxwlh7jueqrowf5l wikitext text/x-wiki 0 81 11334 10161 2021-07-06T15:52:03Z Apm 1 added image of molecular assembler sketch {{biased}} [[File:INfAPM-concept-video screen-capture.png|400px|thumb|right|This is a '''screen capture from a concept animation video''' that was created in the context of the '''"Integrated Nanosystems for Atomically Precise Manufacturing Workshop – August 5-6, 2015"'''. The proposal contains several already experimentally created and shown materials and techniques that on their own were already cutting edge combined into one systems. This is pushing the limits hard and very much falls under the direct approach.]] [[File:self-replicating-assembler-unit.png|thumb|Artistic depiction of a mobile assembler unit capable of self replication (linked to a "crystal" of assemblers and thus not ''free floating''). '''An outdated idea sometimes associated with the direct path.''' Factory style [[productive nanosystem]]s have also been discussed in the context of the direct path.]] The ''direct path'' is a second [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|pathway to advanced APM systems]] beside the [[incremental path]]. The objective of the direct path is to attain APM capabilities without the detour over bio-derived and solution phase systems (Skipping directly to [[technology level III|vacuum gemstone metamaterial technology]]). One driving aspect are products that are perceived to be potentially profitable in a relative short term. The incremental path can easily provide such motivation with medical applications that historically have been cash cows. For the direct path in comparison it seems harder to find such catch-pennies for potential investors. Some potential early products here include e.g. Metric standards. {{wikitodo|add more potential early products for the direct path}} There are several hard hurdles where progress seems slow. Like: * relatively slow progression of miniaturization of [[scanning probe microscopy|SPM]] and consequently ... * ... little increase of speed at which [[scanning probe microscopy|scanning probe microscopes (SPMs)]] with [[positional atomic precision]] can operate. * except very view hard to find instances there there are barely any attempts of miniaturizing UHV vacuum systems {{wikitodo| add links to UHV miniaturization attempts}} * Due to very little control of the tip apex structure and even less of the rest of the tips conical widening behind multi-tip-interactions (anything going beyond surface-to-tip-interaction like tip-tip or tip-surface-tip or tip-tip-tip) is still far out of reach. * very poor handling of steps bigger than a single atom (slow response z control + z drift) => crashes in up-steps - "shadows" in down-steps Low speed, relatively bad vacuum and high error rate leads to the necessity of keeping the produced atomically precise ([[positional atomic precision|precise in position not only topology]]) diamondoid designs rather small. * Restriction to minimal hydrocarbon designs that exclude further chemical elements. See the [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]]. * Possibly a hydrosilicon design instead of a hydrocarbon design if silicon becomes mechanosynthesizable before carbon. <br> Current experimental "high temperature" (70K...300K) mechanosynthesis demonstrations all use silicon. Carbon is still stuck in theory (See papers linked on the page about [[mechanosynthesis]]). One (maybe rather hard) approach towards [[Technology level III|advanced gem-gum technology]] is to [[skipping technology levels|skip the outlined technology levels]] of the [[incremental path]] and try to create at least one necessarily very small and simple hydrocarbon [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]]** from which via exponential assembly a nanofactory can be spawned. This proto-linkage/proto-manipulator approach is conceptually very near the early naive and '''now obsolete''' since hard-to-access inefficient and undesirable [[molecular assembler|proto-assembler]] concept. The far opposite end of the spectrum complementary to the (maybe equally bad) completely non-directed far too slow "reach gem-gum-tec by accident" extreme end of the [[incremental path]]. A little less ambitious but still very challenging approach would be to improve MEMS SPM technology so far that it is fast and accurate enough that arrays of it are able to produce early atomically precise productive nanosystems in sufficiently massive parallelism for early very low throughput products. Most realistically though it seems that the direct path will be massively accelerated by opening up and using results of the incremental path. That is instead of using MEMS to pick and place atoms in the future it might be used to pick and place bigger assemblies form [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] de-novo protein technology or similar. == Benefits from results of direct path development attempts == Experiental (and theoretical) proof of principle for far term goal strongly guided [[mechanosynthesis]]. Showing that the [[fat finger problem]] is not a show stopper even with currently available crude blunt tips with barely known structure and the [[sticky finger problem]] is actually not a problem. The "stickyness" helps instead. == Direct path & critique with more or less sound basis == Eric Drexler very early on (soon after his first book "Engines of Creations" EoC) abandoned the idea of the extreme end of the direct path: [[molecular assembler]]s (often also incorrectly referred to as simply [[nanobots]]). There's not a single word about molecular assemblers / nanobots in his technical book (Nanosystems). It's all about the identification of a sensible far term goal based on well understood physics ([[exploratory engineering]]) which resulted in the nanofactory concept. There's no complete bootstrapping plan included just a few hints for starting points that where visible back then. In popular media though the old molecular assembler meme where stuck and furthermore gained its own [[grey goo|mythology of omnivoric and evolving synthetic life]]. In the meantime a slew of researchers had annexed the fund bringing term "nanotechnology" that E.Drexler originally used in his first books to refer to quite different ideas. The researchers did this unknowing of both E. Drexlers work and unknowing or ignorant about the growing media mythologies. When the media began pestering scientists about dystopic mythologies though and they actually where working mostly on stupid (in the sense of their capabilities) nanoparticles they understandably panicked. Fearing loss of funding public uproar and maybe even terrorism. They traced back the idea starting from the mythologies on the surface back to the still naive ideas in EoC. Already annoyed from the highly unscientific starting point and due to serious scientists time constraints they did not bother to check into the details of E. Drexlers newer more thought out technical work (Nanosystems). This lead to reactions along the lines of: "Nanobots are far too dangerous but don't worry they are impossible" <br> Which is (in a perspective of more than a few years) false in several ways: * Nanobots are a super-set of the here referred to hypothetical "rouge molecular assemblers". Nanobots include medical nanobots which will become possible pretty much for certain. * It seems there might come up motivations for rouge self replicators (not exactly [[molecular assembler]]s) and they seem to become possible when the state of the technology will be advanced sufficiently far (far off future). * When the time is ripe for rouge self replicators to emerge (as said far off future) they will be far less dangerous than the horror fairy tale depictions. Limits of "techno-ecological" niches; Presence of gradually introduced countermeasures, ... '''In short:'''<br> The strong prominence of the extreme end of the direct path twisted into mythologies lead to [[history|rather unproductive critique]] of [[Main Page|Atomically precise manufacturing (APM)]] Back when this clash happened the [[incremental path]] towards [[technology level III|gemstone metamaterial technology]] may have seemed very obscure and unfeasible to the scientists. With the recent breakthroughs in [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] that rapidly go into the regime of diffusion control and suppression this slowly seems to change though. The [[incremental path]] lies on the other end of the development approach spectrum. This was and still is the route Erik K. Drexler strongly prefers. While the direct path may bring some benefits he sees the direct path mostly as a distraction (source book "[[Radical Abundance]]") which's perception has hindered development more than it has helped it. (See [[pathway controversy]]) == Difficulties == * providing resource materials like ethine and germanium source stuck to a surface but close together and near the building site is nontrivial * for tool-tip recharge cycles more sites are needed * how to isolate specific areas from potentially requited gas phase process steps * currently reachable vacuum levels are not quite sufficient - encapsulation of a small working volume is hard * macroscopic AFMs are accurate enough (when drift compensated on reference points) but too way too slow * microscopic AFMs/STMs may be fast enough but are not as accurate yet * coordinating multiple tips is actively researched but barely possible and very slow * operation of current UHV system is painstakingly slow - days to weeks * [[patterned layer epitaxy]] uses a thermodynamic process between de-passivation steps limiting reliability. [to check] * with [[patterned layer epitaxy]] breaking loose movable parts seems difficult because: it seems hard to create overhangs, controllably breakable [[sparse tack down bonds]] and adjacent closely contacting passivated surfaces. * replenish-ability * harsh CVD conditions (when used) * ... '''Furter discussion''' of the individual issues by people knowledgeable in those areas is '''needed'''. == Current state == The most advanced part of the direct path currently (2017-06) seems to be the technolpgy of <br> "patterned layer epitaxy" aka "patterned atomic layer epitaxy" (patterned ALE) or more specific: hydrogen depassivation lithography (HDL)<br> (HDL was first demonstrated by Prof. Joe Lyding of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1994) The (at this time published) structures have still high error rates and are mostly two dimensional. But they are on the strongly covalently bonding target material silicon and made at relatively high temperatures (that is not liquid helium). That is unless structures are not annealed at high temperatures (which current UHV systems often require) undesired surface reconstruction can often be avoided. {{wikitodo|reference the paper that theoretically analyzes surface reconstruction}} At lower temperatures and with weaker bonding materials (mostly metals) more advanced atomically precise manupulation has been demonstrated. A very impressive example is an atomically precise memory {{wikitodo|add link/ref}} Note that this is all 2D ony !! <br>The incremental path is far ahead in this regard. == Build platform size extension == On natural crystals atomically flat areas have only limited size. For CVD grown diamond this is even more so than for silicon. The size of facets should at least provide enough space for the assembly of tool-tips. If the capability to form overhangs is present one can build an inverted pyramid (sparsely filled to save time) to gain a perfectly flat surface of grater size. == Two types of [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME ]] design == Depending how direct one assumes [[technology level III]] is acessible one may choose from two voluntary design restrictions. Those are A pure hydrocarbon structures (with sparsely included germainum allowed ['''add ref''']) and B structures incorporating various nonmetals for e.g. elegant surface passivations from second and third row of the periodic table. * If one assumes skipping of technology levels will succeed first a plethora of pre-existing right of the bat buildable structures will be very helpful. * If one assumes incremental technology improvement will lead us further nonmetal including structures can provide a "final goal" sketch * in reality somewhat in-between might happen. Both choices have reason to be made and should probably be followed in parallel. == Relation to the [[incremental path]] == Link to the articles "[http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ Toward Advanced Nanotechnology:...]" from K. Eric Drexlers Blog. At the beginning of the research and [[exploratory engineering]] for advanced APM the hurdle to overcome the barrier to gain mechanosynthetic capabilities in the form of [[technology level III]] (the now outdated concept of assemblers was the primary model back then) was underestimated by many. The gap between the nature of biological systems and the nature of the target technology seemed to be too big to bridge in any foreseeable way. Thus by many an approach through direct tip based manufacturing with macro/microscopic tools (and some minimal chemical synthesis) was and still is seen as the primary route to go. With new developments in the "nature inspired" molecular science department the mentioned gap closed down to a point where the [[Main Page|further path became more foreseeable]]. With "new developments" what is meant here is mainly [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] (but also some other areas). This is actually quite far from biology. An "artifibiological" intermediate link one could say. Still it's hard to say whether the direct path is competitive or not. At least it will certainly contribute in the form of "working down from the other side". Capability of chemical synthesis of tool-tips for diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] (following link suggested) will be very valuable. == Related == * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] * [[Scanning probe microscopy]] * Can electron beams from transmission electron microscopy be used to do at least low throughput early atomically precise manufacturing? See: "[[Quasi atomically precise techniques]]" for a discussion. * There was a proposal on syntesizing tooltips for diamondoid mechanosynthesis and growing cone extensions by CVD methods. {{wikitodo|add link -- was it "how to make nanodiamond" ?}} {{wikitodo|check if there was some followup work}} == External Links == === Recently more or less active projects that may focus more on the direct path === * nano.gov [https://www.nano.gov/node/1900 DOE: Atomically Precise Manufacturing FY 2018] (Some focus on the [[incremental path]] too.) * '''Video:''' (2015-08-5/6) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFOLYPzstRM&feature=share Proposal for Atomically Precise Manufacturing by the US Department of Energy] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zD0F780x7PM (old dead link 1)]<br> from the [https://energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/integrated-nanosystems-atomically-precise-manufacturing-workshop-august-5-6-2015 INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEMS FOR ATOMICALLY PRECISE MANUFACTURING WORKSHOP – AUGUST 5-6, 2015] <br> Citation: "The US Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) hosted a Workshop on Integrated Nanosystems for Atomically Precise Manufacturing (INFAPM) in Berkeley, California, August 5-6, 2015." * Atoms to Product (A2P) - Darpa [http://www.darpa.mil/program/atoms-to-product] * The company zyvex (zyvex LABS) is working more on the direct path end of the spectrum of approaches. <br> Here's [http://www.zyvexlabs.com/apm/rd/science-of-apm/ zyvex's page about Atomically Precise Manufacturing] === Direct path seems correlated with military research === * University of waterloo about DARPA's older [https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-nanotechnology/research-waterloo-institute-nanotechnology/facilities-equipment/center-integrated-radio-frequency-engineering/tbn-spm tip based nanofabrication (TBN)] program -- funded 2011-2013 (?) * DARPA's newer "atoms to products" program [http://www.darpa.mil/program/atoms-to-product] * '''zyvex''' is involved with making nanotube boats for fighting pirates === General discussions that may relate more to the direct path === * Micro-Electro-Mechanical system Atomic-Force-Microscopes (MEMS-AFMs) (available since early 2017) [http://www.icspicorp.com/ icspcorp.com] (microscopic microscopes for the masses) <br> Some related discussion: [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/31-microscopic-microscopes-not-yet-for-the-masses/] * '''Video:''' (2013-10-18) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLcYGmMDvLw John Randall - Atom by Atom Manufacturing Making atomically perfect materials and machines] * [http://www.kurzweilai.net/how-to-make-a-nanodiamond-a-simple-tool-for-positional-diamond-mechanosynthesis-and-its-method-of-manufacture How To Make a Nanodiamond: A Simple Tool for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis, and its Method of Manufacture] (January 27, 2006 by Robert A. Freitas Jr.) * [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/PathDiamMolMfg.htm Pathway to Diamond-Based Molecular Manufacturing] (2004-10-22 Robert A. Freitas Jr.) === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_epitaxy atomic layer epitaxy ALE] aka ALD (needs to be combined with atomically precise patterned depassivation to allow for the creation of atomically precice structures.) [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] 0g416adhj98l766bmtqit9ceacjht68 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 55 9765 7775 2021-06-01T13:48:56Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Ultra long term technology stability]] – [[Gem-gum rainforest world]] {{Stub}} [[File:Sonic checkpoint reached doodle by AlSanya-d5m90pr.png|400px|thumb|right|The point when technology becomes advanced enough to reach a self stabilizing self sustaining state where it becomes as stable or even more stable than life on earth is today. - Image by AlSanya (RetroRobosan)]] Means for AP manufacturing have a stabilizing effect on advanced civilization since using them is akin to growing plants from abundant seeds. Reaching this level of capability means reaching something like a "game checkpoint". Even if there's no central power source and no infrastructure basic necessities as well as all sorts of luxury goods can be made. In (2013) there was (and still is) a situation where electric power supply was highly centralized. If there would have been a catastrophe of some sort stopping all systems from working at once there would have been great problems to get it all up and running again since the systems depended on themselves mutually. One could say the whole electric system was in a dynamic state of "alive" always threatening to "die". Relativating a bit: With advanced APM technology a new dynamically globally alive system on a higher level will very likely emerge, but the fallback baseline will be much higher averting humanitarian disaster in case of system breakdown. There would be a sharp drop in standard of living though. APM technology in contrast can lie dormant for eons without loosing functionality. <br> The main threatening factor for the continued availability of AP systems (not the [[human overpopulation|size of the human population]] - this is an entirely different matter) is '''destruction from within''' due to bad too much centralized [[general software issues|software architecture]]. Really bad regressions seem plausible but total annihilation rather unlikely. {{speculativity warning}}<br> Further remaining threats reside in the far future and are rather exotic like: * global radiation exposure from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_burst gamma bursts]. * planetary collisions * ? (insert your favourite SciFi doomsday here) {{speculativity warning}}<br> There's the fundamentally unavoidable risk for any information processing existences of walking into long winded dead end in software development where it is unclear how far "civilization" needs to trace back before continuing onwards becomes possible. This is strongly tied to: * Gödels incompleteness or equivalently * the halting problem(s) or equivalently * Chaitins construction or equivalently * the presence of an transfinite number of axioms that are true for no reason {{todo|Discuss the importance of avoiding the loss of a bootstrapping path. Documentation of the historically followed attainment path and identification of possible shortcuts (difficult) such that bootstrapping could be repeated in the quickest possible way.}} == Related == * [[Desert scenario]] * pros and cons of extraordinary corrosion resistances - [[Recycling]] * [[Ultra long term technology stability]] – [[Gem-gum rainforest world]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Philosophy]] qgmps4auy5gaer0xij402tztfq3jago wikitext text/x-wiki 0 80 9580 9452 2021-05-30T06:41:37Z Apm 1 /* Gem-gum factory design as shown in the "productive nanosystems" video */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] {{Template: Needs improvement}} Back: [[technology level III]] = Gem gum factory design as proposed in this wiki = Differences to the other proposals: * Fewer assembly levels where chosen than proposed in "Nanosystems". <br> * Slightly bigger assembly level steps where chosen than in the "productive nanosystems" video. <br> * A sensible far term target is the focus. [[Exploratory engineering]]. <br>Not an supposedly easier supposedly more early (via the [[direct path]]) achievable design like Chris Phoenix (2013) approach. Fewer assembly levels that each bridge a bigger size step give: * much more design freedom (less design restrictions) for products that are to be made by the factory <br> at the cost of a bit of speed * an actual possibility to intuitively understand the size-scales involved. See: [[Magnification theme-park]]. = Gem-gum factory design as proposed in the Book "Nanosystems" = Page 422 – "Table 14.1. Manufacturing system paramaters. See section 14.4 for description." There are a lot of assembly levels. This should make the factory fast but goes at the cost of * more complex design of the factory, which is ok since it is a far term target after all. * more design constraints for every product single product that this will be designed to nebe made with this factory, which could be problematic. It seems hard to decipher the motivations behind all the decisions. = Gem-gum factory design as shown in the "productive nanosystems" video = Three assembly levels are shown. {{wikitodo|work out the sized and list them here}} <br> There is quite a lot attention to detail in there that will go unnoticed by casual viewers. <br> ... See main Article: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] = Primitive Nanofactory Design by Chris Phoenix - October 2003 = Sources: '''pdf-file''': ([http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.pdf source1] [http://www.crnano.org/Nanofactory.pdf source2]), [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.134.4471 on-citeseerx], [http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htm html-text] '''TODO''': Include new insights from [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/14-convergent-assembly-and-its-visualisation/ this sci-nanotech thread], [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/14-convergent-assembly-and-its-visualisation/&postID=38#post38 specific sub-post], [http://www.sci-nanotech.com/index.php?webtag=NANOTECHNOLOGY&msg=20.1 deadlink] == Meaning of primitive == Instead of incremental technology improvement over technology levels a direct step to diamondoid APM is assumed. (See: [[Skipping technology levels#Two types of DME design|Two types of DME design]]). Thus the presented nanofactory does represent a design that's supposed to be easy to build when probe based mechanosynthetic capabilities are assumed and does not represent a "final" goal near optimal design where we want to end up. Some hints how to get from the "easy to built" one to the "near optimal" one are given in for Section "4.6. Improving the design". Simple forms of [[mechanosynthesis]] and exclusive use of bulk diamond are assumed (graphite and polyyine rods are mentioned later). The '''existence of general purpouse mechanosynthetic devices''' capable of production of 200nm sidelength nanoblocks '''is assumed''' (see "Meaning of primitive" above). They are '''called fabricators'''. == Bottommost levels == A qualitative distinction of the bottommost assembly levels similar to the one presented [[assembly levels|here]] is made further in the document. It is first noted that the factory's organization changes at the bottommost levels. Later in Chapter "5.1. Levels of design" six levels similar but not quite the same as [[assembly levels]] are presented. * The mentioned (1) nanoparts and (2) nanomachines correspond to [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] and conglomerates of DMEs. * The (3) nanoblocks correspond to [[microcomponents]] with 0.2µm sidelength they are assumed to be rather small thus the nano in the name. * And three further levels are mentioned: (4) patterns (5) fill regions (6) folds == Convergent assembly == Convergent assembly is a central topic in this proposal nonetheless it isn't summarized in chapter "9. Conclusion and discussion" and you have to carefully read through the whole document to get the picture. Thus a summarization is given here. A set of eight plus one redundant fabricators (in a single layer) at the bottommost levels is a lot slower then the first mergement stage (atom by atom mechanosynthesis vs simple snap together) The first mergement stage is thus greatly underchallenged and operated way below its potential. A stack of multiple layers of those fabricator sets (or usage of mill systems) could provide the speed but is not chosen to avoid the need of transport through fabricator layers. A strictly ordered stratified design with octal branching/(stage merging) (plus one redundant) and octal assembly/(nanoblock merging) follows upwards for four convergent assembly stages. (A 2D fractal structur with iterations extruded in the third dimension). The ratio eight to eight leaves the assembly time constant instead of doubling it (as in the case of a not used four to eight ratio) what would be natural according to the scaling law of frequency. * The excessive idle time inherited from the base of fabricator nine tupels shrinks every stage upward to idle_time/2^4 = idle_time/16 * A 3x3 square turns into a (2x2)x2 block => after four stages empty space builds up (3/2)^4 ~ 5 Above the fourth stage a local microcomputer is situated that steers this production module without feedback control and almost completely reversible. The hole structure of fabricators plus 4 stages plus computer plus logistics is called a ''production module'' Continuing upward those modules are assembled in a 3D fractal fashion (adhering scaling law ? - to check). * This design uses convergent assembly in a non n^2/m^3 ratio of hand-up to mergement. See: [[level throughput balancing]] == Vacuum == [Todo: sum up what is sayed about vacuum; unfolding; dripstone cave shaped products]. = Related = * General metrics that seem useful for nanofactory design are getting collected at the page about [[design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]. [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] 0y3eqnl1wedqsoq1u6ho2tpt5xy0kn3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 521 11087 11086 2021-07-01T07:55:22Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{site specific term}} Dissipation sharing is a technique enabled through smart usage of [[machine phase]] that allow to far surpass the efficiencies seen in already pretty efficient biological solution based systems. <br> To the authors knowledge "dissipation sharing" is a novel idea here presented for the first time. For brevity in the following we will refer to * [[Technology level I|Advanced gemstone based atomically precise manufacturing system]] with (A) and to * [[technology level I|more primitive systems based on solution based self assembly]] with (B) == In machine phase (A) friction from superlubrication is not a disadvantage since it's far over-compensated by gains elsewhere== While in case (A) one has some very small losses due to the friction of the [[superlubrication|superlubricating]] bearings compared to completely free since thermally driven transport in case (B) the final deposition of the molecule(fragment) at the target location can be done so much more efficient in case (A) that it easily more than compensates the former disadvantage. == No possibility to receive energetic "exchange money" in diffusion based systems (B) == The problem in case (B) is that the bonding energy of the molecule to the target site is a fixed quantity. (Example: ATP in cells carries around a fixed amount of energy.) If the reactants are not held by manipulator tips the bonding energy cannot be collected/recuperated as "exchange money" by letting the reaction-pull-force do work to some energy storage elsewhere. Instead the "exchange money" is fully thermalized/devaluated. == The minimum price to pay to never go backwards == A little bit of thermalization/devaluation of energy is required though to make sure that the bonding reaction runs reliably forward. For the bonding reaction to run forward reliably the energy pumped into the thermal motions must significantly exceed the quantity k_BT. For a system to run predominantly in one direction (for it to have an arrow of time) the thermodynamic potential for the system must decrease. For solution phase chemistry the appropriate thermodynamic potential is the Gibbs free energy. One needs to devaluate/thermalize free energy. For a single reaction the energy pumped into the thermal motions must significantly exceed k_BT. Beside the obvious thing to lower the temperature (which has practical limits) there's another opportunity to drive down the price. Sharing. == Sticking together comes cheaper -- dissipation sharing == In advanced systems (A) there's a trick (the titular "dissipation sharing") that may allow one to avoid paying the minimum "tax" for every single reaction. One can thereby go to the limits and squeeze out the last little bits of efficiency towards 100%. In solution based systems (B) reactions are mostly fully isolated from each other. Every reactant molecule has its own degrees of freedom. Stiff machine-phase-systems (A) allows one to link many reactions together. More concretely: Many of the molecular mills are linked together in the background stiffly by one common rotating shaft. This effectively reduces the many individual degrees of freedom for the atom depositions to just a single one. The rotation angle of the main shaft. Only for this one remaining common degree of freedom one needs to still expend/theralize/dissipate an amount of energy >> k_BT to ensure forward motion. == The limits of sharing == How many reactions one can can couple together is a highly nontrivial but very important question. {{todo|investigate that}} More accurately the question is how far can one stretch the spacial and temporal reach of the degree of freedom of one "virtual reaction". Elasticity modes in the background mechanics (e.g. lowest torsion twist eigenmodes in axles) introduce new unwanted degrees of freedom that need to be fed. Degrees of freedom can decouple the sites of mechanosynthesis into groups of in the worst case just one. One can think of it like that: If there is enough flex in the axles in the background then even if the far away end is held firmly the reaction site van still fall/[[snapping|snap]] dissipatively in sharp energy minimum. {{todo|add infographic}} === Stretching the limits of sharing === Introducing mechanical advantage (gear train transmission) as soon as possible to gain high virtual stiffness in the background may be a feasible strategy. === Dissipation from vibronic de-excitation (quantum effect) === If spins don't line up antiparallel such that covalent bonds can be formed then first an [[inter system crossing]] transition is needed. <br> Intersystem crossing still leaves an electronically slightly excited state. So it is followed up by "vibronic de-excitation" (conversion to phonons aka heat). <br> Vibronic de-excitatin is a dissipation mechanism that may be hard to control or may not be controllable at all (to investigate). Boosting [[inter system crossing]] speed can reduce [[dissipation]] but <br> that does not seem to effect the vibronic de-excitation (to inversigate). == What if you don't pay fully? == Occasionally running backwards a slight bit may be bad for a [[nanofactory]]. If the reactions are not fully reversible one might end up in an unknown failure state (atom at wrong location). When progressing with [[open loop control]] (manipulators working blindfolded to a good part will be normal in advanced nanosystems) the resulting errors effects may range from irrelevant over performance degrading to fatal for the local subsystem. Depending whether on the location of the error and the degree of consequential errors. == Conclusion == [[Technology level I|Advanced gemstone based atomically precise manufacturing system]] (A) operating in [[machine phase]] <br> will be able to do [[mechanosynthesis|guided placement of molecule fragments]] much more efficiently than [[technology level I|more primitive systems based on solution based self assembly]] (B) is able to its molecular assembly that is unguided and thermally driven . == Misc == Possible effect of location of deliberate dissipation elements (speculative): * too low down –> wastes energy? * to high up –> causes oscillation problems? == Related == * '''[[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]]''' * '''[[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]''' – [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Exothermy offloading]] * [[Energy recuperation]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Reversible actuation]] ---- * [[How gem-gum factories link to deep mysteries of the universe]] * [[Philosophical topics]] == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level III]] t745b6qel4qbd0l7lrg7ypsrateje7d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 476 5084 2016-11-15T17:08:33Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Distorted visualisation methods for convergent assembly]] to [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]]: to american english #REDIRECT [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] p43do2g9c9wl5gpks6il7crvkfhq8x8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 472 9830 9827 2021-06-02T07:38:05Z Apm 1 /* Related */ cleaned up and organized links a bit {{stub}} To get a complete picture of the physical layout of all the [[assembly levels]] of the [[convergent assembly]] in a [[nanofactory]] (which might be organized in a stack of coplanar [[nanofactory layers|layers]]) and see all of this in one single image at one glance one needs to project space in a nonlinear way. <br> Normal perspective (a linear projection) is unsuitable since it compresses most details towards the horizon. Instead a nonlinear polar logarithmic mapping is the best fit. An additional difficulty is that a nanofactory as opposed to a map is inherently three dimensional so some cross cut has to be chosen. Whether that cross cut can be simply planar or not depends on the exact design choices taken in a concrete nanofactories design. {{wikitodo| add image [http://i.imgur.com/GFGJU.jpg] -- license?}} == Displaying many scales and their relation simultaneously == This can be done by generalizing log polar mapping to 3D like so: * x'(x,y,z) = pi/2 - atan2( z, sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)) ) * cos(atan2(y,x))) * y'(x,y,z) = pi/2 - atan2( z, sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)) ) * sin(atan2(y,x))) * z'(x,y,z) = log(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2) + pow(z,2)) / log(base) == Related == Distorted visualization methods (like e.g. the 3D log polar mapping visualization method) may also be useful to keep oriented in the visualizations of <bR> abstract spaces other than concrete physical space. E.g. circuitry topology in very large software systems. ---- * More generally: [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] * [[Challenges in the visualization of gem-gum factories]] ---- * Visualizing the stratified [[nanofactory layers]] or other geometries that implements [[assembly levels]]. ---- * Showing only what is needed at anyone time. Related: The software interface principle of "[[progressive disclosure]]". * Drifting off-topic: [[General software issues]] == External Links == * Wikipedia on log polar mapping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-polar_coordinates] * Wikipedia on the Mercator projection which becomes log polar near both poles [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection] ---- * An interactive online map spanning a wide range of scales: [http://mrgris.com/projects/merc-extreme/ '''mercator extreme'''] <br> The mercator projection cut off much closer to the poles whichs location can be freely chosen. ---- * python scripts to generate log-polar maps from pixelgraphics [https://github.com/dmishin/log-zoom] * "Detail-In-Context Visualization for Satellite Imagery" [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30012541_Detail-In-Context_Visualization_for_Satellite_Imagery] <br> "Complex Logarithmic Views for Small Details in Large Contexts" [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6715574_Complex_Logarithmic_Views_for_Small_Details_in_Large_Contexts] <br> by Joachim Boettinger et. al. <br> Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Germany * Video showing a manual multi-scale zoom device [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBffRXfNDW0&t=6m42s] the "zoom-scope" * square grid mapped to show details on all scales equally [https://www.flickr.com/photos/65091269@N08/21137194509/sizes/l] * More large scale map examples [http://dmishin.blogspot.co.at/2013/12/log-polar-coordinate-system-applied-to.html] * [http://dmishin.blogspot.co.at/2014/09/logarithmic-zoom-at-palace-square-saint.html Images from Dmitry Shintyakov] == Keywords == distortion lens view; log-polar map; complex logarithmic map, complex logarithmic view, anamorphic mirror, anamorphosis == Related == * [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] * [[Visualizations of gemstone metamaterial factories]] q9n0jpv3t28s9f714ydx7j1dvzz7arb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1304 11900 11899 2021-09-11T12:55:27Z Apm 1 {{stub}} == Related == * Transcript of the debate: [http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html?] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexler%E2%80%93Smalley_debate_on_molecular_nanotechnology Drexler-Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology] ---- * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[History]] ---- * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[The various other nanotechnologies]] orceqy075fqpjaqr5y7nxn03tvkw196 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1094 10927 10902 2021-06-26T00:35:29Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} The '''drive system''' (or '''energy management subsystem''') is an essential subsystem of [[gemstone metamaterial nanofactories]]. <br> Like other non-primary subsystems it would be located in the housing and the internal walls of a device. The energy conversion inefficiencies in this subsystem are a major source of waste heat (beside [[friction]]) so one ought to minimize them. <br> Waste heat from energy conversion can be more difficult to estimate in an more accurate way beyond just very crude conservative estimations. == Related == * '''[[Subsystems of gem-gum factories]]''' ---- * [[Chemomechanical converter]] – [[chemospring]] * [[Electromechanical converter]] * [[Entropomechanical converter]] ---- * [[Mechanical pulse width modulation]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]] ---- * [[How to make a gem-gum factory run forward]] * [[Reversible actuation]] * [[Dissipation sharing]] – [[Exothermy offloading]] * [[Energy recuperation]] ---- * balance masses? – flywheels? ---- * Slightly off topic: [[Mechanical energy transmission]] hf23aw6e63ga4s6i9k6pgv0dq9wo34m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1104 10316 2021-06-13T17:21:41Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] #REDIRECT [[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] 263lgs0lsltnr6mn4ez725cp89v9u5j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1210 11248 2021-07-05T20:02:40Z Apm 1 basic page {{site specific term}} '''"Dystactic phase"''' shall here on this wiki refer to any disordered phase of matter where <br> the positions and trajectories of individual atoms are to a high degree unknown and or quantum dispersed. <br> ''Dystactic phases include:''' * the liquid phase * the gas phase * the plasma phase - not that it matters much * liquid crystals in an for them typical partially unknown state * randomly piled up and sticking together nanoparticles (even if the individual nanoparticles are atomically precise). Unless perfectly selfassembled witout flaw. '''And eventually:''' * amorphous solid phase glasses with unknown structure * polycrystalline solids with unknown grain boundary structures == Why a new term? == Just an invented term to complement the term "eutactic phase". <br> Note: Not "eutectic" (well melting) but eutactic (well ordered). * dystactic phase ... not well ordered phase – typically referring to the liquid phase and/or the gas phase * eutactic phase ... well ordered phase – synonym to [[machine phase]] == Misc == Some disordered electron spins (and especially nuclear spins) <br> may well be tolerable in [[machine phase]] (eutactic phase). To be precise the spin systems can be a bit off a dystactic phase. <br> See: [[Inter system crossing]] for what that entails. (... inhowfar are cropping spins predictable in context ...) <br> Unforseen spinflipping requirements. The phonon system is definitely a dystactic phase (if phase is applicable here). <br> It cannot be made "fully eutactic" to a poiunt where the phonon system makes no sense anymore. <br> Even at zero kelvin there is zero point energy from the uncertainty relationship. == External links == * Wiktionary: [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eutactic eutactic] 7o78p5qo6l8fdknssvy12whlcy243bp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 384 4187 2015-09-27T20:34:41Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Grey goo meme]] #Redirect [[Grey goo meme]] swi0kzvtr3i1he8sjsk2mtmk734m7og wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1198 11218 11217 2021-07-05T12:39:17Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] {{stub}} Effective concentration (activity): Spatially constraining the motion of two chemical reaction partners increases their mutual encounter rate induced by thermal [[diffusion transport]]. <br> "Encounter rate" means how often the potential reaction partners bump into each other per unit of time. <br> Given a certain chance of reaction per bump, one can get an average time for a reaction to occur. <br> An increase of encounter rate (to boost a desired reaction) can be achieved via various ways: * Restriction to [[diffusion transport]] on 2D-surfaces rather than in fully open 3D space * Restriction of [[diffusion transport]] to a finite sub-volume of fully open 3D space - (aka compartmentalization) * Restriction of [[diffusion transport]] by limiting the range-of-motion via a semi-stiff-background-framework (like the folded up backbone of an [[enzyme]]). * Restriction to [[diffusion transport]] by tying reactants onto the tip of tethers that are anchored nearby to each other == Effective concentration in piezosynthesis == Once motion is fully constraint (down to acceptable levels of thermal vibration amplitudes), <br> high forces, torques, and bending moments (like present in [[piezosynthesis]]) can further increase reaction rates. While the math for effective-concentration makes less intuitive sense it cans till be applied. Some reactions that need many many bumps per reaction to occur <br> can be made to occur on pretty much every single encounter. <br> One instead gets error rates as a result of the math. <br> [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] should allow for placement error rates as low as 10^-15 <br> Source: [[Nanosystems]] (from memory - to check if correct) == Activity vs specificity & how to break preservation of misery ... == In [[thermally driven self assembly]] there is always a fight/compromise between activity an specificity. What one desires is an "orthogonal set of interfaces". <br> That is some set of interfaces where * some combinations clearly bind to each other and * some other combinations clearly do not bind to each other. This design goal can be hard to achieve in say (intentionally brick-like) [[de-novo protein]] design. <br> An intended change in activity can easily cause an unintended change in specficity (and vice versa). <br> With the additional complication that too much change of the (side chains for the) interfaces can <br> mess up the rigid backbone given "base structure" of the intentionally brick-like de-novo proteins. Sidenote: <br> Sometimes one actually wants to make binding strength intentionally weak in order to avoid some kinds of [[kinetic traps]]. <br> That is in order to let falsely assembled combinations disassemble again. === How to get to ultra high specivicity and ultra high activity at the same time === The strategy needed is basically an iterative improvement of [[separation of concerns]] by aiming at * [[stiffness]] and * [[controllaby terminating self assembly]]. Given the positional constraint in [[mechanosynthesis]] unintended reactions to sites that the guidance prevents form being encountered can be excluded. <br> Effect of application of forces? ... Of course there's a bit of a chicken and egg problem here. <br> See: * [[Expanding the catalytic loop]] * ([[Bootstrapping]], [[Bridging the gaps]]) == Related == * [[Specifity]] * [[Activity]] * [[Machine phase]] * '''[[Lattice scaled stiffness]]''' – can locally concentrate effective concentration and deplete it around – factor in avoiding atom placement errors * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity Thermodynamic activity] jdlet86khaovs83ui3inqftnd30gkk1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1125 11321 11320 2021-07-06T13:46:52Z Apm 1 /* Why is should be feasible despite all that */ bold {{stub}} {{wikitodo|discuss this}} High level physical effects that misleadingly may suggest infeasibility: * High wear in MEMS due to "stiction" * Focus on the for current day directly applicable material science (alloys) * Focus on the for material science interesting heavy metallic elements with intersting magnetic properties (f shells) – rare elements ... * Barely controllable diffusion: on surfaces, in grain boundaries, of dislocations <br> Partly due to a focus on metals with exotic properties (lower periodic table) as catalysts where valence electron shells are vast and surface diffusion is fast <br>(totally unphysical) visual analogy: Focus on a slippery ice rink rather than a muddy sticky gravel field. * High difficulty to achieve very high levels of vacuum (UHV at best – nowhere near [[PPV]]) * Immense difficulties with [[SPM]]: getting and keeping tips sharp reliably, limits in imageable hight steps, speed limits, ... * Difficulties in designing artificial proteins for binding (not to speak of catalysis) * .... == Why is should be feasible despite all that == '''Low level physical effects (from first principles) that prove feasibility:''' * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] '''There is also high level evidence but this is weaker:''' * [[Experimental demonstrations of single atom manipulation]] * Progess in [[de-novo protein design]] and [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] '''Both low and high level evidence:''' * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] 4fed903891umnvu5voc2rdxhz7n19fp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 678 6855 2017-10-30T16:59:19Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Emulated elasticity]] #REDIRECT [[Emulated elasticity]] r77vd6o0hbiwgm1wl2wne5tk21t9zp2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 804 9737 9735 2021-06-01T08:57:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Quasiparticles]] {{stub}} == Playing pinball with electron waves == One could maybe design special electron conduction properties by nano-pattering a suitable conductive base material. * cutting voids * insetting isolators or semiconductors, ... In such a case when ballistic electron transport is desired rather than undesired, <br> a problem is that Electrons not only scatter on crystal faults but <br> also on phonons that are present even in perfect crystals. <br> The bigger the slabs of metamaterial the more this will become a problem. Material choice may have some influence on electron-phonon scattering but <br> the obvious approach is cooling down to cryogenic temperatures. Designing specific desired electron wave scatter behaviours by tailoring the metamaterials internal geometries is an inverse and therefore quite difficult and computation intense problem. This is not one of the problems that can be back on the napkin estimated and eyeballed. It often needs needs quantum mechanical simulations. Much unlike many simple estimations that are possible for [[mechanical metamaterials]]. All this is not to confuse with [[electromagnetic metamaterials]]. == Not much metamaterial for electrons that behave as we are used to == Getting electrons to move more classically, <br> e.g. by shaping wire corners such that electrons are not obstructed by ballistic reflection <br> reduces conductive structures to simple electrical circuits (2D or 3D). <br> Electric circuits are usually not counted as metamaterials. <br> Well one may or may not count electric circuits with repeating cells as metamaterial like: * data memory cells * electrostatic motors cells [[electromechanical metamaterial]] (These do not react on external global influences). <br> {{wikitodo|more to think here …}} === Getting electric currents behaving as we are used to === Behaving ballistically in atomically precise (sub)nano-wires <br> electrons might have trouble going around corners. <br> The might prefer to just reflect back to where they came from. In atomically precise (sub)nanostructures there is ballistic electron transport. <br> This may complicate wiring due to unwanted reflections for very thin atomically precise wires that go around tight corners. {{wikitodo| how do cutting edge chips deal with the problem of ballistic electron transport? are 2nm still big enough for that to not matter too much ? and or the manufacturing inaccuracies chaotic enough?!}} {{wikitodo|move this to an other page - nanoelectronics?}} == Related == * [[Electromagnetic metamaterial]] * [[Thermal metamaterial]] * [[Mechanical metamaterial]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] * Slightly off-topic: [[Quasiparticle]]s == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration Electromigration] * phonon-electron scattering? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-longitudinal_acoustic_phonon_interaction] 0cdgeicxuhwn8gjkz8see1tr0ukvbzk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 865 8498 2021-04-10T13:03:47Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] #REDIRECT [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] 91wi6la6frabrw37kpeq6rsdrfwslby wikitext text/x-wiki 0 807 8158 2021-03-21T17:28:35Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Electrical metamaterials]] to [[Electric metamaterial]]: plural -> singular & removing spurious "*al" #REDIRECT [[Electric metamaterial]] 6g3rzaadioj8mszpqx0ol5f4f51pbs6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 569 5901 2017-07-05T16:08:26Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Electrically conductive diamondoid compounds]] to [[Electrically conductive gem-like compounds]]: diamondoid too narrow and a bias laden term #REDIRECT [[Electrically conductive gem-like compounds]] n36jwjujdce3eezhl6ubad3kuie2jmo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 326 9736 5900 2021-06-01T08:54:58Z Apm 1 added * [[Electric metamaterial]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] {{stub}} A subgroup of [[diamondoid compounds]]. <br> Conductive compounds in thicker layers do not let light pass but do reflect it instead. See wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation plasma frequency] * hematite, magnetite, pyrite, ... * members of the spinell mineral group with metallic conductivity * some copper and lead sulfide compounds * in an AP pattern doped silicon and diamond (rather low level metamaterials than compounds) Often high level [[diamondoid metamaterial]] might be a batter choice like crosshatched conductive nanotubes. One direction only would let through polarized light. == Related == * [[Electric metamaterial]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] 4kftv2nv4xjm49j61b53o9jgcjufv5e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 806 8160 8155 2021-03-21T17:33:16Z Apm 1 added links to several relevant metamaterial pages {{stub}} Examples are: * Emulation of negative refractive index * Emulation of some nonlinear behaviour (for switching functionalities?) * Metamaterial lenses (smaller than conventional methods) <small>(related stuff: phased array antennas, Fresnel zone plates)</small> Advanced APM will make these possible for optical wavelengths. <br> All of these are nice to have technologies. <br> But note that none of these seem necessary as a critical component in a basic [[nanofactory]]. == Microwaves == Metamaterials for microwaves are already explorable with today's non atomically precise technology since the wavelengths and necessary structure sizes are in the centimetre range. == Terahertz waves == Metamaterial structures are still quite big and accessible today. There is a different issue though. It's very difficult to produce high power THz waves with today's (2021) technology. And with advanced APM we may gain the capability to generate THz waves in much higher intensities than today. <br> {{todo|eventually investigate THz wave generation means that would be enabled through gem-gum-tech}} == Infrared and visible light == Violet is the smallest possible wavelength that is not yet ionizing (chemical bond breaking). But the wavelength of free moving light (or single mode fiber optical waveguide?) is still huge compared to the atomic scale. Application example: * Ultra-compact [[optical particle accelerators]] Useful for all sorts of analysis purposes. <br> With advanded APM all sorts of nanoparticles could be accelerated. Not just elemental particles. <br> Bigger sizes => less charge per mass => less acceleration though. One could say that it's a 1D optical accelerator tracks are a metmaterial since there's a 1D linear pattern that causes desired optical properties. Stacking many of them sideways gives large repetitive patterns in 3D. <br> Maybe things like this could be used as rocket engine. <br> As a worrying aspect: Note that these could also be abused as dangerous and insidious invisible inaudible radiation weapon. Intentional or by accident. <br> == UV?, X-rays?? == With strong bonds or self healing metallic bonds it may be possible to get a bit into the UV range without creating a system that rapidly destroys itself during usage. == Related == * [[Electric metamaterial]] * [[Mechanical metamaterial]] * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] * [[Metamaterial]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_gap Terahertz_gap] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array Phased_array] ltngrdo6yg0pa7ypk7isiz7p88lw528 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 303 10476 10464 2021-06-16T06:35:46Z Apm 1 /* Practical everyday consequences of high power densities */ added link to yet unwritten page about [[energy density]] {{Template:Stub}} == General == === High power densities === In [[Nanosystems]] the power densities that are to expect to be (at least) possible with <br> electrostatics based electromechanical conversion at the nanoscale are [[conservative estimation|conservatively estimated]]. <br> The power densities predicted to be at least possible already are unbelievably high. [[Nanosystems]] <br> Chapter 2.4. Scaling of classical elecrtomagnetic systems <br> Sub-chapter 2.4.3. Magnitudes and scaling: steady-state system <br> Formula (2.27) <br> <math> electrostatic–power–density \propto \frac{electrostatic–power}{volume} \propto L^{-1} </math> <br> That [[scaling law]] means: <br> When scaling an electrostatic motor/generator * from say 100mm (10cm about 4inch) macroscale size down * to say 100nm nanoscale size (~500carbon atom diameters) (which is a factor of a million) then the volumetric power density of this motor/generator <br> will also goes up by a factor of a million. === Practical everyday consequences of high power densities === In everyday practice that won't mean we'll have motorcycles more powerful than Saturn Five space rockets. <br> * Mainly because that just won't be needed. * Secondarily because [[energy density]] does not scale that well. A carried along energy storage would be used up in no time. In everyday practice what rather will be the case is that the volume of [[muscle motors|motor metamaterial]] (say in motorcycles) will be very very small and likely directly integrated into the [[infinitesimal bearings|bearing metamaterial]]. In terms of this wikis terminology: <br> [[muscle motors]] in [[infinitesimal bearing]] make [[shearing drives]]. There won't be a motor in the engine room of vehicles instead the most voluminous things remaining are * [[energy storage]] * structures for thermal waste heat cooling (bigger means the flow in convection cooling can be laminar and silent) * the structural frame === What when really pushing the limits? === When really pushing the limits for whatever reasons (maybe not in the context of motorcycles) then one might worry about cooling. Given the high performance of [[diamondoid heat pipe system]]s and [[diamondoid heat pump systems]] combined with the waste heat being only a tiny fraction of the total power due to high efficiency of the electromechaical conversion, this looks good though. The bottleneck may be the radiators. When the waste heat needs to be pushed out of the [[machine phase]]. They'd need to be build big and out of [[refractory]] [[gemstone-like compound]]s since they might get white hot. In Earths atmosphere one would want to add an impressively strong air stream by blowing in cold air with [[medium movers]]. That would look quite impressive actually. In vacuum the radiated waste hear power scales with the fourth power of temperature ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law Stefan–Boltzmann law]) . That's quite good but physical materials have an [[ultimate limit]] in temperature. That is there is a temperature above which no material can exist in the solid state (without pressurization to technologically impossible levels). == Porting macroscale electrostatic machines to the nanoscale == The [[scaling law]] for electrostatic performance is very favorable for such miniaturization. * Voltages become much lower (down to ~1V like in computer chips) – this still gives massive electric fields over nanoscale distances. * Currents become much higher due to massive device parallelity Designs that might need not much changes: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelletron pelletron] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimshurst_machine Wimshurst machine] * The Gläser machine (or Lewandowski machine) [http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/Glaser/] – cylindric Wimshurst machine''' * A small cylindric simplified Voss machine [https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/cylind.html] * Lord Kelvin Replenisher [https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/replenisher.html] * Bennet's doubler Machines needing obvious modifications for the nanoscale: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_water_dropper Kelvin water dropper] <br>Could that be done in a nanoscale version with shooting solid-state charged pellets? * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator Van de Graaff generator]: <br>Charge seperation would be done in rather different way. <br>Well, avoiding rubber (since not a [[gemstone-like compound]]), it would essentially become a similar to a pelletron. (replicate nanoscale charge separation mechanism) == Alternative contacting == To avoid the need for graphite tunneling contacts which need quite some surface and dissipate some power a reziprocating drive could be electrically connected with flexing nanotube connections. The flex must be low enough to not disturb the electric properties (conductivity) of the nabotube too much. == References == * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Graphene]], [[Nanotubes]], [[Semi gemstone-like structure]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] === In the book "Nanosystems" === Treatment of electromechanical energy conversion <br> and electrostatics in general in [[Nanosystems]] (taken from it's glossary): ---- * Electrostatic actuators, 335, 336 * Electrostatic motors, 336-341, 370 * Electrostatic generators (DC), 336-341 ---- * Electrostatic energy, scaling of, 30 * Electrostatic force, scaling of, 29 ---- * Elecrostatic fields, 29, 200 * Elecrostatic interactions in MM2, 48, 200 Electromagnetic power densities <br> do not scale well down the nanoscale. == Related == * [[Power density]] – [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] == External links == Here is a website with an '''extreme detailed collection of information regarding the history of electrostatic machines:''' <br> '''[https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/electrostatic.html Electrostatic Machines] written by by Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz'''. <br> Especially interresting seem * The [https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/replenisher.html Lord Kelvin "Replenisher"] * '''[http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/Glaser/ The Gläser machine (or Lewandowski machine)] – cylindric Wimshurst machine''' * '''[https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/cylind.html A small cylindric simplified Voss machine] – this one seems very simple to build just for fun''' * [https://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/toepler.html A 2 disks Toepler electrostatic machine] – (longer sparks than the simplified Voss machine) '''On wikipedia:''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrostatic_generators Category:Electrostatic_generators] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_generator Electrostatic generator] '''Videos:''' * [https://youtu.be/z-UmJL5HG4I Cylindric Wimshurst machine] by Antonio Queiroz – This one is powerful and compact – nice * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UwUFBqFf3k Sparks from cylindrical Wimshurst machine] by Antonio Queiroz * Youtube channel of Antonio Queiroz featuring lots of electrostatic machines: [https://www.youtube.com/user/acmdq2007/videos] * [https://youtu.be/AQduuyuWh8g Mini Lord Kelvin Replenisher – made form drinking cup and aluminum foil] 8ob7cb9ri6167mdz3gqj3tympzbd9aq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 302 3127 2015-03-04T18:59:18Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Electromechanical converter]] #REDIRECT [[Electromechanical converter]] ovk1kcsl9qaqk9c7zy2hx76qh7u40lq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1190 11101 11097 2021-07-01T09:39:17Z Apm 1 added link to [[Optical effects]] and [[Photonics]] {{stub}} Especially relevant of [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] is [[inter system crossing]]. <br> Flipping spins fast such that parallel spins don't block covalent bond formation, or make it unreliable, or make it inefficient. <br> ---- Phosphorescense may be relevant for [[mechanooptical energy conversion]] where a long de-excitation/decay time allows for <br> a mechanical transport to a different location between mechanical excutation and optical deexcitation. <br> See: [[Optical effects]] "photonic steampunk" section ---- Overview: {| class="wikitable" border="3" |- class="hintergrundfarbe5" ! colspan = 2 | ! multiplicity constant ! multiplicity gets changed<br />(slow, since "forbidden") |- ! rowspan = 2 | energy is released ! with emission of radiation | [[fluorescence]] <br />z.&nbsp;B. <math>S_1 \rightarrow S_0</math> | [[phosphorescence]]<br />z.&nbsp;B. <math>T_1 \rightarrow S_0</math> |- ! rowspan = 2 | radiationless | [[Photophysikalischer Prozess #Strahlungslose Prozesse|Schwingungs- bzw. vibronic relaxation]]*<br />z.&nbsp;B. <math>S_0^* \rightarrow S_0</math> und <math>T_1^* \rightarrow T_1</math> |- ! energy stays constant | [[inner conversion]] <br />z.&nbsp;B. <math>S_1 \rightarrow S_0^*</math> | '''Intersystem Crossing'''<br />z.&nbsp;B. <math>S_1 \rightarrow T_1^*</math> und <math>T_1 \rightarrow S_0^*</math> |} == Related == * [[Inter system crossing]] * [[Fun with spins]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] * [[Photonics]] == External links == Wikipedia: * (en): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing Intersystem crossing] * (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_Crossing Intersystem Crossing] – (German version has a nice table) * (en): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion_(chemistry) Internal conversion (chemistry)] * (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Umwandlung Innere Umwandlung] – (German version has a nice table) ---- * (en): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibronic_coupling Vibronic coupling] * (en): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibronic_spectroscopy Vibronic_spectroscopy] * (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophysikalischer_Prozess Photophysikalischer Prozess] – no english version of this page as of yet (2021-06) sw7ahu0mzb9sarxh4ndgjog2tkl6g4o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 298 4271 3123 2015-09-29T16:29:13Z Apm 1 redirect repair #Redirect [[Electromechanical converter]] 1d3f4aur9am1zosik5emp41cojol3ko wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1300 11885 11884 2021-08-24T06:48:24Z Apm 1 cleanup == In fiction and art == In "star wars", "war of the worlds", and Salvador Dali's pictures <br> it's likely just an artistic choice to make it look alien/surreal by making it look like something <br> that cannot be found by a long stretch (pun intended) in our world. <br> The artists probably have not thought deeply about the physics involved. == Making it work by by reducing gravity == Despite clearly not working here down on Earth with our crushing gravity <br> interestingly this "gargantuan spiderelephant anatomy" might actually practically work <br> on low but not too low gravity celestial bodies like e.g. big asteroids where the k in <br> » F_grav ∝ k * L^3 « <br> is sufficiently small. <br> Pros: * no continuously depleting propellant needed * more control than jumping === Math in more detail & making it work even better by "making the elephants hollow" === F_inertial = m ω^2 r = m v^2 / r with m ∝ L^3 and assuming ★ v ∝ L^0 ★ r ∝ L^1 we get F_inertial ∝ L^2 with A ∝ L^2 we get 𝜎 = F/A ∝ L^0 Good! works for all scales :) But speeds stay constants so frequencies drop. Not so good. Can we do something about it? Yes ... hollowing stuff out (as is possible in low gravity) changes m ∝ L^2 changes 𝜎 = ∝ L^-1 so we can do what we wanted (increase speeds along with size) v ∝ L^1 and be back at 𝜎 ∝ L^0 again In words: <br> When scaling to larger sizes forces from accelerations do NOT scale faster than the strength of the material. Given speeds are kept constant! <br> But if structures are hollowed out, as it is possible under low enough gravity, speeds can be scaled up along with the size. {{todo|How does this go together with the scale invariant [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]]? Infinitesimally thin surfaces in the limit maybe?? To investigate.}} == Conclusion == Machines shaped like Salvador Dalì's Elephants might actually work and exist in the future on asteroids. <br> Heck, space-probes could probably do this in the foreseeable future (written 2021). == Related == * [[Scaling law]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dali_Elephants.jpg "The Elephants" by Salvador Dali] * Originally posted here on twitter: [https://twitter.com/mechadense/status/1424965538330128388] 9u2b3478kkrf5lje501cvh8n4boi04v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1000 10318 10252 2021-06-13T17:25:53Z Apm 1 moved * [[How gem-gum factories link to deep mysteries of the universe]] away from intro down into related section {{stub}} There is an informal explanation with an analogy using a card game. <br> Choosen such (in [[Richard Feynman philosophy]]) that it can give as much of an intuitive understanding as possible. == The game of time == Imagine the abstract concept of the present (as in "right now") being represented as an card game. First of: Note that we pretend to play in a timeless imaginary space "of the gods" if you will. Ignore the time it takes to draw and lay out cards. Our "arrow of time" will emerge from something else. There are three players: * You (also called passive observer in this game) * The dealer (Also called physical law in this game) * The system designer Cards represent so called microstates. A microstate is: * the information of the positions and * the information of the velocities (plus masses) of all of the particles of the system. Systems can be arbitrarily chosen in size by the system designer. <br> Just a few cards or so many cards that they wouldn't fit in the whole observable universe. <br> For all games (but one special game called "the whole of reality") you as the player can decide with which system designer to play. Beside the microstate the cards also feature one of two colors * There are green cards * There are red cards Each color represent a very big group of similar (meaning: in some sense close together) "allowed" microstates. <br> "Allowed" means defined as reachable by the currently active card <br> The green cards are (per definition) the group of microstates that is bigger. <br> Well, there may be more then just two groups and blurry areas of microstates with more or less similarity. <br> But in the end all the eventually blurry sub-grouped mess is just grouped down to only two groups. There are two decks * M: a very big one with all combinatorically possible microstates (including even all those that are not specified being reachable by the current card) * N: a big one with all the microstates that are specified to be reachable by the last card you've drawn <br>– these reachability specifications on the microstate cards are the rules that the system designer had set up beforehand. The second deck (the N deck) is constantly updated by the dealer depending on the card that was drawn last. The rules of the games are simple. <br> You just draw cards one after the other from the changing N deck and lay them out in a row. <br> After every drawn card * the dealer must check the microstate that you've drawn. * the dealer must remove all the microstate cards that are no longer reachable from the newly drawn microstate – cards from N to M * the dealer must add all the microstate cards that are newly reachable from the newly drawn microstate – cards from M to N As the player while playing you must add up all the cards and write the successive sums below. <br> Green cards count plus one time-unit red cards count minus one time-unit. <br> Super simple. Unless the system designer screwed up <br> you will notice that on average the successive sum of the time-units increases. Tadaa!! '''[[Emergence of the arrow of time|You finally have time]].''' (To almost cite Terry Pratchett) The reason is simple. When you draw from card decks decks that always have <br> more green cards inside than red cards (remember the green cards are per definition always the bigger group) <br> then you obviously will draw more green cards than red ones. Since the green cards are per definition are the more common cards in all the N decks one encounters, the worst thing that can happen is that red and green cards become equally common. Thus in the worst case the counter will stay around zero. Meaning there is no emergence of time. Then time no longer runs froward. The artificial closed system is already in equilibrium. For the universe that would mean the "heat death". The concept of time ceases to exist. The artificial closed system runs into its own little personal heat death. The details about how the microstates evolve in our "timeless game space" (and lead to emergence of time): * include which microstates the system fundamentally allows * include which microstate transitions the system allows from which other microstates * are given by what the nature of the system (and thus the system designer for any artificial system) is. === Limits of the analogy === Note that this intuitively graspable game analogy glosses over a lot. * Quantum entanglement allowing quantum parallel players? * Chaotic multi body problem? The proper math that goes in exactly is what one deals with in [[statistical physics]]. == Related == * [[How gem-gum factories link to deep mysteries of the universe]] * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] * [[On the commonness of Earth like life in the multiverse]] * [[How to make a gem-gum factory run forward]] * [[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] [[Category:Philosophical]] == External links == Here's a fun scene from Terry Pratchetts work: <br> [https://youtu.be/G0fd0s62Cv8?t=5m12s Discworld intro 5m12s] – Death: "At last, I have time." j9l2zbsbhpicbgv2iyw5ey9jh023m8z wikitext text/x-wiki 0 617 11542 11534 2021-07-12T22:31:52Z Apm 1 /* Related */ Assuming the future availability of some sort of not yet existing (state 2017) [[multi criterion file system]] where every file and folder can have arbitrary many "super folders" (here: criteria). A system in which the data can be managed in such a way that it can be categorized by multiple criteria at the same time. In such a system it will regularly happen that data starts to cluster together in similar patterns. A Cluster is formed when various multi-sorted pieces of data are multi-sorted in exactly or at least roughly the same combination of super-criteria. While not recognized by humans this easily can be detected in an automated way without much of intelligence and pointed out back to humans again which will lead to unexpected surprises (discoveries of new concepts). This is so obvious that there are certain niche systems that do such a thing (and much more ambitious things) already (2017). Examples: * google, but this is non-local and centralized only. * some big databases ? * ... The core data management in personal computing can't do even this most trivial form of "emergent concept detection" because it's still locked in the hirachical/tree-topology file systems of today (2017..2018) where every file has to have exactly one super-folder. It seems it really becomes increasingly urgent to resolve that giant roadblock. '''Other ways new concepts are discovered:''' * The simple "matrix method" is often surprisingly effective. Spotting the blanks.<br>But current data management systems (not only file systems but wikis too) do not let one specify two criterions as orthogonal. * Constructive recreation from special cases after from an formerly abstracted generalization often leads to more and quite unexpected special cases that the ones that motivated one to do the abstract generalization in the first place. {{wikitodo|add the already existing illustrative graphic here}} == Related == * [[Multi criterion file system]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Existence]] ---- * [[Software]] ---- Depending on preexisting "views" sometimes "concepts" are detected despite not being present or differently present: * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology) Schema (psychology)] 095j6mgnalr7x1qysb5vvvmhitx33d0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 224 6913 5726 2017-11-01T07:15:11Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[Chemospring]] [[file:Custom_stress_strain_curve.svg|thumb|500px|'''Not to scale!''' Well designed nano to micro structure can create extraordinary mechanical material properties (graphic not to scale). Stress strain behaviour to order may be possible (in bounds).]] [[Diamondoid compounds|Diamondoid materials]] are not good building materials when used in large chunks (bulk) since they're rather brittle. A diamond cup will break just like a glass cup if dropped on hard floor. A crack can start at a radiation induced flaw. Simple metamaterials might share this brittleness (but for a different reason?). <br> ['''Todo:''' investigate the mechanical properties of metamaterials which use microcomponents that bind together only by Van der Waals force or bind together by simple fir tree dovetail interlocking]. More advanced [[diamondoid metamaterial]]s with mechanisms between the [[microcomponents]] (short grippers / gripping rollers / springs / encaplsulated controlled breakable bonds ... ?) that in some way compensate displacement will allow materials with exceptional mechanical properties though. Emulated elasticity is one of the most [[intuitive feel|perceptible]] and most important properties of products of AP technology. Elasticity (and plasticity) emulating metamaterials can be made 100% structurally and additionally for a good deal energetically reversible. It is possible to build structural but not energetical reversible metamaterials that convert mechanical energy into heat that is left to equilibrate with the environment (heat dissipation). This may allow simpler designs. == Why gum like materials emulated by brittle materials (almost) don't break == It's one of the common [[misconceptions]] about APM that diamond and the like can't build flexible materials. The [[microcomponent]]s themselves are still made from brittle diamondoid material but they need much more extreme conditions to break. Beside the encapsulation of flaws that occur in a few [[Diamondoid molecular element|DMEs]] the reason is the acceleration tolerance property of nano-scale objects (see: [[scaling laws]]) As an analogy example consider the resilience of small glass beads or the brittle chitinous exoskeleton of bugs against crash. Breakage by squishing is another matter but systems can be designed such that squishing reversibly compresses them down to an extremely pressure resilient compact state - think: rubber band [[tensegrity]]. The result is that in a design that controls the breakage between [[microcomponent]]s only very high static forces (not present in daily use) or very high speeds (bullet or above that is e.g. space debris) may actually irreversibly damage [[microcomponent]]s mechanically. For practical purposes common formed parts of those materials would without safety limits (strangulation risk etcetera) be near indestructible by force. ['''Todo:''' For a better intuitive understanding work out what a micro-scale cup with the same proportions of a everyday glass-cup can tolerate in terms of acceleration and in terms of speed when crashed uncushioned against an ideal wall - what effects does the lack of crystallographic defects have and at which point is there melting/evaporation instead of breaking] == Reversible plastic deformation == Metamaterials can be made such that they emulate plastic deformation with the big advantage of being capable to return to their original shape. The behaviour is similar to nitinol memory metal alloys but the recovery of the original shape is not activated by temperature swings but by other means e.g. a digital signal or when the stress on the material almost falls to zero (that is actually an elastic material with a giant hysteresis). Depending on the remaining stress level at which the retraction should set in either sufficient energy must be supplied from externally or recuperated from stored bending energy. The step from these metamaterials to [[Motor-muscle|mokels]] isn't far anymore. There might be a continuum in design space to those metamaterials. == Maximizing toughness == By maximizing the amount of energy that the metamaterial can absorb (force times bending length) materials with Unprecedented high toughness can be created. For maximal toughness an optimal combination of conversion to chemical energy conversion to thermal energy and maximal bending length has to be found. For almost all practical applications such extreme toughness won't be necessary. == Diffeculties in design == Emulating toughness isn't easy. Especially when it shall be almost independent of direction (isotropic). * Atomically precise fabricated [[Diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] can be bent quite a bit. All crystal flaws are contained and can't propagate. * distributed pure elastic bending * controlled reversible breakage of encapsulated bonds * mechanical property emulation can use up a significant part of the volume * differences to metal dislocations - more localized - more regular - oblique non canonical axis sliding - role of vacancies * shift beyond one µcomponent cell - deformation memorisation * controlled breakage (e.g. hexagons from sheets & thinning limit) * emulated sliding about arbitrary planes not coinciding with the main crystallographic planes * limited bending cells for stretching factors (strains) >>100% and how to make an omnidirectional [[diamondoid metamaterial]] from these ['''Todo:''' generalize away from microcomponents?] == Rough iplementation considerations == For compact elastic energy storage spiral springs have proven to be suitable. Thus they may be a suitable option to be used in elasticity emulating metamaterial microcomponents (EEMCs). It seems to make sense to map each degree freedom in the strain tensor to a separate spring in a elasticity emulating microcomponents (EEMCs). Internal nanomechanics can redirect movements such that the springs can be oriented in a compact way. Internal nanomechanical logic and amplifiers allows to program damping and other behaviour. Overall the whole stress strain behaviour should be adjustable in a wide range including memory of history (for whatever that may be needed). Linkages to other EEMCs should be short and bulky to preserve material strength. Still even with these short linkages it seems not unreasonable to expect capabilities to emulate strains up to +-15% If the linkages hit the limits of their range of motion it would probably be best if they break in a controlled way (See: [[splinter prevention]]). If a mechanism is included to move EEMCs hand over hand over distances greater than the size of one EEMC permanent displacements will be induced. Either this is only repairable by recomposing the microcomponents in the upper layers of a nanofactory or the material itself is capable of that (tagged microcomponents plus active sensing and actuation). In that case we already come rather close to fully fledged [[utility fog]] just that it has shorter and viewer linkages. == Related == * [[Chemospring]] * [[Isotropy of materials]] * [[Utility fog]] -- differences: long "legs", many "legs", lots of memory and intelligence included (extremely large quasi-plastic deformations can be made reversible. See also: "[[Legged mobility]]" * Infinitesimal strain theory (strain tensor) - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal_strain_theory (leave to wikipedia)] hviig8lgspci63bd797yqrersrej99l wikitext text/x-wiki 0 778 10240 9704 2021-06-13T10:30:10Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: * [[comparison of mechanical character of different bonds types]] {{stub}} Energy, force, and stiffness. <br> These are derivatives of each other like so:.<br> * stiffness * path = force --- force * path = energy * Integration: stiffness => force => energy Or, the other way around, antiderviatives. Thus we have: * energy / path = force --- force / path = stiffness * Differentiation: energy => force => stiffness {{wikitodo|see page associated discussion page}} == Models for chemical bonds == There are several models approximating the behaviour of chemical bonds in a mass and spring model. * Lennard Jones Potential {wikitodo|add image of the potential - quantity vs distance} * … These is by far not as accurate as quantum mechanical modelling, but depending on the problem at hand this can more than suffice. From this energy curve a force curve and a stiffness curved can be derived by taking the first and second spacial derivative. Note that in 3D this would give a force vector field and a stiffness tensor field. From the original and the derive curves special values can be read out. == Special values == Comparison of all three properties There are special characteristic values that can be taken from the quantity vs distance curves. These are: * a bonds total energy (enthalpy) -- (equivalent to bonds toughness) * a bonds absolute tensile stress and point of absolute tensile strength * a bonds maximum stiffness and point of maximum stiffness For gaining a better [[intuitive feel]]ing about how the strong [[covalent bonds]], the much weaker [[van der Walls force]] (per equal area), and other forces compare to each other it might be useful to look at all three of the aspects Energy force and stiffness. See main article: [[Comparing reversible energetic bonds]] == About the historically caused focus on bond energies rather than forces == There's a historically caused focus on frequencies (and proportional energies) rather than forces (and stiffnesses). Frequencies is what was first accessible to experiment via optical spectroscopy. And to this day (state 2020) energies and frequencies associated with inter-atomic bonds are still usually easier to measure directly than forces. Direct measurements of forces can be done via pulling experiments with sharp scanning probe microscope tips, but it's still very hard to single out the effect of a single bond.<br> See main article: [[Energies and frequencies]]. Also till now bond forces where rarely needed whereas bond energies very often. Thus bond enthalpy tables (useful e.g. for calculating the amount of energy stored in hydrocarbon fuels) are a thing that can be easily found. Whereas tables for maximum tensile strength of bonds are not common to find. {{wikitodo|add image of a bond enthalpy table}} When doing mechanical engineering near the atomic scale forces of individual bonds become highly relevant though. Instead of direct measurements the force-over-pulling-distance behaviour of single bonds is usually gained From theoretically calculated energies for different fixed stretching states of the bond and then approximated by more or less well matching phenomenological models. == Involved Math == For each enforced (non-equilibrium) stationary stretching distance there is a an iterative quantum mechanical calculation needed that is refining base approximations. Here's a brief overview over some of the mathematical tools that are involved: * The mathematical base shape of the orbitals of single atoms can be gained by analytical solutions of the Schrödinger wave equation. E.g. the shape of s-orbitals, p-orbitals and their linear combinations (aka hybridizations). Except for hydrogen only this is quite wrong though due to inner electrons shielding the part of the the positive charge of the atoms core, changing the shape of the funnel like electrostatic potential hugely. * To get the shape of the orbitals to better match the electrostatic potential the Gram–Schmidt process [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process] can be used. * Once hybrid orbitals of different atoms get overlapped to form molecular orbitals it can become harder to adhere to the parity rules of fermions (to adhere to the pauli-principle) that says that two electrons can never be in the same quantum state in all of their quantum numbers simultaneously. The Slater determinant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater_determinant] can be used to get a valid electron configuration which can be fed as initial state into the Hartree–Fock method, a variational method that through iteration eventually leads to a self consistent field [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-field_theory]. Limiting is that the results (that is resulting energies for the given enforced bonding separations) can only get optimal within what the limits of the parameterization for the orbitals allow. There are more approximations involved usually causing a smaller error. * For mechanical the purpose of analysis of mechanical applications extremely accurate results for energies are not needed so many of the approximations involved have errors small enough to ignore. * A more accurate but also more computationally intense alternative is density functional theory [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_functional_theory]. For strongly isolated single covalent bonds the additional computational cost is very much manageable though. == Related == * [[comparison of mechanical character of different bonds types]] * [[Covalent bond]] * [[Van der Waals force]] * [[Intuitive feel]] * [[Pages with math]] [[Category:Pages with math]] rfd5kx5x5xy3hmj0x7c8d7ee044pc45 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 140 10496 10495 2021-06-16T10:31:17Z Apm 1 /* Direct electromagnetic wave to mechanical conversions */ {{Template:Stub}} ---- {{template:site specific definition}} [[File:energy-management-complete.png|512px|thumb|right|'''todo''' upload scalable svg version & add split-off version]] Atomically precise technology for energy conversion can: * solve the enegry storage problem making renewable energy storable and fossile or nuclear fission baseload power plants unnecessary * circumvent burning processes that unnecessarily devaluates energy Different power-converter-systems have system-heterogeneity residing on different system-size-scales. {{wikitodo|Make a table listing all the possible combinations for quick overview and access}} == Nanoscale: molecular power converters == AP technology provides several possibilities for energy conversion that work in a mill/zip/conveyor belt like style: === Chemomechanical conversion === See main page: [[Chemomechanical converters]] <br> This is '''the link for massive and efficient energy storage that is missing today (2021).''' === Electromechanical conversion === See main page: [[Electromechanical converters]] <br> Basically nanoscale electro moters that work electrostatically rather than magnetostatically as macroscale electromotors do. Also a possibility: Transporting bond charges. <br> This might be useful for high voltage low current applications. <br> Much less lopsided than with macroscale electrostaic generators though.<br> Similar to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelletron pelletron] or a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimshurst_machine Wimshurst machine] but with very different performance characteristics. === Optoelectrical conversion (future) === See main page: [[Diamondoid solar cell]]s <br> Part of the [[non mechanical technology path]] This is basically about good old solar cells. <br> But when there is already atomically precise available that gives us control over matter beyond mere [[thermodynamic means]]. === Electrocemical conversion (future) === * [[Atomically precise electrochemical converters]] This is basically about good old batteries. <br> But when there is already atomically precise available that gives us control over matter beyond mere [[thermodynamic means]]. === Direct electromagnetic wave to mechanical conversions === * [[mechanoradio and radiomechanical conversion]] <br>– spinning electrical dipoles really fast mechanically <br>– the limit might be somewhere at 100GHz? (nanoscale [[levitation]] likely needed to limit friction at speeds close to the [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]]) * [[mechanooptical conversion]] – '''this is very new''' – exciting elecronic stated by force applying mechanic manipulation on bound molecules * [[optomechanical conversion]] – '''basically photochemistry''' – causing a conformational change through electronic structure change through optical excitation The [[teraherz gap]] between radio frequencies and far infrared frequencies * is too high for generation by moving charges mechanically and also * is challenging to cover even from the electronic side – ([[non mechanical technology path]]) Related: * [[Mechanically stable electronically excited states]] * Polyaromatic pigments, F-centers in gemstones, ... * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen Singlet_oxygen] (here the unpaired spin [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_state triplet state] is the stable unexcited one which is unusual) * 1s2s parahelium (excited by 19,8 eV) is surprisingly stable * [[Fun with spins]] == Mesoscale == All thermo involving energy conversion processes are at least mesoscale since thermal isolation is needed <br> and thermal isolation does not work well at the nanoscale due to the large surface to volume ratios that are present there ([[scalng law]]). === Entropomechanical conversion === See main page: [[Entropomechanical converters]] <br> This is about storing energy * into molecular order * into squeezing out molecular degrees of freedom and then when needed releasing it again. <br> Releasing energy sucks up microstates from the thermal path to put them into microstates in spacial disorder. <br> things cool down making this a very safe way of storing energy. <br> No big booms and fireballs. Even in worst case scenarios. === Thermomechanical concerters === * [[thermomechanical converters]] – (diamondoid heat pump systems) <br> Used base technologies for such heat pump systems can be: * [[capsule transport|microcapsules]] * [[infinitesimal bearing]]s * [[thermal isolation|thermal switching cells]] <br> Note that although the efficiency of heat pumps is fundamentally limited by the Carnough-cycle <br> the conversion can be near reversible given thermal isolation is really good. === Thermoentropic converters === That's basically storing thermal energy into phase changes. <br> Existing technology. We'ss see how [[gem-gum technology]] can improve on that. === Thermoelectric converters === These fall squarely under the [[non mechanical technology path]]. <br> Reaching high efficiencies is difficult. <br> We'll see what we can do once we can make much more materials via [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] <br> beyond the very limited set of accessible structures that we can reach today with only [[thermodynamic means]]. == Macroscale == === Thermonuclear conversion (or rather nuclearthermo conversion) === Complex macroscopic systems made from advanced diamondoid metamaterials may lead to significant improvements here. <br> See main page: [[APM and nuclear technology]] * There are some exotic approaches for partially direct nuclearelectric conversion perhaps allowing to go beyond the Carnough limit in efficiency. * Direct nuclearmechanical seems not possible or sensible. == Gravomechanical conversion == Given gravity is a macroscopic phenomenon the technology is inherently macroscopic. <br> Nothing much new here with [[gem-gum technology]]. <br> Well [[space elevators]] maybe. But these are difficult. [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:site specific definitions]] == Related == * [[Global scale energy management]] * [[Energy transmission]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer transducer], actuators, ... m27abf0n2xfvdphyuq33k07awbrvljn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1120 10477 2021-06-16T06:44:47Z Apm 1 just links for now {{Stub}} == Related == * [[Power density]] * [[Ultimate limits]] == External links == Here's a paper by Robert A. Freitas Jr. on [[energy density]] in APM systems: * IMM report 050 [http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep050.pdf (pdf) on the website of the institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM)] * IMM report 050 [http://www.nanomedicine.com/Papers/EnergyDensity.pdf (pdf) on the nanomedicine website] ok4c75zbcv5m24ru5hvlrjbt2mkm1ps wikitext text/x-wiki 0 824 8293 2021-03-28T14:55:36Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Energy extraction]] to [[Energy harvesting]]: wikipedia uses that term #REDIRECT [[Energy harvesting]] dbtm5fbn0i1eygf2qjx7cocccoqjt78 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 283 2931 2015-02-28T06:58:15Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Energy extraction]] #REDIRECT [[Energy extraction]] 6ib9fsper67u74vj3b33yat1c8gxnnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 279 8294 8292 2021-03-28T14:56:29Z Apm 1 added link to wikipedia page about Energy_harvesting {{template:stub}} How advanced atomically precise technology can be used to make natures energy useful for human civilisation. * solar energy: [[diamondoid solar cells]] * [[wind energy]] & various forms of hydro enegry: [[medium movers]] operated in reverse or [[interfacial drive]] generators can replace existing generators * geothermal energy: [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s ( & [[Entropomechanical converters]] , [[deep drilling]]) * nuclear energy: [[nuclear fusion]] * maybe "swingby energy" -- energy extracted from interplanetary swingby maneuvers. See: [[Interplanetary acceleration tracks]]. * maybe more of other exotic stuff ... Note: The somewhat unususal term '''energy extraction''' was choosen as title for this page since energy production or power generation does'nt fit the first law of thermodynamics ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics wikipedia]) (energy cannot be produced or generated from nothing it only can be converted or "extracted" and put elsewhere. * basic [[Molecular power converter]]s a special kind of [[diamondoid metamaterials]] ---- '''Terminology:''' The commonly used term "Energy production" has been avoided here because there is no such thing as energy production (first law of thermodynamics). Same for destruction. What there is is energy devaluation - conversion of usable free energy into unusable bond energy via mixing (increase in enrtopy). Energy revaluation (generation of usable free energy from demixing of unusable bound energy) does not happen ever (second law of thermodynamics). Uncontrollable (often destructive) demixing does happen though especially in the nanoscale (recurrence theorem). The is maybe one demixing event that is very special - marking the beginning of our time - See: [[The "something"|Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]]. {{speculativity warning}}. It seems relaxation (remixing) of spontaneous demixing events can produce interesting patterns - among them: us. == Related == * [[Global scale energy management]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_harvesting Energy_harvesting] 394s8w29w707bd23zk4l81dsd188iv0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 281 2929 2015-02-28T06:55:58Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Energy extraction]] #REDIRECT [[Energy extraction]] 6ib9fsper67u74vj3b33yat1c8gxnnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1097 10272 10269 2021-06-13T13:57:48Z Apm 1 {{stub}} == Energy recuperation on the single bond level == * energy recuperation in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * energy recuperation in the [[drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] – e.g. in [[chemomechanical conversion]] See: [[Dissipation sharing]] – (Related: [[Exothermy offloading]]) '''Potential waste heat increasing factors:''' * Higher energy turnover due to more surface area broken open and reformed again compared to assembly on higher [[assembly level]]s * Higher energy turnover due to [[covalent bonds]] being significantly stronger than [[Van der Waals bonds]] * Possibly less highly optimizable for efficiency due to localized high strains being unavoidable – (related: [[back driving]] a gear-train) == Energy recuperation on small scales == * energy recuperation from [[Van der Waals bonds]] * energy recuperation from [[superelastic]] clips, avoiding larger scale [[snapback]] == Related == * [[Reversible actuation]] – [[Reversible computation]] ([[Rod logic]]) * [[Dissipation sharing]] – (Related: [[Exothermy offloading]]) jsx734pgl4gjtfc7caiuf26qkrprtpg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 13 9060 9059 2021-05-18T17:59:27Z Apm 1 added some links in related section {{site specific definition}} In advanced AP systems energy storage and conversion is more clearly distinct than in e.g. todays bulk electric accumulators. Energy storage cells need [[chemomechanical converters]] or [[electromechanical converters]] <br> and often some form of [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] to form a complete system. AP systems can often avoid high energy densities which always are potentially dangerous since energy can be transmitted quite fast and efficiently (e.g. with [[Mechanical energy transmission cables|energy transport cables]]) Cells may be have various sizes sub equal or super [[microcomponent]] size. == Forms == === for [[chemomechanical converters]] === * radicals zip cells * micro to nano sized high pressure hydrogen capsules * nitrogen based compounds cells (avoiding explosiveness) * reactants choosen for maximal activation energy to increase safety (allowed by "the force focus [[scaling laws|scaling law]]") * many more ... === for [[entropomechanical converters]] === * chainmolecule stretcher cells * more dense systems (working with gasses?) === for [[electromechanical converters]] === '''capacitor cells:''' Todays capacitors already do a good job. === no conversion === '''flywheels cells:''' Like in all other cases an additional gear transmission (mechanomechanical conversion) is possible. Scaringly high power-spikes are possible. '''energy elastic springs cells:''' lower energy density than chemomechanical converter cells but faster and more efficient. == Notes == Cryogenic hydrogen storage is inherently macroscopic. Nano-sized capsules have a huge surface to mass ratio making individual [[thermal isolation]] effectively infeasible. <br> [Todo: discuss (known) potential losses of cryogenic storage in an AP product]. <br> Advanced AP systems can easily produce cryogenic temperatures via [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s. * Long range high power energy transportation might be better done [[Mechanical energy transmission cables#Transporting chemical energy|mechanical]] ['''todo:''' look wether entropomechanical and chemomechanical converters can be combined to get a safer energy storage] == Related == * [[Energy storage problem]] * [[chemomechanical converters]], [[electromechanical converters]] * [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:site specific definitions]] k76p75h0i2uitblamudctvly5avvqcs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 278 2921 2015-02-28T06:21:11Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Energy storage cells]] to [[Energy storage cell]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Energy storage cell]] 71ceaqomqllksln76ovoh5jbmlp0xom wikitext text/x-wiki 0 357 5090 5089 2016-11-15T17:40:33Z Apm 1 added limits section {{Template:Stub}} '''Advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] can provide today's missing link of efficient chemomechanical conversion'''. This makes long term storage of huge amounts of energy possible. Additionally chemical energy is easier to transport than electrical energy - even today (oil tankers). == Limits == Unlike other performance specs like transmittable power density. The energy density of chemical energy storage is (with gasoline and explosives as good examples) pretty much at it's limits with our current (2016) crude technology. Advanced atomically precise technology allows now forms of chemical energy storage that at the cost of slightly lower energy density are far safer and allow energy conversion efficiencies very near 100%. For energy densities higher than chemical only nuclear is possible. How and in how far advanced atomically precise technology may enable us using some nuclear physics as a bidirectional battery is very unclear at this moment (2016). See [[APM and nuclear technology]] for related highly speculative thoughts. == Related == * For more details see: [[Global scale energy management]] * [[Energy storage cell]] * [[Chemomechanical converters]] 10m0zs4br7tn251ilsem2eyx09vo8mu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 138 7063 7061 2018-05-08T13:43:16Z Apm 1 removed excessive 's' Up: [[Transportation and transmission]] ---- Advanced atomically precise systems will enable some new and promising kinds of energy transmission. Application cases: * [[Chemical energy transmission]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] * Nanotubes as electrical conductors * new kinds of [[superconductors]] sprouting from the [[non mechanical technology path]] (''speculative!'') * [[Thermal energy transmission]] via [[capsule transport]] Packing [[energy storage cells]] in [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] is practical for all but the most extreme power conversion speed requirements ([[chemomechanical converters]] are slower than "simple" redirections). Moderately done the tensile strength of the cable (which bears the kinetic power) does not fall much. Interesting is that there is a certain speed where the quadratically rising kinetic energy starts to exceed the linear rising chemical one. ['''Todo:''' what is that speed approximately; attempt to make a speed vs chemical & kinetic power graph] == Related == * [[Global scale energy management]] * [[Power density]] * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Thermal energy transport]] [[Category:Technology level III]] sui9qpu25zogtdg7ah7s4wnmeovnqoy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 689 8040 8039 2020-11-09T22:14:18Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to the book in *.pdf format [[File:Engines of Creation.jpg|200px|thumb|right|book cover (1986)]] ''Engines of Creation'' (EoC) written by K. Eric Drexler and published in 1986 is ''the'' book that brought the idea of atomically precise manufacturing (APM) to a wider non technical audience (mostly limited to the english speaking world). Back then it still was an early idea (not [[Main Page|what APM is today]]) and it was still called "[[nanotechnology]]". '''Strong recommendation:''' If you're going to read the old classic ''Engines of Creation'' it is best to read the new ''Radical Abundance'' too. Otherwise you're left with an outdated misleading picture including only the past. == Critique targeting the "molecular assemblers" concept == '''EoC introduced the (now outdated) concept of ''[[molecular assembler]]s''.'''<br> '''The author himself abandoned the concept''' of molecular assemblers '''long before getting strongly criticized for it''' in the course of the infamous [[Drexler–Smalley debate]] that started in 2001. Strong evidence for that is that in the technical book ''[[Nanosystems]]'' (published in 1992) molecular assemblers where not mentioned at all. Instead the newer concept of [[nanofactories]] where the main focus. ''[[Nanosystems]]'' was written a full nine years before the debate started (The draft, Eric Drexler’s MIT dissertation, even sooner 1991). For why exactly the author considers molecular assemblers obsolete since before 1991 check the details on the [[molecular assembler|main page about molecular assemblers]]. It has nothing to do with Richard E. Smally being right and assemblers being fundamentally impossible. Erik K. Drexler still considers molecular assemblers not fundamentally impossible but he considers them lacking in practicability, accessibility and desirability, and with the discovery of a better alternative ([[nanofactories]]) he now considers the assembler concept as old and obsolete. The criticism targeting the assembler concept (and what had become of it outside the field of influence of the author) just drove the author to voice the obsolescence of molecular assemblers much louder. Most notably with his newest book ''[[Radical Abundance]]'' and his following public appearances. {{wikitodo|Find and link the talk where E.Drexler voices that the idea of molecular assemblers is outdated more than 20 years now and that we should please finally "shelve it"}} Other core experts (Ralph Merkle, Robert Freitas, ...) seem to have held on longer to the molecular assembler concept (See: "[[Pathway controversy]]"). There are signs that they moved on to the nanofactroy concept but the situation seems not entirely clear. As of this writing (2017) in public perception molecular assemblers are still by far the dominant idea still haunting around as very resilient undead specter while the [[nanofactory]]-concept is barely known. == "Nanotechnology" == See main article: [[The term "Nanotechnology"]] and the article: [[History]] In EoC the term "nanotechnology" was introduced. The term also appeared earlier by a different author discussing a different topic but this was not the source of the term "nanotechnology" in EoC. Its not entirely clear but it seems the term "nanotechnology" mostly spread from EoC and not the earlier introduction {{todo|some investigation is needed to actually answer that question - only of historical relevance - low importance.}}. With passing time the term "nanotechnology" (and related ones) evolved (outside the control of the author). * On the one side it evolved into the jelly soft SciFi regime with even more extraordinary claims (both extremely positive and extremely negative). * On the other hand the term "nanotechnology" slowly but steadily got annexed by quite mundane non AP "nanotechnologies" (with little to no relation to [[Main Page|APM]] like outlined in ''[[Nanosystems]]''). * The original "nanotechnology" (now advanced APM) that was made more concrete and serious in ''[[Nanosystems]]'' had fallen by the wayside. * (Side-note: There are even more sides to this omitted here for clarity. See: "[[The many kinds of nanotechnology]]") The annexation of the term "nanotechnology" was (more or less consciously) motivated by leeching on extraordinary promises while (again more or less consciously) repressing awareness of [[grey goo|the horrific doomsday fairytale]] that came with it too. There was no malicious stealing intent. This just was probably a pretty much predetermined course of history. When awareness for "nanotechnology" (however interpreted) reached a critical point the media and public perception began to superficially associate mundane near term science with the extraordinary SciFi claims (claims in no relation to ''[[Nanosystems]]'' that by now became invisible in relative publicity terms). The tipping point was the article: "Why the future does not need us".<br> The results likely where: * fear of regulations and funding cuts based on things that are not done and never will * anger towards those spreading claims that never will be archived and are not worked on (or vice versa) This discharged in the infamous [[debate]].<br> Since the "claimspreaders" where (and are) numerous and gave no good target the whole thing was traced back to EoC fully disregarding newer much more grounded work (like ''[[Nanosystems]]''). So what the debate actually was about was: * fighting for the brand name "nanotechnology" - fighting for keeping publicity positive only * or as an analogy: attacking the victim of theft for being bitten by the stolen Trojan horse called "nanotechnology" In a non-factual public relations sense the debate was clearly won by R. Smalley. This can be seen by the results like: * redefinition of "nanotechnology" excluding manipulation of atoms * "Cleaning" NNI report from manipulation of atoms * inducing fear based self censorship - precautious active distancing - "groupthink" This of course was burying actual serious APM related work like ''[[Nanosystems]]'' (and lots of other material) further. A typical case of throwing out the baby with the bathing water. Taking a step back one can see that the conflict originated from the fight over the term "nanotechnology" introduced in EoC. The new book ''[[Radical Abundance]]'' tries to solve the problem by avoiding it. It introduces the new more specific term: "Atomically precise manufacturing". The positive news: By now there are some signs of recovery like: * the NNI acknowledging ''[[Nanosystems]]'' as worth further investigation {{wikitodo|find and add link}} * a Nobel prize for molecular machines * rapid advances in [[foldamer R&D]] * ... == Reception of EoC outside the english speaking world == In short: barely any. (This and the following refers to the current date 2017) At least in the German speaking world the idea has not reached the non technical audience. EoC still hasn't even been translated to German. Generally the idea of APM (both in its early form presented in EoC and in its newer form) still remains mostly limited to the English speaking world. In the non-English-speaking technical audience there is a little bit more of awareness. It trifles over with a significant time lag. what makes a great difference is that the events overseas happened somewhat in reverse. There things started with a boost in non AP material science "nanotechnology" (a topic pretty far away from [[Main Page|APM]]) And only later with it information about the debate and EoC came in. One might speculate that overseas a lack of serious APM related work combined with negative news may have here too build a bit of a wall deterring from the reception of the "newer" material presented in (''[[Nanosystems]]'' and ''[[Radical Abundance]]'') making it pretty much unknown. == Related == * [[Books]] * [[Nanosystems]] (the technical book) 1992 * [[Awareness boosting events]] ----- * Some of the [[common misconceptions]] about APM are listed in the first chapters of EoC. Those are still valid. == External links == * [https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report47.pdf pdf book in monospaced font] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creation Engines of Creation] Archive: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920023322/http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_Cover.html EOC_Cover - listed releases in several languages] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920065848/http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_Table_of_Contents.html EOC_Table_of_Contents (linking to content)] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Books]] akjraqhual5vx3f9htqviq1b0ht4meh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1114 10410 2021-06-14T18:03:15Z Apm 1 Created page with "{{site specific term}} '''Entropic energy''' shall here on this wiki refer to <br> [[entropic force]] integrated over the distance it acts. <br> dE_entropic = F_entropic * ds..." {{site specific term}} '''Entropic energy''' shall here on this wiki refer to <br> [[entropic force]] integrated over the distance it acts. <br> dE_entropic = F_entropic * ds == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_force Entropic force] 591kdmlbh0cp9ipotex6fef0s6utb56 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 139 10411 10409 2021-06-14T18:30:41Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Thermomechanical converter]] to [[Entropomechanical converter]] over redirect: A thermomechanical converter is a different thing than an entropomechanical converter {{template:site specific definition}} '''Entropomechanical converters''' store energy by converting the sorage medium in a lower entopy form or vice versa. ['''Todo:''' incorrect needs rewrite] They use [[energy storage cells]] containing an appropriate medium that's only partially in [[machine phase]]. They are a subclass of [[molecular power converter]]s. [[Chemomechanical converters]] like radical batteries use similar zip style reactor cells. = Entropic Batteries = Compressed gas above its inversion point ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_temperature wikipedia]) is one of the simplest entropic batteries conceivable. The temperature drops when work is extracted. With APM capabilities micro sized gas capsules with a size below the limit of what is perceptible by the human eye can make storage of pressurized gas inherently safe even at around 1000 bars (at room temperature) which is around the point where the gas molecules begin to "touch" each other that is where the density of a liquid is archived. To get out the full energy stored in a short period of time one needs to supply the storage with environmental ambient temperature heat (e.g. with pellet warming and air medium movers) or else the storage cool down quickly and energy output will temporarily run dry. (till..) ---- Alternativels an entropic battery may be implemented with a set of linear alkane molecules which are on both sides bond to handles. Those handles can be either pulled apart and fixated at their maximum separation thereby stretching the alkane completely straight or put together rather close allowing the alkane great freedom of movement. H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Handle1-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-Handle2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H In the nano-comos every degree of freedom on average absorbs a package of energy that is proportional to the environments temperature (this energy is E = 3/2kT; see [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem equipartition theorem]). When the alkanes are completely stretched they have only a few degrees of freedom (DOFs) and store less thermal energy than in a natural unconstrained state. When the alkanes are contracted and chaotically curled up they provide many DOFs and store a maximal amount of thermal energy. At non-zero temperatures the alkanes pull the handles together. So to draw energy from your battery you simply remove the handles from their locked positions and let them drive your workload. The emerging DOFs in the alkanes suck up the thermal energy of the environment effectively cooling the battery down. The reason behind this seemingly paradox behavior is that not the total energy but the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibb%27s_Free_Energy Gibbs free energy] is subject to minimization. Some more information can be found here: "[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_elasticity rubber elasticity]" and here: "[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_force entropic force]" To store energy into the entropic battery all the handles are pulled apart. The thermal energy is effectively wrung out out of the alkanes increasing the environments temperature. Expected features of entropic batteries: * recyclability: potentially excellent - depends on AP - system design * durability: probably acceptable - carbon chains are especially sensitive to [[radiation damage]] - too fast charging can lead to thermal destruction * measurability: excellent - one can count used handle pairs - zero self discharge * power density: probably good - power extraction is limited by self cooling * efficiency: probably acceptable for some applications - significant thermal losses since it's an inherent thermal process * energy density: probably mediocre * recource consumption: absolutely no scarce elements are needed * health hazards: probably very low - no heavy metals are used * danger (when crushed): inherently safe since it freezes when shorted - the use of silicone polymers would make it even safer. Note that mechanosynthesis of the needed floppy polymers is beyond basic capabilities of productive APM systems and will require specialized tools. ['''Todo:''' can this be considered as a latent heat storage system too?] == Relation to quantum effects == Just as the Joule-Thomson effect (see [[cooling]]) this effect is predominantly not originating from quantum effects like e.g. quantum mechanical unfreezing of DOFs (which causes heat capacity jumps in muti-atomic gases).<br> {{todo|questionable correctness - check in more detail}} == Relation to machine phase == Giving crystolecules increasing space to frewheel on an axle or freereciprocate on a sliderail could exert ectropic forces on the motion limiters. Given the forces can be balanced out delicately. The effect to expect is likely to be much smaller than what one can observe in polymers though, since each relatively big crystolecule gets just one single thermal energy package according to the equipartitioning theorem. Thus each crystolecule acts just equivalently to one much smaller DOF in a polymer chain. The downside of the much more effective polymer chains is that they are * harder to mechanosynthesize due to their total lack of stiffness (not impossible: see [[molecule spanning method]]) * more amenable to high energy radiation (including UV light) (just one break in a single bonded chain leads to failure) == Robust gases as alternative to delicate polymer chains == Gas spring capsules (as used in [[Diamondoid heat pump system]]s) might be a solution solving both issues. There are no bonds to break in mono-atomic gasses. But this is basically just a pneumatic ultra high pressure (~1000atm - contacting gas atoms) energy storage. Energy density is lower than chemical and easy to calculate. {{wikitodo|do that}} {{todo|Explore if energy densities comparable to conventional chemical energy storage can be reached somehow.}} == Known potential for extreme safety == Sidenote: Experiments (long before time of writing 2018) with state of the art metal hydride energy storage (in which strong entropic effects are present) have shown that very high energy density storages can be exceptionally safe. So safe that in case they are majorly abused (shot at, driven over with a tank) they just freeze instead of going off in a violent and dangerous explosion. === The ideal energy storage === One could imagine a combination of conventional energy storage and entropic energy storage such that the catastrophic event thwarting entropic part just slightly overcompensates the catastrophic event fostering conventional part and one gets the maximum possible energy density but still retains very high safety. == Related == * [[Entropic energy]] * [[Energy conversion]] * [[Diamondoid heat pump system|Thermomechanical energy converter (or Diamondoid heat pump system)]] * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem Equipartition_theorem] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category: Technology level III]] [[Category: Technology level II]] lm57kgbt0x1do0hg7ntnj4r9f3b8g32 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 307 10414 5237 2021-06-14T18:32:55Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Entropomechanical converter]] #REDIRECT [[Entropomechanical converter]] 9ojrvxkccqmekcuy5gwogwgtklwkq6x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 672 8879 8877 2021-05-12T22:08:38Z Apm 1 /* Website */ added an external link to old zyvex page about crystolecule bearings = Website = A lot of the following are related to this page on this wiki: [[Superlubricity]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084528/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingSums.html Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212101/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314130257/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322nonrepulsive.html Bearings can be stable despite attractive interactions between their surfaces] ----- * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314124359/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0323bearingDesigns.html Sleeve bearings have been designed and modeled in atomic detail] <br> <small>Links to: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/bearingProof.html A Proof About Molecular Bearings] by Ralph C. Merkle -- 1993</small> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314065352/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0323smallBearingPDB.html PDB files can describe molecular structures in atomic detail] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115547/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0323whyBearings.html Bearings play a crucial role in many sorts of machinery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110344/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingDiag.html A shaft in a sleeve can form a rotary bearing] ----- * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060004/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairPot.html Stiffly supported sliding atoms have a smooth interaction potential] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100841/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy] -- Related page: [[Snapback]] ----- * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081840/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/01/0306MMnobond.html Standard molecular mechanics can describe only motions that leave bonding unchanged] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314064329/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/01/0306QMbonds.html Quantum chemistry can describe motions, including changes in bonding] = Blog = == 2014 == (no further later entries) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012604/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/08/ 2014-08-XX:] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012604/http://metamodern.com/2014/08/08/recovering-ancient-voices-from-clay-pots/ Recovering ancient voices from clay pots] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012604/http://metamodern.com/2014/08/06/vital-national-interests-will-change-perceptions-may-not/ Vital national interests will change. Perceptions may not.] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012604/http://metamodern.com/2014/08/04/to-war-for-trade-3-august-1914/ To War for Trade? — 3 August 1914] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012554/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/07/ 2014-07-XX:] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012554/http://metamodern.com/2014/07/09/gmail-interface-horror/ Gmail interface horror] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012554/http://metamodern.com/2014/07/03/keynote-at-tvc-2014/ Keynote at TVC 2014] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012554/http://metamodern.com/2014/07/03/standard-model-followup/ Standard Model followup] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012904/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/06/ 2014-06-XX:] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012904/http://metamodern.com/2014/06/11/just-in-case-you-missed-reading-xkcd/ Just in case you missed reading XKCD…] 2014-05-XX: * (no entries in this month) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/04/ 2014-04-XX:] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/25/physics-quiz-corrected-answers/ Physics Quiz: Corrected Answers] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/19/physics-quiz-standard-model-answers/ Physics Quiz: Standard Model Answers] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/16/physics-quiz-the-standard-model/ Physics Quiz: The Standard Model] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/04/five-kinds-of-nanotechnology/ The five kinds of nanotechnology] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/01/rise-of-the-robots-per-the-economist/ Rise of the robots (per the Economist)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012852/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/03/ 2014-03-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012852/http://metamodern.com/2014/03/29/the-end-of-the-thermodynamics-of-computation/ The end of the thermodynamics of computation?] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012852/http://metamodern.com/2014/03/13/civilizational-impact/ Civilizational impact] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012852/http://metamodern.com/2014/03/05/environmental-impact/ Environmental Impact] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012852/http://metamodern.com/2014/03/04/speaking-in-colorado-at-two-curiosity-retreats/ Speaking in Colorado at two Curiosity Retreats] 2014-02-XX: * (no entries in this month) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012848/http://metamodern.com:80/2014/01/ 2014-01-XX:] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012848/http://metamodern.com/2014/01/25/apologies-for-oxford-talk-overflow/ Apologies for Oxford talk overflow] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012848/http://metamodern.com/2014/01/21/talk-at-oxford-remaking-the-21st-century/ Talk at Oxford: “Remaking the 21st Century”] == 2013 == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012549/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/12/ 2013-12-XX:] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012549/http://metamodern.com/2013/12/10/book-talk-at-oxford/ Book talk at Oxford] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012549/http://metamodern.com/2013/12/09/radical-abundance-featured-in-the-times-literary-supplement/ ''Radical Abundance'' featured in the Times Literary Supplement] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/11/ 2013-11-XX:] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/23/one-hour-question-session-after-osu-technical-talk/ One hour question session after OSU technical talk] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/16/pauling-memorial-lecture-portland-oregon/ Pauling Memorial Lecture, Portland Oregon] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/12/speaking-in-seoul/ Speaking in Seoul] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/11/xkcd-answers-the-questions/ XKCD answers the questions] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/11/nano-now-means-materials/ It’s official: “Nano” now means materials] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/07/what-aristotle-can-tell-us-about-nanotechnology/ What Aristotle can teach us about nanotechnology] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/06/atomic-precision-or-atomically-precise-design/ Atomic precision or atomically precise design?] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/04/four-revolutions-compared/ Four Revolutions Compared: Agriculture, Industry, Information, and APM] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/03/serverification-of-molecular-engineering-tools/ Serverification of molecular engineering tools] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012842/http://metamodern.com/2013/11/01/one-weird-new-tip-for-doubling-page-views/ One weird new tip for ''doubling'' page views] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/10/ 2013-10-XX:] * 31 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/31/further-notes-on-rosetta-rosettadesign-and-rosie/ Further notes on Rosetta, RosettaDesign — and Rosie] * 31 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/31/climate-reporting-spot-the-difference/ Climate reporting: Spot the difference?] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/30/learning-practical-atomically-precise-fabrication/ Learning ''practical'' atomically precise fabrication] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/29/guardian-post-3big-nanotech-an-unexpected-future/ Guardian post #3: Big Nanotech: An unexpected future] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/28/report-on-advanced-nanotechnology/ Report on advanced nanotechnology (先进的纳米技术报告)] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/21/big-nanotech-building-a-new-world-with-atomic-precision/ Big Nanotech: Building a new world with atomic precision] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/17/blog-post-at-the-guardian/ Blog post at the Guardian] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/15/dutch-press-roundup/ Dutch press roundup] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/09/nobel-prize-for-computational-chemistry/ Nobel Prize for Computational Chemistry] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012544/http://metamodern.com/2013/10/08/london-istanbul-followup/ London & Istanbul followup] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012837/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/09/ 2013-09-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012837/http://metamodern.com/2013/09/29/london-istanbul/ London & Istanbul] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012837/http://metamodern.com/2013/09/05/talks-and-interviews-in-amsterdam-and-groningen/ Talks and interviews in Amsterdam and Groningen] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/08/ 2013-08-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com/2013/08/30/transforming-the-material-basis-of-civilization-tedx-talk-take-2/ Transforming the Material Basis of Civilization (TEDx talk, take #2)] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com/2013/08/22/software-trust-and-proof/ Software, trust, and proof] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com/2013/08/18/amory-lovins-on-radical-abundance/ Amory Lovins on ''Radical Abundance''] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com/2013/08/13/a-critic-of-the-hyperloop-speaks-in-a-vacuum/ A critic of the Hyperloop speaks in a vacuum] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012539/http://metamodern.com/2013/08/05/apm-in-the-obayashi-quarterly/ APM in the Obayashi Quarterly] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/07/ 2013-07-XX:] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com/2013/07/22/podcast-interview-with-surprisingly-free/ Podcast interview with “Surprisingly Free”] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com/2013/07/13/my-tedx-video-now-online/ My TEDx video now online] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com/2013/07/11/robin-replies/ Robin replies] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com/2013/07/05/robin-hanson-critiques-radical-abundance/ Robin Hanson critiques Radical Abundance] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012534/http://metamodern.com/2013/07/04/doug-engelbart/ Doug Engelbart] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012832/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/06/ 2013-06-XX:] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012832/http://metamodern.com/2013/06/17/tedx-talk-in-lisbon-week-in-portugal/ TEDx talk in Lisbon, week in Portugal] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012832/http://metamodern.com/2013/06/11/writeup-on-apm-now-at-nanowerk/ Writeup on APM now cross-posted at Nanowerk] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012832/http://metamodern.com/2013/06/06/must-read-papers-for-anyone-who-practices-manages-or-thinks-about-systems-engineering/ Must-read papers for anyone who practices, manages, or thinks about systems engineering] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012832/http://metamodern.com/2013/06/03/baku-blogging/ Baku blogging] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/05/ 2013-05-XX:] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/24/apm-in-brief-and-physical-principles/ A new introduction: “APM in brief” (and its physical principles)] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/22/radical-abundance-earns-a-star-from-kirkus-reviews/ ''Radical Abundance'' earns a star from ''Kirkus Reviews''] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/21/upcoming-talk-and-book-signing-in-london/ Upcoming talk and book signing in London] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/21/mining-the-seabed-for-resources-that-wont-be-scarce/ Mining the seabed for resources that won’t be scarce] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/17/review-of-radical-abundancebooks-in-brief-in-nature/ Review of ''Radical Abundance'': “Books in Brief” in Nature] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/16/guest-post-drexler-at-town-hall-in-seattle/ Guest Post: Drexler at Town Hall in Seattle] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/15/albany-interview/ Albany interview] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://metamodern.com/2013/05/03/my-us-speaking-event-schedule/ My US speaking & event schedule My US speaking & event schedule] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012827/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/04/ 2013-04-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012827/http://metamodern.com/2013/04/30/radical-abundance-is-now-available/ ''Radical Abundance'' is now available] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012827/http://metamodern.com/2013/04/21/rio20-sustainable-development-goals-and-apm/ Rio+20, sustainable development goals, and APM] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012524/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/03/ 2013-03-XX:] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012524/http://metamodern.com/2013/03/15/london-nanotechnology-event/ Speaking at a London Nanotechnology Event: “How can we capture the possibilities but avoid the pitfalls of nanotechnology?”] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012524/http://metamodern.com/2013/03/13/interview-for-cspans-book-tv/ Interview for CSPAN’S Book TV] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012524/http://metamodern.com/2013/03/10/daniel-kahneman-makes-us-smarter-again/ Daniel Kahneman makes us smarter (again)] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012524/http://metamodern.com/2013/03/05/an-advance-in-structural-dna-nanotechnology/ An Advance in Structural DNA Nanotechnology] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012822/http://metamodern.com:80/2013/02/ 2013-02-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012822/http://metamodern.com/2013/02/26/forbes-interview-up/ Forbes interview up] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012822/http://metamodern.com/2013/02/13/history-of-nanotechnology/ Missing pieces: The lost history of how nanotechnology took hold in the world] 2013-01-XX: * (no entries in this month) == 2012 == 2011-12-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-11-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-10-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-09-XX: * (no entries in this month) [2011-08-XX:] * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152923/http://metamodern.com/2012/08/14/standard-deviations-in-climate-change/ Standard deviations in climate change] 2011-07-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-06-XX: * (no entries in this month) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150052/http://metamodern.com:80/2012/05/ 2011-05-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150052/http://metamodern.com/2012/05/30/nanotechnology-at-lloyds-of-london/ Nanotechnology at Lloyd’s of London] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150052/http://metamodern.com/2012/05/23/beilstein-symposium-2012-molecular-engineering-and-control/ Beilstein Symposium 2012: Molecular Engineering and Control] 2011-04-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-03-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-02-XX: * (no entries in this month) 2011-01-XX: * (no entries in this month) == 2011 == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155841/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/12/ 2011-12-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155841/http://metamodern.com/2011/12/26/darwin-portraits-on-sale-%e2%82%a410/ Darwin portraits on sale, ₤10 — ''exactly''] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155841/http://metamodern.com/2011/12/23/video-of-my-talk-at-the-moscow-polytechnical-museum/ Video of my talk at the Moscow Polytechnical Museum] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155841/http://metamodern.com/2011/12/21/moscow-report-ii-russians-embrace-a-radical-vision-of-nanotechnology/ Moscow Report (II): Russians embrace a radical vision of nanotechnology] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155841/http://metamodern.com/2011/12/07/video-of-my-oxford-nanotechnology-lecture/ Video of my Oxford nanotechnology lecture] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154052/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/11/ 2011-11-XX:] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154052/http://metamodern.com/2011/11/25/a-rich-visual-display-of-quantitative-money-information/ A rich visual display of quantitative money information] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154052/http://metamodern.com/2011/11/07/peptoid-technology-for-molecular-nanosystems-%e2%80%94-my-review-is-now-online/ Peptoid technology for molecular nanosystems — My review is now online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160318/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/10/ 2011-10-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160318/http://metamodern.com/2011/10/26/a-busy-day-in-moscow/ A Busy Day in Moscow] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160318/http://metamodern.com/2011/10/22/i%e2%80%99ve-moved-to-oxford/ I’ve moved to Oxford] 2011-09-XX: * (no entries in this month) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155836/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/08/ 2011-08-XX:] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155836/http://metamodern.com/2011/08/03/quiz-question-what-is-wrong-with-this-model-of-computation/ Quiz Question: What is wrong with this model of computation?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160312/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/07/ 2011-07-XX:] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160312/http://metamodern.com/2011/07/21/my-next-book-radical-abundance-2012/ My next book: ''Radical Abundance'', 2013] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160312/http://metamodern.com/2011/07/18/looking-toward-2050-with-royal-dutch-shell/ Looking toward 2050 with Royal Dutch Shell] 2011-06-XX: * (no entries in this month) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/05/ 2011-05-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com/2011/05/27/an-advance-in-atomically-precise-building-block-assembly/ An advance in atomically precise building-block assembly] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com/2011/05/10/science-and-engineering-at-nih/ Science and engineering at NIH] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com/2011/05/06/nanosystems-for-india/ Nanosystems for India] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com/2011/05/03/polyoxometalate-papers/ Polyoxometalate papers] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155520/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/04/ 2011-03-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155520/http://metamodern.com/2011/04/26/crystallizing-molecular-assemblies-that-don%e2%80%99t-exist/ Crystallizing molecular assemblies that don’t exist] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155520/http://metamodern.com/2011/04/24/the-quantum-information-science-and-technology-roadmap/ The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap (for example…)] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155520/http://metamodern.com/2011/04/12/i-blame-a-deep-flaw-in-current-software-technology/ I blame a deep flaw in current software technology] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153100/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/03/ 2011-03-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153100/http://metamodern.com/2011/03/27/fukushima-%e2%80%94-best-video-possible-recriticallity/ Fukushima — best video, possible recriticallity (*?)] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153100/http://metamodern.com/2011/03/24/fukushima-%e2%80%94-where-are-the-parrots/ Fukushima — where are the Parrots?] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153100/http://metamodern.com/2011/03/22/across-the-blood-brain-barrier-with-exosomes/ Across the blood-brain barrier with exosomes] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153100/http://metamodern.com/2011/03/11/tsunami-disasters-and-the-cost-of-making-things/ Tsunami disasters and the cost of making things] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154847/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/02/ 2011-02-XX:] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154847/http://metamodern.com/2011/02/24/3d-atomic-imaging-of-nanoparticles-%e2%80%94-a-new-technique/ 3D atomic imaging of nanoparticles — a new technique] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154847/http://metamodern.com/2011/02/16/atomic-layer-deposition-for-atomically-precise-crystal-fabrication/ Atomic Layer Deposition for Atomically-Precise Crystal Fabrication (2)] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154847/http://metamodern.com/2011/02/03/semi-synthetic-implants-of-semi-tissue/ Semi-synthetic implants of semi-tissue] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155825/http://metamodern.com:80/2011/01/ 2011-01-XX:] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155825/http://metamodern.com/2011/01/20/good-and-popular/ Good and popular] == 2010 == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155207/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/12/ 2010-12-XX:] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155207/http://metamodern.com/2010/12/08/nano-drug-carrier/ Nano drug carrier (!!!)] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155207/http://metamodern.com/2010/12/08/why-we-get-fat/ Why We Get Fat] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/11/ 2010-11-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com/2010/11/30/a-meta-meta-analysis-from-the-cdc/ A ''meta''-meta-analysis from the CDC] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com/2010/11/25/new-project-launch-atomic-scale-and-single-molecule-logic-gate-technologies/ New project launched: Atomic Scale and Single Molecule Logic Gate Technologies] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com/2010/11/16/molecular-machine-animations-in-the-new-york-times/ Molecular machine animations in the New York Times] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com/2010/11/08/qed-meets-general-relativity/QED meets General Relativity] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154013/http://metamodern.com/2010/11/03/for-the-next-nobel-prize-in-medicine-i-nominate/ For the next Nobel Prize in Medicine, I nominate…] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/10/ 2010-10-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/29/why-%e2%80%9cscience-policy%e2%80%9d-is-a-mistake-from-the-start/ Why “Science Policy” is a mistake from the start] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/24/nanomedicine-by-nanoparticle-cancer-cell-function-and-boolean-logic/ Nanomedicine by nanoparticle: Toward killing cancer, tweaking cell function, and inserting Boolean logic] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/21/as-the-word-turns/ As the word turns…] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/17/electron-cryomicroscopy-reaches-landmark-molecular-resolution/ Electron cryomicroscopy reaches landmark molecular resolution] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/05/the-2010-nobel-prize-for-graphene-nanotechnology/ The 2010 Nobel Prize for Graphene Nanotechnology] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155805/http://metamodern.com/2010/10/05/evolutionary-refinement-of-engineered-molecules/ Evolutionary refinement of engineered molecules] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/09/ 2010-09-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/29/stronger-than-carbon-nanotubes-polyynes-and-carbyne/ Stronger than carbon nanotubes: Polyynes and the prospects for carbyne] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/26/antioxidants-block-cell-repair/ Antioxidants block cell repair — New information and what it may mean] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/24/out-of-the-memory-hole-a-historian-speaks-out-on-nanotechnology/ Out of the memory-hole: A historian speaks out on nanotechnology] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/18/trehalose-vs-trehalase/ Trehalose vs. trehalase] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/15/trehalose-autophagy-and-brain-repair-sweet/ Trehalose, autophagy, and brain repair: ''Sweet''] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/13/%e2%80%9cboron-is-the-new-carbon-%e2%80%9d/ Boron is the new carbon…] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/12/forcible-reversible-mechanochemistry/ Forcible, reversible mechanochemistry] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/10/chemists-deserve-more-credit-2-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-first-international-science-conference/ Chemists deserve more credit (2): The 150^th anniversary of the first international science conference] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/05/which-came-first-the-nano-or-the-nni/Which came first, the Nano or the NNI?] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/02/metacognition-then-and-now-crisp-example/ Metacognition, then and now (a crisp example)] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160127/http://metamodern.com/2010/09/02/high-school-civics-and-minds-1890-and-now/ High-school civics and minds, 1890 and now] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/08/ 2010-08-XX:] * 28 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/28/the-best-introduction-to-dna-nanotechnology/ The best introduction to DNA nanotechnology] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/27/the-problem-a-metacognition-deficit/ The problem: a metacognition deficit] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/25/how-to-learn-about-everything-in-belorussian/ How to Learn about Everything in Belorussian] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/23/updated-post-on-high-throughput-atomically-precise-manufacturing/ Updated post on high-throughput atomically precise manufacturing] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/19/about-releasing-building-blocks/ About releasing building blocks…] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/17/factory-in-a-box/ Factory in a box] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/13/progress-in-peptoid-toolkit-development/ The 7^th Peptoid Summit: Progress in peptoid toolkit development] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153231/http://metamodern.com/2010/08/05/between-conferences/ Between conferences] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/07/ 2010-07-XX:] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com/2010/07/24/autophagy-why-you-should-eat-yourself/ Autophagy: Why you should eat yourself] * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com/2010/07/14/super-battery-hype/ ''Super Battery!!!''] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com/2010/07/11/%e2%80%9cthe-china-study%e2%80%9d-considered-harmful/ “The China Study” Considered Harmful] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com/2010/07/04/next-up-asteroids/ Next up: Asteroids] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155201/http://metamodern.com/2010/07/03/arctic-sea-ice-yesterday/ Arctic sea ice yesterday] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/06/ 2010-06-XX:] * 28 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/28/mission-of-gravity-part-3-goce-updates-the-shape-of-the-earth/ Mission of Gravity, Part 3: GOCE updates the shape of the Earth] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/24/data-mining-the-bioscience-literature/ Data-mining the bioscience literature] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/21/molecular-mechano-electronics/ Molecular Mechano-Electronics] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/16/needless-megadeaths-a-suggestion-for-science-in-the-public-interest/ Needless Megadeaths: A Suggestion for Science in the Public Interest] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/07/inquiry-in-engineering-design-in-science-completing-the-matrix/ Inquiry in Engineering, Design in Science: Completing the Matrix] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/03/knowledge-and-causality-in-inquiry-and-design/ Knowledge and causality in inquiry and design] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150049/http://metamodern.com/2010/06/01/foldamers-accomplishments-and-goals/ Foldamers: Accomplishments and Goals] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/05/ 2010-05-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/29/nano-promise-to-be-fulfilled/ Nano promise to be fulfilled?] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/27/when-a-bureaucrat-is-a-physicist/ When a bureaucrat is a physicist…] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/24/irrational-drug-design-malaria-and-alzheimer%e2%80%99s-disease/ Irrational drug design, malaria, and Alzheimer’s disease] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/20/a-programmable-nanoscale-assembly-line/ A programmable nanoscale assembly line] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/19/flattening-the-matterhorn/ Flattening the Matterhorn] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/19/causal-sets-as-discrete-models-of-spacetime/ Causal sets as discrete models of spacetime] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/17/8334/ Reshaping airframes & expectations] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/16/a-brief-post-about-brief-posts/ A brief post about brief posts] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/http://metamodern.com/2010/05/04/globe-form-afterword-environmental-posts/ Globe Forum afterword & environmental posts] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155156/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/04/ 2010-04-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155156/http://metamodern.com/2010/04/29/liveblogging-globe-forum-2010-stockholm/ Liveblogging Globe Forum 2010, Stockholm] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155156/http://metamodern.com/2010/04/22/peptoid-nanosheets-a-platform-for-new-nanotechnologies/ Peptoid nanosheets: A platform for new nanotechnologies] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155156/http://metamodern.com/2010/04/16/zinc-fingers-for-gripping-dna/ Zinc fingers for gripping DNA] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155156/http://metamodern.com/2010/04/07/incentive-engineering-v-econ-101-creativity-crime-etc/ Incentive engineering v. Econ 101 <small>(creativity, criminality, etc.)</small>] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/03/ 2010-03-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com/2010/03/26/satellite-data-lost-to-whale-oil-shortage/ Space data lost to whale-oil shortage] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com/2010/03/18/is-bgi-doing-science/ Is 华大基因 doing science? (aka BGI)] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com/2010/03/12/learning-bioinformatics/ Learning Bioinformatics] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com/2010/03/12/the-molecular-approach-to-atomically-precise-fabrication/ The molecular approach to atomically precise fabrication] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160303/http://metamodern.com/2010/03/01/ribo-q1-genetic-manufacturing-expanded/ Ribo-Q1: Genetic manufacturing expanded] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155102/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/02/ 2010-02-XX:] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155102/http://metamodern.com/2010/02/24/how-to-study-for-a-career-in-nanotechnology/ How to study for a career in nanotechnology] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155102/http://metamodern.com/2010/02/17/chemists-deserve-more-credit-atoms-einstein-and-the-matthew-effect/ Chemists deserve more credit: Atoms, Einstein, and the Matthew Effect] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155102/http://metamodern.com/2010/02/12/cell-free-biology/ Cell-free synthetic biology] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155102/http://metamodern.com/2010/02/06/exploiting-strong-covalent-bonds-for-self-assembly-of-robust-nanosystems/ Exploiting strong, covalent bonds for self assembly of robust nanosystems] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com:80/2010/01/ 2010-01-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/28/self-assembly-and-nanomachines-complexity-motion-and-computational-control/ Self assembly and nanomachines: Complexity, motion, and computational control] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/25/self-assembling-nanostructures-building-the-building-blocks/ Self-assembling nanostructures: Building the building blocks] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/24/boronate-esters-suzuki-coupling-self-assembly-design-software-etc/ Boronate esters, Suzuki coupling, self-assembly, design software, etc.] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/17/the-importance-of-seeing-what-isn%e2%80%99t-there/ The importance of seeing what isn’t there] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/13/templates-for-atomically-precise-metal-oxide-nanostructures/ Templates for atomically precise metal-oxide nanostructures] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/09/wall-street-journal-on-feynman-drexler-history-and-the-future/ The Wall Street Journal on Feynman, Drexler, History, and the Future] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/07/molecular-manufacturing-the-nrc-study-and-its-recommendations/ Molecular Manufacturing: The NRC study and its recommendations] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/07/open-comment-thread-for-nrc-study-post/ Open comment thread for “Molecular Manufacturing: The NRC study and its recommendations”] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/03/evolution-the-concept-and-how-we-talk-about-it/ Evolution: The concept and how we talk about it] == 2009 == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/12/ 2009-12-XX:] * 31 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/31/for-darwin%e2%80%99s-sake-reject-%e2%80%9cdarwin-ism%e2%80%9d-and-other-pernicious-terms/ For Darwin’s sake, reject “Darwin-ism” <small>(and other pernicious terms)</small>] * 29 '''(5/5) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/29/theres-plenty-of-room-at-the-bottom%e2%80%9d-feynman-1959/ “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” <small>(Richard Feynman, Pasadena, 29 December 1959)</small>]''' * 28 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/28/khan-academy-on-a-mission-to-educate-the-world-for-free/ Khan Academy: On a mission to educate the world (for free)] * 27 '''(4/5) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/27/the-molecular-machine-path-2-exploiting-better-methods-and-building-blocks/ The Molecular Machine Path to Molecular Manufacturing (2): Exploiting Improved Methods and Building Blocks]''' * 27 '''(1/5 b) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/27/update_the-promise-that-launched-nanotechnology/ <small>Update to</small> “The promise that launched the field of nanotechnology”]''' * 25 '''(3/5) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/25/the-molecular-machine-path-to-molecular-manufacturing-1/ The Molecular Machine Path to Molecular Manufacturing (1): <small>Foldamers and Brownian Assembly</small>]''' * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/22/more-about-less-opportunity-for-young-scientists/ More about less opportunity for young scientists] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/20/basement-development-big-leaps/ Basement development? Big leaps?] * 19 '''(2/5) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/19/molecular-manufacturing-where%e2%80%99s-the-progress/ Molecular Manufacturing: Where’s the progress?]''' * 15 '''(1/5 a) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/15/when-a-million-readers-first-encountered-nanotechnology/ The promise that launched the field of nanotechnology]''' * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/11/review-of-infotopia/ How many minds produce knowledge] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530154842/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/04/quantum-coupled-single-electron-thermal-to-electric-conversion/ Quantum-coupled single-electron thermal to electric conversion] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/11/ 2009-11-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/27/great-science-great-scientists-and-icons/ Great Science, Great Scientists, and Icons] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/25/cybersecurity-let%e2%80%99s-try-something-that-can-work/ Cybersecurity: Let’s try something that can work] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/23/flat-graphene-is-stable-even-in-theory/ Flat graphene is stable, even in theory] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/18/most-popular-posts-continued/ Most popular posts, continued…] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/17/followup-discussion-of-quantum-information-and-science-hype/ Followup discussion of quantum information and science hype] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/15/how-to-make-carbon-nanotubes-at-room-temperature/ How to make carbon nanotubes at room temperature] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/15/a-unique-health-care-system/ A Unique Health Care System] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/12/carbon-nanotube-transistors-on-dna-origami/ Carbon Nanotube Transistors through DNA Origami] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/10/quantum-computing-sorry-no-speedup-in-solving-linear-systems/ Quantum Computing: Sorry, no speedup in ''solving'' linear systems] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/07/asian-universities-are-lagging-according-to-lagging-indicators/ Asian Universities are Lagging <small>(according to lagging indicators)</small>] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/05/indian-education-top-to-bottom/ Indian education, top to bottom] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155151/http://metamodern.com/2009/11/02/e-drexler-in-india-%e2%80%94-where-do-all-the-visitors-come-from/ E-Drexler in India — where do all the visitors come from?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/10/ 2009-10-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/30/nanotechnology-research-papers-the-world%e2%80%99s-most-prolific-authors/ Nanotechnology research papers: The world’s most prolific authors] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/29/knowledge-about-knowledge-the-most-popular-posts-in-the-first-year/ Knowledge about Knowledge: The most popular posts in the first year] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/25/first-anniversary-and-the-scientific-method-revisited/ First Anniversary (and the scientific method revisited)] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/24/an-ecopragmatist-manifesto/ An Ecopragmatist Manifesto] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/23/reflections-on-nanotechnology-in-a-curved-mirror/ Reflections on nanotechnology <small>(in a curved mirror)</small>] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/20/molecular-electron-holography-progress-toward-atomic-resolution-imaging/ Molecular Electron Holography: Progress toward atomic-resolution imaging?] * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/14/what-can-scaling-laws-tell-us-about-nanomachines/ What can scaling laws tell us about nanomachines?] * 07 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/07/nobel-prize-for-productive-nanosystem-research/ Nobel Prize for Productive Nanosystem Research] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152858/http://metamodern.com/2009/10/01/molecular-nanomachines-physical-principles-and-implementation-strategies/ Molecular Nanomachines: Physical Principles and Implementation Strategies] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160534/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/09/ 2009-09-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160534/http://metamodern.com/2009/09/26/mit-dissertation-nanosystems-draft-now-online/ My MIT dissertation — a draft of Nanosystems — is now online] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160534/http://metamodern.com/2009/09/20/total-recall-how-the-e-memory-revolution-will-change-everything/ Total Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change Everything] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160534/http://metamodern.com/2009/09/11/news-nucleic-acid-edition/ News, nucleic acid edition] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/08/ 2009-08-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/27/agile-robots-dexterous-robots-with-videos/ Agile robots, dexterous robots ''(with videos)''] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/20/comments-on-science-engineering-and-innovation-for-the-drucker-institute/ Comments on Science, Engineering, and Innovation for The Drucker Institute] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/13/russian-interview-now-available/ “Nanotechnologies in Russia” interview now available] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/06/asia-and-the-elements-of-innovation/ Asia and the elements of innovation] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155515/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/02/contrasts-in-evolutionary-capacity/ Evolutionary Capacity: Why organisms cannot be like machines] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/07/ 2009-07-XX:] * 28 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/28/nanotechnology-and-computation-talk-slide/ Slides for Talk on Nanotechnology and Computational Challenges] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/20/apollo40-at-40/ Apollo+40] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/16/4435/ Productive Nanosystems: The Ribosome Videos] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/12/carbon-nanotubes-in-ordered-dna-wrappers/ Carbon Nanotubes in Ordered DNA Wrappers] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/12/carbon-nanotubes-in-ordered-dna-wrappers/ What is simple? Polyethylene, molecular modeling, and molecular machines] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155822/http://metamodern.com/2009/07/01/a-renaissance-weekend/ A Renaissance Weekend] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/06/ 2009-06-XX:] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/26/exploratory-engineering-applying-the-predictive-power-of-science-to-future-technologies/ Exploratory Engineering: Applying the predictive power of science to future technologies] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/22/the-antiparallel-structures-of-science-and-engineering/ The Antiparallel Structures of Science and Engineering] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/18/myths-through-mythquotation/ Myths through mythquotation] * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/16/science-and-engineering-a-layer-cake-of-inquiry-and-design/ Science and Engineering: A Layer-Cake of Inquiry and Design] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/12/the-physical-basis-of-atomically-precise-manufacturing/ The Physical Basis of High-Throughput Atomically Precise Manufacturing] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/09/a-telescope-aimed-at-the-future/ A Telescope Aimed at the Future] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/05/talk-at-09-ismics/ Talk at 09 ISMICS] * 03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/03/the-paradox-of-choice/ The Paradox of Choice] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160528/http://metamodern.com/2009/06/02/a-welcome-to-new-readers/ A Welcome to New Readers] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/05/ 2009-05-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/30/homo-floresiensis-crows-and-the-baldwin-effect/ ''Homo floresiensis'', Crows, and the Baldwin Effect] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/27/how-to-learn-about-everything/ How to Learn About Everything] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/22/a-third-revolution-in-dna-nanotechnology/ A Third Revolution in DNA Nanotechnology] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/20/a-map-of-science/ A Map of Science] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/17/how-to-understand-everything-and-why/ How to Understand Everything (and why)] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/13/productive-nanosystems-roadmap-inrussian/ The Technology Roadmap Translated: Russian] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/10/a-dna-origami-box/ A DNA Origami Box] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/06/slides-for-berkeley-talk-on-molecular-nanosystems/ Slides for Berkeley Talk on Molecular Nanosystems] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/04/nanotechnology-and-nuclear-reactions/ Nanotechnology and Nuclear Reactions] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/04/ 2009-04-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/30/machines-evolving-to-the-brink/ Machines Evolving to the Brink of Failure] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/26/a-guide-to-top-posts/ Top Posts] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/23/earth-day-1970-and-the-road-to-molecules/ Earth Day 1970, and a high road down to molecules] * 20 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/20/casimir-effect-and-nanomachines/ The Casimir Effect and Nanomachines]''' * 16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/16/modeling-for-molecular-systems-engineering/ Macromolecular Modeling for Molecular Systems Engineering] * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/14/mechanochemistry-mechanosynthesis-and-molecular-machinery/ Mechanochemistry, Mechanosynthesis, and Molecular Machinery] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/11/brownian-motors-and-mechanosynthesis/ Motors, Brownian Motors, and Brownian Mechanosynthesis] -- Related page on this wiki: [[mechanosynthesis]] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/09/nanotechnology-in-science-fiction/ Nanotechnology in Science Fiction (and ''vice versa'')] * 06 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/06/2berkeley-nanotechnology-forum-tal/ Upcoming Talk at the Berkeley Nanotechnology Forum] * 04 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/04/nanosystems-for-molecular-manufacturing/ Nanosystems for Molecular Manufacturing] * 02 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/02/graphene-nanotechnology-and-team-microscopes/ Graphene Nanotechnology (and TEAM Microscopes)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/03/ 2009-03-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/30/a-revolution-in-de-novo-protein-engineering/ A Revolution in ''de novo'' Protein Engineering Methodology] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/29/polyoxometalate-nanostructures/ Polyoxometalate Nanostructures] * 27 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/27/effective-concentration-2/ Effective Concentration in Self Assembly, Catalysis, and Mechanosynthesis (2)]''' * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/23/atomic-layer-deposition-for-atomically-precise-fabrication/ Atomic Layer Deposition for Atomically Precise Fabrication (1)] * 22 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/22/effective-concentration-in-self-assembly-catalysis-and-mechanosynthesis/ Effective Concentration in Self Assembly, Catalysis, and Mechanosynthesis (1)]''' * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/19/a-high-performance-polymer-for-nanosytems-engineering/ A High-Performance Polymer for Nanosystems Engineering] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/18/mission-of-gravity-part-2/ Mission of Gravity, Part 2] * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/14/afm-atom-manipulation-a-surprising-technique/ AFM Atom Manipulation: A surprising technique] * 13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/13/pyrite-nanomaterials-for-solar-photovolatics/ Pyrite Nanomaterials for Solar Photovoltaics] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/11/cad-for-nanoengineering-dna-proteins-and-search/ CAD for Nanoengineering: DNA, proteins, and search-intensive design] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/09/cad-for-nanoengineering/CAD for Nanoengineering: Atoms, materials, and nanostructures] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/08/one-watt-one-year-one-dollar-pass-it-on/ One Watt, One year, One dollar ''(pass it on)''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/02/ 2009-02-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/27/high-throughput-nanomanufacturing/ High-Throughput Nanomanufacturing: Small Parts <small>(with videos)</small>] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/26/new-future-of-space/ Back to the New Future of Space] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/25/making-vs-modeling-in-nanotechnology/ Making vs. Modeling: A paradox of progress in nanotechnology] * 24 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/24/nanotube-growth-theory-vs-reality/ How Nanotubes Grow: A theory that has nothing to do with reality] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/23/design-software-for-atomically-precise-nanotechnologies/ Design Software for Atomically Precise Nanotechnologies] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/22/what%e2%80%99s-in-the-vault/ What’s in the Vault?] * 20 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/20/nanomaterials-for-nanomachines/ Nanomachines, Nanomaterials, and K_lm]''' * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/18/studying-nanotechnology-prefac/ Studying Nanotechnology: A Preface] * 17 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/17/keynot-at-worldcomp09/ Advanced Nanotechnology Keynote for WORLDCOMP’09] * 15 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/15/nanomaterials-nanostructures-and-stiffness/ Nanostructures, Nanomaterials, and Lattice-Scaled Stiffness]''' * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/12/for-darwin-day-on-the-origin-of-genetic-information/ For Darwin Day: On the Origin of Genetic Information] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152001/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/10/nanomachines-how-the-videos-lie-to-scientists/ Nanomachines: How the Videos Lie to Scientists] -- Related page on this wiki: "[[Friction in gem-gum technology]]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com:80/2009/01/ 2009-01-XX:] * 30 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105927/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/30/productive-nanosystems-movies/ Productive Nanosystems: The Movies] * 26 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/26/self-assembly-for-nanotechnology/ Self-Assembly for Nanotechnology] * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/23/eric-and-rosa%e2%80%99s-2008-summary/ Eric and Rosa’s 2008 in Summary] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/20/goce-gravity-mission/ GOCE on a Mission of Gravity] * 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/20/e-drexlercom-upgraded/ E-drexler.com upgraded] * 16 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/16/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-2/ Toward Advanced Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials (2)]''' * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/12/molecular-machine-assembly-the-movie/ Molecular Machine Assembly: The Movie] * 09 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/09/nudging-toward-a-better-future/ Nudging Toward a Better Future] * 08 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/08/the-nobel-prize-for-technology/ The Nobel Prize for Technology] * 05 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/05/molecular-assembly-lines/ Molecular Assembly Lines] * 01 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155144/http://metamodern.com/2009/01/01/greenhouse-gases-and-advanced-nanotechnology/ Greenhouse Gases and Advanced Nanotechnology] == 2008 == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com:80/2008/12/ 2008-12-XX:] * 29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/29/nanomedicine-nanomaterials-and-the-nih/ Nanomedicine, Nanomaterials, and the NIH] * 27 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ Toward Advanced Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials (1)] -- Related page on this wiki: [[Pathway controversy]]''' * 23 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/23/mysterious-google-rankings/ Mysterious Google Rankings] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/21/low-cost-dna-production-roadmap/ Low-Cost DNA Production Roadmap] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/19/3d-imaging-research-opportunity/ 3D Imaging & Research Opportunity (updated)] * 19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/19/a-brain-drain-to-nowhere/ A Brain Drain to Nowhere] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/18/the-technology-tree/ The Technology Tree] * 18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/18/neuroscience-and-giveaway/ A Random Number and Neuroscience] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/15/comments-on-comments/ Comments on Comments] * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/15/3d-imaging-of-biological-nanostructures/ 3D imaging of biological nanostructures] * 12 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/12/your-comments-please/ Your comments, please (and a giveaway)] * 11 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153225/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/11/arthur-kantrowitz/ Arthur Kantrowitz] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155048/http://metamodern.com:80/2008/11/ 2008-11-XX:] * 22 [https://web.archive.org/web/20151016222524/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/22/nanoplasmonics/ Nanoplasmonics] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150630074759/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/21/reflections-on-popper/ Reflections on Popper on World Philosophy Day Reflections on Popper on World Philosophy Day] * 21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20090203151803/http://metamodern.com:80/2008/11/21/early-21st-century-medicine/ Early 21^st Century Medicine] (formatting lost) * 15 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045641/http://metamodern.com:80/2008/11/15/ecuadorian-conference-talk/ Ecuadorian Conference Talk] (formatting lost) * 14 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160320055231/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/14/molecular-foundry-seminar/ Molecular Foundry Seminar] * 10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051404/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/26/ Computation and Mathematical Proof] * 10 '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329234818/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/modular-molecular-composite-nanosystems/ Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems]''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160122/http://metamodern.com:80/2008/10/ 2008-10-XX:] * 27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160402072412/http://metamodern.com/2008/10/27/10/ Combining Molecular Signals] * 25 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330010200/http://metamodern.com/2008/10/25/the-data-explosion-and-the-scientific-method/ The Data Explosion and the Scientific Method] 2z8xieds9s8llp7v7hh0403khw5j83h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 674 6851 2017-10-30T16:53:24Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Weathering, erosion and corrosion]] #REDIRECT [[Weathering, erosion and corrosion]] 1hq5mhym7vawi5zzjiipqiqrg1jkrao wikitext text/x-wiki 0 332 10926 9645 2021-06-26T00:34:22Z Apm 1 /* Estimations */ = Basics = The quantized restriction to discrete kinetic energies stems from: A) sufficient deprivation of freedom. Less freedom bigger quanta. * straight movement on a bilaterally closed rail * rotation is always limited to 360° * oscillation = through soft restoring force limited straight movement B) sufficiently small mass and moment of inertia. Halving doubles energy quanta. Robotic system = mechanic coupled to a big massive system with only one (controlled) degree of freedom -> energy quanta get to be unmeasurably small. If quantisation is desired: release small part in limited freedom. C) sufficient cooling. The colder the smaller the thermal energy parcels get in relation to the energy quanta. Divisible heat energy pacrels fall under indivisible energy quanta. The first energy level above the uncertainty zero point energy can than only seldom be reached and filled. The freedoms of movement "freeze". At room temperature the situation is in most cases classical since (divisible heat energy pacrels >> under indivisible energy quanta) thus the discrete quantum values are fine enough to fit the heat energy distribution nicely. = Estimations = <math> \langle E_{therm} \rangle =3/2 \cdot k_B T</math> Following: zero point energies (need not be equal but are similar in size to quanta) {{wikitodo|give concrete examples with numbers}} <br> See: [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] == Quantisation in rotation (angular momentum) == <math> (2 \pi \cdot rad) \Delta L >= h \qquad \Delta L >= h/(2 \pi) = \hbar \qquad E = L^2/(2I) \qquad \Delta E >= \hbar^2/(2I)</math> == Quantisation captured in a box (similar to oszillation) == <math> \Delta x \Delta p >= h \qquad E = p^2/2m \qquad \Delta E >= h^2 / (2m \cdot \Delta x^2)</math> == Related == * [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] * [[Trapped free particles]] * [[Pages with math]] [[Category:Pages with math]] [[Category:contains math]] q54y6gh08q3tquk3qlap8a7v2bb7fua wikitext text/x-wiki 0 975 11050 11049 2021-06-30T10:00:35Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page about [[methane]] {{stub}} [[File:Acetylene-3D-vdW.png|thumb|320px|right|Ethyne H-C≡C-H or C₂H₂ (more commonly known as the welding gas acetylene)]] [[File:Acetylen-welding-setup.jpg|320px|thumb|right|Acetylene (Ethyne, C₂H₂) as distributed today for welding purposes. – – Interesting trivia: These bottles are filled with some acetone (or dimethylformamide) soaked ultra fine solid powder (like e.g. diatomaceous earth) to keep the pressure low by dissolution of the ethyne. When pressurizing ethyne too much (>2.07 atmospheres) at room temperature is starts to react with itself so much that it can lead to a runaway chain reaction (explosion of the whole bottle at once!!). This can also be induced by flashback => flashback arrestors are essential.]] Ethyne (also known as acetylene) with formula C₂H₂ is a potential [[resource molecule]] for future [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]]. It received especially much attention in theoretical analysis due to a few advantageous properties. * low hydrogen content * reactive highly unsaturated carbon-carbon triple bond * high energy compound Another interesting (energy devoid) [[resource molecule]] for carbon would be carbon dioxide CO₂. <br> But it wasn't investigated in detail in the context of [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] as of yet (2021). == Alternate carbon [[resource molecule]]s == [[Carbon dioxide]] tapped directly from the air. Given renewable or nuclear energy this would be "carbon negative". [[Methane]]: <br> There will be quite a bit of ultra pure water as a side product though due to methanes high hydrogen content. <br> Maybe methane is not a good carbon resource for for deep space operations where you either need to bring the oxygen or store pure hydrogen. <br> More processing steps may influence the internal efficiency negatively. But efficiency gains o external conventional chemical preprocessing must be considered too. Possibly Carbohydrates like e.g. sugars? <br> Handling floppy chain molecules are resource molecules may pose additional design challenges. <br> Also sugars like to from rings and self polymerize. == Notes on interesting properties of Ethyne == Today Ethyne (also known as acetylene) is mainly used for gas welding (oxyacetylene welding). * It can create an especially hot flame * It can create a reducing environment good for welding Storing etyne in large quantities in pure form can be dangerous since (given enough pressure and temperature) it likes to self polymerize in a runaway exothermic reaction. Etyne gas tanks are thus filled with a compound that counteracts this self polymerization tendency. Lowering pressure by adsorption and slowing reaction kinetics (to check). == Related == * [[Methane]] – another possible carbon carrying [[resource molecule]] – more stable, less reactive, carries for times more hydrogen atoms per carbon atom * [[Resource molecule]] – [[Moiety]] * '''[[Acetylene sorting pump]]s''' are supposed to sort/purifies these molecules. * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Carbon dioxide]] * [[Polyyne rods]] == External links == * Calcium_carbide CaC₂ {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylphosphine}} – released [[acetylene]] on contact with water * Carbide_lamp {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide_lamp}} s0v7qvjp1x7tmn7wee3j9fgcc7x293x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1073 10134 2021-06-09T09:47:58Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Polyyne rods]] #REDIRECT [[Polyyne rods]] cuvojrnptp4tm5y8s6kkgc9zzc5hfhl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1015 9678 9677 2021-05-30T16:59:32Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] {{Stub}} {{wikitodo|re-read paper and add brief discussion}} == External link to the paper == * Paper: '''"Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines" (2017-01-27)''' <br>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08202 arXiv:1701.08202] [cond-mat.soft]; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313096623_Evaluating_the_Friction_of_Rotary_Joints_in_Molecular_Machines ResearchGate]; [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/me/c7me00021a#!divAbstract pubs.rsc.org]; [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=wXyRCbEAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wXyRCbEAAAAJ:kNdYIx-mwKoC Google Scholar]<br> This uses simpified results from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem (Wikipedia-link)] ----- More or less directly based on the results of this paper is this paper about ultra high efficiency nanomechanical computation <br> [http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep046.pdf Molecular Mechanical Computing Systems ] <br> by Ralph C. Merkle, Robert A. Freitas Jr., Tad Hogg, Thomas E. Moore, Matthew S. Moses, James Ryleyby <br> [http://www.imm.org/ Institute for Molecular Manufacturing] == Related == * [[Friction]] * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] * [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] * [[Rising surface area]] causing more friction * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] '''Related pages on E. Drexlers homepage (internet archive):''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212101/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084528/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingSums.html Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060004/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairPot.html Stiffly supported sliding atoms have a smooth interaction potential] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100841/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy] -- Related page: [[Snapback]] '''Related section in Nanosystems:''' <br> [[Nanosystems]] – Chapter 7 – Energy Dissipation – (page 161 to 190) [[Category:Papers]] tk8b7n4s2c4wlvo0rys6k6q79w4f60a wikitext text/x-wiki 0 710 7208 7172 2018-07-17T16:21:58Z Apm 1 added link to page: [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] It is often thought that APM is supposed to be able to produce almost anything (often formulated: all allowed structures permissible by physical law) including e.g. food, wood, plastics and metal parts but this is surely not the case. The range of materials and structures targeted actually lies in a very narrow range (see: "[[mechanosynthesis]]"-page). The magic lies in the [[diamondoid metamaterials]] that emulate properties above the atomic level. This is not to say it will be impossible for all times to assemble materials (or rather compounds) lying outside the narrow set of now targeted materials. When the technology will have been around for quite a while [[Most speculative potential applications|very advanced extensions]] may be able to do this but this is way beyond the scope of any current day APM attainment project because it is beyond the horizon of useful [[exploratory engineering]]. == Related == * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] 1vh30vbqcesqwxjzjx6hh2xne0jdjvc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 142 9764 8083 2021-06-01T13:46:26Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Activation energy as a loose analog to evolutionary obstacles]] [incomplete] = Natural evolution = The products of natural evolution can directly or indirectly help for the first steps to advanced APM systems thus they are of interest here. == Limits of natural evolution == Evolution can '''only reach the places''' in design space '''that are reachable by a sequence of small steps'''. E.g. bicycles, cars, big sized wheels in general, spaceships, wireless communication via radio waves and microwaves, metal conductors, superconductors, silicon microchips, and many more things cannot be reached by evolution. It often has been argued that advanced [[diamondoid]] APM systems are unfeasible because nature would have built them - one of the [[common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]]. Naturally evolved polypeptides and their systems (the "machine" parts of living cells) have a number of limitations that make it desirable to move away from them as fast as possible. Polypeptides are: * '''not as simple as possible''' * '''not very stable''' (actually there are evolution related reasons for them to be on the threshold of stability) ['''todo:''' which ones] * '''not minimalistic in function''' - they always have to carry shape recognition structure around with them * ... and some more ... Systems of polypeptides in nano-biology are often not decomposable that is they are '''not modular'''. Changing one thing changes almost everything. This can make the engineering practice of narrowing down errors or finding logical dependencies a nightmare. = Evolution of technology = Is there something like evolution in technological progress? Let's compare it with traits of natural evolution: === mixing and merging that preserves function === On a short timescales technology progresses mainly through targeted design. New measurement results and accumulated documentation is used to choose the next step. No mixing here. On a long timescale technological progress is mainly lots of unexpected mergement of seemingly unrelated information. Such information comes randomly from the accumulated documentations or measurements on new systems. This is something called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serendipity serendipity]. Hidden options just waited to pop up. Biological evolution too has hidden option that crop up only if a certain level of sophisticatedness is reached but there are key differences: * documentation and natural manufacturing systems coincide (there's no manual needed for a machine operating itself) * the documentations allows us to make smarter and more straight forward use of new options (this lets us overcome the small step limitation mentioned earlier) === undirected brute force trial and error === Except in artificial evolution via [genetic algorithms] the natural (radiation driven) method of brute force trial and error that visits much more dead ends than successful continuation points is not something that is usually done to advance technology. Whether artificial evolution should be counted to deliberate design or evolution seems unclear. === conclusion === Evolution a is rather bad term for technological progress. Instead: ''targeted technological design'' and ''technological serendipity'' are more fitting technological progress does not solely equate to anyone of these alone. == Evolution of APM systems == APM systems do not evolve due to their system architecture. It is similar to a microprocessor which with human help can calculate which adaptions to itself are necessary to perform better It is very dissimilar to a microbe which adapts to the environment by itself. It makes sense to put only one copy of the blueprint for a whole nanofactory into one macroscopic device and not put a copy in every potentially [[autogenous system|autogenous subunit]] of it. This still makes the technology base quite [[disaster proof]] while avoiding useless amounts of redundant data. What could happen when radiation hits: (list with grossly decreasing likeliness) * Some atom of a structural [[diamondoid molecular element|DME]] gets displaced - its likely that nothing happens * Some internal atom of a moving [[diamondoid molecular element|DMME]] becomes displaced - a little more friction - greater damage is unlikely * Some atom of a sliding or rolling interface surface becomes displaced - more friction - possibly spreading damage (stuck, worst case: burn down) * Some atoms in a radiation sensitive data-storage become displaced (or electrical bits become flipped): * > Low level data: same effects as above but copied to every standard part of the same type. * > High level data: It can cause what in biology is known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciation fasciation] (e.g. repeat this structure 0100b = 4 times becomes repeat this * structure 1100b = 12 times) or similar stuff complicated by mixed in decompression artifacts. Geometrically defined shapes could change too ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry constructive solid geometry]). Such and many more interesting errors normally won't make the product better but rather dysfunctional. E.g. it's obvious that a bolt won't fit if you change its diameter. == artificial evolution == With effort one can augment [[testing|highly parallel component testing]] with ''emulated evolution''. To do so one can mix alternative combinations of compatible design choices according to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm genetic algorithm] (possibly at different levels of abstraction) synthesize a block with every tested unit different (very very many) and see what fairs best. In most cases testing for improvement in a part that is in regular operation makes no sense - this is better done off site. == Related == * [[mutation]] * [[The source of new axiomatic wisdom]] {{speculativity warning}} * [[Nature does it differently]] * [[Activation energy as a loose analog to evolutionary obstacles]] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160322054037/http://metamodern.com/2009/08/02/contrasts-in-evolutionary-capacity/ Evolutionary Capacity: Why organisms cannot be like machines] ([[Metamodern blog archive|Eric Drexler's blog Metamodern (archive)]] 2009-08-02)<br>[http://e-drexler.com/p/09/00/0802EvolutionaryContrasts.html Biological and Nanomechanical Systems: Contrasts in Evolutionary Capacity] (at K. Eric Drexlers website)<br>[http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Contrasts_in_Evolutionary_Capacity.pdf (pdf direct link)] {{wikitodo|include abbreviated discussion of that in this article}} * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution Evolution] * Maybe related paper: "Causal Entropic Forces" by A. D. Wissner-Gross and C. E. Freer [http://www.alexwg.org/publications/PhysRevLett_110-168702.pdf] [https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.168702#supplemental] kowkrvyqyn7vppo5h6m8f3vu9mt7yes wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1042 9902 2021-06-03T11:26:02Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Example crystolecules]] to [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]]: because they are made out of several crystolecules (according to new definition) #REDIRECT [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] 21x6le68voyvfwmm9a8rc74ixvyzf88 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 843 10798 10507 2021-06-22T20:33:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] {{stub}} '''Beware of the [[stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]].''' * Nominal operating speeds would be way below thermal motion speeds. (e.g. MHz instead of THz) * Simulations are often run at abnormally high speeds to get down to reasonable simulation times. (e.g. GHz instead of MHz) = Strained shell bearings = Two structural [[crystolecule]]s (the shaft and the sleeve) make up a relatively small [[crystolecular element]] here. <br> Specifically a diamondoid crystolecular machine element. [[File:Strained-shell-sleeve-bearing.gif|300px|thumb|right|A simulation of a '''superlubricatinvg strained shell sleeve bearing'''. Author Eric K. Drexler]] [[File:WormGearAnimation1.gif|300px|thumb|right|Here are four '''guides for screw axles that have no axial retainment'''. (A detail from the [[acetylene sorting pump]])]] Crystolecule bearings are: * [[wear free]] and * [[superlubricity|near friction free (superlubricating)]]. Just as on the macroscale bearings can come in some variations. <br> There can e.g. be ... * ... no structures for axial retainment. * ... structures for axial retainment. Axial retainment structures can be either inside or outside the bearing. Bearings with axial retainment they can act as thrust bearings. <br> There have been made examples: * with internal axial retainment (see uppermost example animation) * with external axial retainment {{wikitodo|add graphic}} An internal axial retainment with helical pitch gives <br> a nut running on a bolt [[superlubricity|superlubricatingly]]. <br> For this case no examples have been made as of yet (2021). A helical axle beared in a sleeve without axial retainment is also a possibility. <br> Such a design has been made in the context of the creation of <br> the drive system for the proof of concept acetylene pump. <br> See further below. = Strained shell gears = A main idea here is to '''use protruding rows of atoms as gear teeth'''. <br> Note that in the case of gears the number of atoms can not be chosen to be incommensurable <br> and thus the waviness of the energy potential plotted over axial rotation has * a fixed minimal spacial period (much bigger than the one of bearings) and * a fixed minimal magnitude (much bigger than the one of bearings). <br> Still as long as no [[snapback]] occurs operation can still be highly efficient. <br> Sulfur and oxygen have a typical [[bond order]] of two. <br> Oriented the right way this helps against [[snapback]]. <br> Sulfur is quite a bit bigger than oxygen. This can help making better (deeper) interdigitating teeth. <br> Sulfur is a pretty common element and for the most part a rather nontoxic element. Also nice properties. <br> Next up in the Chalcogen elements would be Selenium and Tellurium but these * are quite rare * are increasingly toxic * increasingly deviate from desiring a [[bond order]] of two Polonium (below tellurium) is already highly radioactive. == Gearbox == [[File:Assemblies-gears-srg-iii.gif |300px|thumb|left|SRG-III '''gear train (cut open)'''. Author: Mark Sims]] Note the links from the strained shell axles to the unstrained plate housing being sparse with gaps in-between. <br> Filling it in more densely to gain more stiffness without introducing huge strains that would distort the housing plates <br> would probably be much more difficult than manually possible. Would require some strain minimizing auto fill in algorithms. Note that the housing walls are made not from diamond but from silicon carbide (aka [[moissanite]]) here. === Wormdrive gearbox === [[File:Worm-drive see-through.gif|300px|thumb|right|A '''worm drive'''. A detail of the [[acetylene sorting pump]]. here in see through visualization allowing a look at the teeth of the vertical gear.]] Note that at the nanoscale mechanical back-driving against much bigger transmission ratios is likely possible. <br> See: [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] due to high reversibility of nanoscale processes. <br> Not that [[back driving]] wold be needed here in this particular application case. But back-driving is useful for: * [[Energy recuperation]] from [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] – See: [[Dissipation sharing]] and [[exothermy offloading]] * [[chemomechanical converters]] when running from chemical to mechanical * high toughness [[elasticity emulation]] converting stretching energy into broken covalent bonds – in this wiki called: [[chemosprings]] See the assembly at the top of the [[acetylene sorting pump]]. == Mechanical circuit forks == === Differential gearbox === [[File:Differential-gear-with-wedge-cut-open.gif|300px|thumb|right|Differential Gear. <br> Authors: K. Eric Drexler, Ralph C. Merkle]] A proof of concept example of conical teeth. <br> A potential problem with conical gears is that atoms only come in one size but conical teeth widen. The the [[softness of atoms]] can helps here. Even if atoms behave soft on the nanoscale, the degrees of compression that are quite easily achieved at the nanoscale by forcing somewhat mismatching teeth together can correspond to what would be humongous pressures on the macroscale. The same for bearings. === Planetrary gearbox === [[File:Mark-iiik-planetary-gear.gif|256px|thumb|left|MarkIII(k) '''Planetary Gear''' (cut open). <br>Author: K. Eric Drexler]] The rollers in the proof of concept model are extremely small. <br> Designing that such that the simulation does not blow up must have been not an easy task. <br> Performance when loaded rather than free running seems rather questionable. <br> Teeth are not very deep so there might be slip-over already with light loads. === Reciprocative " differential gearboxes" === A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism) whippletree] should be quite simple. == Gears with bigger teeth made from multiple atoms == Only crude models with flanks totally not matching up in shape have been made so far <br> these would most likely be not of any practical use. <br> To approximate cycloid or evolvent teeth already quite large scales are necessary and <br> making sure atom rows stay incommensurabe such that there is no "rattle" seems like a nontrivial design task. <br> A graphitic (or organometallc) surface cover of a diamondoid core might be an pursuable approach maybe? <br> Maybe fixating a graphene sheets covering bigger teeth similar to the bonds in [[sandwich compound]]s could work?? <br> See: [[Graphene sheet lining]] = Pumps = == Acetylene sorting pump == [[File:Atomistic_acetylene_sorting_pump_model.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Acetylene molecule sorting pump]]. Design by Eric Drexler, Josh Hall, Mark Sims and Ninad Sathaye – NanoEngineer-1]] A critically necessary processing step in advanced [[productive nanosystems]] <br> will be getting resource molecules out of solution into machine phase. This was (to the knowledge of these lines author) the biggest [[molecular machine element]] <br> ever designed as of 2020 and a good while before. Most critical on that design are probably channels and pistons. How well has the hydrophobic aspect been analyzed? <br> That is the desire of acetylemne moleculed to go in those channels. <br> Hod critical is the diameter of these channels? Synthesis of the somwhat non-stiff reciptocating etyne rods in this design wold for sure make <br> quite the nice challenge for [[mechanosnthetic cells]]. == Neon Pump == [[File:Neon-pump-not-cut-open.gif |256px|thumb|left|'''[[Neon pump]]'''. <br>Authors: K. Eric Drexler, Ralph C. Merkle]] '''Background:''' <br> Especially in the early day [[molecular assembler]] concepts <br> one idea was to inflate graphene chambers with neon which <br> due to its high inertness might not disturb mechanosynthesis with open radicals too much. For nanofactories just plain vacuum is most likely simpler. This design features no channels and pistons but <br> rather moving pockets where grooves in stator and rotor meet. As for why not the much more abundant argon was chosen this may be because: <br> * Argon is bigger and this less easy to filter from other stuff <br> * Argon is more reactive than neon and might interact more with extremely reactive open bonds. == Two piston vacuum lockout run in reverse == For now see "[[Vacuum lockout]]" for a bulk limit design that cold be converted to a model with atomic detail. Unlike vacuum-lock-out vacuum-lock-in is not perfectly sealable for arbitrarily shaped parts to be locked in. <br> Which is btw quite interesting and might be linked to fundamental properties of physics. <br> (Just like the two options to for computer algorithms: in place overwriting (mutation) and out of place writing point to fundamental principles.) == Progressing cavity pump (PCP) aka Moineau pump == Not designed yet. <br> The organic shapes likely call for <br> * a computer doing the design. <br> * the design needing to be a bit bigger (but not all that big) <br> This would be a continuous motion atomically tight positive displacement pump, <br> which might be quite useful. = Hinges / Joints = == Flexing universal joint == [[File:flexing-universal-joint_animated.gif|595px|thumb|right|'''Flexing universal joint.''' Designed by K. E. Drexler and R. C. Merkle. Here fully hydrogen passivated givong high [[chemical stability]].]] The flex-hinge principle used here might also be useful in other mechanisms. <br> On the page of the concept animation video: "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" <br> there is a screen-capture of an unpublished scene with a belt employing that principle. <br> There are other issues though with this particular design though. Discussed there. Note that this is fully hydrogen passivated. It should have quite a high [[chemical stability]] and thus be able to operate in (clean) air. There is also a version of he same model with different passivation that might be less stable and only suitable for a [[PPV]] environment. See: [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] {{wikitodo|Find the image of the differently passivized version (locally; it's no longer on the web it seems) – use the two images as comparison case on the to make "[[chemical stability]]" page.}} == Constant velocity (CV) joints == * The classic A CV hinge – problematic * Thomson coupling == Off axis parallel axis joints == * Oldham coupling * Schmidt coupling = Miscellaneous = == Assembly mechanisms == An ultra compact 6DOF positioning device. <br> '''Almost certainly not a practical approach.''' <br> Possible reasons for why such an ultra compact design was chosen to be modeled might be: * Limited computer processing computing back in the day * A focus on the now outdated concept of ultra compactly self replicating [[molecular assemblers]] In nanofactories one would instead use [[molecular mills]] with hard coded functionality at the lowest [[assemble level]] <br> and high freely programmable 6DOF assembly robotics only at higher assembly levels where much more space is available <br> and thus things come a little closer in looks to [[bulk limit designs]]. == Other == * [[Superelastic springs]] – one is featureed in the concept animation video "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" – (analog to capacitors in electronics) * Friction mechanisms – none have been modelled as of yer (2021-06) – (analog to resistors in electronics) * Clutches – (analog to transistors in electronics) * Flywheels – (analog to inductors in electronics) – rotation speeds resulting from operation frequencies below [[scale natural frequencies]] (for reduction of [[friction]]) may limit effectiveness though * escapement mechanisms (efficiency optimized) * larger assembles like [[mechanical pulse width modulation]] (mechanical Buck converters) * ... * Wrap-spring clutch (would that work??) = Related = * '''[[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]]''' * [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] * [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] == Diamondoid and other gemstone-like crystolecular compound elements == [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]s: Exactly the same what is shown here on this example listing page, but more a discussion of their properties and such. <br> Bigger assemblies of several [[diamondoid crystolecules]]. [[Crystolecular element]]s: <br> This page also lists various machine elements. <br> These are the same machine elements but beyond just ones using base materials of [[diamondoid]] structure in the narrower sense. <br> This would include e.g. crystolecular bearings made from a [[stishovite]]-[[rutile]]-[[neo polymorph]] as the base material. <br> No oxidic gemstone crystolecular elements have been modeled as of yet. <br> This is likely partly because the software used ([[Nanoenginner-1]]) had no support for the more difficult to handle <bR> metallic elements (like titanium in rutile) where the [[limits of the construction kit analogy]] show increasingly pronounced. <br> <small>May have also to do with molecular dynamics simulations being especially focussed on molecular biology where metals are usually only present in traces</small> == Diamondoid and other gemstone-like crystolecules == [[Diamondoid crystolecule]]s: <br> These are pre-produced sub-parts (sometimes non-recomposable due [[seamless covalent welding|welding]]) that the example machine elements listed here on this page are made out of. <br> The sleeve bearing e.g. consists of the two diamondoid crystolecules. The shaft and the sleeve. <br> Smaller sub components, usually structural without moving parts, sometimes [[seamless covalent welding|seamlessly covalently weldable]] [[Gemstone-like crystolecule]]s ([[Gemstone-like molecular element]]s) or simply just [[crystolecule]]s: <br> The same as [[Diamondoid crystolecule]] but not restricted to just [[diamondoid]] base materials in the narrower sense. == High level sub-classification by function == Pages about sub-classes of machine element functions (all types of gemstones): * [[Mechanical circuit element]] * [[Connection mechanism]] == Base material == The base material (from specific to general): * [[Diamondoid]] * [[Diamond like compounds]] * [[Gemstone like compounds]] * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] = External links = * '''[http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/visuals.html some images of DME examples]'''. nfadhcoc2olookn0v3eil7uwhqtk7j2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 989 9473 9472 2021-05-27T17:09:40Z Apm 1 fixed link {{stub}} Similar to [[dissipation sharing]]. <br> But instead of only equilibrating between the [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] sites on [[molecular mills]] the idea here is to get the somewhere unconditionally necessary dissipation (increase in microstates) all the way out to the drive system. When only happening inside the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s of a [[gem-gum factory]] then it would necessarily need to be an exothermic dissipation process since the [[machine phase]] does not allow for an increase in positional disorder which is a prerequisite for endothermy. tnb3iyn4edbehjdm5xcdbk8nd1rm6tu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1024 11821 11811 2021-08-19T13:59:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to wp page about "Flat function" {{stub}} == In statistical physics == There's a transformation from a huge statistical number of nested products to a huge statistical number of nested sums <br> involved as a critical step in the derivation of thermodynamic potentials from microstates in statistical physics.<br> Conventional mathematical notation has no means to denote this step formally in a proper way. So it comes over as hand-wavey. <br> It works though. == In the classical scattering problem == In the case of the the physical scattering problem the solution approach involves solving it by Fourier transforming space forth and back. <br> There are several implicit limits involved in the classical scattering problem. <br> This is making a proper mathematical treatment very difficult (and tedious), and thus such a treatment is practically never done. <br> Especially not in a limited time educational context where students struggle with the basic concepts. <br> ---- On an other note: There's a matrix in the denominator of a fraction involved, which is quite odd. Related: * Cauchy's integral theorem – it gets a very prominent application here to solve an integral * Born–Oppenheimer approximation – and its deceiving pseudo convergence – (to check) == In generalized functions (distributions) == "Support functions" (zero everywhere except in a finite region, bounded, and infinitely often continuously differentiable) <br> Are not forced to be a constant function (f(x)=c) thereby seemingly contradicting Liouville's theorem (complex analysis). But they don't. <br> What was the reason here again? ... Related: Repeated integration of the Thue–Morse sequence leading to the Fabius function which interestingly is nowhere analytic Here's something relevant on wikipedia: <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-analytic_smooth_function Non-analytic smooth function] == In the theory of quantum chaos == In the theory of quantum chaos to get the Lyapunov exponent <br> there's something involved even more wild than matrices in the just exponents. <br> TODO figure out what that was. == In the context of generating functions == === A link between math, computer science, and physics? === In the Curry-Howard-Lambeck correspondence (or isomorphism). <br> (The three names refer to programming-language-types, logical-propositions, and category-theory-constructs respectively.) <br> Data structures (like lists and trees) of specific format (ADTs algebraic data types – product types and sum types) <br> have a direct correspondence to algebraic polynomials. <br> '''Fascinating thing #1:''' These polynomials representing data-structures can be collapsed down to generating functions. <br> And generating function are also in the Nöther theorem <br> (which links invariances under transformations, aka symmetries, to conserved physical quantities). <br> So are there data-structures corresponding to conserved physical quantities?! '''Fascinating thing #2:''' Differentiating data-structures gives new data-structures with holes as derivatives. <br> So called zippers. Eventually relevant for efficient data storage (diffing). '''Fascinating thing #3:''' <br> While finding the category theoretical analogies of prog-lang types is straightforward <br> (Note: Functions and data are being treated unitedly as one and the same thing.) <br> the reverse going from category theory to prog-lang types leads some unexpectedly present blank spots being filled. <br> It's about inverse operations that at first glance don't seem to make sense. <br> (Maybe just like matrices in exponents and in denominators at first glance don't seem to make sense.) <br> But maybe these new operations do make sense in some way. It seems likely. === Just playing around === In the context of generating functions there is an analog with products instead of sums. <br> What was this all about again? ... == Limits of math == The program that constructs and executes in parallel all possibly constructable programs. <br> See: [[A true but useless theory of everything]] << {{speculativity warning}} == Interesting less known fractals == * devils stairecase * fractal from (x+-1) polynomials ?? ... == Related == * fractional calculus – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_calculus (on wikipedia)] ---- * In contrast here is more generally [[useful math]] especially for the context of APM ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabius_function Fabius function] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_function Flat Function] 6k5c3kr4pree8dw43w2fqyhfq45vp0o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1197 11204 2021-07-05T11:27:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Expanding the kinematic loop]] #REDIRECT [[Expanding the kinematic loop]] t2fmiln3v2ioe4e0aihr385ztrnu98b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 815 8209 8208 2021-03-26T18:41:49Z Apm 1 /* Expanding the loop */ {{stub}} {{wikitodo|add a sketch here}} This relates to using soft nanomachinery to get to stiff nanomachinery ASAP. The idea here is '''not''' to use proteins as they are to do mechanosynthesis. <br> This would not work because unmodified proteins feature a unbreakable see-saw between <br> the [[fat finger problem]] and the [[floppy finger problem]]. = Enzymes and 3D printers - small similarities - huge differences = Enzymes: * need to catch and hold the molecule(s) they operate on (their substrates) * need to operate on the molecules they captured * need to hold both of these together 3D Priners: * need a print-bed holding a part * need a nozzle manipulating the part * need the frame of the printer holding the two parts together The very big difference is that in Enzymes there is no good "separation of concerns". Instead different functionalities like holding and manipulating (catalyzing) are complexly entangled. Changing a bit here changes everything over there too. Even if not desired. This makes designing enzymes more an case-by-case art rather than a straightforward engineering technique. Floppy side-chains rely on mutual support from tight stacking to be constrained to the spot they are supposed to. Proteins have [[fat finger problem|fat fingers]]. So if one wanted to detangle functionalities by moving things apart one only achieves a loss of mutual side chain support leading to a total loss of functionality. One gets [[floppy finger problem|floppy fingers]]. To be able to separate things apart spatially without loosing absolutely all control there is a need for the integration of stiffer "fingers". This constitute early progress towards [[Technology level II]] in-solution [[mechanosynthesis]]. Integration of stiffer molecules is not a prerequisite for more crude positional assembly of big pre-folded foldamer blocks. = Expanding the loop = By combining various foldamer and polymer technologies of different stiffness and scalability together ... * stiff core (maybe spiroligomers) -- scaling [[Upward and outward]] * medium stiff adapter (maybe stiff de-novo proteins) -- developing [[Inter foldamer interface design]] * and big less stiff but highly scaleable backbone framework -- improving [[Downward and inward]] ... it may be possible to expand the kinematic loop in size <br> while simultaneously retaining and improving on stiffness such that * positional assembly of pre-assembled foldamer blocks can be introduced * tips become stiff enough such that eventually early in-solvent mechanosynthesis can be started <br> the kinematic cycle becomes catalytic cycle like in the case of a protein. Just disentangled. == [[Upward and outward]] == * One Prime candidate: [[Structural DNA nanotechnology]] * Harder to scale but stiffer [[de-novo proteins]] especially predictably folding helices and sheets == [[Inter foldamer interface design]] == * [[SDN]] to [[de-novo proteins]] and * [[de-novo proteins]] to stiffer stuff == [[Downward and inward]] == * Eventual candidate: [[spiroligomers]] * artificial side chains on de-novo proteins with lots of poly-aromatic structure that cross link = [[Site activation foldamer printer]] = This concept idea was presented by Eric K. Drexler in a more recent talk. Applying the [[site activation strategy]] one can avoid the necessity to seek out and pick up pre-assembled foldamer parts. Instead sites are activated and parts are washed in. This may constitute an eventual intermediate target towards the far term target that marks a major milestone on [[technology level I]]. This is not a [[molecular assembler]] in that * it assembles pre-assembled foldamer blocks instead of absolute minimal molecule fragments * it only activates sites = External links = Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry) Substrate_(chemistry)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_chain Kinematic_chain] i5e7jiensqvc61bnm9l0h3il8aibtxm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 664 10186 10172 2021-06-10T18:07:24Z Apm 1 /* Mechanical force involved – covalent solids – only "slightly" cold */ [[File:1280px-NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Cobalt atoms precisely arranged on copper a surface. This was done at very low temperature under [[UHV]]. This is a 3D surface representation of a non 3D property that was strongly "smoothed" in post processing. Details in the main text. (Disclaimer: This wiki is not in any way associated with the National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST) Side-note: There's a much more famous similar image made by IBM employees but it's not under a free license)]] [[File:Piezochemical-silicon-mechanosynthesis-demo.png|400px|thumb|right|Extraction an re-deposition a a single silicon atom (at 78K) was experimentally demonstrated.]] There already have been several demonstrations that placing matter atom by atom is indeed possible even with our still very crude big and clunky current technology. * At first this was limited to extremely low temperatures (liquid helium) metallic surfaces and [[scanning probe microscopy|scanning tunneling microscopes]]. * Later it was shown that (as expectable) on covalent surfaces things stay put at much higher (but still cold) temperatures (liquid nitrogen) * A bit of scaling up was shown too but this was all done on the easier purely metallic systems. Pushing single atom manipulation capabilities forward can generally considered part of the [[direct path]]. Since progress here seems painstakingly slow (state 2017), a great hope is that the [[incremental path]] can much faster build up systems in which once they reach sufficient sophistication the results of the single atom manipulation attempts (discussed here) can be integrated. = Real science - Lying images = Note: Images are often halfway pure reality halfway pure fantasy. One intuitively tends to interpret brightness as topographic hight but in STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) images brightness actually only gives information about electron density (more concretely: local electron density of states at the probed bias voltage level). This misinterpretation is often taken one step further and the pseudo-height is rendered as real 3D surface with the peaks throwing shadows. (Probably mainly because it looks pretty). Also since one is pushing the limits SPM (STM and AFM) images are usually very noisy. Since atomic lattices show high regularity/periodicity one researchers can be tempted to remove high frequency part of the images to make images prettier but this also removes information that might have been more than just random noise. (Method: Fourier transformation (FT) this gives an "image spectrum image" -> cutting of outer high frequency border leaving in important peaks -> backward FT) = pure metals - easiest in lab - least useful in advanced APM = The early research illustrates nicely why pure metals are not too suitable for advanced APM. * Extreme cooling is needed to keep lone surface adsorbed atoms from wildly hopping around (diffusion). * The free electron gas of metals (especially a 2D sheet on the surface) may complicate mechanosynthesis (just makes [[exploratory engineering|EE]] harder.) = Notes = {{todo|Add illustrative image to article}} = Related = * [[Scanning probe microscopy]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] = External links = == No mechanical force only tunneling current – metallic solids & noble gas atoms – ultra-cold == * IBM: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_(atoms) IBM_(atoms)] (Xe on Ni – early famous work) * IBM: [http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/madewithatoms.shtml#fbid=McH-YIgk2qu A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie] – Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom A_Boy_and_His_Atom] (carbon monoxide CO on Cu – 5K) * [https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02265 A kilobyte rewritable atomic memory] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcU-sZJkh_U video] (chlorine Cl on copper Cu) * NIST: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIST_HipHopAtomLogo.jpg (Co on Cu) ---- * NIST: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co_ellipse.png quantum corral] (Co on Cu 7K & 4.3K) * Quantum corral: Crommie M. F., Lutz C. P., Eigler D.M. Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface // Science. 1993. V. 262. P. 218–220. – (Fe on Cu) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Well_(Quantum_Corral).jpg picture of 3D printed model] == Mechanical force involved – covalent solids – only "slightly" cold == '''Swapping tin and silicon atoms:''' <br> Yoshiaki Sugimoto 1, Pablo Pou 2, Oscar Custance 3, Pavel Jelinek 4, Masayuki Abe 1, Rubén Pérez 2 & Seizo Morita 1. Complex patterning by vertical interchange atom manipulation using atomic force microscopy Science 322 , 413-417 (2008). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1160601 (DOI link)] [http://www.uam.es/gruposinv/spmth/papers/2008_Science_332_413_Sugimoto_AFM.pdf (pdf)] '''Ripping out and redepositing sigle silicon atoms on silicon surface:''' <br> Noriaki Oyabu, Oscar Custance, Insook Yi, Yasuhiro Sugawara, Seizo Morita, "Mechanical vertical manipulation of selected single atoms by soft nanoindentation using near contact Atomic Force Microscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(2 May 2003):176102; http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v90/e176102 <br> [http://www.academia.edu/19589602/Mechanical_Vertical_Manipulation_of_Selected_Single_Atoms_by_Soft_Nanoindentation_Using_Near_Contact_Atomic_Force_Microscopy pdf on academia.edu] (78K) <br> [https://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/annual-report/volume-4/graphics/15.html Press release on osaka university page.] – [https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.176102 (pdf)] [[Category:Papers]] chysiksgg7uga80rx5itssfy8gfqklw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 56 10882 8051 2021-06-24T10:45:17Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[House of cards]] and [[Castle in the sky]] Exploratory engineering (EE) is the exclusively usage of well established knowledge in a fail-safe wasteful way to gain rough but reliable knowledge about the lower bounds of what is in principle doable. It allows one to probe the timeless potential of technology (in some [[possibility space|high dimensional landscape of performance parameters]]). '''Benefits of using EE:'''<br> Exploratory engineering is capable of identifying desirable technological targets. Guiding posts (big and small). These targets are useful in that one can: * first further identify spots where enough science has been done to move on to more targeted development (not part of EE) and * then march forward there (also not part of EE) '''The rules of EE are:''' * strict limitation to established knowledge like: textbook physics - empirical knowledge * usage of: standard modeling techniques * exclusive use of: conservative engineering methodology This forms a basis for reliable inference.<br> EE is remotely akin to an existence proof in math (using inequations). Giving lower bounds on the possible performance technology in our universe independent of time (and space). It's an indirect proof in the sense of a lack of a constructive proof by example in the physical realm. It's a direct proof in the sense of a the existence of a constructive proof in the theoretical realm. '''What EE does not answer:''' * EE does not give hints how to get to the goals it identifies from the current technological capabilities. * EE does not give hints about economic viability along the way. "Easy" predictability of a technology does not imply that it is easily accessible. * EE does say nothing about speed of development. It makes claims about the timeless potential of technology. * EE does not predict any scientific discoveries. These are fundamentally unknowable. * EE does not predict '''specific''' technological developments. (it predicts general targets) * EE does not predict winning technologies. '''Testability of EE and (un)testability of the associated paths:''' * The theoretical work of identification of a goal via EE is of formal nature and can be rechecked and retraced by independent groups (as has been done in the case of APM {{todo|add ref}} (and sometimes reached through various theory-paths) * The existence of at least one physical development path leading to an identified goal is not something that EE can answer. This is a separate problem that EE does not deal with. '''Chances for the existence of a path toward a goal identified by EE:''' * One may judge chances higher to get to a target that is indirectly proven to exist (all results of correctly conducted EE are of this kind) than to a target that may not even exist. * Parts of the results of EE can point backward pretty close to the current level of technology. More backward pointing ends => more chances for a path. (related: preparatory development, [[theoretical overhang]]) * In case one has a good understanding of the goal one may be able to identify starting points for paths that are ready to begin targeted engineering. More forward pointing ends => more chances for a path. '''Sources of confusion:''' * Exploratory engineering is not a science (despite making theoretical predictions that are somewhat general). In most respects it is actually more of a polar opposite of science. (Keyword: "testability", more on that further down.) * Exploratory engineering is not o form of engineering either (despite outlining products that are somewhat detailed). The similarities are strong enough though for EE to keep the term "engineering" as a part of its name. = Low level vs High level = One may classify EE in low level and high level. * Low level EE is mostly directly built on first principles * High level EE may use many previously attained lower level EE results and maybe even mix in stuff not so much EE drifting towards the less stringent field of feasibility estimation. [[Nanosystems]] is mostly low level EE. <br> Note that as of 2018-07 the wikipedia page on exploratory engineering focuses ''entirely'' on high level EE. The more unreliable type. {{wikitodo| give the examples of low and high level EE on this wiki}} = Comparisons = == Science vs engineering (in general) == === Basic purpose === * '''science:''' provides knowledge – "What knowledge can we discover?" * '''(conventional) engineering:''' provides products – "What products can we make?" * '''exploratory engineering:''' provides knowledge – "What capabilities does physical law permit?" ---- Exploratory engineering is prone to be confused with (bad) science since instead of products (like engineering) EE provides knowledge (like science). Knowledge in form of predictions. Predictions that are difficult or not even yet possible to test experimentally. No less. (Reasons why this is ok in EE later). Hence the confusion with '''>bad<''' science. Beside that a confusion of exploratory engineering with science is problematic because EE is much nearer to engineering in most other respects. For a prime example of some consequences of such a confusion see section "best knowledge" below. === Information flow === * '''science:''' physical world => model * '''(conventional) engineering:''' model => physical world * '''exploratory engineering:''' same as conventional engineering but just showing a target not the path leading there === Best models === * '''science:''' best descriptions (=) * '''(conventional) engineering:''' reliable bounds (>=) * '''exploratory engineering:''' very reliable bounds (>>) Confusing exploratory engineering with a science leads one to assume that it tries to make exact predictions. And exact predictions are fragile. But actually one of the core principles of exploratory engineering is to strictly follow a '''conservative design methodology''' (meaning '''large safety margins''' - example: a cable holding ten times more than the nominal load) to make predictions. And such predictions are robust. The robustness from large safety margins is one of the reasons why EE in contrast to science is allowed to make predictions that are hard to test or not yet testable without breaking down. At least not immediately. (Another reason is noted in section: "best results") Exploratory engineering is somewhat like conventional engineering in this regard but not quite. (See section: "larger (design) margins" for details) === Best results === * '''science:''' surprising discoveries * '''(conventional) engineering:''' predictable behavior * '''exploratory engineering:''' (highly reliable predictions) When one confuses exploratory engineering with science one is lead to think that EE tries to predict surprising discoveries. Which's impossibility should be obvious when stated this way. But EE does not aim at surprising discoveries near the fragile outermost border of our knowledge. It aims at highly reliable predictions that are implied by the deepest most solidified core of our knowledge. Predictions of things where we just don't yet know that we already know them. The "unknown knowns". While strongly connected in "knowledge space", results of EE are detached (often hugely) in "[[possibility space|technology space]]". Which is one of the aspects which distinguish EE from conventional engineering. The focus on the innermost most solidified core of knowledge instead of the outermost most fragile part as the basis for work is one of the reasons why EE in contrast to science is allowed to make hard to test or not yet testable predictions without breaking down. At least not immediately. (An other reason for that is conservative design methodology. More on that elsewhere. See section: "best models") === Best knowledge === * '''science:''' exclude all alternatives * '''(conventional) engineering:''' know many alternatives * '''exploratory engineering:''' (same as conventional engineering) ---- * ''Science is more of a breadth search for new and highly '''unpredictable''' phenomena''. * ''Engineering is a depth search for highly '''predictable''' working designs''. At every step one of the best understood and most likely to work choices is taken. When one confuses what is actually an engineering problem (many options -> many paths) with a scientific problem (one truth -> one path) and one finds just one step in this one technological path to be obviously broken it can lead one to a premature judgment that there is no way to get to the specific (properly theoretically derived and thus here assumed to be sound) EE target in question. A judgment that the goal is just a "castle in the sky". With an increasing number of starting locations and an increasing target-focus of them (from "starting fronts" with a weak general direction towards more concrete strongly directed starting points) the problem of reaching a goal set by EE increasingly turns from a scientific one to a engineering one. ("Scientific" not in the sense of the confusion outlined above! "Scientific" in the sense of the need for discovering more staring points not in the sense of the need for discovering points all along one single path). In this regard one could classify targets identified by EE in: * '''As weakly accessible perceived targets''' <br>few known starting locations towards the target predetermined by EE – still much science needed to start * '''As strongly accessible perceived target''' <br>many known starting locations towards the target predetermined by EE – engineering already possible to start. Drawing a line where a problem switches from a scientific one to an engineering one can be hard. There's a somewhat contradictory regime in-between. * untargeted science <> targeted science <> untargeted engineering <> targeted engineering Note: "untargeted" means "few relevant paths known" and "targeted" means "many relevant paths known" <br> While "targeted science" may sound reasonable its mirror partner is "untargeted engineering" which does not so much. Even in cases where no relevant paths are visible yet and it's really a pure science problem (not the case in APM!) EE may have some merit. Arguably less though. Some (fundamentally unpredictable) scientific discoveries may (with a big question-mark) unlock a path later. Or the EE might lead in an unexpected direction and identify a goal that may actually already have visible starting points pointing to it. '''APM:''' In regards to paths towards advanced forms of APM there are [[incremental path|more than plenty of starting points]]. Unfortunately there is a bit of a dilemma here: * People only put effort in looking for and finding some paths if they closely look at and understand the targets character. * People only put effort in closely looking at and understanding the targets character if they look for and find some paths. === Organization === * '''science:''' independent groups * '''(conventional) engineering:''' coordinated teams * '''exploratory engineering:''' independent groups or even individuals In science work is usually conducted in small independent research groups with little common goal. (If there where a very precisely specified common goal then reaching it would not be a discovery and thus not a goal of science). In science having no highly precise goal is normal and A-Ok since everybody is looking at the same whole (nature) and the randomly collected pieces will eventually fit together in one big unifying picture. A newly discovered law. A good analogy are [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant the blind men and the elephant]. In engineering though there are gazillions of ways a product can be built. Instead of a single big picture where everything converges towards there is a ginormous design space where everything runs apart. Active effort must be invested (standard interfaces) to reach specified goals. As an analogy one could use automobile part makers that just make many individually working parts. But without planning in advance the parts will never fit together though. When moving from an EE target that is easy approachable (meaning: many entry points to paths are already unlocked) to a point where the target actually gets started to be approached (meaning: one starts to take the first steps into the paths) then one meets the problem of moving from science to engineering. This can be a major pain point. '''In regards to APM''' this is a major pain point. Most of the early work (molecular sciences) was done in a scientific setting. By now (2017)'''molecular sciences''' have accumulated loads of results (more or less by accident). Some of these results can serve as starting points for the path to advanced APM! At least for some insiders it seems that by now there are more than enough results such that a shift towards a more targeted engineering like approach is overdue. The multi pronged problem though is that in the field of APM: * The science side is reluctant to move to engineering. (difficult switch of operating culture from science to engineering) (active distancing to as stigmatized perceived fields). * The (small) engineering side is strongly focused on the exploratory engineering side. (...) What is missing is a conventional engineering side. What is missing is a shift from molecular sciences to molecular engineering using soft nanosystems to strongly target hard/stiff nanosystems (aka more advanced APM). [[Incremental path]]. == Conventional engineering vs Exploratory engineering == === Basic constraints === * '''conventional engineering:''' manufacturing * '''exploratory engineering:''' valid modeling * In engineering there always has to be a physical design that you can manufacture. * In EE there has to be design that can be modeled in a valid way worthy of the name "knowledge". Since in EE there only has to be a modeled design and no physical product one might be led to not consider EE not as a form of engineering (enginnering in general) but instead consider it a form of science. Despite the fact that EE in most respects is much more near to conventional engineering than science. === Level of design === * '''conventional engineering:''' detailed specification * '''exploratory engineering:''' parametric model Concept illustrations can lead one to confuse exploratory engineering with conventional engineering. This can lead one to critique that specific implementation details are missing. Common remark: "But this is not solved yet".<br> (Side-note: This refers to lack of details in the far off prediction. Not to lack of details of the path there. The path is a different topic.) But it is important to notice that the things that are not worked out in concrete detail (atomistic details, concrete geometry of robotics, ...) are only the things of which it is known that they do not matter much. In other words the things of which it is believed that it should be straightforward to solve them. In EE going into too much detail would actually be a fallacy. * Too much details can shrinks design margins and consequently diminishes robustness of predictions. * Too concrete designs are likely to diverge too much from what actually will be built. '''There are at least two exceptions to the "do not get too detailed" rule of EE''' which can lead to critique when not understood: * Sometimes instead or additional to a general parametric model it is desirable to give some overly concrete/specific example points. While those points by themselves feature excessive detail, they are chosen such that they lie as far apart as possible (at extreme locations) while still forming a continuum that can be interpolated over. This gives a big convex hull in [[possibility space]] that is by no means too concrete / specific. (Excessive concreteness is here meant not in the sense of cutting design margins but in the sense of reducing the likelihood down to pretty much zero that either exactly the example as is or a sub instance of the example will actually be implemented in the future.) * In some areas the design space can be quite small thus the level of detail naturally seems high. Another way to put this is that what actually must not get too high is the ''relative level of detail'' which one could informally define as the ''absolute level of detail'' divided by the ''design space size'' (RLOD = ALOD / DSS). In some areas one can get quite detailed in absolute terms. Especially when using EE to work backwards to accelerate the process of closing the gap between current technology and proposed target. ---- '''Level of design in the context of advanced APM''': An example that seems to be violating the "avoid too much details" rule would be the preliminary design of [[crystolecule]]s. Concrete designs of "crystolecules" could be considered to be too detailed since the chance of one of >exactly< these [[design of crystolecules|crystolecule designs]] to actually be built and used in massive scale is very low. (Except one builds a gargantuan library maybe. But there is no economic motivation for this. Except making it into a game maybe ... solving graphically pleasing puzzles has some recreational value after all). The reason for why an overly detailed implementation here was not a violation of the "avoid too much details" rule is (as dercribed in more general terms above) that there was the strong need to have at least some prototypical examples representing this general class of objects. Since instances of the general class of [[crystolecule]]s are built in large scales when advanced APM is reached. (Its part of the definition af advanced APM). The preliminary design and analysis of tool-tips for the [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond and its polymorphs is a good (if not the best) example for EE where it is ok (and even desirable) to be highly detailed in an absolute sense. The other way around the "poductive nanosystems" concept video is often criticized for a lack of implementation details in some areas where EE actually has very good reasons not to work them out in too great detail, because it would be fragile and useless guesswork. Of course there are "white areas" where indeed more detailed EE is possible and likely useful. Going a bit off-topic those "white areas" are sometimes overlooked (e.g. sorting pumps). Especially if they are not depicted at all in concept visualizations (e.g. microscale [[Vacuum lockout]]). === Main cost === * '''conventional engineering:''' production, operation * '''exploratory engineering:''' design, analysis === Design margins === * '''conventional engineering:''' enable robust products * '''exploratory engineering:''' enable robust analyses Pushing design margins means more tests are necessary.<br> In regard to the number of tests needed conventional engineering lies in between science and exploratory engineering'''. Certainty that a design will work (like required in exploratory engineering) is usually not the prime objective of conventional engineering. In conventional engineering the designs must always be almost right away physically manufacturable and the fine details need to be worked out before the deadlines in the project management schedule. To be competitive one needs to push the border of what is manufacturable. One needs to minimize cost and or maximize performance. Thus one often needs to steps into not yet well understood domains and consequently needs to occasionally create and do tests with prototypes (drifting towards science). Tests/experiments are necessary not quite as often as in pure science/research but still regularly needed. For conventional engineering there is an optimal number of tests per "development unit" that lie between the very many for science and the "zero" for exploratory engineering. === Larger (design) margins === * '''conventional engineering:''' raise costs * '''exploratory engineering:''' lower costs = Example = A prime example of successful exploratory engineering in history can be found in the preparations for making low earth orbit and beyond accessible. For non-involved people without sufficient internal knowledge of the then present technological capabilities it understandably seemed [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunatic lunatic] to want to go to the [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luna moon]. Turned out they where wrong. Advanced atomically precise technology ([[Main Page|APM]]) suffers from a similar situation. Thus one of the goals of [[Main Page|this wiki]] is to provide such sufficient internal information in a way that's somewhat digest-able for the average scientifically interested reader. = Spacial analogy = Although we'll not be able to directly test it anytime soon we know with (for all practical purposes) certainty that on a planet far away in a different solar system of our galaxy stones will fall just the same way as they fall here on earth. We can know that with (for all practical purposes) certainty due to our possession of newtons (well tested!) laws. Just as pretty certain answers can be given for questions regarding sensibly chosen questions about some isolated stuff that resides so far away in space that we cannot jet reach and directly verify it, the same can be done for sensibly chosen questions about isolated stuff that lies in the not so near future. The here chosen spacial example may not be very useful. It just serves as an analogy for the temporal case where it is very useful. = Notes = * Manufacturing systems identified by EE play a special role since they form bridges from lower to higher capabilities. * Given several points in possibility space identified by EE one sometimes can deduce the possibility of things lying in-between. Somewhat like a convex hull where one can interpolate in. * It's called exp'''lo'''ratory and not ex'''tra'''p'''ol'''atory engineering which would make sense too - even more so perhaps. * The book [[Nanosystems]] is a (if not the) prime example for exploratory engineering. The concept of EE may have originated from this work. * A good translation of "expooratory engineering" to the German language: "erkundendes Konstruktionswesen". Really bad is "erforschendes Konstruktionswesen", this would translate to "researching engineering". * The term "science" is used here more in the narrower sense of physical sciences e.g. excluding mathematics. ---- * By exploratory engineering methodology diamond has been chosen as a particularly difficult test-case for mechanosynthesis. <br>For details see go to the main page: "[[Diamond]]" = Related = * [[House of cards]] – about a shaky stack of conclusions – that would be riskier high level exploratory engineering rather than low level * [[Castle in the sky]] – about having a target without having a [[pathways|path]] ---- * [[Science vs engineering]] * Exploratory engineering can lead to a [[theoretical overhang]] in technology. * Somewhat complementary: [[The source of new axiomatic wisdom]] {{speculativity warning}} = External links = == Wikipedia == * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_engineering Exploratory engineering] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology Epistemology] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology Methodology] – Note that, as mentioned on the articles talk page, this article still mainly discusses ''research'' methodologies excluding ''engineering'' and many other methodologies (state 2017-10). * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_(academia) Field of study (discipline)] == Multimedia == * Wikipedia commons graphic: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UnknownUnknownsEN1.svg?uselang=de unknown knowns] * Youtube channel "FHIOxford": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQHA-UaUAe0 Eric Drexler: Physical Law and the Future of Nanotechnology (2011-11-22)] features some focus on exploratory engineering. [[Category:General]] f4qzvpizexyi7ycn0g5xug78by6kucn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 170 7768 4177 2019-01-06T12:23:40Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[file:Exponential assembly concept 640x53.png|thumb|right|640px|First few steps of partial structural replication via so called "exponential assembly". [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/7/78/Exponential_assembly_concept.svg SVG] ]] Exponential assembly is a method of structural copying with exponential speedup that forms an alternative to full [[self replication]] for bootstrapping and scaling up atomically precise fabrication capabilities to macroscopic volumes. Exponential assembly must not to be confused with [[convergent assembly]]. == Defining traits == * The un-assembled robotic units must be massively parallel pre-produced without self replication. (photo lithograpy / self assembly) * The un-assembled robotic units must be layed out in a perfectly orderly fashion over great relative distances. * The robotic units must be just complex enough to fulfill their task. * All robotic units must share a part of the movement mechanism and their hole control system ''(note the productivity issue here)''. == Details == To attain [[technology level I]] such systems could be used to assemble smaller systems of the same ''exponential assembly design'' but possibly (and probably) of very different structure. Maybe: top level: MEMS system; bottom level: structural DNA nanotechnology. In that case the components for exponential assembly at the self assembled bottom-up side will look very different than the MEMS on the top down side since they are built with very different constructuion methods. '''Exponential assembly is claimed/defined to not be true self replication''' since the units on their own lack functional completeness and the possible range of structural replication is thus limited to the size of the topmost exponential assembly level. It was believed that to gain AP control over matter self replication is impossible to circumvent. This method should deliver a counterexample. Videos: [http://www.zyvex.com/Research/exponential.html]; Paper: [http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/12/3/320] Note: '''Do not mix up exponential assembly with convergent assembly.'''<br> Convergent assembly in contrast: * works the other way around (bottom-up) * is used for efficient product production not technology attainment * has potentially more layers in the mesoscale that only differ in size not material. == Safety == Beside other unfulfilled requirements for [[The grey goo meme|hypothetical runaway replication accidents]] like natural unavailability of premanufactured building blocks and others exponential assembly puts an absolute limit to spacial spread of replicating structures. == Related == * Exponential assembly is one of the available methods for [[bootstrapping productive nanosystems]] * [[Self replication]] == External links == * Exponential assembly described with graphics [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT8/Papers/Skidmore/index.html] * Paper about exponential assembly: [http://www.crnano.org/IOP%20-%20Safe%20Exp%20Mfg.pdf] [[Category:General]] m6s9ybk8j8ew2jh197odaau3cnrrxhq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1209 11294 11267 2021-07-06T10:13:22Z Apm 1 /* Related */ fixed links Synthesizing linear chain molecules (polymers, oldamers) iteratively in vivo the failure likelihood (success rate smaller than factor one) at each addition reaction multiplies. <br> Given that the success ratios at each steps on average and in general not exceedingly high, <br> the overall success ratio for an individual chain molecule strand to be synthesized to full lengths as desired with no errors quickly drop down to near zero. <br> For a large number of identical chains molecules synthesized simultaneously together (as it is the case in such synthetic chemistry) that translates to a low yield and high impurity with incomplete and or faulty chain moleculed. = Ways to avert this yield-drop in the synthesis of chain molecules (polymers, [[foldamers]]) = == Near term == === Employing natural synthesis mechanisms === * Hijacking the cells machinery (ribosomes & more) for making proteins according to artificial plan * There are even chaperone proteins that helping along in post synthesis correct folding Still expensive experimental stuff: * Artificial amino acid tweaks (?) * Artificial codon tweaks == Far term == [[Piezochemical machanosynthesis]] has low enough error rates for this to not be a problem and even error corrention can be implemented. = Ways to avert this yield-drop in thermally driven selfassembly of blocks = Self assembly via [[iterative binding site finding]] suffers from the exact same problem as iterative syntesis of polymers in [[synthetic chemistry]]. The same exponential drop in yield with chain length is prestent. Self assembly via [[one pot binding site finding]] of 2D or even 3D structures <br> hugely averts the problem in that assembly can just move around sites of faulty assembly. <br> For a complete breakdown of all further assembly all paths need to be blocked simultaneously which can get exceedingly unlikely. [[One pot binding site finding]] comes with other downsides though. Including steric kinetic traps. <br> Best may be an intermediate approach: [[iterated one pot binding site finding]] <br> {{todo|Work out the math for the assembly of a stiff rod that is a bundle of several rods where selfassembly can move redundantly arrond faulty assembly sites}} = Related = * [[Chemical synthesis]] * [[Foldamer]]s, [[Spiroligomer]]s, peptidomimentics * [[Iterated one pot binding site finding]] p8sh9mfajura2h8ulv14xi0so58lbem wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1225 11352 2021-07-08T11:11:14Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[For all practical purposes]] #REDIRECT [[For all practical purposes]] gg8ynjl2i3nkob3fzbd1h3jcu86wpfv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 564 10533 9631 2021-06-17T09:41:03Z Apm 1 /* Misc */ added link to just now updated page about: [[Achieving sufficient effective atom placement frequency]] Because the "fingers" of a manipulator mechanism ([[stiffness|not "arms" those lack stiffness]]) must themselves be made out of atoms, they have a certain irreducible size. Thus one might worry that there just isn't enough room in the nanometer-size reaction region to accommodate the number of "fingers" necessary for performing the desired atom by atom reactions. As it turned out: * Most reactions in diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] can be performed with three or less tip shaped "fingers" (see "[[sticky finger problem|sticky fingers]]" page). * A halve space (2π steradian) e.g. above a flat work-piece can accommodate four [[stiffness|sufficiently stiff]] "fingers" leaving each "finger" still enough room to tilt and move (full space consequently can accommodate twice as much that is eight fingers). <br>{{wikitodo|find and link the discussion & pictures of this}} == "Fingers fatness" in earlier productive nanosystems == In [[technology level I]] there is only the need to put together previously [[Thermally driven assembly|selfassembled]] building blocks. Due to the size of the preselfassembled blocks the size constraints on the "fingers" aren't very critical in these early systems. VdW force hydrogen bonds & co should suffice for holding the pieces so there is no essential need especially fat "fingers" that operate like pincer grip pliers. (This crosses over to [[Stickly fingers]]). In [[technology level II]] (a level which might be skipped) the manipulating "fingers" for early [[mechanosynthesis]] may look more like bio-mineralization enzymes and thus may be a bit bulky limiting capabilities. By designing [[foldamer]]s (proteins or others) with de-novo methodology it might be possible to make the biomineralization-"fingers" much more compact and pointy than natural examples. As of 2017 still very little work has been done in this area. <br> {{Todo|Research in [[unconventional biomineralization]] is urgently needed.}} (Biomineralization enzymes aren't big specialized enzymes for mediating complex reactions between very specific big floppy molecules so they most of their volume is made up by interface structure which can potentially be shrunk for integration in an artificial system.) === Possible origins of fat finger concern === On the first few pages of the book "''[[Engines of Creation]]''" (page 13 & 14) a ''programmable protein machine'' is described in brevity. This machines is described to grasp both a large rounded lumpy molecule (the workpiece) and a small molecule, then bringing the small one up against the big one in a specific location. This adds the small molecule to the workpiece. Instead of building loosely folded (chain polymer based) proteins this artificial ''programmable protein machine'' would build small solid rugged objects. Three examples for materials for these objects are given: metals, ceramics (aka gemstones) and diamond. Knowledgeable readers will be aware of the issues with the mentioned materials: * synthesis of diamond (and some ceramics) involves chemically highly reactive intermediate steps * synthesis of (non-noble) metals has the concern of undesired oxidization undesired surface diffusion Due to these issues one needs to conclude that the ''programmable protein machine'' would need to perfectly tight-seal-pan-cake-like-form-fit whatever the workpiece looks like at the moment to keep unwanted stuff out preventing it from messing up the reaction site. Since the shape of the workpiece may change a lot during buildup this tight-seal-pan-cake-like-form-fit might seems rather impossible since proteins (while being flexible) do not behave like rubber gaskets (not to speak of pushing every last molecule out). Either the hypothetical "fat finger"-enzyme is leaky or the "fat finger" is in the way. Thus this might a source for the "fat finger" critique. But this was a very early version of the [[incremental path]] (incremental path = using [[self assembly|self assembled systems]] to get to full [[positional assembly|positional control]] ASAP) that was still very crude and still too direct, jumping from (almost) natural protein systems right away all the way to the most advanced target material: [[diamond]]. By now the details about the [[incremental path]] have become somewhat clearer though. A more detailed multi step [[bootstrapping]] process is presented in the appendix of the newer book "''[[Radical Abundance]]''". In short:<br> The "tight-seal-pan-cake-like-form-fit" problem can be avoided entirely by taking a small detour over ceramic (aka gemstone) materials that are synthesizeable in a solution phase environment. == Misc == The irreducible size of "fingers" has some other nontrivial consequences too.<br> The lower spacial production density compared to solution phase chemistry must be compensated via: * higher speed (~MHz range -- but not to high to avoid excessive friction -- not ~GHz range) * higher reaction success rate (comes naturally) * more compact (hard-coded mill style) designs instead of the now obsolete [[molecular assembler]]s * stacking of the bottom-most [[assembly levels]] <br>Going doen the [[assembly level]]s: While the assembly cells quickly get smaller the whole stacks of them get bigger (at the bottommost layers). One can find that this is shown in the "Productive Nanosystems" concept video, if one watches attentively. See main page: [[Achieving sufficient effective atom placement frequency]] == Notes == * {{wikitodo|There was a web-page illustrating that up to four stiff diamondoid tips fit above a flat surface simultaneously acessing the same atom. Find and add the link. (vanished)? -- Also make a sketch of that and add as main illustrating image to the page.}} == Related == * [[Sticky finger problem]] * [[The finger problems]] * [[Learning from enzymes]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[History]] tg9f58zez6o7kwctny1p5vlk2zzieh0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 693 11346 9161 2021-07-08T11:08:04Z Apm 1 When introducing APM to a nontechnical audience what often comes up is the question: <br> Why not go further down in size right down to the nucleons (protons and neutrons) and build with them instead? There a great number of reasons why going down further to nucleons is ([[for all practical purposes]]) not possible: * We can only interact with nuclei in statistical ways (scattering experiments) shooting high energy particles * Putting nucleons together at normal conditions (like present on earth) does not allow formation of complex structures like molecules. For all we know it always equilibrates to a (sometimes somewhat deformed) ball. (fluctuating much more comlicated than the electron hull of an atom - there are no analytic solutions analogous to atomic orbitals - solutions which form the basis of directed covalent bonds and the basis for molecules) * At normal conditions (like present on earth) adding nucleons to a nucleus goes well just up to a point (the end of the periodic table of elements ~94 protons) after that the "assembled" nucleus falls apart (nuclear decay). Really big ones really fast. (Emitting destructive radiation). == Neutron stars == The only place where bigger stable conglomerations of nucleons are possible are neutron stars. But even there molecule like structures are very unlikely to be present when looked at it from an anthropic principle viewpoint, that is there is no need for nucleons being capable of forming molecules to make life in our universe possible. More importantly neutron stars cannot yet be investigated experimentally in great detail, since they are still very far beyond our current reach of spaceflight. Our understanding of neutron stars is still extremely limited. Its all still in a vague research state. No highly reliable models are available and highly reliable models are of absolute necessity for conducting predictive [[exploratory engineering]]. So beside SciFi for entertainment something like femtotechnology is not amenable to targeted design. Of couse one can never exclude that one day we'll find something interesting on/in neutron stars but this is in the realm of lucky discoveries. There's only an [[accidental path]] with the target "femtotechnology" that may not exist (in the femtomachinery sense). Or better: is extremely unlikely to exist (gut feeling of the author). (Side-note 1: This pattern can be generalized. See: "[[Visions not yet amenable to targeted design]]") (Side-note 2: There's a SciFi novel called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Egg Dragon's_Egg] about a civilization of a femtoscale life-form on a neutron star.) == Moving within == A recurring futurologist topic is escaping the "malthusian trap" (running out of resources by civilization growth ending up in a zero sum game). Beside the obvious idea of spreading out into space (the big) there is the quite radical idea of going into the small instead (possibly simulated worlds) run on more and more miniaturized computers. Currently the atomic scale is the absolute limit beyond which we cannot see any potential practical machine like use. The nuclear scale lies well beyond that (current) limit. == Subatomic but not nuclear == Instead of going down to nucleons to pack more functionality in the same volume there's an other option too. While atoms have a fixed size, in [[stiffness|stiff]] [[machine phase]] nanosystems they can be placed at discernible location increments that much smaller than atoms. This works the better the lower the temperature is since low temperatures make the amplitudes of thermal vibrations smaller. At some point quantum effects are bound to show up but [[stiffness|stiff]] [[machine phase]] nanosystems are [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|prone to behave non-quantum mechanically]] so in typical monolithic gemstone based [[cog-and-gear nanomachinery]] this will only happen at extremely low temperatures. Positioning is analog (angle of an axle, shift of a rod) so information can't be encoded in a digital combinatorial way (8 levels correspond to only 3 bits 2*2*2 = 8 and not 8 bits 2^8 = 256) and high cooling effort may not justify the little gain. To pack more computing power in a given space one of course could design nanomechanics deliberately for quantum effects (low-inertia, tightly constrained - beside cold). With this we finally end up with quantum computing. But it seems rather likely that non mechanical approaches are much better suited for quantum computing (less extreme cooling requirements due to much lower mass).<br> Note that quantum computing is weaker than matching full parallelism (that physically cant be implemented). == Related == * [[APM and nuclear technology]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology Femtotechnology] 5stajgjo6hzoahpud5uso9siej4vjpa wikitext text/x-wiki 0 526 9722 9643 2021-05-31T07:14:16Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Richard Feynman]] {{Stub}} * Up: [[Pathways]] The "Feynman path" is referring to a naive but immediately self suggesting approach to scale down manufacturing machinery containing saw blades and drills to the nanoscale. And that by making smaller machinery with bigger machinery and then use that smaller machinery to make even smaller machinery. Practically this is not possible because of: * Saw blades and drills quickly becoming infeasible for smaller scales. * The multi material and semi manual complexity of our current day (and back then too) macroscale technology. This approach has Feynman's name because this is how he formulated the then brand new idea of "nanotechnology" <br> in his famous talk "There is plenty of room at the bottom". <br> Richard Feynman was a brilliant as physicist and educator. <br> Had he conducted more serious investigations he surely would have ended up with similar results to what is in the book [[Nanosystems]]. {{Wikitodo|Put a citation of Richard Feynman's exact words here. It's in (part 1) of the external links below.}} == External links == * [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?page_id=3326 Foresight Institute: Feynman Path to Nanotechnology] * Feynman’s Path to Nanotech '''[https://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3152 (part1)]''' [https://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3154 (part2)] [https://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3160 (part 3)] [https://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3163 (part 4)] [https://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3165 (part 5)] [http://foresight.futurebrightdev.com/nanodot/feynmans-path-to-nanotech-part-6 (part 6)] [http://foresight.futurebrightdev.com/nanodot/feynmans-path-to-nanotech-part-7 (part 7)] [http://foresight.futurebrightdev.com/nanodot/feynmans-path-to-nanotech-part-8 (part 8)] [http://foresight.futurebrightdev.com/nanodot/feynmans-path-to-nanotech-part-9 (part 9)] [http://foresight.futurebrightdev.com/nanodot/feynmans-path-to-nanotech-part-10 (part 10)] * Someone took the suggestiuon quite literally: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIY_Ld_sqxk] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYfhu0frLAI] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miTUIZnz_5w] == Related == * [[Pathways]] * [[Direct path]] * [[Incremental path]] * [[Pathway controversy]] * [[Richard Feynman]] gmxgvnksrqa991xt3n3pkoot1ksuv40 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 173 9530 6898 2021-05-29T19:06:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to metamaterial and products page {{Stub}} [[File:Bottom_layers_and_convergent_assembly_layers.JPG|thumb|350px|this could be an example for a fractally stiffened filter structure with low resistance against flow]] {{wikitodo|note fractal structure for high pressure resitance combined with low flow resistance}} {{todo|investigate methods for automated cleaning of passive filters - intermittent backblow - wiper - ?}} == Related == * [[Medium mover]] * [[Wind cloaking]] * [[Atmospheric mesh]] ---- * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]]s * [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] == External Links == * Foresight Institute news: [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=6092 Nanotechnology to provide efficient, inexpensive water desalination] (experiments with pre APM level technologies) g7ydjaocwo2qucd7uiuwwftj5tto5hj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1204 11226 2021-07-05T12:55:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Sloppy finger problem]] #REDIRECT [[Sloppy finger problem]] gx7ycfp983sa3movo716iuwv3eb7ts1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1193 11110 2021-07-01T11:42:30Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} Fluorine is reasonably abundant but not too abundant chemical element. <br> It is by no means as abundant as it's heavier same-group-sibling-element [[chlorine]]. <br> [[Chlorine]] can be grabbed from seawater in nigh boundless amounts. Fluorine: * Can be used for [[nanoscale surface passivation]] very similar to hydrogen * Likes to snatch lots of electrons from sulfur (SF₆ is a highly stable molecular compound) Fluorine likes to form * highly stable compounds. <br> * quite dangerous dangerous compounds (insidiously acidic and toxic) In case of extreme treatment even the stable ones decompose and become dangerous. <br> Thus one might want to: * use fluorine in moderation * not use fluorine in combustible products or potentially via heat exposure out-gassing products. (Note: Most [[gem-gum]] products not made solely from air will likely be incombustible.) <br> This is basically for the same reasons we want to avoid the usage of PVC plastic ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride polyvinyl chloride]) <br> Just that fluorine is even more aggressive when released by combustion. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] * [[Oddball compound#Rather inert compounds with fluorine]] tdu4zaxc2ck2zr3t4gudvi87dy0mwk0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 673 6850 2017-10-30T16:51:55Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Foldamer R&D]] #REDIRECT [[Foldamer R&D]] 4h2aojsn382ga2h6ttzw29vxq1i62mt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 589 8096 8095 2021-03-13T11:33:46Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} * [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] * [[de-novo protein engineering]] * peptidomimetics like peptoids (& beta-peptides) * spiroligomers = Some possibly relevant papers = == Critical advances in structural DNA nanotechnology == '''Electrostatics actuation demo (fast data injection)''' * Official name: "A self-assembled nanoscale robotic arm controlled by electric fields" * Authords: "Enzo Kopperger1,*, Jonathan List1,*, Sushi Madhira2, Florian Rothfischer1, Don C. Lamb2,3,4, Friedrich C. Simmel1,4,†" * Weblink (walled access): http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6373/296 '''Scaling of structural DNA origami to higher self-assebly convergent assembly-levels''' * Official Name: "Dynamic DNA devices and assemblies formed by shape-complementary, non–base pairing 3D components" * Authors: "Thomas Gerling, Klaus F. Wagenbauer, Andrea M. Neuner, Hendrik Dietz*" * Places: "Physik Department, Walter Schottky Institute, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany" * MainPublisherInfo: "Science 27 Mar 2015: <br> Vol. 347, Issue 6229, pp. 1446-1452 <br> DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5372" *Weblink (walled access): http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6229/1446 '''Demonstration of atomic resolution (but very likely AP only in an statistical average yet!!)''' * Official Name: "Placing molecules with Bohr radius resolution using DNA origami" * Web (walled access): https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2015.240 '''Proof of atoimic precision (topoligical) in structural DNA origami (no atomic resolution yet)''' *Official Name: "Cryo-EM structure of a 3D DNA-origami object" *Authors: "Xiao-chen Bai a, Thomas G. Martin b, Sjors H. W. Scheres a,1, and Hendrik Dietz b,1" * Places: "a Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and b Physics Department, Walter Schottky Institute, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany" * MainPublisherInfo: "PNAS December 4, 2012 109 (49) 20012-20017; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215713109 " * Weblink (open access): https://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/20012 * Direct link: https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/49/20012.full.pdf == Advances in de-novo protein engineering == '''de novo protein design demo''' * Official Name: "Design of ordered two-dimensional arrays mediated by noncovalent protein-protein interfaces." * Authors: "Shane Gonen1,2,3,4, Frank DiMaio2,3, Tamir Gonen1,*, David Baker2,3,4,*" * Places: (see link) * Weblink (walled access): http://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6241/1365.figures-only * Open: https://cryoem.ucla.edu/uploads/image/pdfs/2015_gonen.pdf = Related = * This is part of [[Present-forward development]] as opposed to [[Future-backward development]] * [[Incremental path]] * [[Reached milestones in foldamer R&D]] * [[Self folding]] * covalent cross interlinking (increasing [[stiffness]]) * POPs (persistant organic pollutants) -- See: "[[Soil pollutants]]" * Microfluidics = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldamer Foldamer] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_protein_structure_prediction De_novo_protein_structure_prediction] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidomimetic Peptidomimetic][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptoid Peptoid][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-peptide Beta-peptide] '''Video:''' "Clasp: Common Lisp using LLVM and C++ for Molecular Metaprogramming" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X69_42Mj-g]<br> Published on Jun 15, 2015 – Google Tech Talk – June 9, 2015 – Presented by Christian Schafmeister. This video also brings up topics like: * The importance of [[stiffness]] – double linked backbones prevent rotations making resulting structures much easier to desing and more predictable * Iterative design of early forms of [[Kaehler bracket]]s <br>optimization of a stiff backbone to get functional groups as close as possible to a fixed predefined configuration (that may have been stolen from a natural protein) * [[General software issues]] – programming language limitations, the dreaded interface problem, <br>"deforresting" unnecessary computer algebra reevaluations (a problem also showing up in volumetric 3D modelling aka distance field based [[3D modelling]]; [[Design levels]]),<br> the need for derivation towers (scalar,vector,tensor) (automatic derivation - links to Conal Elliotts work) * Going deep down the rabbit-hole to reach a far term target (in an highly non-obvious way for outsiders).<br> Sidenote: That's exactly where natural [[evolution]] has severe limitations. * Invention (and market introduction) of covalent protein crosslinking technology * Bootstrapping of the synthesis of the fundamental spiroligomer building blocks * The "indestructibility" of spiroligomers raise the issue of the waste problem with POPs (persistent organic pollutants) -- See: [[Recycling]] * The suspected lignin pileup in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous Carboniferous] epoch of earths history. * The talk doesn't look beyond towards gemstone based systems as far term goal. Partially [[brownian technology path]]? i14bj6vpw0ow5jfvblbzsmuuovt7rm3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 888 8746 8676 2021-04-15T14:19:40Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to archived version of video {{stub}} [[File:FoldamerPrinterConcept.png|458px|thumb|right|Foldamer printer concept. A geometry especially tailored to low stiffness materials and simple geometries. Author: Eric K. Drexler]] [[File:SiteSpecificWorkpieceActivationConcept.png|320px|thumb|right|(1) position XY, (2) acivate Z (makes red *), (3) repeat for all positions where green parts are desired in this this layer (4), wash in the green parts (5) repeat for parts with other colors (6) next layer. Image author: Eric K. Drexler]] This is a concept proposed by Eric K. Drexler. The idea is to build a fully [[self assembled]] nanoscale device * that is remotely akin to a macroscale 3D printer. * that capable of assembling more advanced materials within its "build volume" via <br>[[site-specific workpiece activation|site activation assembly]] (a semi positional assembly approach) = Components = == Structural framework == Proposed: [[de-novo proteins]]. <br> There are huge challenges in achieving [[meaningful scalability]] for [[de-novo proteins]]. <br> That is: It i hard to design a set of de-novo-protein-blocks that form a <br> [[general purpouse consrtruction kit]] for highly geometrical assemblies <br> with controlled termination of self assembly over larger scales. A core issue here is that currently (2021) sets of de-novo proteins come <br> with very small orthogonal sets of interfaces. Structural DNA nanotechnology: * would likely be too soft. It's much softer than [[stiff proteins]] * has possible attachment sites much more spaced out Which is a shame because: * it is capable of making quite cuboid (slightly twisted) structures * it has quite a bit more [[meaningful sacability]] as of yet (2021) Maybe it can be used if multiple foldamer technologies are combined. == Actuators Actuation == Proposed: Photo activated molecules. <br> There has been quite some progress in achivien seperate optical communication channels that have sufficiently low cross-talk. <br> All of these printers hit by the same light (many) would do the same in parallel. == Site activating tooltip == Still quite open question. <br> Depends on processed materials. == Processed materials == Still quite an open question. * smaller stiff molecules like e.g. spiroligomers maybe? * biominerals somehow? * other de novo proteins? <br>Only if this enables assembly that would not be possible via selfassembly. <br>Otherwise this would defeat the purpose of the device. Foldamer printers with positioning mechanisms could serve as "platforms" for an expanding range of chemistries and components. <br> Helping along in inching up the [[technology levels]]. = Bootstrapping advanced APM = == Easier accessibility than [[direct path]] approaches == Foldamer printers as major milestone in the bootstrapping process towards [[advanced productive nanosystems]]. <br> The following is taken from the "Takaway" slide of Eric Drexlers presentation slides. <br> Arrows (▶) indicate word for word citations. Below these are some maybe more easily digestible explanations. '''▶ Solution-phase operation can simplify system requirements''' <br> * Depositing material by wash in onto activated sites renders means for picking up parts unnecessary. * (The foldamer printer being fully self assembled means there is no need for means for its positional assembly.) '''▶ Mechanical functions can be reduced to tool positioning''' <br> With the need of picking up stuff removed making a relatively simple 3DOF positioning device <br> (akin to a 3D printer) is all that's needed for getting to a working device. '''▶ Accessible structures and steppers can implement positioning''' <br> ''Accessible as used here means that we can make these things with'' <br> ''the experimental means that we have available today (or predictably rather soon).'' This combined with the dformer basically says: <br> We can make the necessary stuff that is needed for such a foldamer printer already with today's means. '''▶ The accessible design space includes attractive architectures''' <br> Some of the foldamer printer designs that should be possible should be really useful. <br> I guess that's whats this statement is about. Not 100% sure. '''▶ Broad applications make the platform the most exciting product''' <br> ''Platform as used here means the solution full of many many assembled foldamer printers itself considered as a meta product.'' <br> A product whichs main value lie in its ability to make other products'' == Self replication == '''This design is not dedicatedly aimed at self replicative capability and does not depend on it.''' <br> That said, the parts that it would make could be used to improve on next technological generations in a gradual fashion. If eventually a point is reached where all parts of these foldamer printers are made by other foldamer printers <br> then the resulting devices would be qite on the compact end of the spectrum of self replicative systems. * More compact than self replication on the second assembly level. * Not as compact as the outdated concept of [[molecular assemblers]] since foldamer printers seem to depend on bigger pre-produced blocks. A goal of these printers thoug is to aim towards assembly of more advanced materials with smaller stiffer building blocks. <br> Exactly such kinds of materials that cannot be made via selfassembly. Otherwise these printers would be pointless. = Misc = == Products that are bigger than the build volume? == There are at least two options for doing this: * [[nonthermal selfassembly]] making it [[ribosome like chain assembly]] * positional for larger scale blocks by other means = External links = * Dr. Eric Drexler - The Path to Atomically Precise Manufacturing [https://youtu.be/dAA-HWMaF9o?t=835 (timestamp 13:55)] <br> Uploased to YT by The Artificial Intelligence Channel on 2017-09-18 * Dr Eric Drexler The Path to Atomically Precise Manufacturing [https://youtu.be/chtQDQb7PPo?t=835 (timestamp 13:55)] <br> Uploaded to YT by Daniel Yarmoluk on 2018-01-22 * Archived on internetarchive: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201120155938if_/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAA-HWMaF9o] ----- * Slides about the foldamer printer concept: [https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f33/Keynote%20presentation%20-%20Drexler.pdf] <br> 5 August 2015 INFAPM Workshop, Office of Advanced Manufacturing, DOE ----- k9cy0akl9dl88vw8aneot10tsrlhorb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 686 6918 2017-11-01T07:49:53Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Food structure irrelevancy gap]] to [[Why identical copying is unnecessary for foodsynthesis]]: much more comprehensible for passerby readers #REDIRECT [[Why identical copying is unnecessary for foodsynthesis]] opumf08fb9zhrqyldymfrua4f0d094m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 952 9145 2021-05-23T12:08:17Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Force applying mechanosynthesis]] to [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]: one less word - sounds better too - not sure why but it seems better #REDIRECT [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] dw5h0hgixfgiqcsoiy2err5zdyalryb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 850 9147 8452 2021-05-23T12:12:10Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect #REDIRECT [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] dw5h0hgixfgiqcsoiy2err5zdyalryb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1068 10109 2021-06-09T07:33:23Z Apm 1 only a redirect for now {{Stub}} For now see: [[Shape locking]] nsd60vbw69lmr7m1f02r5tfjbdmf8at wikitext text/x-wiki 0 338 10123 10122 2021-06-09T08:56:21Z Apm 1 /* Hierarchical locking */ {{stub}} (also called: shape locking, positive locking, positive closure, form closure ...) = Usage against thermal Van der Waals bond breakage in the low nanoscale - hirachical locking = When the contacting area of two [[diamondoid molecular element|building blocks]] is made smaller then they wont stick together as strong as before. If the contacting area gets so low that the '''Van der Waals bonding energy''' falls in the range of '''the energy range of the thermal excitations''' it becomes likely that connections get knocked open just by chance. Note that the critical surface area is rather small for room temperature and bulk (hydrogen terminated) diamond. A nice thing is that with linear rising contact area breakage probability for the VdW-bond falls exponentially thus areas that will never break are quickly reached. Shape locking might be especially important for high temperature applications where small contact areas become insufficient to hold things together. <br> Although for * some critical (quite small) contact area * a given (huge) number of contacts – multiplied by – a given (long) timespan – (ergodic?) time-number-product thermal excitations will melt the material before even ripping apart the first Van der Waals bond. <br> '''So risk of thermal-rip-apart of Van der Vaals bonds might not be relevant at all for all but the very smallest contact areas.''' <br> It would rather be a deliberate design choice to keep the contact area ultra low. If even possible. ([[spiky needle grabbing]]). Since there seems to be no special time-number-product this is not a special number but a curve. '''TODO (for solid diamond-diamond contact):''' * Plot the chance of first-bond-rip over time-number-product for different contact-areas. (shifted falling logistic curve??) * Plot the contact-area over the time-number-product for different chancces of first-bond-rip? * Plot the chance of first-bond-rip over over contact-area for given time-number-product? == At small scales more for strength than for holding things together == Given the [[Van der Waals force]] is holding things together quite well for assembly purposes in small scales form closure is: * rather a mean for strength against tensile and shearing loads * rather than a mean for holding things together temporarily Form closure becomes increasingly important as a [[connection mechanism]] with bigger scales. * Like dust and dirt can get in the way of [[Van der Waals force]] at the macroscale. * Like mass to surface area rises (and gravitation becoming relevant) == Hierarchical locking == To prevent [[diamondoid molecular element|building blocks]] from falling apart by accident (maybe only relevant for larger scales) one can chain shape locking together. <br> Part A can't be removed because part B is in the way. Part B can't be removed because part C is in the way. And so on and so forth. The only removable element, the last in assembly and first in disassembly (LIFO last in first out) needs to be an energetic energy barrier (generalized clip – '''energetic locking'''). Nanoscale this can be Van der Waals force. The energy barrier must be strong enough to reliably withstand thermal fluctuations of the operation temperature. Likely the case. Used can be: * Van der Waals sticking with sufficient surface (and back-volume density) * Clipping - a crystal deformation is needed to open the lock <br> (unlike macroscopic gemstones up to ~30% deformation is possible in flawless crystolecules) <br> When using clipping either one accepts significant energy loss or one gives the clips a shape that is grabbable. * Sparsely packed covalent bonds - (only reopenable in [[vacuum handling|practically perfect vacuum]]) * Densely packed covalent bonds - (not reopenable at all - see: [[atomically precise disassembly]]) Note that: * If an energy barrier of the lower levels (a bunch of covalent bonds) is overcome first it leads to a complete destruction of the structure. * Interfaces could be hierarchically locked with sliding planes. ['''todo:''' add info-sketch] ['''todo:''' calculate the amount of reduction in probability of failure (in chained shape locking structures) depending on contact areas and temperatures] == Basic serial chains using shape locking == Examples for possible solutions of this problem (1D structure examples): * [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:591203 sturdy chain that uses shape locking - leave to thingiverse] * [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:200203 serial hierarchical locking structure - leave to thingiverse] The necessary surface area for energetic locking via VdW sticking may be includable in a distributed form along the whole length of the chain ['''todo:''' investigate this]. == Assembly forking = Disassembly merging == Note that too long chains make a parallel assembly process impossible. Thus chains should not be made longer than necessary. To reduce that issue in structures (we are deviating from linear chains now) one can include '''forkings''' in the shape lock chaining. That is at some point at least two parts need to be removed such that the held part can be removed. This can increasing accessible working spots and speed up both assembly and disassembly. The downside is that one ends up with many open ends that all need energetic locking. == Assembly merging = Disassembly forking == One can '''merge''' the shape lock chain such that one ends up with a tree converging topology in the order of assembly. That way one can resort to only one single energetic end lock. Many parallel chains of equal length that contact side by side could be tied together at their ends by turning 90° into single orthogonal chain at their ends. This would make A single 2D sheet. Many of those sheets could be tied together similarly to make a cuboid. To disassemble such a cuboid shaped assembly the process must start at a corner then work down an edge proceed along a surface and finally disassemble the whole volume. The disadvantage is that when starting the disassembly work there is only one point to work on. == Summary == Inclunding both merging and forking one ends up with a directed acyclic graph topology. At temperatures around room temperature there probably wont be so much necessity of shape locking. ['''To investigate:''' How much shape locking is necessary in applications that are going to the limits of diamondoid materials] There is a need for methods to find an optimum. The product should not resemble a challenging shape lock puzzle but something that is most practical. = Usage in bigger scales = To make assembly reversible with low energy turnover while retaining near full material strength * [[Expanding ridge joint]] * [[Recycling]] = Usage in hierarchies = ... = Related = * [[Form closing interlocking]] * [[Connection method]] * [[Nanoscale connection method]] = External links = * Remotely related: Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_interlocked_molecular_architectures Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures (MIMAs)] i3m8wws5p9bbk5yjavizcaafqv28afm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1063 10078 2021-06-08T20:12:23Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] #REDIRECT [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] bc2zn3jn2hg1k6mffus5oyozy1h9pqt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 803 10871 10557 2021-06-24T07:22:00Z Apm 1 /* Related */ = Generally = * Bigger devices may stay permanently connect to the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]]. * Smaller devices for mobile uses may be connected too or used in conjunction with [[resource cartridges]]. Special form-factors may be present for special tasks like e.g. * extending or culling back on the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] * extending or culling back on a gem-gum street transport network * very large scale construction of houses, ships, and structures in space Smaller ones (up to garage door size maybe) could be called '''"personal gem-gum factories"''' <br> larger community controlled ones ones in analogy '''"mainframe gem-gum factories"'''<br> Related topic: [[Private ownership]] = Some thought about various form factors = == Tablet (portable keyless computer) form-factor == Basically the size of a tablet or a laptop or a school notebook of some sort. <br> The main point is portability. <br> A form factor that allows for convenient transport in backpacks. Usage will often be unplugged. <br> So one might want to charge up and lug around additional [[resource cartridges]]. <br> These may have the same rectangular form factor except greater thickness to pack more stuff in. <br> Thick and heavy like a massive book. [[Folding gem-gum factories|Designs that fold up]] to provide bigger area should be possible <br> if some more design effort is invested. === Phablet (big smartphone) form-factor === Like the Tablet one just a bit smaller. <br> For people who want to carry their device in their pants pockets. <br> This may be sufficiently big for Making some shoes. This form factor could be called: <br>'''"Pants-pockets gem-gum factory"'''. == Standalone photocopier form-factor == These would be located: * in every home in one of the main rooms like the living room, the kitchen or an office * in public on the side of walkways and streets All directly and permanently connected to the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] This direct connection means a vide variety of preassembled microcomponents is readily available leading to very high assembly speeds for all non exotic non super novel products. In cases maybe practically instant assembly for human senses. Of course one could make just plain faucets for the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]]. But almost everywhere will be enough space to add a photocopier sized terminal. If not a standanlone photocopier sized one than at least a tablet/laptop sized one. And if not that than at least the some means for spaning one at the endpoint. like a nametag keyfob form-factor one. This "leaf" may double as kind of a "seed". See further down. There is also the gem-gum factory that assembled the branch of the [[microcomponent redistribution system]] in the first place. But that one might be special in that it has a very different long cylindrical form factor especially optimized for construction of [[capsule transport]] wires and digging on the other end. And one might want to remove it / retract it / "suck" it in after wire laying work work is finished to the final branch tips. == Nametag keyfob form-factor == Given the small size and mass there is no harm in carrying such small a device around additionally to one of the tablet form factor ones. === Product size limitations === Unless it's not a foldable or otherwise stretching design the size of the immediate products are quite limited. Of course it's possible to first assemble bigger (longer) one and proceed with that. Possible direct products of keyfob form-factor gem-gum factories could include: <br> (highly random list) <br> * smart glasses, small hand input devices * knives, spoons, forks, bottle openers * writing pens, laser pointers, small hand tools * shoe laces, small short ropes and wires * jewellery === Energy supply limitations === More critically than size restrictions on products the [[resource cartridges]] for raw material and energy may be in-proportionally big. If [[air as a resource]] is used to avoid the need for a big cartridge then it will be necessary to procure and supply a considerable amount of energy from local resources. Quite big but very thin and flexible fold up solar panels could be integrated for providing that energy off grid. Think: small fold up frisbee or very small umbrella. Given the intended location of usage is sufficiently sunny. Ideally direct an high up sun. This will be slow. Of course it's possible to first very slowly assemble bigger gem-gum factory and much more solar cell area and then proceed with that with much more solar power and speed even in areas that are overclouded/shaddowy. Doing that multistage yields an exponential speedup. That only works to some limit though. If it's simply too dark (completely clouded, underground, in polar night, …) or there is not enough area available for lay out of (self anchoring?) solar cell foil then one obviously needs to look for other energy sources. * Manual cranking. This manufacturing keyfob is supposed to be carried by humans after all. * Wind power. Seems quite hard to pack something like that down into kefob size. But who knows. * Thermal differences. Having some micro-robots (not nano-robots) driving a thin needle into the ground. (low friction solid state heatpump) * Exotic inverse solar panels? Exploiting that fact that the cosmic background has a cold temperature of just ~3K Many of these may make more sense only after a second scaleup-stage <br> only after some initial scale-up powered by hand-cranking. All this is especially relevant for a scenario with a more or less global catastrophy where a bunch of geocached gem-gum factories of this form factor could provide a [[save point]] for technology. == Bigger == * Garage form-factor * Shipyard form-factor * Housing construction * Space construction = Related = * [[Microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] g5ljf38s72sgrads6ytkjr0w0eh6hri wikitext text/x-wiki 0 363 4067 2015-09-26T05:32:14Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Form locking]] to [[Shape locking]]: personal preference? #REDIRECT [[Shape locking]] ap16pgvcx5b7jglqqcgn33wqlsckwfi wikitext text/x-wiki 0 583 12084 12077 2021-09-26T08:50:22Z Apm 1 formatting for better readability {{stub}} == External links == * Experiencing formal systems as a puzzle game - very good! <br> '''The Incredible Proof Machine http://incredible.pm/''' === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system Formal_system], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language Formal_language], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar Formal_grammar] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree Abstract_syntax_tree], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form Backus–Naur_form]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting Rewriting] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_(logic) Substitution], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_substitution Explicit_substitution] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy Chomsky_hierarchy] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra Boolean_algebra] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws De Morgan's laws], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh_map Karnaugh_map]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus Propositional_calculus], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_propositional_logic Second-order_propositional_logic] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_logic Second-order_logic]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_logic Higher-order_logic] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic Intuitionistic_logic], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_type_theory Intuitionistic_type_theory], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_correspondence Curry–Howard_correspondence] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus Untyped_lambda_calculus], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_typed_lambda_calculus Simply_typed_lambda_calculus], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typed_lambda_calculus Typed_lambda_calculus], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_F System_F] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy Evaluation_strategy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_index De_Bruijn_index] (or better [https://pchiusano.github.io/2014-06-20/simple-debruijn-alternative.html alternative]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_cube Lambda_cube], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_type Dependent_type] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics Foundations_of_mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory Category_theory], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corecursion Corecursion] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_logic Categorical_logic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_closed_category Bicartesian_closed_category] (Homotopy type theory, Lawvere theories) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_constructions Calculus_of_constructions], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification Formal_verification], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving Automated_theorem_proving], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_computation Symbolic_computation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_algebra_system Computer_algebra_system] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Programming]] fzsdmedftlgseta9sl32tifo09xsq8i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 585 9757 7082 2021-06-01T12:51:15Z Apm 1 added * [[The limits and guesses in math]] * [[A true but useless theory of everything]] {{speculative}} == Axioms - truth's without reason == Without a basic set of axioms math cannot be performed. Axioms by definition cannot be proven in their own formal system. If they get proven then it becomes clear that they where no axioms in the first place. Axioms draw their value from trust building up from repeated successful applicability. In fact these axioms present the wisdom modern society put the highest level of trust in. But still there's no absolute guarantee that even the most fundamental axioms might turn out to be non axiom and possibly even wrong. If so then they can only be wrong in very extreme cases otherwise we would have recognized way sooner. Just as in physics advancing capabilities may sometimes force one to change (refine) ones fundamental truths (here "laws of nature" instead of axioms) such that they continue to be useful. From Newton to Einstein, from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics, from gravity and electromagnetism to those plus strong and weak force, and so no and so forth. In the end accepting axioms runs down to practicality / pragmatism.<br> It seems this somehow ties math to physics. === How many axioms are there? === Math tries to keep the number of axioms as small as possible (and of course finite). And for a good reason. In some sense axioms are the antithesis to science. The point where you're forced to switch to trust, faith, magic and miracles. But is the number of axioms really finite? There's a connection between axioms and the halting problem(s) (or the Entscheidungsproblem) that suggests the existence of an infinite number of axioms. By systematically (combinatorially) constructing all constructible programs (the lambda calculus is very suitable for doing that) and then executing them in a cantor triangular parallel fashion * like so [p1-s1, p1-s2,p2-s1, p1-s3,p2-s2,p3-s1, p1-s4,p2-s3,p3-s2,p4-s1, ...] (p...program, s...execution step) one runs into an unending amount of programs that seem to refrain from stopping / terminating. Since its provably impossible to have a program that can tell whether one of these programs (chosen from ''all'' the seemingly no-nstopping ones) halts or not, the only way to find out is to investigate them one by one. It is often believed that Kurt Gödel thought the human mind is special for being capable of solving ''all'' these individual halting questions. '''This is not true.''' {{todo|find and add relevant citation and context clearing up the usual misunderstanding}} Back then there was one physical way the human mind was (and mostly still is) special compared to computers though. Computers back then where strongly isolated from the universe. They had no notable sensors to speak of and artificial intelligence was far from anything. Both are requirements for judging the practicability of some new hypothesis thus they couldn't and still mostly can't bet on the acceptability of a new axiom. * Related to "truths without reason" in math is "effect without cause" in physics.<br>This one seems to be present in quantum randomness and the big bang. * It seems what are axioms in one "framework" can be derivable in another framework with different axioms and vice versa. == Classic vs intuitionistic / constructive == Unconstrained math allows proof by contradiction without forcing one to give concrete counterexamples. Sometimes the existence of some mathematical objects can be proven that cannot (yet?) be constructed. === From programming === Coming from the practical realm of programming (especially purely functional programming) it turned out that types correspond to logic propositions in math (the Curry-Howard isomorphism). But interestingly this logic corresponds to a subset of math that comes without the aforementioned proof by contradiction. Practical programming can also be linked to category theory. This is going one step further (the Curry-Howard-Lambek isomorphism). In category theory there are only ''objects'' and ''morphisms'' present as base constructs. Objects have no internal structure. It's kind of like defining a concept not by whats inside (intensional equality) but solely by how and to what it connects to. It's kind of like defining existence itself. Without any context any concept would become completely meaningless and nonexistent. Given exhaustive content a missing context can be completely reconstructed. Or in a practical setting: Only if one has some remaining context one has a chance to do some reconstruction. (Specific case: The total loss of a strongly linked to website does not remove all its information) === Category theory === From the insight form category theory: * one finds that beside the "product-type" (that is the type of tuples) that is implemented in almost every programming language there is also a symmetric thing called "sum-type" (that is an "Either A or B or ..." type). This one is just as important (given it's symmetry this is perhaps unsurprising). The missing of this second one in many programming languages had and still has horrible consequences. * one finds that one can even do calculus with types (derivation of datatypes somewhat relates to data diffing) These sings are further related to generating functions which are used in physics to connect fundamental symmetries with conserved quantities (Nöther theorem). * one finds many cases of the co & contra symmetry - one case is the division between "upward" constructive corecursion building things up from the "initial element" and the other direction normal "contra-recursion" evaluating the built up stuff. Sometimes one direction is completely natural while the other is rather surprising or one does not even know for what this might be useful yet. == Related == * [[The limits and guesses in math]] * [[A true but useless theory of everything]] == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics Foundations_of_mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system Formal_system] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem Entscheidungsproblem], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem Halting_problem], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory Category_theory], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_and_terminal_objects Initial_and_terminal_objects], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corecursion Corecursion], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_union Sum_type] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function, Generating_function], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Noether's_theorem] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom Axiom], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_infinity Axiom_of_infinity], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_function Successor_function] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_ordinal Successor_ordinal], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number#Von_Neumann_construction Natural_number#Von_Neumann_construction] * ... l0ex32ikyy4024lgkdulo9gkm3oqaez wikitext text/x-wiki 0 7 5804 4708 2017-06-29T14:54:15Z Apm 1 added link to [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} When Building a solid structure without voids with the components of the productive nanosystem (deprecated assemblers or nanofactory grains) dispersed thorough a whole sccaffold those p.nanosystem componends need to be removed through a tree like structure. When the Block is almost finished the tree channels get thinner and thinner up to a point where the process becomes slower than the building process would be with a "conventional" layer of a 2D nanofactory. If the average process speed increases is an non trivial question '''to investigate''' when we have enough information to do so. {{todo|add illustration from paper sketch notes}} == Related == * [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 12vcipk9m7zvtkpdaqdbm12fgq9ovy4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1041 9895 2021-06-03T09:39:22Z Apm 1 minimal page {{stub}} == Limited fractal character in assembly levels == Due too changing physics over size scales (See: [[scaling law]]s) <br> there is quite some deviation from a self similar (aka fractal) design when going down <br> the [[assembly levels]] (which might be implemented as [[assembly layers]]) of a [[gem-gum factory]]. <br> That is: Lower assembly levels are not quite scaled down versions of the assembly levels higher up. <br> The similarity of [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] is just a similarity in first approximation. <br> Taking a closer look reveals that there are huge differences. == About fractal branching networks == For one reason why tree like or lung-like or blood-vessel-like designs are not necessarily a good approach see: * [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] == Fractal design for system redundancy == See: [[Resilience boost by fractal design]] – e.g. in [[muscle motor]]s k1lkj8seselwrkahzhp817tafhwcsr0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 660 11938 11937 2021-09-17T09:27:14Z Apm 1 /* In gemstone metamaterial technology */ simplification {{Stub}} == Nanoscale friction == == In gemstone metamaterial technology == '''See main page: [[Friction in gem-gum technology]]''' <smalL>This contains quantitaive estimations.</small> Despite [[higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery]] <br> the [[friction in gem-gum technology]] stays manageable. <br> This is due to: * (1) [[Convergent assembly]] or equivalently ... * (2) [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] and ... * (X) [[Superlubricity]] A bit more detailed but still brief eplanations to these effects/factors <br> can be found on the page [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]]. == In existing nanotechnologies == === Stiff === * Pretty much the only case where the above can already be experimentally tested (as of 2021) is in nested nanotubes and sliding graphene sheets. * At the microscale with [[MEMS]] there is the issue with [[stiction]]. Which may paint a misleading picture of how friction and wear scales when going down even further the sizescales. === Soft === It's hard to talk about friction is systems that are akin to biological cells. <br> It's obviously not that there are no energy dissipation losses. There necessarily are other energy devaluating mechanisms that are not "friction". While in thermally driven diffusion transport there is no "friction" the energy needs to be "expended" at the "pitstops" instead. This is necessary in order to prevent reactions and diffusion transports to run backwards. Stiff artificial nanosystems could be superior to nanosoft (natural and artificial) <br> because they may allow for more complete [[energy recuperation]] <br> using [[dissipation sharing]]. That is the "energetic change money" is not lost. == Macroscale friction == === Classical friction === There is classical friction with the friction coefficient µ. <br> Present e.g. in dry sliding sleeve bearings. * This type of friction is in first approximation independent of sliding (or rolling) speed * This type of friction is in first approximation independent of contact area * This type of friction is in dependent on normal force (load) === Dynamic drag === There is dynamic drag in liquids and gasses. <br> Present e.g. in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic bearings. * This type of friction is dependent on speed * This type of friction is dependent on contact area * there is dependence on normal force (load) but it requires an extended model. === Macroscale bearings made form gemstone based nanomachinery === This is about the [[gemstone based metamaterial]] that is [[infinitesimal bearing]]s. <br> Distributing the speed difference over many layers can give low friction per bearing area even for higher speeds. <br> The rising total bearing interface are is overcompensated by the drop in friction from dropping speed. <br> Overall '''doubling the thickness of the stack of bearing layers halves the friction'''. <br> A inverse proportional linear relationship. Practical bearings can have quite thin stacks of bearing layers. <br> Thin from the human scale perspective. == Related == * '''[[Friction in gem-gum technology]]''' * '''[[Superlubricity]] reducing friction''' * [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] * [[Friction mechanisms]] * [[Rising surface area]] causing more friction * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] – [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Feynman path]] – A naive form of scaling down saw blades and drills to the nanoscale (infeasible) * [[Pages with math]] * [[Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines (paper)]] [[Category:Pages with math]] == External links == * Evidence of misconception: See section: "Fundamental Concepts" [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanoelectronics&diff=775073056&oldid=770052236 Wikipedia: Nanoelectronics (2017-04-12)] (common false negatives). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160322114752/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/10/nanomachines-how-the-videos-lie-to-scientists/ Nanomachines: How the Videos Lie to Scientists] ([[metamodern blog archive|Eric Drexlers metamodern blog]] (archive) 2009-02-10) == Table of Contents == __TOC__ o1t399szi9fs25sdamk2ucx1xaljepz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 587 11975 11973 2021-09-19T20:12:08Z Apm 1 /* Qualitatively */ some reformulations {{wikitodo|This page needs major cleanup - several parts need to be merged and completed and factored out}} <br> Up: [[Friction]] '''[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]''' has in the past received some seriously bad reputation because it comes with a bunch of [[common misconceptions|mental trapdoors]] that led a a number of very smart reputational and vocal people to bad conclusions. One of these bad conclusions is that macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale would lead to exorbitant amounts of friction. A very wrong conclusion, as I will try to show below. <small>(There are other misled criticisms to the idea beside the false conclusion of exorbitant friction. For a discussion of those you may want to check out the main page about [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]].)</small> = Dodge the trapdoors = * '''Yes, It is true that physics changes when the size-scale changes.''' <br>But who says it changes for the worse when it comes to [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]? * '''Yes, It is true that [[rising surface area|surface area grows with shrinking structure sizes]], and that this contributes to friction.''' <br>But there are other effects that overcompensate growing surface area and these are very often overlooked. * '''Yes, It is true that unlike diffusion transport there is friction all the time along the whole way.''' <br>But it's often overlooked that diffusion must devaluate chunks of energy at its "pit-stops" to prevent transport from running backwards and that the "change money" energy that gets left over at these "pit-stops" cannot be kept and used reused. <br><small>Whereas in [[machine phase system]]s keeping and reuseing the energetic change money may be possible.</small> * '''Yes, It is true that there is no natural example of macro style machinery at the nanoscale (similar to the one proposed).''' <br>But concluding from that that it's not possible or a worse solution is a fallacy. There are plenty of human invented things that exceed capabilities of nature by orders of magnitude. To give just a few examples: Bicycles, combustion engines (spaceships), copper wires (superconductors), wheels and streets, ... * '''Yes, It is true that MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) have high friction (and very bad wear).''' <br>But in case of MEMS this is due to MEMS not having atomically precise [[superlubricity|suberbublicating]] bearings but instead have a really bad signal to noise ratio in their geometry due to them being manufactured top-down. = Main sources of friction and countermeasures = Friction in [[gem-gum-tec|gemstone based nanomachinery]] is mainly caused by: * (1) band-stiffness scattering drag and * (2) shear-reflection drag Source: [[Nanosystems]] 10.4.6. Mechanisms of Energy dissipation f. Summary {{todo|find and add an intuitively comprehensible explanation for these two [[phonon interaction based dissipation mechanisms]]}} == Tuning for superlubricity against band-stiffness scattering drag == Only (1) can be reduced by tuning for [[superlubricity]] till (2) gets dominant. <br> '''Maybe about x100 lower friction possible tuned vs untuned?''' == Cranking up "compenslow" to reduce friction overall == Both (1) and (2) can be reduced cranking up the "[[compenslow]]" design parameter. <br> Higher "compenslow" means an increased amount of nanomachinery that all runs at a slower absolute speed. <br> "Compenslow" is a portemonteau for "by more machinery compensated slowdown" '''When doubling the compenslow:''' * The total throughput per chip area (areal throughput density) stays unchanged! * Friction losses are cut in half. * The thickness of the nanomachinery layer doubles. <small>(this is not an issue)</small> * the internal bearing area per chip area doubles and speeds are cut in half. '''Increasing compenslow can reduce losses from friction by many orders of magnitude.''' <br> <small>At some point friction from fast transport motions should become relevant.<br> Only the assembly motions are slowed down but these nake up most of the distance the robotics travels.</small> == Don't over-optimize friction way below mechanochemical losses == For systems that perform [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] and or [[chemomechanical conversion]] <br> it's only sensible to tune friction down so far that [[losses from mechanochemical reactions]] become clearly dominant. <br> <small>Note that the increased amount of nanomachinery that results from for standard parts specialized subsystems <br> already leads to some minimal compenslow.</small> For systems that do not perform any mechanochemical conversions like e.g. [[microcomponent recomposer]]s <br> losses from friction may become the remaining dominant factor. Relevant in the context of [[recycling]]. <br> So here going all out on minimizing friction may really pay off. = Employing scaling laws against friction = '''Overcompensating increased friction from increased bearing area'''<br> '''See main page: [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]]''' === The two core physical facts that provide the lion-share of lowering friction === [[File:NongrowingAreaInConvergentAssembly.png|thumb|400px|In simple [[convergent assembly]] all layers feature the same total bearing area. So the bottommost nanomachinery has no more bearing surface area than the topmost macromachinery (despite [[higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery]]). Furthermore for practical jumps of scale (x32?) there are only a few layers of convergent assembly.]] * [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]]<br> Halving the size of the robotics has doubles the throughput per volume <small>when robotic keeping speeds (NOT frequencies) constant.</small> <br><small>This means that in a naive first approximation the total bearing area of nanomchinery in a [[gem-gum factory]] is no bigger than the bearing area of macromachinery. It's desirable to deviate quite a bit from that first approximation, but as it turns out that only drops friction even further despite increasing bearing area.</small> * [[power losses from friction scale quadratic with speed]] <br> that is: 1/2 the speed of the machinery => 1/4th friction power losses === The two main tricks that apply and combine these physical facts to great avail === [[File:ReducingFrictionByDeliberateSlowdown.png|thumb|left|400px|'''The first trick:''' Friction can be reduced by a lot by slowing down the speed of operation of (bottom-most) nanomachinery. In order to not loose throughput capacity [[Multilayer assembly layers|just add more nanomachinery compensating the slowdown]]. This still remains an imperceptibly thin layer on the [[gem-gum factory]] chip due to the [[higher throughput of smaller machinery|high throughput density of nanomachinery]]. '''Total friction losses falls despite rising bearing area!!''']] [[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-sketch.png|thumb|right|250px|speed distributions from conventional to infinitesimal bearing|frame|'''The second trick:''' [[Infinitesimal bearings]]: 2x the number of layers => 1/2x the friction. This is because the drop in friction from reduced speed (x1/4) overcompensates the rise in friction from increased bearing area (x2). This is only applicable at the higher assembly levels with larger scale machinery.]] * Distribute productive activity over a lot more layers of nanomachinery <br>(there is more than sufficient space to do so. See [[multilayer assembly layers]]) * [[Infinitesimal bearings|Distribute speed differences over multiple coplanar surfaces]] <br>(there is ore than sufficient space to do so) ---- * In both cases there is more then sufficient space available to do so. * In both cases speed falls linearly with the number of bearing layers. <br> This gives simultaneously a linear increase (more bearing area) and a quadratic fall (less bearing speed) of friction losses. <br> That is: overall a linear fall of friction losses. ---- * The first case is relevant for the bottom-most layer of [[convergent assembly]] in [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] * The second case is relevant for higher up layers of [[convergent assembly]] where larger scale bearings are possible. == Smaller contributions == * Bearing can be tuned for good [[superlubricity]] * minimization of travel-distance needed per chemical synthesis operation <br> dissipation falls linearly with the path traveled Minimization of travel-distance leads towards the nanofactory design and away from the molecular assembler design. <br> {{wikitodo|elaborate on that}} = Quantitatively (Math and Numbers) = == Dynamic drag in superlubricating gemstone bearings - vs - viscous drag in liquids == '''There is at least 2,000.0 to 100,000.0 times less friction in gemstone bearings compared to movement at the same speed in water.''' <br> So when it comes to peak performance parameters <br> soft nanotechnologies and artificial [[synthetic biology]] derived from molecular biology, <br> is fundamentally massively inferior to [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] Yes, this much lower friction is still more than the zero friction that is as present in diffusion transport. <br> But this misses a crucial point. <br> For diffusion transport to happen it still needs to "expend" energy (still needs to devaluate free energy). <br> It is just that the free energy expense need to be payed up at the pitstops (when crossing cell- and vesticle-membranes) rather than during the transport motion. (see external links) So: <br> '''Diffusion transport driven by concentration gradients does NOT make biological nanosystems fundamentally more efficient than conveyorbelt style transport in stiff dry artificial nanosystems in a vacuum.''' === Associated math === Source: <ref name="phononvsviscousdrag"> '''Eric Drexlers former homepage (webarchive):''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212101/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids]</ref> '''Rotating sphere in Water:''' (Source: <ref name="viscdrag"> '''Viscous torque on a sphere:''' Landau, L, and Lifshitz, E (1987) Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed. Pergamon Press p.91.</ref>) * <math> \omega = v/R </math> * Drag-torque: <math> M_{flow} = -8 \pi \eta R^3 \omega </math> * Dissipation: <math> P_{flow} = M_{flow} \omega = 8 \pi \eta R v^2 </math> With: <math> \eta \approx 10 \times 10^{-3} Pa \cdot s </math> and <math> R = 2nm </math> * Dissipation: <math> P_{flow} \approx 5 \times 10^{-11} v^2 W = 5 \times 10^{-11} W/(m/s)^2</math> ---- '''Gemstone sleeve nearing:''' (Source: <ref name="pdrag"> '''Drag mechanisms in symmetrical sleeve bearings:''' Drexler, K. E. (1992) ''[[Nanosystems]]: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation.'' Wiley/Interscience, pp.290–293.</ref>) * <math> P_{drag} = 5.8 \times 10^{-16} W/(m/s)² -- \Delta k_a / k_a = 0.003</math> * <math> P_{drag} = 2.7 \times 10^{-14} W/(m/s)² -- \Delta k_a / k_a = 0.4 </math> ---- '''Ratio:''' * <math> P_{flow} / P_{drag} \approx 2000 … 100000</math> == Despite superlubricity dynamic drag can be significant == {{wikitodo|add doublelog gnulot plot of examples}} While static friction in superlubricity falls to nigh zero, <br> '''Dynamic (speed dependent) friction can be quite significant for higher speeds.''' For higher speeds and bearings that do not resort to: * [[levitation|some mean of levitation]] ( only possible for low loads ) or * [[infinitesimal bearings|bearing stratification]] ( only possible for bigger nearings ) ... the friction per area can actually get quite high for higher speeds. {| class="wikitable left" style="margin-left: auto; margin-left: 0px;" |- | v=100µm/s | '''v=1mm/s''' <br>(proposed speed) | '''v=10mm/s'''<br>(proposed speed) | v=100mm/s | v=1m/s | v=10m/s |- | 230nW/m² to 10µW/m² | 23µW/m² to 1mW/m² | 2.3mW/m² to 100mW/m² | 230mW/m² to 10W/m² | 23W/m² to 1kW/m² | 2.3kW/m² to 100kW/m² |} * <math> P_{drag} = 23 W/(m²(m/s)²) -- \Delta k_a / k_a = 0.003</math> * <math> P_{drag} = 1080 W/(m²(m/s)²) -- \Delta k_a / k_a = 0.4 </math> Source: [[Nanosystems]] Equation (10.27) <ref name="pdrag"/> -- But here calculated backwards to friction per area from friction per bearing. <br> <small>'''Note:''' These are highly conservative estimates. Real values should be quite a bit lower.</small> Halving the linear speed (in units of m/s) quaters the friction losses. <br> And going down from 1m/s to 1mm/s the friction losses fall by a factor of a million (1,000,000). <br> More technically: Dynamic friction for crystolecules scales quadratically with speed. <br> === Why significant dynamic drag at higher speeds is this is not a problem === <small> Note: This section is redundant but provides a different formulation. Skip ahead if the everything so far was clear.</small> ==== Worry #1: Looking at the table friction per area for small speeds like 1m/s is quite high. ==== Friction can be ''massively'' massively reduced by reducing the linear speed of motions (speed in units m/s NOT Hz!). <br> And '''we can totally afford to reduce the linear speed of motion in [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s because all the machinery that is needed for practical levels of throughput fits in a super thin layer at the very bottom of the [[convergent assembly]] of a [[gem-gum factory]] chip.''' <br> <small>(Reason: [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] - things scale favorably here)</small> We just need to make the bottom layer [[gem-gum factory]] chip a bit thicker <br> to compensate for the loss of speed and we are back at the original throughput. <br> <small>(We want to do that anyway because many different specialized assembly lines need space.)</small> One totally can afford to slow down so much in advanced productive nanosystems like [[gem-gum factories]] <br> because there is plenty of space to compensate by just adding more nanomachinery. '''Q:''' '''But what about the additional bearing area?''' <br> '''A:''' Yes, the total bearing area increases. <br> But while 10x the amount of nanomachinery gives 10x the bearing area <br> the friction per area falls by 100x due to 1/10th the speed. <br> So overall friction falls by 10x. PS: Also note that the table above gives conservative (pessimistic) estimates on levels of friction. ==== Worry #2: Nanotech has a lot of surface area per volume. Won't that cause friction to become excessive? ==== '''Q:''' Shouldn't there be massive amounts of bearing surface area? <br> It's nanomachinery after all, and and for nanotechnology the surface to volume ratio gets extremely high? <br> '''A:''' Surface per volume is indeed high. BUT: '''We barely need any volume to achieve practical levels of throughput.''' <br> <small>(Reason: [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] - things scale favorably here)</small> Looking at [[convergent assembly]] in a first naive approximation every layer has exactly the same bearing area. <br> So the bottom-most nanomachinery layer has exactly the same bearing area as the topmost macroscale assembly chamber. <br> In practice one would want to deviate form naive [[convergent assembly]] by making the bottom layer thicker, <br> which, as described above, only improves the situation with friction losses from dynamic drag. As for the bearing area of the convergent assembly layers higher up: * (1) There are only a few convergent assembly layers present (take 32nm chambers times 32 four times and you are at 32mm). * (2) Bigger bearings can [[nest many layers|infinitesimal bearings]]. Again. Same trick. Area x10 & speed x1/10 => overall friction x1/10. == Highly conservative form Nanosystems {{wikitodo|check and merge this section}} == '''Assumed:''' * A [[crystolecule]] bearing with 2nm radius and 2nm length * Bearing stiffness k = 1000N/m * Bearing bumpiness [[superlubricity|incommensurability]]: R = abs(m/(m-n)) = 10 * Bearing operating temperature: Roomtemperature 300K The dominant power loss contributions (Nanosystems 10.4.6.f.) give: <br> * P = 2.7*10⁻14 W / (m/s)^2 -- (for Δk_a/k_a = 0.4) or * P = 5.8*10⁻16 W / (m/s)^2 -- (for Δk_a/k_a = 0.003) So how much waste heat would one get for a reasonable desktop [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]]? <br> It is not calculated in [[Nanosystems]] since energy recuperation inefficiencies * in force applying mechanosynthesis and * "covalent welding" block assembly likely dominates. But let's confirm that:<br> The proposed [[nanofactory]] convergent assembly system architecture (Nanosystems Table 14.1.) lists (as reasonable) a few times 10^17 units at the lowest [[assembly levels]]. Nanosystems provides no info about how many bearings per unit to assume. But Let's assume 100 bearings per unit. This kinda seems like a reasonable (that is pessimistic and on the safe side) assumption. (applied [[Exploratory engineering]]) This gives: * P = TODO * P = TODO Note that this is (on purpose) a rather pessimistic ("conservative") estimation. Also the assumed 10¹⁹ bearings give ''a total internal bearing sliding surface area of about: <br> S = 200m^2''' -- Which intuitively feels like quite a lot but not overly excessive. === Side-notes regarding the Numbers given above === In [[Nanosystems]] 10.4.6. some examples are calculated for 1m/s sliding speed (it gives about 80MHz for the r=2nm l=2nm bearing). It's worth to note that a sliding speed of 1m/s is already quite fast. The actually proposed speeds are more on the order of about 1mm/s (1000 times slower). This makes power losses no less than one million times lower (since the two dominant drag mechanisms scales quadratically with speed). According to [[Nanosystems]] 10.4.6.f. the two dominating effects of for friction in [[crystolecule]] bearings (at speeds of interest ) are: * band-stiffness scallering and * shear-reflection drag Other drag mechanisms (acoustic radiation, band-flutter scattering, thermoelastic damping) all give negligible contributions (at least for the speeds of interest). = Numbers from papers -- less safe (since more optimistic) = For much more optimistic but less absolutely certainly on the safe side numbers there is work on coaxial carbon nanotubes: Also in contrast to crystolecule bearings nanotube bearings are already somewhat accessible to experiments. The following is from the paper: <br> "Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines" '''Assumed:''' * A nanotube bearing with 0.6nm radius and 5nm length * Bearing operating temperature: Roomtemperature 300K * Simulation was done at the rather high speed of 30m/s ~ 8GHz * P = 2.9(+-1.5)*10^-33 W/(rad/s)^2 Or converted into the same units as used in Nanosystems : * P = 7.25*10^-12 W/(m/s)^2 For the above assumed 10^19 bearings this gives: * P = TODO = '''TODO''' update chapters below = === Flawless surfaces drop friction significantly === In contrast to etched micro-systems where the relative manufacturing error gets bigger with shrinking size. Atomically precise machinery has no error allow [[superlubrication]] which drops friction at least three orders of magnitude == Evolved molecular biology is not a proof that diffusion transport is the ideal solution with minimal losses == With those aforementioned effects cog-and-gear nanomachinery could potential feature smaller losses than diffusion driven natural systems (more on that comparison further down). To quantify that more in depth investigations are needed. === The issue === Nature is often (probably mostly out of psychological reasons) seen as unsurpassable. But actually it is completely unknowable whether nature as a whole will be "surpassed" by artificial technology in the far future ([[nature vs technology|get side-tracked]]). Regardless of that, specific aspects of nature definitively can (and have been) surpassed by artificial technologies (there are [[technology exceeding nature in performance|countless examples]]). Evolution ended up with diffusion transport and not cog-and-gear-machinery. Taken the former in to consideration that does by no means imply that this is the best or only solution. Actually evolution is facing severe [[Evolution#Limits_of_natural_evolution|limitations]] (lock-in-effect, incrementalism, ...). (This is only one of the many cases where [[misconceptions|bio-analogies]] can have a problematic effect on perception.) === Why cog-and-gear transport may be more efficient === While diffusion transport features no friction during the transport process itself diffusion transport is not at all lossless. At intermediate passing stations some energy always needs to be converted to heat (tech term: dissipated). Otherwise the chemical reactions would not have a preferred direction to go and all the molecular "machinery" would cease to do anything. Of course cog-and gear nanomachinery has exactly the same requirement. The big difference is that in biological systems energy often comes in discrete disconnected chunks. If ther's more than needed the excess is dissipated without being used for some desired effect. In a crude analogy it's like being unable to accept the change money. In cog-and-gear nanomachinery everything is linked together in one big [[machine phase]] There energy can be drawn in a continuous rather than discrete fashion. The dissipation necessary for forward moving operation (arrow of time) can be balanced and minimized further down to the absolutely unconditionally required minimum. See main article: "[[Low speed efficiency limit]]" == Proposed machine speeds are WAY below speeds of thermal motion == In gemstone based nanomachinery one usually wants the operation frequencies to be well below the thermal motion frequencies. Otherwise the mechanical motions couple too strongly into thermal motions and things will get very hot very quickly. The frequencies of thermal motions can be seen in oscillation infrared spectra. Typical covalent bonds are located in the wavelength range of 3µm-30µm. This corresponds to 10THz-0.1PHz. Related: [[Stroboscopic illusion in animations of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] == Typical operation frequencies == This is strongly depending on the method of bearing ([[superlubrication]] / single sp³ bonds as bearings / some for m of levitation / ... ) and efficiency of operations. * For mechanosynthetic mills in a [[nanofactory]] where larger forces are present and potentially slightly inefficient mechanosynthesis is performed the low MHz range is a good target. * For low friction bearings (like in [[nanomechanical computing]]) one can go up into the high MHz to low GHz range. This still leaves a gap of three orders of magnitude to the oszillative thermal motion DOFs. == Less soft nanomachinery => less drag == Unlike compliant bio-molecules in water [[stiffness|stiff structures]] like carbon nanotubes (or bearings out of gemstone) in dry vacuum do not provide low energy low frequency rotative degrees of freedom (DOFs) to couple into. Those DOFs could (if they where present like in water) go down all the way to the microwave range: ~ 3cm & 10GHz. So overlap of mechanical motion with rotative thermal motion isn't so much of a problem even at higher operation frequencies. Note that existing simulations of [[crystolecule]]s can show a a '''stroboscopic effect'''. That can lead one to believe machine motion and thermal motion lie very close together and that consequently friction would be horrendous. This is not the case. It's just an artifact of the simulation. == Related == * '''[[Friction]]''' * The myth that [[diffusion transport]] does not need to dissipate energy or is fundamentally more efficient. * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Levitation]] * [[Crystolecule]]s * [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] [[Nanosystems]] – Chapter 7 – Energy Dissipation – (page 161 to 190) == External links == * {{todo|Add ref's to relevant chapters in "Nanosystems"}} ---- * Paper: [https://www.mse.ncsu.edu/CompMatSci/papers/TTN4_p9700_1.pdf Molecular-dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction of diamond surfaces] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy Rotational spectroscopy] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%E2%80%93vibrational_spectroscopy Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy Thermal infrared spectroscopy] = References = <references/> qx4y1cq3kz5afvuib2jse2szypn2bi5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1123 11099 10795 2021-07-01T09:36:45Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added [[Electronic transitions]] == Spin in piezochemical mechanosynthesis == '''[[Inter system crossing]]''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing (wikipedia)]: <br> This can lead to the problem in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] that when pressing [[moieties]] together too fast to hard, <br> the reaction can actually lock up and slow down rather than speed up. {{wikitodo|check details}} <br> This is one of the listed points in: [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis#Surprising facts]] Spin flips in tool-tips (to create an anti-parallel bonding singlet state) can be influenced by <br> nearby massive atoms with high spin orbit coupling. <br> {{wikitodo|find out how that is supposed to be working}} {{todo|answer questions below – eventually explain and illustrate results}} <br> '''Perhaps open questions are:''' * Which heavy elements to use for speeding up reactions by speeding up inter system crossing? * Which geometries to place these atoms on the tooltips ideally? (proximity, overlap, reaction participation, orientation, ...) * How important is this: How big is the effect and how do different reactions vary? '''Related:''' * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] [[Nanosystems]] (from glossary) about '''Inter system crossing ...''' * ... and energy dissipation, 224 * ... in pi-bond torion, 231 * ... radical coupling, 215 * ... rates of, 197, 216 * ... and reaction reliability, 210 * (also noted on page 235 top) == The issue with limited abundance of the magnetically most interesting elements == Beside iron and the the transition elements around it (Ni,Co, ..) <br> the elements with the most interetsing magnetic properties are the ones with f-shells. <br> The rare earth elements, the Lanthanides. <br> While these are not terribly scarce (as the name "rare earths" might erroneously suggest) <br> they are still by no means as abundant as most of the elements at the top of the periodic table. Also going from left to right the abundances quickly drop. So applications are better suited for catalytic purpouses where there isn't a need for large quantities. Today (2021) rare earth elements are needed in high quantity for making large macroscale magnets in windmills. <br> (Setting free large quantities ultra fine of radioactive thorium rich dust in the process of mining.) <br> With advanced [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] nanoelectrostatically operating [[electromechanical converter]]s <br> will be available to replace generators needing magnets that depend on large uantities of rare earth elements. <br> Of course other conventional non atomically precise technology solving that problem beforehand would be nice and welcome and can't be excluded. == Controlling spins == === Via mechanical forces === For now see: [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] <br> What's described there could perhaps be used to pair and unpair spins. <br> But enforcing a common direction of spins (like present in ferromagnetism) by mechanical means is another story. === Via electrical means === Wide existing research field ... <br> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman_effect Zeeman effect] (Quantum energy level splitup induced by interaction with external fields) == Some other maybe interesting related trivia == === Electron spins === '''Triplet- and singlet-oxygen:'''<br> Oxygen has as its unexcited state the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_state triplet state] with unpaired parallel electron spins <br> (meaning it is a stable diradical). This is quite unusual. <br> The excited state of oxygen is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen singlet oxygen] with paired antiparallel spins. <br> Singlet oxygen is quite metastable leading to fluorescence (red colored) '''Orhto- and para-helium''':<br> Ortohelium is heliums ground state (with necessarily paired antiparallel spins). <br> Parahelium with unpaired parallel spins (and necessarily one electron in the 2s shell) <br> is surprisingly metastable (despite being excited by a whopping 19,8 eV). There is a "forbidden" state transition. <br> (Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_atom Helium atom]) === Nuclear spins === A rare case where nuclear spins have a huge (physical) effect are the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen nuclear spin isomers of hydrogen]. Nuclear spins usually have only minor effect on physical and chemical properties. <br> But they are very useful for analytic (and in the future maybe computation) purposes. == Generally == Magnetism behaves deeply quantum mechanically even at quite high temperatures (meaning room temperature) <br> and that across size scales spanning several atoms. <br> This is making crude approximations harder (or impossible). == Related == * [[Mechanically stable electronically excited states]] * Polyaromatic pigments, F-centers in gemstones, ...See: [[color emulation]] * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] == External links == * '''[[Optical effects]]''' * '''[[Inter system crossing]]''' – flipping spins by spin-orbit coupling * '''[[Electronic transitions]]''' ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing Intersystem crossing] – [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_Crossing (de)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction Spin–orbit coupling] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_rule Selection rule] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-forbidden_reactions Spin-forbidden reactions] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_crossover Spin crossover] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s_golden_rule Fermi's golden rule] – for transition rates ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIESST Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping] – a method of changing the electronic spin state of a compound by means of irradiation with light * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalordnung Orbital-order (de)] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_field_theory Crystal field theory] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahn%E2%80%93Teller_effect Jahn–Teller effect] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration Magnetic refrigeration – Magnetocaloric effect] – (Related: [[Entropomechanical converter]]) * (drifting off-topic: the corresponding [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocaloric_effect Electrocaloric effect]) 6q63wbsa0us808m4mh1zs72gu1n3jeu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 545 5719 2017-06-21T13:52:33Z Apm 1 also a good name -> created a redirect #REDIRECT [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] 2e6ik7dgia5hyhe9hvxuh834txfqz93 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 800 8131 8130 2021-03-15T12:27:56Z Apm 1 /* Funded by spare money of independent private agents */ = Funding contexts and their degree of viability = == Funded by educational institution == * Amount of funding to expect: Small to high. * Level of sidetracking attractors: Varies. * Expected contribution to relevant progress: Big/Notable. * Status: There has been some more or less targeted work done. Particularly noteworthy: '''In the context of foldamer R&D''' <br> Pretty much all the stuff on the pages: [[Foldamer R&D]] <br> And pretty much all on the foldamer section on the page of: [[Present-forward development]] '''In the context of mechanosynthesis prototyping''' <br> {{wikitodo| add ref to silicon mechsynth experiments somehow}} <br> Pretty much all on the mechanosynthesis prototyping section on the page of: [[Present-forward development]] '''In the context of prototyping of self replicating robotics''' <br> E.g. Matt Moses demonstration system. See: [[Self replication]]. <br> This particular work had no dedicated focus on nanoscale physics though. == Funded by classic startup approach == * Amount of funding to expect: – rather high to very high * Level of sidetracking attractors: – Very high * Expected contribution to relevant progress: – Eventually big (but risk of lock-in) * Status: – There have been attempts. This kind of funding seems to bear the higest risk of going into a strongly closed source direction with heavy focus on corporate intellectual. Even if intentions of founders are to aim at openness. Big issue: Investors need rather short term targets. And it is extremely hard to find profitable short therm targets that are not strong distractions. == Funded new-age crypto-style -- a token for the project == * Amount of funding to expect: – rather unpredictable and irrational * Level of sidetracking attractors: – Medium/unknown * Expected contribution to relevant progress: – Eventually big * Status: – It seems no one has tried this as of yet (2021) Similar to conventional startup approach and maybe overlapping with that approach a bit <br> This approach may come with a stronger self enforcing focus on open development <br> given the inherent open audibility philosophy that comes with that space. This may be the only approach capable to break open the still <br> very high propietaryness and non-open-source-ness of the medical and pharma R&D space. == Funded by fans of a media coverage of progress - private patreons == * Amount of funding to expect: small to considerable * Level of sidetracking attractors: Minimal * Expected contribution to relevant progress: Minimal to notable * Status: It seems no one has tried this as of yet (2021) '''In the context of foldamer R&D and mechanosynthesis prototyping''' <br> The situation might be a bit better than in the case of private agent funding but not much. '''In the context of prototyping of self replicating robotics''' <br> This one might be quite promising<br> There are several existing robotic projects that are quite comparable in nature. <br> (Marble machine X, OpenDog, ...) == Funded by spare money of independent private agents == * Amount of funding to expect: – Very small to medium. * Level of sidetracking attractors: – Zero <br> <small>There is zero necessity to focus on any distracting short term targets.</small> * Expected contribution to relevant progress: – None to minimal * Status: – It seems no one has tried and as of yet (2021) -- ** '''In the context of foldamer R&D and mechanosynthesis prototyping:''' <br> It seems likely that such funding is insufficient to do anything of matter for most of the few that would be inclined to look into this that way. Only very small foldamer assemblies are affordable And the only affordable crude analysis tools would be DIY SPM microscopes or at best small cheap commercial ones. There are instructions for very chap scannning tunneling SPMs that allow imaging of single atoms in the living room. <br> But: These work only with current and only in air. Thus they work only on highly inert electrically conductive surfaces like e.g. gold or graphite. All DIY level atomic force SPMs (AFMs with published building instructions as of 2021) had nowhere near atomic resolution. The achievable resolution of DIY AFMs might suffice to image and manipulate bigger self assembled structures like e.g. the biggest structural DNA nanotech assemblies. But these are: * too expensive (very many different types of DNA oligomers to make) * too low in yield to make and * may not withstand being dried out. They might shrivel up and warp. '''In the context of prototyping of self replicating robotics:''' <br> Such funding might suffice for a little bit of contribution to progress. = Related = * [[Present-forward development]] * [[Future-backward development]] leqd1ml5neoz213pytoz596q2992c1a wikitext text/x-wiki 0 387 8703 4204 2021-04-14T16:40:50Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] Formerly to: [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] 31ryj65vymk9ne1u8b2p4io4lkk84ih wikitext text/x-wiki 0 790 8076 8063 2021-03-12T18:44:54Z Apm 1 added related section and link to page: [[Theoretical overhang]] Up: [[Bridging the gaps]] <br> Complementary: [[Present-forward development]] This page is about a portion of highly targeted development towards [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. Here counting to "future-backward development" will be everything that is not yet accessible by physical experiment but that may already make sense to think about and work on. = Modelling as of yet experimentally inaccessible forms of mechanosynthesis = * modelling mechanosynthesis of diamond and similar carbon structures and * designing a closed loop material processing circuit. There has been a paper created on this. See [[Tooltip chemistry]]. Maybe: Modelling silicon [[mechanosynthesis]] with better tips that are not yet experimentally accessible. = Exploratory engineering (EE) = See main article: [[Exploratory engineering]] A basis for a sensible far term target has been determined by [[Nanosytems]] but there surely is plenty of space for refinement. == Modelling of Crystolecules that cannot yet be built == Related articles: * [[Crystolecule]] and * [[Design of crystolecules]] Currently these should mainly be seen in the context of explotarory engineering. That is: Designing some explicit models of these at opposite ends of the design space can give some cornerstones to the patch in design space that contains feasible solutions. As long as we have no experimental accessibility to the creation of crystolecules there is no point in designing parts for (and the whole of) complexly interlinking systems like e.g. recreating in atomic detail what is shown conceptually in the [[nanofactory concept demonstration video]]. * Auto generating various kinds of strained shell bearings for differently tight fits and * especially designing highly uncritical purely structural spacing [[Kaehler brackets]] These might be some work that really may become usable in a 1:1 unchanged fashion at some point. But much more than that these pretty colourful images and animation clips are useful for publicity. Or so one might thing. '''Crystolecules akin structures that ARE already experimentally accessible:''' Note that carbon nanotubes which have some similarities to crystolecules are already experimentally accesssible. Measurements of friction can and have been taken giving some clue and expermental evidence to the amazing properties that we can expect. Friction measurements on nanotubes of course already belong to the [[present-forward development|present-forward]] part of development. The thermodynamic synthesis technology of nanotubes is less targeted to advanced APM. That is more on the general material science direction. = Design of crystolecules for publicity reasons = These models are definitely nice and fascinating to look at. So one might be inclined to think that they'd be a nice selling point. The catch is many scientist and material-science engineers get them in their wrong throat and misunderstand them as misunderstanding of basis physics. For some good but the wrong reasons. <br> See: [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]. In particular there is a [[stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]] that can lead one to misjudge the operation speeds to be near thermal speeds and thus grossly misjudge the levels of friction. <br> More here: [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] == Related == * [[Theoretical overhang]] ena3h1gpfvw4jeddys14ytdh6nr3tnh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1257 11693 11692 2021-07-21T12:54:20Z Apm 1 /* Whorf-Conway */ added the positive side {{stub}} With the development of [[atomically precise manufacturing]] we'll <br> eventually reach [[a future world where matter essentially becomes software]]. <br> So it is really important to fix all the cracks and gaps within software till then. <br> Heck, if problems are not fixed there will be serious problems long before <br> [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s arrive. == List of gaps / cracks / rifts / barriers /... == * RAM to HDD serialization barrier * The CPU GPU gap * inter process communication barrier * network serialization barrier * GUI commandline rift * (Caches-level barriers) * [[value-level type-level barrier]] – dependently typed languages try to solve this one ---- * Safe cross thread communication in concurrent computing These gaps can be underlying causes for higher up manifesting symptoms ... == Related == * [[The problem with current day programming and its causes]] * [[General software issues]] * '''[[Software]]''' ---- * Potentially solving a lot of the rifts: [[content addressed]] approach === Gaps in the development of [[APM]] === * '''[[Bridging the gaps]]''' in the development of [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization Serialization] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication Inter-process communication] === Great article about barriers, gaps, rifts, and plumbing === * [https://pchiusano.github.io/2013-05-22/future-of-software.html The future of software, '''the end of apps''', and why UX designers should care about type theory – by Paul Chiusano 2013-05-22] – plumbing === Whorf-Conway === Combining Whorfs and Conways law ... * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity Linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf hypothesis)] – "the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition" (and what we they express) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_law Conway's law] – "organizations design systems that mirror their own communication structure" Adding both of the above together one can get the following: <br> Bad/good (programming) "languages" for human computer communication limit/enhance what we can express (Saphir-Whorf). <br> This is a limit on (or enhancement of) our communication structure, and ultimately leads to worse/better systems being built (Conway). === Concurrency === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing Concurrent computing] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_transactional_memory Software transactional memory] hsgtrheeki3en4yjam497w610npflb0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 118 6491 6490 2017-09-26T09:27:14Z Apm 1 /* Material resources */ added notes on material export into space. {{speculative}} [[File:Gas_Giants_&_The_Sun_downsized.jpg|550px|thumb|right| Most gas giants would be suitable for permanently flying habitats because of nice 1g of gravity (the exception is Jupiter with crunching 2.5g "surface" gravity). Most problematic are the extremely deep potential wells making space-travel away from the "surface" impossible (at least with current technology). Shock-waves form frequent asteroid impacts are a major concern too. Gas giants would provide massively more surface area than the rocky planets but still massively less than the sum of all the asteroids.]] More general: [[Colonisation of the solar system]] ---- APM will probably enable regular [[interplanetary spaceflight]] thus the gas giant systems will become rather accessible. == Lift == Gas giants do not have no a solid surface. <br> There are three main possibilities too keep something aloft in the atmosphere of a gas-giant === Flying === Simple airfoils for aerodynamic lift and new APM enabled long time stable means for propulsion can be used. === Balooning === Helium does not work as lifting gas in a hydrogen atmosphere. Since there are significant amounts of helium in all gas giants but Saturn (only about 3%) Pure hydrogen can work as lifting gas for very light structures. Atmospheric helium contents (falling): Neptune ~19% , Uranus ~15%, Jupiter ~10%, Saturn ~3% Hot gas: Practicability depends on the feasibility of light and effective thermal isolation. === Swimming === In bigger depths stiff hollow structures keep afloat at a certain depth. At low pressures (<1000bar) density rises distinctly with pressure. Thus unlike submarines the floating hight is self stabilizing. Ships may swing around equilibrium position (depends on damping drag). Note that even when highly pressurized a hydrogen atmosphere does not become all that dense (mass per volume). It shouldn't be hard to estimate feasibility today. (Lifting vacuum sponges?) === Summary === Keeping things of practical use afloat should pose no problems but super-massive objects (like mountains as often seen in fiction) can not be kept afloat. == Energy == === Geothermal === One of the easiest accessible (but mostly overlooked) source of energy in gas giants is probably '''geothermal heat'''. Simply hang down and or lift up a nanotube-cable with ventilated radiators attached at top and bottom. No digging required. The cable acts as a heat conductor better than the atmosphere itself - a thermal short circuit so to say. A thermoelectric, thermomechanic or thermochemical converter then produce the required form of energy. See: [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] Note that in thermodynamic equilibrium a gas in a gravity field has higher temperature at the bottom. [[Venus]] (albeit not a gas giant) is a good example. The heat on the surface is mainly due to adiabatic compression and only secondary due to the CO2 trapping radiation. So to extract free geothermal energy from the a planets atmosphere there needs to be more than this natural heat gradient. which is known to be present on gas giants {{todo|find out how much is known about the quantitative magnitude of this excess heatup - e.g. starting with jupiter where we already had a probe in the atmosphere}} === Solar === Solar energy is weak so far out in the solar system and only useful for very low power applications. On the other hand there is plenty of space on gas giants so at least on Jupiter solar energy might play some role. For harvesting solar energy very light and thin stretched solar-cell-foil protected from the weather in light and thin (fist sized?) balloons filled with helium depleted hydrogen for lift may be usable. Akin to [[stratospheric mirror airships]] and airborne [[mobile carbon dioxide collector]]s just with closed carbon cycle. === Wind === Winds can be strong on gas giants but whats needed for energy generation is gradients of wind-speed. If the gradients aren't very sharp (which is likely with no ground causing turbulences) very large structures would be necessary to harvest wind energy. === Nuclear === On gas giants [[nuclear fusion|fusion power]] is the obvious choice for high power and long term energy supply Their atmospheres are essentially fuel-pools. There are no heavy elements in the atmosphere for nuclear fission but nuclear fission powered spacecraft (once in use) could potentially "land" into gas giant atmospheres thereby becoming nuclear fission aeroplanes. {{todo|Look at the hypothetical question: Do all the heavy radioactive elements sink when such a nuclear fission aeroplane sinks and evaporates in the depths of a gas giant? Or would that cause longer term pollution?}} === Related === * Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate lapse rate] * [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/lectures/node56.html adiabatic atmosphere] in contrast to ... * Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_formula barometric formula] == Material resources == Ursanus provides 2,3 % and Neptune 1,5 ± 0,5 % of methane in their atmospheres. Further there are plenty of light non-metal-hydride ices. Given their sizes this is an ridiculous amount of building material. This would allow covering the whole planet in man made flying objects providing a giant area for habitation completely changing the planets appearance. Gas giants are nice for APM since the '''resource molecules come in a nice standard form''' CH₄, NH₃, H₂O, ... Due to the gas giants very deep gravity wells there is little motivation to move any material out into space (by whatever non-chemical means). One exception could perhaps be Helium3 (if Helium3 fusion gets adopted) since "fusion product speeds" far exceed exceeds escape velocities of all the non-exotic celestial objects that can be found in our solar system. A competing alternative for energy export is performing fusion on the gas giant's "surfaces" and sending it out with EM waves (e.g. lasers with short wavelength that is not yet ionizing => blue). == Human habitation == Beside Jupiter with its very high gravitational acceleration ~2.5g, [[radiation damage|high radiation]] planet-moon systems and asteroid sucking tendency. Gas-giants actually and surprisingly would provide a rather nice place to live since the gravity of Saturn Uranus and Neptune is near 1g and the atmospheres nicely shield radiation. At Saturn there is actually a pressure temperature range where a human can go outside without a pressure suit only with oxygen supply. == Hazards == Asteroid impacts might be more probable and frequent than on earth. The high escape velocities make leaving the planet hard and dangerous. Atmospheric drag hinders fast transport (well the same is true for earth) == the mysterious depths == The abyss can be used as ultimate garbage can. Everything tossed down is sinking melting and evaporating. (pollution due to incomplete crackup possible?) Still doing this excessively wastes energy and energy shouldn't be wasted even when it seems abundant. When liquid density pressures are arrived (~1000bar ?°C) density rises with pressure a lot more slowly. == Special case Titan == Titan is by far the biggest saturnian moon (as big as Mercury) and the only moon in the solar system with a dense atmosphere. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan hydrocarbon lakes] contain vast amounts of building material greatly exceeding earths hydrocarbon resources. Related [[water ice]] as building material. == Saturns Rings == Saturns rings are believed to be mostly composed out of water ice. But judging from the moons there there should/may be enough organic material for building strong carbon-allotropic structures not just "ice castles". In astronomic measures the pieces of ring material are very near together. This is nice for both transport and communication. Inter-Saturn-ring communication has much lower light-speed run-times compared to inter-asteroid-belt communication. The bigger pieces of ring material have the size of houses but there is a lot like smaller boulders, rocks, gravel and sand. Doing transport that is space-travel in such an environment seems rather interesting: Is there a way to safely navigate in such an environment keeping relative impact speeds manageable. {{todo|investigate this}}. There will be many opportunities to use advanced APM technology. One of them is safely catching high speed incoming ice particles without the need for regular maintenance. These systems will be way beyond the currently researched relatively dumb "smart" self healing materials which are not atomically precise in nature. (Note that this is also applicable to space debris on Earths LEO.) == Related == * [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]] * [[Venus]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] h5i1j3lgwqvzqjo5fyqpxt1gxuwqlut wikitext text/x-wiki 0 966 9266 2021-05-24T17:41:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] qo6yw3ctct4xwe4acf6reowbp3of2em wikitext text/x-wiki 0 891 8697 8661 2021-04-14T16:22:22Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum technology]] Formerly this redirected to: [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] pgvuc5v7cawoutz9eb4c3naju3rstw7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 308 11673 11672 2021-07-16T14:46:57Z Apm 1 further improved intro Many [[gem-gum products]] may come in the form of strong high pressure air inflated tube and similar shaped balloons Think: balloon-tent (but actuated by nanomachinery within the hulls) – {{wikitodo|add illustration}} '''This is concept introduced as "balloon robots" by Josh Hall (better known as the inventor of [[utility fog]]).''' As mentioned on the "[[gemstone based metamaterial]]" page in [[further improvement at technology level III|products of advanced atomically precise technology]] <br> actuators for reasonable forces use up only a rather tiny fraction of the product volume since they can run at very high [[power density|power densities]].<br> It should thus be possible to make various kinds of active structures that are inflatable and integrate actuators such as [[motor-muscle]]s, <br> [[shearing drive]]s and or other stuff. '''Note:''' Gem-gum balloon products are not to confuse with: [[robust metamaterial balloons|Aeronautic balloons out of robust metamaterials]] == Compartments == Micro sized compartmentisation (similar to the ones that may be found in [[diamondoid heat pump system]] or [[entropomechanical converter]] but maybe bigger and softer due to lower pressure) should allow for safe use of high pressures without explosion hazard. Internal (possibly tree like spreading) tensioning structures (e.g. cables) can define the outer structure. == Compression heat == To partly avoid thermal losses when compressing air for a fill of an inflatable structure the air can first be compressed into a small high surface area pre-chamber with target pressure. An [[entropomechanical converter]] system can be used to catch as much as possible from the free energy from the produced temperature difference. == Recycling == It may be to note that when such structures aren't filled to liquid densities (these are around 1000bar at room temperature, normally some 10 bar should suffice) in some sense one leaves the [[machine phase]] a bit. Especially when non stiff indlatable structures are deflated new degrees of freedom are introduced. (Remotely related: [[atomically precise positioning]]; the products are still [[topological atomic precision|topologically atomically precise]] tough.) Very floppy structures must be brought back to microcomponent-level-[[machine phase]] (rolling the stuff up in a tensioned ordered state removing creases and tangles) before their [[microcomponent]]s can be [[recycling|recycled]]. (See: management of [[soft cables and sheets]]) {{todo|Do more rewriting here for better comprehensability.}} == Use in Space == In very cold environments below the boiling point of air (~ liquid nitrogen) like in the outer solar system either heating and [[thermal isolation|isolating]] is needed or hydrogen can be used as filling gas. == Related == * [[Origami]] * use in [[upgraded street infrastructure]] and advanced modular housing * use as collapsible transport vehicles ("inflatable cars and planes") - after inflation not so compact energy storage cells and maybe some water for the necessary mass must be put in (e.g. taken from an [[upgraded street infrastructure]]) to have energy supply when leaving the road. * use for diverse robotic applications including '''[[multi limbed sensory equipped shells]]''' [[Category:Technology level III]] oyq3gf2os7p7h5nmh9tuhy44f8r2ctt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 775 8410 7912 2021-04-08T12:10:27Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 588 8408 6093 2021-04-08T12:08:27Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 777 7937 7936 2020-09-07T19:01:32Z Apm 1 removed stub template {{site specific term}} This is about the minimum fraction of a [[gem-gum factory]] that is necessary for it to be able to do a full self replication. This would be way bigger than a [[molecular assembler]] and most likely quite deeply in the macroscopic range. They could possibly have roughly the size of a human thumb nail. For special [[gem-gum factories]] that are specialized as after global disaster civilization re-spawning safe-points (see [[disatser proof]]) it would be useful for such pixels to be not much bigger than a thumbnail. == pixels per factory & fractional pixels == A whole [[gem-gum factory]] may be: * (1) several full pixels joined together in seamless way or * (2) just one pixel or * (3) a fraction of a pixel - which can suffice if the products to be made don't need all the components that would be needed in a self replication process. Case (3) hypothetical sub cases: * (3a) given the right data from an external data-storage it can still make the molecular mill assembly lines needed to become a full pixel. * (3b) the molecular mill assembly lines that are present within the pixel are not capable to create the molecular mill assembly lines that are necessary to reach full pixel status. No matter which data is fed. But the necessary assembly lines for upgrading to a full pixel can still be imported by connecting it to a [[global microcomponent distribution system]]. == Related == * [[self replication]] * specialized molecular mill assembly lines that lie dormant in data storage only * thoughts on minimal sizes and maximal sizes of such pixels * relation to the [[grey goo horror fable]] -- mobile self replicating nanofactory pixels * How about calling this "replixel" (for replicating pixel)? 4nt4n6srzyvuwk1k9lyht4736npyyv8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 506 9274 9260 2021-05-24T18:00:35Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Interplanetary atomically precise von Neumann probes]] {{site specific term}} ---- {{speculative}} Assuming in the future big catastrophes can be averted and advanced atomically precise gem-gum-technology widely grows in complexity, then there might come a point where [[technology level III|gem-gum-tec]] (on an overall average) overtakes the complexity of life on earth. <br> * '''The scenario of gaily colored gem-gum-goo.''' (In analogy to the dystopic horror tale of [[grey goo]]). * Or alternatively: '''The scenario of the gem-gum rainforest world.''' Looking at the richness and beauty of life on earth this seems to be a prospect to look forward to. But on another note life on earth is pretty hash with a situation of eating others or being eaten by others. Actually evolutionary biotechnology (that is life on earth) and the artificial gem-gum-technology of the far future are totally different. they might not really be comparable. But for the sake of insight let's do it anyway. (Note: Beware of [[biological analogies|analogies to biological systems]]. They can be very misleading.) == Inventiveness through pressure == In nature the richness/variety of life emerged partly due to: * the harshness of the environment requiring various different optimizations to conquer different habitats and * the tightly packed / densely populated ecological niches requiring different optimizations to conquer their share of a specific habitat. Unlike in nature the lifeless creations of humans ([[life on the limit|living in a harsh world]]) did not need these conditions to gain richness/variety. With advancing technology that thereby becomes more and more life like and physical this might change. == In case of successfully reaching advanced APM == Once humanity reaches the level of advanced atomically precise gem-gum-technology with it's ordres of magnitude in improvement for many performance parameters there'll most likely will be quite a stretch of time where humanity can rest on its laurels (for the most part). But then ... == Artificial predators - making life difficult for ourselves == Even today (2016) we already crate malware so some amount of physical malware will likely be unpreventable in the future. More aggressive computer viruses & co are to expect. Extending to the physical realm too. If there's a multi party long term arms race going on for a long time (similar to biological evolution -- we are looking on the very far future here) then it is thinkable that the analogy of gem-gum-technology to life grows much stronger. Instead of ecological niches there are now "mechanospherological" niches where the boundaries are much further out than those of biological life. Temperature and energy plays much less of a role. Likely remaining "habitat" limits are e.g. * nearness to the sun * nearness to hot planetary cores * nearness to interplanetary space where travel times become unpractical long (Oorth cloud) When the "mechanospherological" niches finally get filled up to the brim (that is the hole material of the solar systems asteroid belt got used up) merely existing will be harsh. That would be in essence a zero sum game and would if going on for a prolonged period of time likely cause an end to civilization (whatever it is that lives then dies). == A way out? == But there might be further inventions preventing such an end. Currently these inventions are by definition not accessible even by [[exploratory engineering]]. So they are pure fantasy and talking about them can at best be beneficial for entertainment. One such SciFi fantasy technology regularly popping up is femto-technology. For people without much knowledge in the field it seems natural to just use nucleons instead of atoms as building blocks. But this specific approach to our best knowledge absolutely cannot work. Note the formulation: ''"this specific approach"''. We cannot say anything in general about the avoidability or unavoidability of getting trapped in the aforementioned way. (See: [[Impossibility]]) On the longest thinkable term what we need to do is to to defer thermal death. Our far successors (may they come this far) may rout around the problem from a completely other side. == Related == * [[Interplanetary atomically precise von Neumann probes]] * [[Grey goo horror fable]] * [[Zero sum situation]] * [[Artificial life]] 8d4fsslic0dtv62eq9ft0vy2n27r36c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1168 10892 2021-06-24T11:49:37Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] 2su0umw76dvu0954t9kyqzrzohrcnxu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1103 10315 2021-06-13T17:20:11Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]] kfc1i4mbesvce6vhxxeoqzgxpt91q4h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 925 8977 2021-05-16T09:21:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 603 6254 2017-08-20T08:34:31Z Apm 1 just a shorthand #REDIRECT [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] 9v0prua7mo0ksfuyflef0q2c3yhsfh2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 767 7862 2020-06-21T10:39:42Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] #REDIRECT [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] 9v0prua7mo0ksfuyflef0q2c3yhsfh2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 964 9259 2021-05-24T17:21:08Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum goo]] #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum goo]] 72up9wjtrur5yhh8256c1bgd1cx9ddd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1156 10845 2021-06-23T13:48:36Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] 21vze7oe5y3943x4gz2takmdrmp69jk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1157 10846 2021-06-23T13:49:16Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] ckchqwzyhvc7d2hmmz5ec8hpg102b6w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 111 10236 6549 2021-06-11T22:48:43Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] {{Template:Site specific term}} [[Nanofactory|Nanofactories]] will allow us to make very cheap clothing anytime anywhere. Even just [[Air as a resource|from air-molecules and sunlight]]. This type of clothing (suit) made from [[diamondoid compound|diamondoid]] (gem) [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterials]] (gum) will be able to give us more comfort at any place on earth than an entire house can give us today (2014..2015..2017). Death from freezing will largely be a thing of the past. == Comfortable everyday tracksuits == With [[Main Page|advanced atomically precise technology]] clothing can become much more comfortable. First and foremost thermal regulation becomes a thing one just don't have to care about anymore. One can keep the same clothes independent of the whether. This can be archived through advanced thermal regulation as described further below. With more advanced [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterials]] which can emulate elasticity and actively change surface area clothing can be made sloppy or skin tight or both on different body parts. A simple lightweight hood with transparent visor that [[diamondoid metamaterial|behaves like textile when unused and self stiffens to a helmet like state when employed]] can be used to protect the face from weather and act like a bicycle / motorcycle helmet. An inflatable mattress for comfortably cushioning sitting or lying that is very tiny in its folded up state can be included. You only need to take care about food for the most extreme trips through the land. Water can easily be fully recycled from sweat and urine. It will be clean down to the last molecule. Ultra-compact fast artificial direct excrement to food conversion is a very hard technical problem with advanced APM (See: [[Synthesis of food]], [[Atomically precise disassembly]], [[Tapping of biomass]], [[Recycling]]). And obviously its also a psychological problem. If implemented the lost material needs to be refilled. This is mainly carbon that was burned and exhaled by the body. Means for washing ones body could be integrated into the suit too. This would especially make sense in life supporting protection suits for dangerous or even deadly environments. == House-less people wont be homeless == An advanced 0$ open source suit should be able to provide at least the comfort of a entire house of todays (2016) standards. Being house-less will not mean major discomfort anymore it fully decouples from being homeless. This means people may no longer be tied to a physical home. This could lead to completely new forms of living where people are willingly wandering around freely with only their suit as cover at night (assuming there is no war). Even if you're floating alone in a remote part of the pacific ocean with omnipresent wireless connectivity and rich virtual communication spaces solitude will be a luxury not a problem. Assuming you're not in deep space where communication will remain being hard. === Temperature regulation === A skin covering material that is normally thin with thermal conductivity near the one of diamond can blow up a tiny bit in volume and rise it's [[thermal isolation]] to levels that suffice for every possible climate one can encounter on earth including -90°C and extreme winds on the polar caps. Its basically a metamaterial that combines the thermal isolation of aerogels ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel wikipedia]) with springiness that prevents it from being crushed permanently and some actuating [[microcomponents]] for adjustment. Additionally one can use a heat harvesting trick similar to the one penguins use. Turning the sun facing area black (in the visible spectrum that lies way above thermal equilibrium) and the area in the shadow white this maximizes optical absorption while minimizing thermal emission. (See: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_law_of_thermal_radiation Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law Stefan–Boltzmann law], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity emissivity and absorptivity] ) In hot climate the solar energy can directly be used for cooling with e.g. [[diamondoid solar cell]]s and [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s. Physical movement can be tapped as a power source too but depending on the ambient temperature it might heat you up more than it cools you down. There are limits for temperature regulation. In rather unnatural very hot and dark situations like in a deep mine life supporting protection suits that use energy from storage cells to actively cool the body become necessary. Such storage cells can run out "pretty quickly" energy without resupply. === A thin second skin === Proposed in Josh Halls Book Nanofuture. If thermal isolation is not too much of an issue suits can be made extremely thin without risk of rupture and thus maybe barely noticeable. This would protect well against mosquitoes, cuts with kitchen knives and aggressive chemicals like acids. This works because [[diamondoid metamaterials]] can have very high tensile strengths and many gemstones like diamond and quartz are resilient against most aggressive chemicals. == Life supporting protection suits == Suits for extreme environments like space and deep-sea where no or too little oxygen is present need life support systems which add significant volume and mass. This won't make them exorbitant more expensive than simple AP tracksuits. Only patents and proprietary secrecy may do so when those suits first emerge. === Space suits === Space suits can use the same fabric as advanced basic atomically precise manufactured tracksuits just fortified to counter (one full nice atmosphere of) internal air pressure and external bombardment with micrometeorites. Perfect shielding against [[radiation damage|radiation]] is and will always be physically impossible with a moderately thick suit made from light elements.<br> {{todo|Check how effective would be the massive inclusion use of lead atoms in a space radiation environment. Read that thin layers of lead can worsen things instead of helping.}} Related: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] === Indoor space suits === Cool would be something like a '''weightless airspace movement gear'''. Suppose you are somewhere in outer space in a big sports hall located far away from the walls and not moving relative to them at all. You're helplessly stuck there. Its known that air-swimming doesn't work effectively and sucking air in from the front and blowing it back with your lung probably won't be very effective either. You can change your orientation (the direction in which you look) easily by using the '''cat body rotation trick''' but that's about all. If you're spinning you can't get rid of that rotation. Air drag is low. For mobility in such a situation small (round) air accelerator plates stiffly mounted to key locations of your body (e.g. at the shoulders hips and feet) would probably work well especially to stop spin. They would only pop up when needed. A wrist mounted winch with a gripper that can be shot towards railings would be more effective for movement towards a wall. The winch cable should be a smart material that breaks in a controlled way when side-ward forces are detected. This way horrifying decapitation (or other) accidents can be avoided. === Deep sea suits === With diamond as building material deep sea suits will become less bulky. Maybe each finger can be encapsulated separately. They will still be fairly massive because of the immense pressures. Cable bound telepresence is and will be a good way to work down there. == Telepresence == If the suit is sufficiently equipped with motion sensors all the movements of the wearer can be detected. This allows one to use the suit as input device for the remote control of a [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|humanoid avatar]]. This [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|avatar]] can (given sufficient bandwidth) be located on the other side of the planet. Out in space (e.g. earth-moon, interplanetary, asteroid belt, ...) the time lag due to the limited speed of light is prohibitive. In the other direction the [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|avatar]] can send back diverse kinds of tactile impressions (like pressure friction temperature and others) back to the wearer via the suite. Additional actors in the suit (normally used for adjusting whether the clothes should behave sloppy or skintight) can apply that pressure to the skin at fast changing rates with high spacial resolution. The suite now essentially became not only a remote controller but an immersive remote reality system. In short this is remote sensing for telepresence. It might be a good idea to physically limit the force that the suite can apply to the wearer instead of limiting it by software to prevent gruesome accidents. It shouldn't come as a surprise that the [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|humanoid avatar]] is somewhat similar to the suite. The main difference is that the inside is not occupied by a human but instead is [[Diamondoid balloon products|inflated with air]] or uncrushable aerogel and maybe some additional safe [[Energy storage cell|energy storage]]. Additional weight might be needed. It can be added either by adding some common low density stuff like water or specialized weight delivering [[microcomponent]]s which carry e.g. some insoluble diamondoid lead mineral. Note that the "Fabric" only needs to change its area and not its general shape it also doesn't need the capabilities to emulate flow - that would be [[utility fog]] which would be more general purpose than needed - see:[[Self limitation for safety]]. Scaling telepresence ... == Related == * AP clothing e.g. shoes * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] adsbrdxjmpgnfb00kqz9a5sacyyl1yz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 922 8962 2021-05-16T07:40:46Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[gem-gum technology]] 091blws3pfugnp5g09y34ae7mm1t9oy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 6 10555 10554 2021-06-17T10:50:01Z Apm 1 /* Introduction */ added link to [[convergent assembly]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Defining traits of technology level III |- | building method | robotic control ([[machine phase]]) |- | building material | minimal [[Moiety|molecule fragments]] and single H atoms |- | building environment | vacuum or noble gas |- ! colspan = "2"|Navigation |- | back to very first level | [[technology level 0]] |- | previous level | [[technology level II]] |- | previous step | [[introduction of practically perfect vacuum]] |- | '''you are here''' | '''Technology level III''' |- | basis for products | [[diamondoid metamaterials]] |- | products | [[further improvement at technology level III]] |} [[File:Box_full_of_future_technology.jpg|400px|thumb|right|This box is full of things made with future '''gemstone metamaterial technology'''. While we can already make out roughly what [[products of gem-gum technology|some products]] could look like their exact visual appearance for now remain censored and hidden for our still undeserving eyes.]] '''Gemstone metamaterial technology (or gem-gum-tec for short)''' is the far term target technology of [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing]]. This far term technology target was established as worth pursuing in the book [[Nanosystems]]. This technology target: * is based on stringent application of [[exploratory engineering]]. * is not a fantastic vision based on wishful thinking <br><small>(See: [[Ultimate limits#Whisful thinking vs Exploratory engineering]])</small> = Introduction = Products of gemstome metamatrial technology use [[gemstone like compounds]] as base materials but <br> vastly change their mechanical and other properties through nanostructuring into [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. <br> For the fundamental nature of products of this technology see: [[Defining traits of gem-gum-tech]]. <br> Artifacts (products) of in-vacuum gem-gum technology are manufactured via robotic atomically precise pick and place manipulation of [[moiety|molecule fragments of a size ranging from one to a few atoms each]] ([[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]). This happens in an environment "filled" with [[practically perfect vacuum]]. Following are a number of assembly steps at increasingly larger size scales. Thesee are the [[assembly levels]] of [[convergent assembly]]. Products are assembled in an [[advanced productive nanosystem]].<br> These [[gem-gum factories]] may come in various [[Form factors of gem-gum factories|form factors]]. Most promising candidate at the moment are [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] with an [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories|appropriate design]] that employs [[convergent assembly]]. This page will focus more on the products (artifacts of atomically precise technology)<br> rather the production devices (devices for atomically precise manufacturing) = Related = * [[Technology levels]] * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] * [[In-vacuum gem-gum technology]] is both making up and made by [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]]. <br>If that sounds paradox it's because of the chicken egg problem of [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems|bootstrapping such factories]]. * [[Gem-gum technology (disambiguation)]] = Terminology = Here in this wiki "gem-gum tech" used without a prefix: * shall always refer to this technology operating in vacuum "in-vacuum gem-gum tech". ([[PPV]] in a [[gem-gum housing shell]]) * shall not refer to "in-solvent gem-gum tech" <br>(an eventual precursor technology) == About the chosen name for this kind of technology (meta) == "In-vacuum gemstone metamaterial technology" is a novel term introduced on this wiki (2017). Alternative older terms had one or many of the following problems: * they didn't exclude unrelated topics well (far too general and wide in scope) * they didn't capture the most important aspects of the technology well * they weren't catchy memorable and usable short This situation led to [[History|problems in form of confusion and conflict in the past]].<br> Introduction of the new terms should in general be kept to a minimum. <br> But in this case the new term seems well motivated and thus justified. == Motivations for the name == The "gem-gum" part of the name represents two core ideas: 1) The core idea that even when one can [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] almost nothing (just a few simple [[diamondoid compound|base materials]]) one can make almost anything by mechanical emulation. '''Mechanical metamaterials'''. "gum" is just a shorthand for a concrete example of such a [[metamaterial]] that rhymes on "gem" which makes memorization a lot easier. Also it's an concrete example that's rather un-intuitive. Rubber made from gemstone. Which could peak interest (click-bait effect). 2) The core idea that gradually increasing the [[stiffness]] of [[diamondoid compound|the materials one builds with]] is the ultimate key to advanced [[mechanosynthesis]]. The term "gem" (short for gemstone - obviously) points exclusively to the stiff base materials of the far term target technology. This explicitly excludes early stage atomically precise manufacturing such as "[[structural DNA nanotechnology]]" which has no [[positional atomic precision]] and would be mushed in with other terms. The "in-vacuum" part of the name narrows down further to materials that can only be synthesized in [[practically perfect vacuum]]. '''See main page: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]''' == Modifications of the name == On this wiki "Technology level III" may sometimes be used synonymously for in-vacuum gem-gum technology. By leaving out the "in-vacuum" part of the name (leaving only "gem-gum-tec") one can precisely widen the scope to include one technology level below. Namely ([[In-solvent gem-gum technology]]). An other term occasionally used on the wiki to refer to gem-gum-tec is "advanced atomically precise technology". In-liquid gem-gum-tec may or may not be included dependent on context. 8t9k52s1xzjbtees1562ce4me51ekez wikitext text/x-wiki 0 755 8186 8184 2021-03-26T14:44:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Gem-gum technology]] to [[Gem-gum technology (disambiguation)]] without leaving a redirect: because I want to rename the "In-vacuum gem-gum technology" page to just "Gem-gum technology" {{stub}} Umbrella term for: * [[Technology level III]] "In-vacuum gem-gum technology" and * [[Technology level II]] "In-solvent gem-gum technology" <br> See: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] '''Alternative names:''' * "crystolecule metamaterial technology" * "gemstone metamaterial technology" * "gem-gum tech" * "gem-gum tec" * "gem gum tec" * "gemmetec" == Related == * [[APM related terms]] hu87bl52mtzvaezmuufnd1a5irfrk1c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 795 8107 8105 2021-03-13T12:58:03Z Apm 1 added reminder note to add a sketch {{Stub}} Soft and freely bending tentacle like manipulators capable of local stiffening with some gripping fingers at the tip seem to be a very good solution for general gripping and manipulation tasks at human scales. Given a [[gem-gum-tech]] technology base has been reached that make these very possible. Such a gem-gum tentacle manipulator can give more usage flexibility and dexterity than hard robot arm like designs with fixed hinges. Also with a good (not easy) design [[gem-gum tentacle manipulator]]s can easily be made to locally stiffen up and emulate any sort of hinged arm design dynamically and on the spot. {{wikitodo|Add the sketch.}} == As manipulator on the top of the assembly level stack == Gem-gum tentacle manipulators may likely become an optional extension at the very highest of the [[assembly level]]s of a [[gem-gum factory]]. In fact such a tentacle-manipulator could be made to be dynamically spawned by the underlying assembly levels from its own [[microcomponent]]s whenever it is needed. And then disassembled back into its [[microcomponent]]s and stowed away when it's no longer needed. Note that microcomponennt recomposition is can be much faster than mechanosynthesis. Fast means means one might want to go at least slow enough to not make a loud boom through the displacement air. == Internal bearings == Make no mistake in judgement. These tentacle-manipulators seeming, feeling, and behaving as if it where made from rubber does not mean they are made from rubber. It's all [[gemstone based metamaterial]]. For ultra low friction such manipulators could internally use [[infinitesimal bearing]] in various configurations. At these big macroscopic levels these [[stratified shearing bearings]] may even be organically bent and twisted and end open in a stow-away zone in the metamaterial. Remotely similar to how rigid chains roll up at the end. Much work for future gem.gum-tech nanoengineers to design that. == Safety == As with all potentially powerful robots there are crushing risk safety concerns. when it comes to robots that are meant for intimate collaboration with humans. One way to address this may be by hard-coding maximal capable force limits as low as possible into the structure. Like e.g. using a kind of [[microcomponents]] that has a fixed over-force safety ratchet built in. So a malicious attacker would need to replace the microcomonents themselves. And it will likely be possible to put tighter control on such more fundamental actions. ... == Related == * [[Robotic manipulators]] * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] * [[Soft-core macrorobots with hard-core nanomachinery]] * [[Accidentally suggestive]] 0t45bq4w4oh0f335co8j1i29hc5qy0m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1031 9810 9809 2021-06-01T17:19:28Z Apm 1 added == Other crossover materials == and more {{stub}} [[Gemstone like compounds]] and [[mechanical metamaterials]] thereof are very different to natural materials. <br> Will there be materials that are with there inner makeup somewhere in-between? Well, this is not the target product range of [[gem-gum factories]] <br> bitgiven specialised systems will be developed (akin to the <br> specialised system for [[synthesis of food]]) then such materials might well become a reality. One would probably make these materials out of * biodegradability reasons – throw the technobiowood it to the rest of the wood and treat it the same * psychological reasons – knowledge that technobiowood is very much like real wood What should be avoided is integrating non-decomposable particulates <br> or fragile fibrous structures into a decomposable matrix. <br> That would give an environmental nightmare. See: [[Spill prevention]] and [[splinter prevention]] == Technobiowood == There are only a finite number of species of trees on this planet but in the universe of possibilities <br> there should be a sheer endless amount of possible types of woods. <br> Also some rare types of wood we really do not want to cut down (like e.g. mahagoni). <br> The idea: <br> Synthesizing artificial cellulose lignin structures. <br> Similar things as in [[synthesis of food]] hold. <br> The structures are stiffer though and not liquid posing challenges. One can go both direction bridging the gap between the materials: * more gem-gum like – Integrating slightly water dissolvable gemstome like compoungs like periclase * more natural like – integrating de-novo proteins from earlier technology levels == Other crossover materials == * faking real stones * nano-woven polymers * cryogenically mechanosynthesized metallic pseudo alloys – no clue why s5h0y8rv20ooy9qyhcbg70qhi92q25s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 610 6287 2017-08-20T12:41:01Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Gem gum goo]] to [[Gem-gum goo]]: consistency #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum goo]] 72up9wjtrur5yhh8256c1bgd1cx9ddd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 609 6285 2017-08-20T12:40:23Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Gem gum suit]] to [[Gem-gum suit]]: consistency #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum suit]] bgvilj4hjv2j6xio00xpm4sxtivztn3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 858 8482 2021-04-10T11:40:47Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] ewc06tt57rm23ba9gyukeodyne2mb86 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 21 11165 11164 2021-07-01T18:17:56Z Apm 1 added links ''In the future we will build with gemstones.'' [[File:Moissanite-semitransparent.jpg|thumb|400px|Depicted is '''[[moissanite]] which is gemstone grade silicon carbide (SiC)''' – a typical gemstone-like material – without impurities it would be colorless and transparent - the silicon makes this material fireproof in bulk blocks – unlike [[diamond]] which can burn – (but also inhibits the possibility to intentionally burn it up) – heating it to extreme temperatures it just turns into glassy [[slag]] – See: [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] and [[Recycling]].]] = Definition – What is a gemstone like compound? = Gemstone like materials encompass all materials that ... * ... have their atoms not moving around on their surfaces at room temperature but have them stay where they are for decades to eons. (they do not [[diffusion transport|diffuse]]) * ... are stiff enough to keep their shape under thermal movement at room temperature (this excludes all of today's plastic polymers) * ... have dense three dimensional networks of covalent bonds like gemstones - (short bond loops prevent rotations around single bonds) = Use – What are gemstone like compound good for? = Gemstone like materials ... * ... serve as the fundamental basis for an unimaginably wide variety of possible [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. * ... include many [[neo-polymorph]]ic compounds that currently can't be produced (via [[thermodynamic means]]). = Introduction = == Why the focus on gemstone like compounds == Gemstone-like (or more narrow '''diamondoid''') compounds are the material of choice for: * [[crystolecule]] based nanoscale machine elements * [[crystolecule]] based nanoscale structural elements [[Crystolecule]] and their assemblies ([[microcomponents]]) and <br> all forms and fashions of assemblies of both of them into [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s are <br> what is the essence of the products of [[technology level III|advanced future gem-gum technology]].) === Lower error rates in assembly & Products not decaying away just from room temperature heat === The main reason for why gemstone like compounds are the material of choice here is that at room temperature their atoms do not jitter and wobble around too strongly or even [[diffusion transport|diffuse]] away. This is important * in the final product that should not start quickly decaying the moment it finished assembly * in the assembly process where [[crystolecule]]s pout of [[gemstome like compound]]s are [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|built up almost atom by atom via robotic manipulation]]. For the assembly process more specifically one needs to choose a gemstone like compound that is sufficiently stiff such that a manipulator made out of this compound can keep the amplitudes of the thermal vibrations that occur at the manipulators tip sufficiently smaller than the lattice spacing of the work-piece that is made out of the same (or an other) gemstone like compound. This way placement errors can be suppressed. That is: errors can be made very very rare, like bit errors in digital computing. (Related: [[Lattice scaled stiffness]]) Low error rates are also important in light of that in final production devices the assembly process is for the most part a [[open loop control|a blind process]] that can't see or correct its own errors. === Rigid bodies are easier to work with than floppy jiggly folding fluff === Products out of gemstone like (diamondoid) materials can be made so that they only have one to a few tightly controlled degrees of freedom (axles rails). This is unlike soft nanoscale machinery like in biology wher pushing in on one side all sort of predictable to massively unpredictable things can and often will happen. With only a few clearly defined independent degrees of freedoms for motions one can more easily test one action at a time (Related: [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]]s). This is a fundamental engineering principle that allows for faster progress. In contrast a systems design that poses the necessity for scientific entangling of convoluted relationships is usually considered bad. Natural nanosystems (e.g. like e.g. the case in soft natural proteins with barely predictable folding and behavior as present in living cells) are like this. Likely because of random incremental evolution in small steps without any far look-ahead that only higher thought would enable. In this regard one obviously shouldn't [[copying from nature|copy from nature]]. == Stability against water and other chemicals == Gemstone like compounds that are intended to be used on the surface of products have additional requirements on [[chemical stability]]. First and foremost in most cases one wouldn't want them to be water soluble. But resilience against stronger acids bases and oxidizers may be desired too. This drastically restricts the range of usable compounds when it comes to the surfaces of products. The majority of the material a product is made out of lives well isolated on the inside of the bulk product. Thus for most of the products total volume (all the inner volume) the wider less chemically stable range of material is open for usage. === Adding protective hulls and compartmentalization as a workaround === It's a bit like the protective skin of fruits. The outer skin must be made out of a much more chemically stable material than the delicate inside and once the inside is exposed it may quickly decay. (Related: [[Passivation]], [[Surface passivation]], [[Biological analogies]]) Unlike in fruits though [[gemstone based metamaterial]] can be made designed to be [[micro-compartmentalized]]. That is: Each and every [[microcomponent]] may have a hull out of a few chemically highly stable [[gemstone like compound]]s and an interior with a greater range of much less chemically stable [[gemstone like compound]]s. <small>A good design could make breaking up some microcomponents by macroscopic impact nigh impossible. Well, excluding hyper-velocity impacts here, like those one would expect when space debris impacts into spacecraft hull. </small> === How material solubility and environmental friendlyness relate === Extensive usage of water dissolvable materials out of non toxic elements may even help biodegradability. Products should though be designed in a way that non-water-dissolvable nanoscale parts can't [[splinter prevention|come loose]] individually (or sparsely and fragilely connected). A worst case scenario would be that due to bad designs huge quantities of water (and acid) undissolvable nanoscale parts come loose spill into the environment accumulate there and eventually cause lots of harm to animal and human life. == Difference to normal gemstones and relation to metamaterials == By [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesizing]] gemstone like materials one can go far beyond the known polymorphs (or allotropes). * "Polymorphs" are various crystal structures of one and the same chemical formula. – Example: [[rutile]] and [[anatase]] are both TiO₂) * "Allotropes" are are the polymorphs of compounds made from one single element compounds. – Example: [[diamond]] and [[lonsdaleite]] are both pure carbon (C) One can go far beyond all the phases that are reachable by [[conventional thermodynamic means of material production]] (means that all lack atomically precise control). The newly accessible phases of the same old mundane chemical formulas include ones that are thermodynamically unstable nonetheless strongly metastable. A peculiarly interesting case may be [[stishovite]]. Here a material with the well known formula SiO₂ (which usually points to our good old friend [[quartz]]) suddenly makes an enormously hard and dense material. For more info about emulating some exotic material properties by complex atomic substitutions in [[gemstone like compounds]] <br> see main article: '''[[Low level gemstone metamaterials]]''' and page: [[Neo-polymorph]]s = Carbons versatility = By the time of last review (2017) '''carbon is the only building material for which extensive studies about [[tooltip chemistry]] have been undertaken'''. Carbon (especially in the form of [[diamond]]) has been chosen because it constitutes a particularly difficult far term test case for [[exploratory engineering]]. It has not been chosen as an easy to reach near term objective to [[direct path|target directly]]. By structuring just carbon alone, with just a bit hydrogen as [[surface passivation|passivation]] agent (no further elements), to [[gemstone based metamaterial|mechanical metamaterials]] many material properties will be achievable. Beyond [[tooltip chemistry|carbon from acetylene and methane]] many further studies are needed most importantly: * [[mechanosynthesis|machanosynthetic]] splitting of water for scavenging usable oxygen * direct splitting of oxygen * splitting of nitrogen - artificial and different to current natural or industrial methods of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation nitrogen fixation]. * splitting of carbon dioxide * fluorine and the nonmetal elements of the third period Carbon nanotubes can replace the scarce element copper for electrical cables. == gemstone-like vs diamondoid == Instead of "gemstone like compound" the term "'''diamondoid compound'''" can be used. This may have a more restrictive meaning limiting focus towards compounds that are easy to passivate and thus more suitable for machine elements with sliding interfaces. This primarty entails the exclusion of salts (like e.g. Periclase MgO) and secondary the exclusion of big class of metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides and related compounds (e.g. [[Leukosapphire|Sapphire]], Pyrite, titanium nitride (Osbornite), ...) Related: The too strong exclusive focus on diamond only. See: "[[Pathway controversy]]". = Gemstone like compounds = Please keep in mind that all compounds we know of today are only those few we can create by mixing and cooking various elements or preproduced compounds together. With [[mechanosynthesis]] many more will be accessible. Although they're not in a thermodynamic minimum they'll be very stable at room temperature. A recent example is the theoretical prediction of the stability of graphitic pentagonal carbon sheets with the so called cairo pattern. The "few" compounds we can create by mixing and cooking them together are all the minerals that are documented today. These will be surveyed here. Many more meta-stable compounds will become mechanosynthesizable though for most applications the allotropes of carbon used in their high level metamaterial configurations alone will suffice. Taking the rock forming mineral quartz one finds several natural polymorphs. The "quartz group". <br> Beyond those natural polymorphs [[Neo-polymorph]]s of SiO₂ will be accessible via [[mechanosynthesis]] <br> which are (albeit their deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium) very stable but not accessible today. See main article: '''[[Polymorphs of silicon dioxide]]''' and [[pseudo phase diagrams]] == Lists of potential structural compounds == For especially interesting ones check out: "[[Charts for gemstone-like compounds]]" === early materials === * '''[[gem-like biominerals]]''' ... compounds that are synthesizable under solution are of interest for [[technology level II]] to bridge the gap between [[technology level I]] and [[technology level III|III]]. === pure elements === * C '''carbon''' sp3 network allotropes: [[diamond]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdaleite lonsdaleite]; sp² allotropes: fullerenes, graphitic networks * Si [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon silicon] (also cubic or hexagonal) * B [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_boron ~four allotropes of elementar boron] (may be difficult to use) * P & S allotropes of phosphorus and sulfur (may be difficult to use because of what follows below) === some classifications: (a high dimensional overlapping space of possibilities) === * '''[[Base materials with high potential]]''' * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] ---- * '''[[Binary gem-like compound]]s''' * Gem-like compounds that contain (partially abundant) '''[[s-block metals]]''' * '''[[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]]''' (including cubic garnets) * [[refractory materials]] ---- * Gem-like compounds containing elements of '''[[the boron group]]''' * [[high pressure modifications]] * [[electrically conductive gem-like compounds]] === Issues with more complex compounds === [[Metamaterial]]s made from the basic gemstone-like materials are able to emulate a lot of physical properties. <br> Further binary ternary or higher gemstone-like materials can complicate engineering design due to: * low symmetry in their crystal structure - See: [[Isotropy of materials]] * porousness due to bridge bonding like present in all [[salts of oxoacids]] X-O-X (X can be e.g. Si,Al,P,...) and some other compounds * complex or polar surface structure which may be difficult to [[surface passivation|passivate]] * lack of tensile strength * ... thus they may predominantly find use for special applications like as: * slowly water dissolvable materials for better biodegradability * laser gain materials * infill materials * materials with special electrical magnetical or other exotic non high level emulatable properties * ... In the following classifications section you'll find a lot of links to wikipedia articles about '''gem-grade minerals with very beautiful pictures'''. Please note that the colors you see are in most of the cases due to small impurities and not inherent to the minerals themselves. Most (electrically non conductive) minerals will be completely transparent when built defect and impurity free. An extreme example is silicon carbide known as a black solid but in single crystalline form it's called mossianite and completely transparent. Color should be intentionally addable by mechanosynthetic sparse checkerboard dotation. === compounds which contain relatively scarce elements === Those may be useful in the lower technology levels or special tooltip chemistry where only very small amounts are needed (e.g. germaium containing tips). * molybdenium oxide structures * [[germanium]] compounds * ... many more = Sources for elements = '''Carbon''' is planned to be drawn from [[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene ethyne]] more commonly known as the welding gas acetylene. It has the advantage of a triple bond that when partly split up provides four unpassivated bonds and it's carrying around a minimal amount of hydrogen. Since [[diamondoid molecular elements| DMEs]] are compact and crystal like they have a lot less surface than the source molecules and thus require a lot less hydrogen passivation. Ethyne cant be delivered in highly compressed gaseous form since it explosively decomposes. It is hardly soluble in water but well soluble in acetone ethanol or [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide dimethylformamide]. Ethyne can be manufactured by the partial combustion of methane and thus potentially be gained from renewable resources. If one looks at the most common '''or most easily accessible''' elements and their simplest compounds one finds a list of potential structural building materials: <br> Link to a [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elemental_abundances.svg graphic of the most common elements in the earths crust] from Wikimedia Commons. Most easily accessible are '''nitrogen oxygen''' and argon since they can directly be drawn from the atmosphere. <br> '''To investigate:''' * Means for filtering/capturing N₂ and O₂ each selectively from the atmosphere. * Mechanosynthetic tooltips and manipulations to gain reactive [[Moiety|moieties]] out captured N₂ and O₂. ==== drawn from the atmosphere ==== Oxygen and nitrogen rich compounds like SiO₂ and Si₃N₄ are interesting because more than half of this material can be drawn directly from the atmosphere. When atmospheric carbon dioxide is used carbon allotropes and β-C₃N₄ can be drawn 100% from the air. ==== back to the atmosphere ==== When [[Diamondoid waste incineration|burning]] diamondoid materials (hopefully in a smart way - thus only in traces - see [[recycling]]) it strongly depends on the type of chosen material whether they convert to gasses or just reform to a glassy slag. In the latter case it will be more difficult to recover the elements in pure form. The rough rule is: When heated under oxygen mainly carbon based materials burn up almost completely while silicon or metal oxide based materials just melt to a slag. Everything in between could be possible. Certain combinations of elements can become dangerous when burned together as we know from the PVC dioxine problem. ==== Chlorine ==== Chlorine could be drawn from common salt leaving behind sodium. To get this residual into a nonreactive environmentally acceptable form that could be used as structural material rather than just constituting waste one could chose from [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sodium_minerals sodium minerals]. To prefer are compounds with no crystal water and simple formulas with only elements of high importance for APM (that is which we are likely to gain control of soon after reaching [[technology level III]]) like e.g. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeite jadeite] and further ones '''to find'''. == The boron group (13th group) == Elements of the 13th group (the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_group boron group]) are special in that they can form [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_deficiency electron deficiency] bonds. If elements of this group come into play (are used in [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]]) the view of atoms as construction blocks with a fixed number of connection points breaks down. E.g. when boron comes in contact with nitrogen the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_pair lone pair] of nitrogen plucks into the electron deficient hull of boron making the two atoms more behave like two four valenced carbon atoms (with a little polar/ionic character). Prime example: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane ammonia borane]. This is not yet handeled correctly by the software Nanoengineer-1 so it is advised to refrain from using 13th group elements for DME [[design levels| design]] for now. In high quantities both solvated aluminum and boron compounds are alien to human and natural biology. Intake can lead to bad or unknown effects. Thus one might refrain from using strongly water soluble compounds of 13th group elements. Some information can be found here: [http://www.lenntech.de/pse/wasser/boron/bor-und-wasser.htm boron and water (de)]; [http://www.lenntech.de/pse/wasser/aluminium/aluminium-und-wasser.htm aluminum and water (de)] In [[tooltip chemistry]] boron and aluminum may be useful as tool-tips for the handling of atoms with almost full electron shells like oxygen fluorine sulfur and chlorine effectively increasing their normally low bond number. (To verify!) == Possible alternatives names == * gemstone like, gem-like, gemstoneoid, gemoid – ([[diamondoid]] is more specific and usually does not include gemstones like sapphire or quartz) * compound, material, substance = Related = * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Surface passivation]] * [[Surface reconstruction]] * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] ---- * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] – (from [[Diamond like compounds]] [[Organic gemstone-like compound]]s to [[Classical gemstone-like compound]]s) * [[Gem-gum to natural material gap]] – Technowood ... = Subclassifications = * '''[[Base materials with high potential]]''' * [[Biominerals]] * [[Salts of oxoacids]] * [[Transition metal monoxides]] * Find diamondoid compounds by [[Chemical element|the elements they contain]]. == Subclassification by contained classes of elements == * [[Classical gemstone-like compound]]s – contain metals, usually oxides, sulfides, or [[salts of oxoacids]] * [[Metal-organic gemstone-like compound]]s – contain both metals and carbon [[Metal free gemstone-like compound]]s covering: * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]]s and * [[Odd gemstone-like compound]]s [[Inorganic gemstone-like compound]] covering: * [[Classical gemstone-like compound]]s * [[Odd gemstone-like compound]]s * [[Carbonitrometallo gemstone-like compounds]] [[Carbonitrometallo gemstone-like compounds]] covering: * [[Simple metal containing carbides and nitrides]] (These often are [[refractory compound]]s) * '''[[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]]s''' (largely unexplored) * Carbonates (See: [[Salts of oxoacids]]) * (Nitrates are usually to soft and water soluble to be mechanically useful) {{Wikitodo|Make a Venn diagram – this is becoming confusing}} == Subclassification by structure == * '''[[Diamond like compounds]]''' – "diamondoid" in the narrower sense of "diamond like structure" * '''[[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]]''' * '''[[Low level gemstone metamaterials]]''' and [[Neo-polymorph]]s * [[Semi diamondoid structure]]s = External links = * '''[[Good websites about compounds and minerals]]''' ---- * Wikipedia has its own page about diamondoid materials. See here: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondoid] * Wikipedia: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotrope Allotrope] = Table of Contents = __TOC__ = Todo = * add some beautiful images of minerals in their gem grade form * [[pseudo phase diagram]]s * add nanosystems definition of "diamondoid" [[Category: Technology level III]] [[Category: Technology level II]] f0g6g8rs3kyk2sgldv4bqockuv7noke wikitext text/x-wiki 0 873 8528 2021-04-12T10:02:17Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone like compound]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone like compound]] 4wg38wwouzx1bilt718ij61cwitusjj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 26 10498 10105 2021-06-16T10:43:26Z Apm 1 image descriptions: clarified assembly relationships a bit [[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Here is a rather small structural [[diamondoid crystolecule]] with some bonds (brighter red) intentionally left open/dangling/unpassivated (See: [[Nanoscale surface passivation]]) such that in the next assembly step several of these can be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]].]] [[File:atomistic acetylene sorting pump model.jpg|frame|A proposed [[acetylene sorting pump]]. This is a larger [[diamondoid machine element]] (DME). Possibly assembled from several pre-produced smaller [[diamondoid crystolecule]]s. The frame is one big monolithic crystolecule (it may be fused togehter via [[seamless covalent welding]] during assembly). Other parts are smaller independent crystolecules that may be [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] fully passivated as a whole and integrated as a whole without any seamless welding.]] '''Gemstone-like molecular elements''' (GMEs) here also called '''crystolecules''' are parts of machine elements and structural elements at the lowermost physical size limit. They are produced via [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] and are often highly symmetrical. Gemstone-like molecular elements are the basic building blocks in [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. = Base material = [[Gemstone-like compounds]] are the most suitable base material for crystolecules. Beside classical gemstones like diamond other semi-precious minerals including bio-minerals that are synthesizable in solution also fall under gemstone-like compounds. These may be accessible earlier in [[technology level II|semi advanced]] precursor technologies. Use of [[pure metals and metal alloys]] is rather unsuitable for crystolecules. * Metallic bonds with free electron gas are not directed like covalent bonds. * Metal atoms on metal surfaces tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse] away from where they have been deposited. Especially on surfaces. Crystolecules are: * assembled from [[molecule fragments]] * assembled to [[crystolecular element]]s * assembly is typically irreversible '''Given their nanoscale gemstone like nature unfortunately crystolecules and their assemblies [[crystollecular element|crystollecular (machine) elements]] cannot be produced yet (state 2015..2021).''' A subclass of [[gemstone-like compounds]] are [[diamond like compounds]]. (For a disambiguation see: [[Diamondoid]]) <br> Accordingly a subclass of [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s are [[diamondoid molecular element]]s. * '''[[Diamondoid molecular machine element]]s''' (DMMEs) are assemblies of some diamondoid crystolecules implementing one specific mechanical function * '''Diamondoid molecular structural elements''' (DMSEs) are crystolecules or assemblies of some diamondoid crystolecules implementing a structural function = Beware of the stroboscopic illusion = {| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |'''well animated bearing''' <br> The fast thermal vibrations are more realistically blurred out. The remaining localized periodic average deformations (visible here if one looks closely) are highly reversible. (See page abbout "[[superlubrication]]".) |'''badly animated bearing''' <br> The present stroboscopic effect can be misleading in that friction is likely to be grossly overestimated. It deceivingly looks like as if the operating speed would be close to the speed of the thermal vibration. If that where the case it indeed would cause massive friction (strong coupling of motions with similar frequency). |- | [[File:SmallBearingSmoothAnimation.gif|right|DMME - bearing with blurred out fast vibrations]] |[[File:SmallBearingStrobeAnimation.gif|right|DMME - bearing with misleading stroboscopic effect]] |} '''Simulated DMEs often show a misleading stroboscopic effect''' which can make one believe that the operation frequencies lie near the thermal frequencies, giving the false impression of enormously high friction but actually the contrary is true. <br> See: "[[Friction in gem-gum technology]]" and "[[Superlubrication]]". Gemstone like molecular machine elements with sliding interfaces will work exceptionally well. (See: [[Superlubricity]]) <br> There is both experimental evidence and theoretical evidence for that. <br> (See e.g.: [[Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines (paper)]] and the friction analysis in [[Nanosystems]]) = Nomenclature = Since the here described physical objects have no official name yet (2016..2021) <br> something sensible must be invented to refer to them in this wiki. = "Crystolecules" – Term introduction and definition = These objects are somewhat of a cross between a crystal and a molecule. <br> So let's use the term '''"crystolecule"'''. <br> This is nice because it's: * quite accurate in descriptiveness * quite conveniently usable in natural language * quite memorably (catchy) because it seems unusual (clickbait effect) Specificall lets use the term "crystolecule" for ones that are typically are: * small – stiff – minimal * structural * monolithic (like illustrated) * do (typically) not yet feature irreversibly enclosed moving parts – (no [[form closure]] yet – there may be exceptions) * are assembled purely at the first assembly level by [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] (direct [[in place assembly]]) = "Crystolecular elements" = '''See main page: [[Crystolecular element]]''' These are bigger assemblies of basic structural crystolecules. <br> Assembled from crystolecules either via [[seamless covalent welding]] or [[Van der Waals force sticking]] and/or [[shape closing interlocking]] Let's use a different name for crystolecules or assemblies of crystolecules that are typically: * a bit bigger * also functional in nature not just structural * not monolithic * do feature irreversibly enclosed moving parts * may involve pick and place post assembly (from constituent crystolecules) at the next higher assembly level Generally crystolecules and [[crystolecular elements]] will be made from [[gemstone like compound]]s. <br> One subclass already investigated a bit in molecular detail are the [[crystolecular elements]] made from [[diamondoid like compound]]. Specifically some ones made from [[diamond]] and [[moissanite]] where investigated. See: '''[[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].''' == Diamondoid molecular (structural and machine) elements – Term introduction and definition == Let's use: * Diamondoid molecular structural elements (DM'''S'''Es) for structural ones of all sizes including beside small ones also bigger ones * Diamondoid molecular machine elements (DM'''M'''Es) for functional ones that are typically bigger in size * Diamondoid molecular elements (DMEs) for structures of all sized including both of the former * ("Diamondoid" can be replaced by "Gemoid" to include more general gemstone like compounds like e.g. [[sapphire]]) Examples: * On this wiki: [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] * (DM'''M'''Es) ([http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/visuals.html examples]) like e.g. bearings and gears have completely passivated surfaces. * (DM'''S'''Es) ([http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:13786 example]) these are typically only partially passivated. They can expose multiple radicals on some of their surfaces that act as [[positional atomic precision|AP]] [[surface interfaces|welding interfaces]] to complementary surfaces. The assembly step of connecting [[surface interfaces]] is here called "[[seamless covalent welding]]" and is done in the next higher assembly level ([[assembly levels|assembly level II]]?). [[Seamless covalent welding]] it usually is irreversible but sparsely linking versions may be reversible. == Delineation – what crystolecules must not be confused with == Crystolecules must not be confused with crystals out of folded up polypeptide molecules aka proteins (that are made today to find the locations of their constituent atoms). To emphasize the distinction one could use the term "covalent crystolecules". = Related = * For components at different size scales see: [[Components]] * [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]] * [[Example crystolecules]] * [[nanoparticle]]s * [[In place assembly]] * putting molecule-fragments together to crystolecules [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * putting crystolecules together to microcomponents [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] ----- * [[Mechanical circuit element]]s ----- Terms for bigger assemblies of several [[crystolecules]] but not yet as big (and disassemblable) as [[microcomponents]] * [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] – diamond like structure – See: [[Diamondoid]] * [[Crystolecular machine element]] – more general gemstone like structure – See: [[gemstone like compound]] ----- * assembled from [[molecule fragments]] * assembled to [[crystolecular element]]s * assembly is typically irreversible = External links = At K. Eric Drexlers website: * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingDiag.html A shaft in a sleeve can form a rotary bearing] * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0323bearingDesigns.html Sleeve bearings have been designed and modeled in atomic detail] (here shown minus the stroboscopic illusion) ---- * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_element structural elements] * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_element machine elements] * [http://www.iberchip.net/iberchip2006/ponencias/86.pdf Design of Nanomachines using NanoEngineer-1] * "Nanomachines: How the Videos Lie to Scientists" [https://web.archive.org/web/20160322114752/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/10/nanomachines-how-the-videos-lie-to-scientists/ (archive)] [http://metamodern.com/2009/02/10/nanomachines-how-the-videos-lie-to-scientists/ (old dead link)] * without stroboscopic illusion: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RosHyQUw5jI Molecular dynamics simulation of small bearing design] * [http://www.somewhereville.com/?p=82 A Low-Friction Molecular Bearing Assembly Tutorial, v1] [[Category:Technology level III]] jdfr3ztw59n0vcdfzk7uq3vgfwief5d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 65 9870 9332 2021-06-03T07:10:28Z Apm 1 formatting and removed unnecessary explanation part {{Template:Site specific definition}} Simply by nanostructuring [[abundant elements]] they can (in the vast majority of cases) replace the scarce elements that are needed today. In fact the one single element carbon alone is sufficient to replace almost all other materials. {{Template:paradox material property example}} The topic here are the base materials for all the products of [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]]. * Up to more general definition: ''[[Metamaterial]]''<br> * To: [[Gemstone like compounds]] which serve as the base-materials for [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. [[File:nanocell crystal 1.jpg|thumb|right|Diamondoid metamaterials can be made to [[color emulation|emulate any desired appearance]]. But if one does not care and the surface structures are in the size range of the wavelength of visible light '''they're likely to exhibit iridescent appearance'''. Furthermore some simple metamaterials (e.g. [[Locking mechanisms#Van der Waals locking|VdW solids]]) can be brittle but [[splinter prevention|this may not be desirable]] thus more effort in metamaterial engineering must be invested.(image source: Casshern Sins 27)]] = Definition = A gemstone based metamaterial (or [[diamondoid]] metamaterial or '''gem-gum''' for short): * 1) consists out of one (or a few) [[diamondoid compound|gemstone like base materials]] <br>that means compounds that are suitable for advanced atomically precise technology * 2) has a '''for the human senses imperceptibly small structuring'''. <br>This structuring is usually formed by complexly interlocking [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s. * 3) '''optional:''' Has somehow interlocking [[crystolecule]]s or [[microcomponent]]s with some sort of mechanical function (bearing interfaces present and critical for function). This third point is only added here to delineate more clearly (high level) gemstone based metamaterials from [[low level gemstone metamaterial]]s. The structuring gives the resulting material properties that are not native to the base material. In fact the properties of the gemstone metamaterial can be polar opposites of the gemstone base material. For instance: The base materials usually have gemstone properties but a metamaterial made from these base materials can behave like rubber for human perception. The them "gem-gum technology" sometimes used here on this wiki refers to that fact. Since there is a hyper-gigantic space of possible structurings there's an equally sized space of novel (mechanical) material properties that range from simple improvements over uncommon/unfamiliar material properties to outright alien stuff. = Countering resource scarcity = The wide range of material properties is achievable with just one (or a few) [[diamondoid]] base materials that contain just one (or a few) [[abundant elements]]. Thus gem-gum Technology has the potential to solve large parts of today's (2016) looming civilization problem of [[resource scarcity]]. Specifically advanced [[emulated elasticity|elasticity emulating]] gemstone based metamaterials (gem-gum) makes [[mining]] after less abundant alloying metals for the most part unnecessary. __TOC__ = Gemstone based metamaterials as foundation for advanced atomically precise gem-gum Products = Diamondoid metameterials form '''the necessary basis''' for the yet speculative [[further improvement at technology level III|advanced applications]] of [[technology level III|the goal technology level]].<br> These highly complex applications will only become possible through the smart combination of the set of newly available metamaterials with novel properties. For a list of potentially possible gemstone based metamaterial go to the <br> '''main article: "[[List of potential gemstone based metamaterials]]"''' = Tensile strength = A gemstone based metamaterials tensile strength cannot exceed the tensile strength of the (flawless) base material. Thus for more demanding applications a good base material with decent tensile strength may be preferable over something that is weaker but better degrading. Still in a gemstone based metamaterial the [[crystolecule]]s made out of this base material are (on average) flawless, while a big macroscopic thermodynamically grown (synthetic or natural) gemstone is not. Thus the metamaterials tensile strength actually ''can'' exceed the tensile strength of the base material in the flaw-rich gemstone form we can inspect today. = Robustness of AP microscale machine systems = * Natural background [[radiation damage|radiation]] won't hit a small part of a system for decades on average. Bigger systems can retain functionality reliably through [[redundancy]]. * The digital nature of AP building blocks (copies have completely identical bond topology) makes them self correct their alignment in spite of thermal expansion. This allows for highly scalable system design. The same can be seen in digital electronics mechanical flaws up to 5% in length of chip structures and similar electrical flaws in voltage are self correcting. * '''Effect of lack of defects - diamond gum:''' <br> Substances that are normally very brittle can take enormous strain (in the two digit percent range) when they're completely free of defects. With APM making completely defect free microscopic parts is easy. When those microscopic parts are combined back together in a smart way that prevents crack propagation (e.g. with interlocking shapes) this property can be retained into the macroscopic size range. See "[[emulated elasticity]]" for more details. Related: [[Acceleration tolerance]] = The limits of metamaterials = Some combinations of material properties are just not permitted by physical law and can thus not or only to a small degree emulated by metamaterials. <br> Examples for this are: * non polarizing optical transparency of thick plates is incompatible to isotropic electric conductivity <br>{{todo|check in how far that is true}} * very high [[thermal isolation]] conflicts with very high compressive material strength <br> macroscale layerd designs are a straighrforward workaround though. (E.g. needed for Venus surface probes.) = Gemstone metamaterial ≠ utility fog !! = (Specialized diamondoid metamaterials - vs - general purpose [[utility fog]]) [[Utility fog]] could be considered a very complex high level metamaterial that [[elasticity emulation|emulates elasticity]] (and more). But since it has the maximum possible degree of general purpose capabilities it is not optimized for any specific purpose. Instead of going the general purpose route which takes high design effort. One can: * use diamondoid metamaterials that are much simpler to design (and maybe simpler to build too) * introduce complexity instead to highly optimize for one specific application (e.g. street pavings, [[medium movers]], ...). * do something in-between those two extremes = When sharp borders between base-material and metamaterial blur = (diamondoid metamaterials - vs - diamondoid compounds) Note that there is a grey zone between [[diamondoid compound]]s and diamondoid metamaterials where it might not be 100% clear in which class they belong. In this grey zone there live e.g. compounds that including vacancies that are distributed in a checkerboard pattern. Is this just a different crystal structure (another polymorph or [[neo-polymorph]] in an [[pseudo phase diagram]]) or just a metamaterial. One could call these cases low level metamaterials. A short note on low level diamondoid metamaterials can be found on the page describing [[diamondoid|diamondoid materials]]. = When sharp borders between active nanomachinery and metamaterial blur = There are many many very complex nanomachinery systems that go beyond passive ans simple structures. It is unclear at which pouint calling these metamaterials no longer makes sense. Examples: * [[chemomechanical converter]]s and other energy converters * [[muscle motor]]s * [[medium movers]] * [[infinitesimal bearings]] * More complex [[elasticity emulation]] with [[chemospring]]s = Lopsided volume ratio in metamaterial type usage = Due to the very high power densities ([[Mechanical energy transmission cables|see here]]) that can be handled with diamondoid metamaterials, metamaterials for energy conversion (motors/generators) and transmission (infinitesimal bearings,...) will in most cases only take up a small fraction of a products volume. Leaving space for simpler design, more other functionality (e.g. data-storage) or allowing for [[diamondoid balloon products|highly collapsible design]] that get their shape by inflation with pressurized air.<br> (Related: mixing an meshing of various types of [[microcomponents]]) = Notes = Advanced gemstone based products of [[productive nanosystems]] can be either be * small scale reversibly recomposable or * large scale monolithic Which of the two it is depends on the specific design of the nanofactory. <br> Nanofactories capable of making monolithic designs seem * harder to design and * maybe less desirable Less desirable because they are less frienldy for reuse and [[recycling]]. <br> Harder because they'd require large open [[PPV]] vacuum volumes (or some exotic sealing strategies). <br> See: [[vacuum handling]] Small scale reversible recomposability requires <br> that [[crystolecule]]s are not irreversibly [[seamless covalent welding|welded]] together beyond a certain scale. <br> E.g. not beyond the scale of [[microcomponent]]s. Wikipedia's older definitions for metamaterials in (2014) did not mention mechanical metamaterials. <br> As of (2016) mechanical metamaterials seem to gain more attention. <br> A short section about them (structural metamaterials) has been added. <br> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterial according to wikipedia] = Related = * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] * [[Stiffness]] * [[Superelasticity]] * [[High pressure]] * [[Natural color of gem-gum products]] * [[Metamaterial]] more generally * [[Mechanical metamaterial]] * [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]] * [[Reasons for APM]] – There's a section about "new materials" and how it leads to problem solving opportunities. = External links = Diamondoid metamaterials allows to reach spots in the Ashby plot (density vs tensile strength) that are not accessible by non AP means of production. * Pictures of Ashby plots on wikimedia commons: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ashby_plot_big.jpg saturated-pixelgraphic]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Material-comparison--strength-vs-density_plain.svg vectorgraphic]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_3_-_Ashby_chart_with_performance_indices_plotted_for_maximum_result.PNG a scan of a detailed version] * Wikipedia(en): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_selection#Selecting_the_best_material_overall Selecting the best material overall] * Wikipedia(de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifische_Festigkeit Spezifische Festigkeit] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] n4p79ojwesl5yx6nmz70qbk7ig6zh5g wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1074 10136 2021-06-09T09:58:57Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Gemstone like compound]] to [[Gemstone-like compound]]: fixed bad mistake in inconsistency – lots of double redirects to fix now – gah! #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like compound]] huorguczmd7hjll53qj0kivnk19io7s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 859 10399 8483 2021-06-13T20:47:20Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone-like compound]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone-like compound]] huorguczmd7hjll53qj0kivnk19io7s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1028 9782 2021-06-01T15:48:30Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Base materials with high potential]] #REDIRECT [[Base materials with high potential]] o2xjokft5qur1i7mof1364nti0kae46 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 910 8847 2021-05-03T12:03:09Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1095 10260 2021-06-13T13:27:10Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 926 8985 2021-05-17T07:30:36Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 929 8991 2021-05-17T09:33:14Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] 6f67z2890fau7sf0zx9uz1onelswcuw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 844 8414 2021-04-08T12:17:35Z Apm 1 plural to singular for nontrivial case #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 256 11358 11305 2021-07-08T11:16:51Z Apm 1 spelling {{site specific definition}} ---- '''Up:''' [[Advanced productive nanosystem]] <br> '''Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories''' (or '''[[diamondoid compound|gem]]-[[diamondoid metamaterial|gum]] factories''' for short) are a main topic of this wiki.<br> = What it is and what it does = {{Template:Nanofactory introduction}} == From molecules to super-products == The idea is that such a gem-gum factory will take in simple [[raw materials]] on one side. <br> And out the other side come high performance atomically precise products for [[very low price]] without any waste materials beside pure water and warm air. Given enough energy is supplied [[air as a resource|even the carbon dioxide in plain air could be be used as a resource.]] As plant's do but quite differently in the details. Instead of using simple molecule [[raw material]]s old [[microcomponents]] could be [[recyclingrecycled]]. That would take less energy and be faster. Old microcomponents for recycling could be supplied via a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]]. Gem-gum factories will come in a wild variety of [[Form factors of gem-gum factories|form factors]]. From as small as key-fob sized over phone sized, laptop sized, standalone photocopier sized, garage door sized, and maybe even seaport sized and beyond. == The factories innards – stepwise assembly successively bigger parts == Inside the gem-gum factory products are assembled not right a way as a whole (there is no [[in place assembly]]) but in small parts that are successively assembled to sucessively bigger parts via successively bigger robotics. This assembly process to successively bigger parts is called [[convergent assembly]]. * The successivley bigger robotic assembly stages are here called [[assembly levels]] or [[assembly layers]]. * The successively bigger part sized are here called [[component levels]]. * The successively bigger transport intermediary transport systems are here called [[transport levels]] or [[transport layers]]. The [[assembly levels]] are interspersed with the [[transport levels]]. * Each [[assembly level]] sits between two [[component levels]]. Small parts get assembled to big parts. == Level after level – A recurring but changing cycle == Going up the levels from the very bottom the [[resource molecules]] to the last and topmost [[assembly level]] one finds that there is a recurring pattern. The same functionalities need to be done over and over again at different size scales. Depending on the size scale of the layer the same recurring functionalities need to be provided via somewhat different means. This is because of already predictable design constraints like: * [[scaling laws|physics behaves quite differently for different size scales]]. * A focus on standardized mass produced parts motivated by lowest scale space constraints and a desire to maximize further up [[recycling]] Analyzing these design constraints can give us a [[naked core|crude preview]] of how the innards of a gem-gum factors might eventually look like. Of course an actual implementation might carry quite some differences. Especially some more or less useful legacy stuff from the [[bootstrapping]] [[pathway]] will likely be present. == What would actually be inside – mapping out and comparing the recurring process steps == The table in the following section meanders repeatedly through the same functionalities at the different size scales. * Rows are functionalities * Columns are levels By going through the columns you see how the same functionality is solved differently for the different size scales. Here in this wiki the size for the steps for the scales is chosen slightly arbitrary to be 32. Just because: * two steps then make roughly 1000 and * only four steps suffice to go all the way from big nano (atoms well visible) to small macro (parts well visible for anyone not almost blind) Size growth is geometric not arithmetic. The successive size-steps multiply. __TOC__ = Stage vs step table = You may meander through this table in two ways: * size wise column by column including all the repeating processing steps (including the [[assembly levels]]) and/or * type wise row by row showing how the chosen aspect of the processing chain changes with scale Matching to the basic [[assembly levels]] there are corresponding [[design levels]]. The [[assembly levels]] are about the size and character of the intermediary [[convergent assembly]] steps both the assembly systems (assembly chambers, assembly manipulators, ...) and the general character of the product-fragments assembled inside. The [[design levels]] are about product design software that matches these levels. [[Assembly levels]] are mostly static and will likely only change significantly when the nanofactory itself receives an upgrade. The [[design levels]] are about software tools for actual concrete product design which may change on every production run (with the exception of hard coded assembly in the initial convergent assembly steps). {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| Caracteristics ! scope="col"| Level 0 ! scope="col"| Level I ! scope="col"| Level II ! scope="col"| Level III (and up) |- ! scope="row"| Type of Components | [[moiety|Molecular fragments]] <br> '''wanted:''' versatile abundant and nontoxic elements | [[Crystolecule]]s <br> '''wanted:''' standard building blocks (mass produced "nuts and bolts") | [[Microcomponent]]s <br> '''wanted:''' reusable units (possibly indivisible) | [[Product fragment]]s <br> '''wanted:''' composable metamaterials |- ! Examples for typical Components | Fragments of simple compounds CH₄, CO₂, ... including at least some basic elements: C,H,Si,Ge,... | Crystolecules: * basic machine elements * basic structural elements | Microcomponents: * space filling polyhedra * adapter-parts | * muscle motors * infinitesimal bearings * designed stress strain behaviour * power tweakable energy storage * thermal switch material * air accelerators |- ! Size of component typical comonents (or assembly chambers) | Molecule fragments have a fraction of a nanometer in diameter. (C-atoms: d~0.2nm). [[Assembly cell]]s have same size as in next assembly level (~32nm) | Crystolecules ~2nm to 32nm. [[Assembly cell]]s 32nm and bigger. As needed. | Microcomponents ~1000nm = ~1µm. [[Assembly cell]]s 1µm and bigger. As needed. | Product-fragments ~32µm. [[Assembly cell]]s ~32µm and bigger. As needed. Or direct [[in place assembly]] to final product. |- ! Comprehensible size comparison model scale 500.000:1 | Model atoms have the diameter of an average human hair (0.1mm) | Model crystolecules are from the size of a grain of salt to the size of a playing dice (1mm-16mm) | Model microcomponents are the size of a big plant pot (~50cm) | Model product-fragments are the size of a house (~16m). A 50m wide soccer court scaled down 1:500.000 is visible by eye - it has the width of a human hair. |- ! Physical Properties (strength, wear, friction and more) | atoms are eternally wear free <br> (for all practical purposes) | * [[superlubrication|super lubricating]] * practically [[wear free]] * strong | inheriting toughness | emulated properties via [[metamaterial]]s |- ! [[Connection method|Methods for Connection]] <br> (Physical interfaces) | covalent bonds | * [[surface interface]]s * [[shape locking]] * (Van der Waals sticking) | * (shape locking) * [[Van der Waals force|Van der Waals sticking]] * simple mechanisms | advanced auto-align mechanisms |- ! Character of Manipulators | fast mass production/preparation in stiff molecular mills <br> (employing [[3 tip tricks]]) | conveyor belt factory style assembly | stiff manipulators with parallel mechanics akin to steward platform and delta robots | conventional factory robot arms with serial mechanics. Even further up at macroscale: Highly dexterous tentacle robotics. Megascale: sparse cranes (of organic shape). |- ! Internal distribution / logistics | '''Moiety routing:''' Note: even for basic hydrocarbon handling this is quite complex | '''Major rail routing station:''' Note: Redundancy requires fail safe producers and consumers | '''Minor rail routing station.''' For microcomponent recomposition <br> (Streaming?) | '''No routing.''' (?) <br> Possibly general purpose robotic pick and place. <br> (Macroscale: Streaming parts through tentacle robotics?) |- ! Airlocks and clean keeping | All mechanosynthesis happens under practically perfect vacuum. No airlocks at this scale. | Possibly early vacuum lockout of passivated crystolecules. | Main vacuum lockout step. Passivated microcomponents can be assembled and disassembled in air. | Possibly early clean-room lockout. Bigger product fragments can handle dust and dirt - to a degree. |} {{todo|add miniature images and links to table}} == Microcomponent recomposers as a separable Subsystem == Note that if you strip a nanofactory of the first assembly layer (and maybe of the second assembly level too) then what you are left with (after fixing open ends) is a [[microcomponent recomposer]]. A microcomponent recomposer * may either come as separate standalone device, or * the upper assembly layers of a gem-gum factory may be just used as a microcomponent recomposer. '''[[Microcomponent recomposer]]s will likely have an extremely high maximal throughput if designed for that property.''' See main page: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] = Nanofactory control = * hardware [[Control hierarchy|hierarchy of processing logic]] * software [[decompression chain]] [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/15-nanofactory-block-diagram/ Block diagram of a nanofactory]<br> {{todo|include this broad image overview here}} = Self replication of gem-gum factories = == Self replication in the bootstrapping process == Highly compact [[self replication]] at the nanoscale (as it is present in the obsolete concept of [[molecular assembler]]s) is '''not (!!)''' a prerequisite for the bootstrapping of advanced nanofactories. For details about how the bootstrapping process could be performed check out the main article: "[[Bootstrapping]]". == Self replication in normal usage == Beside a sheer infinity of [[Further improvement at technology level III|useful products]] a gem-gum factory can quickly produce [[self replication|copies of itself]]. It does not need any special fancy raw materials for this. The necessary [[abundance of raw materials|raw materials are abundant and everywhere available]]. Heck even the air you breath works if nothing else is available. So when you have a [[gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] then you can make more gem-gum factories for all of your friends. Anywhere and anytime. And they can make more copies for all of their friends. Since everyone is linked to every other person on earth through a low number of acquaintanceships, see: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation wikipedia: six degrees of separation] (which btw is not entirely true), you can imagine how fast this can spread. We know it from software. Actually the limiting factor may very well be the the time it will take us to develop these devices. [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] == Specialization pushes self replicative capabilities into the macroscale == A main defining feature a gem-gum nanofactory (if not one of the most important ones) is that while the whole system is general purpose all its various subsystems are highly specialized. Much like what you find in a general purpose computer (moterboard, CPU, main bus, …). There's no magic general purpose [[computronium]] inside. This makes it: * much more efficient than the old and now obsolete [[molecular assembler]] concept * not possess highly compact self replicative capabilities as the [[molecular assembler]] concept Specialized one-task-only pick and place mechanisms (like [[molecular mills]]) can be smaller and faster than general purpose ones. Just as this is the case in macroscale factories.<br> When every standard part needs it's own production line then a system capable of self replication that needs many part types naturally becomes quite big. Quite big meaning well visible for human eyes. As a wild guess think thumbnail size. === Resillient backup === Strewing out thumbnail sized gem-gum factory [[save point]] chips at strategic and random locations over the whole earth that are specially designed for being able to bootstrap [[gem-gum technology]] from nothing but the device itself could serve as a worst case [[backup plan]] for human technology and civilization. = Alternate names = There are several names for this concept. <br> Some already existing, some introduced in this wiki. <br> Some maybe problemaic like the name "Nanofactory" <br> See main page: [[Alternatives to the term "Nanofactory"]]. = Related = * For the [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]<br> that these devices are made out of and <br>that these devices are making <br>check out: [[gem-gum technology]] * For a more general overview over atomically precise manufacturing as a whole including steps on the [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|pathway]] to this advanced target please go to the [[Main Page|main page]]. <br> * For a more technical overview about gem gum factories check out: '''[[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]'''. ---- * Up to a more general concept: [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s ----- * [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] ----- * [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] are both part of and origin of [[in-vacuum gem-gum technology]]. <br>If that sounds paradox it's because of the chicken egg problem of [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems|bootstrapping such factories]]. ----- * '''[[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]''' * '''[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]''' – The concept animation video * '''[[Advanced productive nanosystem]]''' * [[Visualization methods for gemstone metamaterial factories]] <br> including [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] * [[Technology level III|Gemstone metamaterial technology]] aka "advanced high throughput atomically precise manufacturing" * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Assembly levels]] mapped to [[Assembly layers]] * '''[[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]]''' = External links = * ['''todo:''' add the main ones] * Preliminary rendering from the "productive nanosystems" concept video: [http://www.foresight.org/lizardfire/nanofactorySS.html] <br> some details are different than in the final versions. * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0512molManSystems.html Complete molecular manufacturing systems will have many subsystems, designed to meet many constraints] (2014-04 on K. Eric Drexlers website) * [http://crnano.org/bootstrap.htm Personal Nanofactories (PNs) – Center for Responsible Nanotechnology] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] [[Category:PagesWithNiceTables]] lz0r7x4whdpe1b0coa5en7db5vqnisf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 831 8351 2021-03-30T08:57:21Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[gem-gum technology]] 091blws3pfugnp5g09y34ae7mm1t9oy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 406 6719 6717 2017-10-22T18:18:51Z Apm 1 /* Why do we need APM? */ moved content over to: [[Reasons for APM]] __TOC__ = What, Why, How, When = For a more graphical introduction go back to this wiki's [[Main Page]]. == What is atomically precise manufacturing (APM) == === The Goal - advanced Diamondoid Atomically Precise Manufacturing - Gemstone Metamaterial Technology === Advanced '''Atomically precise manufacturing (APM)''' is a prospective '''method of production for material goods''' of all sizes. <br> The products of this manufacturing method consist out of atomically precise [[diamondoid molecular elements|parts]]. These constituent parts like e.g. bearings gears springs and housing structures have the smallest possible physical size that allows for their functioning. When assembled the systems they create strikingly resemble conventional factory-equipment that one finds at the meter scale but on the meter scale those new kind of clearly non biological products may well be designed to be [[soft-core macrorobots with hard-core nanomachinery|smooth elastic and seamless]] a trait only biological matter illustrates today. In contrast to atomic scale biological systems those artificial atomically precise systems do not rely on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion thermal movement] for their function, instead they operate in the [[machine phase]]. Out of [[diamondoid|various reasons]] silicon, diamond and [[diamondoid|similar substances]] are suitable building materials. All of the [[diamondoid molecular elements|parts]] have their surfaces chemically plugged (passivated). Passivated surfaces do not bind to one another (not covalently to be exact). When the parts are aligned such that their atomic roughness can't intermesh they slide on each other [[superlubrication|wear free and superlubricating]].<br> With [[exploratory engineering]] it was shown <ref name="nasy">[[Nanoystems|Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation - by K. Eric Drexler]]</ref> that [[products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] will perform better than most products out of materials known today and due to the decentral (at home / locally) and direct (raw material to product in one step) characteristics of the manufacturing process there is also reason to assume that AP products will be cheap in production. Combined those properties may lead to drastic changes in human civilization over a short period of time giving us an [[opportunities|opportunity]] to rapidly solve yet untacklable global problems but also presenting us to new kinds of [[dangers]]. The technical details about the [[technology level III|targeted kind of technology]] can be found in the book Nanosystems <ref name="nasy"/>. It contains details about math physics and chemistry behind those machines. Among other things there is explained why quantum uncertainty is not really a problem, why thermal movement is a solvable challenge and why knowledge about natural solution phase chemistry is not directly applicable to chemical synthesis in the machine phase ([[mechanosynthesis]]). <br> === Atomically Precise Manufacturing in general === What also counts to atomically precise manufacturing are areas where less stiff structures are used: * many processes in biological life (it is actually is the only kind of massively happening atomically precise manufacturing today). This is not what this wiki is going to be about! * the early development phase towards diamondoid (gemstone-like) systems - (veering heavily away from the typical characteristics of life) * '''excluded''' is thermodynamic crystal growth - the exact number of atoms and surfaces shapes can not be precisely controlled (exception: atomically precise [[nanoparticle]]s) Biological life is doing atomically precise manufacturing since it has emerged (albeit barely with [[positional atomic precision]]). It provides direct examples for the feasibility for some things (floppy soft diffusion based systems out of chain molecules). It does not provide direct examples for the feasibility of the targeted things (stiff diamondoid diffusion suppressing systems out of crystolecule machine parts) but it at least gives a hint that it is maybe worth to investigate them. Doing so (with the means of [[exploratory engineering]]) unravels that there is potential far beyond the limits of biological systems. There are several reasons why [[evolution]] couldn't reach and will not reach this superior systems. There are pretty certainly no small evolutionary steps capable of shunning diffusion transport all together and directly moving into a practically perfect vacuum. But how can it be so different? The really good new technology usually learns from nature from the deeper lying more fundamental less intermingled aspects and not from the more superficial obvious aspects. This leads to quite different solutions as can be seen with e.g. the bicycle and the air-plane. == Why do we need APM? == See main article: [[Reasons for APM]] == How do we build a personal fabricator? == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Technology levels of the incremental path |- | [[Technology level 0|Level 0]] | [[side products of technology level 0|side products]] |- | [[Technology level I|Level I]] | [[side products of technology level I|side products]] |- | [[Technology level II|Level II]] | [[side products of technology level II|side products]] |- | [[Technology level III|Level III]] | [[diamondoid metamaterials|pre-products]]<br>[[further improvement at technology level III|products]]<br>[[most speculative potential applications| maybe]] |} There are two approaches: * the [[direct path]] * the [[incremental path]] There is a some discussion about the perception of APM related work due to the people promoting the direct path - see: [[pathway controversy]]. This dates back to a dispute over the "ownership" over the very generic word "nanotechnology". This dispute led to a temporarily loss of publicly perceived credibility & funding of anything related to APM - see: [[history]]. Further the term atomically precise manufacturing way introduced by Eric Drexler to have a more specific name for the technology described on this wiki. == How long will it take us to get there? == See main article: [[Time till advanced APM]] = What this site is for? = For the aims of this wiki see main article: [[Goals of this wiki]] == Contact / Contribution == ''' Update: 2015-09-28''' - The sites admin (I Lukas M. Süss aka mechadense) has decided to close the wiki for individual editing for now. <br> If you want to see something here that should be added or changed you can either [[APM:About|contact me directly]] or discuss it with me on the sci-nanotech [http://www.sci-nanotech.org forum]. '''If you want to make backups or a fork of the whole thing please contact me. That would be great :) You can find the contact information on the about page.'''<br> '''If I do not hit the [http://www.bplaced.net hosting service providers] dead man's switch once a month this wiki will vanish! - Don't know how long I'll still be around.''' Reasons for closing: <br> The amount the site has grown - even with a very good [[Sitemap documentation]] - newcomers would probably mess up this wikis structure by now. The attainment of the knowledge about the fate of the wise-nano.com-wiki (see: [[Other sites]]) * Pages where growing out of bounds since the concerns wherent seperated well. As a result things were repeated over and over again. That is precisely what a wiki should prevent from happening by providing hyper-linking. * The topics where missing what really matters most - identifying the points where concrete investigations are needed. (well, to be fair that was not the focus of the wise-nano.com-wiki - "facts and implications" where) * Also almost no illustrations where made - those are essential. ---- Old: '''Please read the guidelines on the [[community portal]] before contributing.''' <br> '''Note:''' When contributing here please '''avoid''' using the term '''nanotechnology''' and use more precise and specific terms ([[APM related terms|APM related terms]]) instead.<br> [[History]] has led to the fact that "nanotechnology" now (2013..2015) almost exclusively links to '''non''' atomically precise technologies or products of SciFi fantasy. The term "nanotechnology" is as specific as the term "makrotechnology" that is rarely used because of its generality. = References = <references /> 26iejnlmlcl22n0w64ubme4akhfav4n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 17 10652 6741 2021-06-19T09:08:47Z Apm 1 added link to * [[General software issues]] = From Sci to Fi = Discussion of technologies that may or may not be enabled through [[technology level III|advanced gemstone gum technology]] and the chances and dangers they may bring can be discussed here.<br>Please add them to the [[further improvement at technology level III#List of Potential Applications|list of potential applications]] as short and concise as possible and link back here or to a new page to the apropriate section.<br>If the topic grows big you are welcome to create a new page and link it from here.<br> '''Please don't add technologies where there is no reason to believe that APM will help making them a reality like beaming of humans, warp drives, neutron star physics or the like. Also the effects of self improving artificial intelligence that might crop up in the future is of no concern here since [[exploratory engineering]] isn't really applicable there.''' = Discussion of speculative technologies = [yet empty] = Other stuff = * [[Community portal]] * [[Books]] * [[General software issues]] * [[The transition time]] - expectable ineraction between todays products and advanced APM products * consequences on our artificial environment of fast in place upgradable and repairing materials (every day an other city, [[architectural engineering]]) * [[socioeconomic consequences]] * [[surveillance and sphere of privacy]] * [[Philosophical topics]] * [[offtopic fun]] More Fi than Sci: If in the not so near future for whatever reason carbon usage might become excessive - think mountain sized building structures. It might become wise to switch to silicon as the main structural material. An element that biology uses only in traces and an element from which so much is available that it can't be used up even if a barely gravitationally self supporting structure would be made that covers the whole earth. == APM & History == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution First and second industrial revolution] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing Digital manufacturing]: Recently termed the third industrial revolution by some. * APM: more a private than an industrial revolution - technologically generated independence and de-globalizing effect (not yet tackled on the corresponding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deglobalization wikipedia page]) * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-age_system Three age system] - stone bronze and iron * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age Information age (silicon age)] - plastic age would be more befitting to the everyday use material classification. * APM: transition to the "diamond age" ? = Related = * [[General software issues]] = External links = * topic related: [https://rpk.lcsr.jhu.edu/Publications#Metamorphic_Robots Robot and Protein Kinematics Lab] * [http://nanohub.org/ nanoHUB ... open platform for the diverse (but largely APM unrelated) nanotechnology branches] * [[Other sites]] == Non english language links == * [http://freigeisterhaus.de/viewtopic.php?t=34435 Forumsdiskussion (de)] [[Category:General]] ekjn8qw6pn3bies2ocj9wgjfroexc8w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 102 12086 12085 2021-09-26T08:56:15Z Apm 1 /* Relation of AP Technology to new computing paradigms */ added link to [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] '''In a world where the digital and physical realm starts to blend''' that is physical products become networked live acutateable and reconfigurable '''software architecture / organisation / design or however one may call it becomes even more important''' than it is already today. Key issues are: * stability (at best error-proofness) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctness_%28computer_science%29 correctness]; [http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Research_papers/Testing_and_correctness research in Haskell] * maintainability * modularity / extendability / scalability * diversity (as options for unexpected dead end routes) * optimized-specialisation conserving functionality-expanding-generalisation and vice versa * highly complex version management ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_hell dependency hell]) * [[progressive disclosure]] human computer interfaces [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_disclosure] * ... = Important challenges = == File systems == Currently used tree based and machine local file systems have their limits. Sorting the same data after multiple hierarchical criteria is impossible. To give an example: Assume one owns a lot of image-file text-file sets. The small text files are of high importance (e.g. source code) while the huge images are of relatively low importance (e.g. rendered from source). Archiving different backup levels (location, redundancy level) for file types of different importance isn't possible with the basic functionalities of tree based file systems. File system indexing usage of meta-data and file tagging only mend but do not solve the problem. Some kind of graph based file systems are needed. Graph databases (like Neo4j?) are interesting but are only crutches if implemented on top of tree based file systems. The limitation to serial access to mass storage disk space (now changing with random access SD drives) led to the fact that current systems are still hardware near programmed and suffer from a lack of abstraction. Data must be manually serialized for persistent storage. Net based services like [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive Google drive] and Facebook already emulate this behavior. Another interesting "on top" approach is [http://www.yesodweb.com/ yesod] with its [http://www.yesodweb.com/book/persistent integrated persistence]. * A good writeup about the problem and solution approaches can be found here: [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?FileSystemAlternatives file system alternatives] * Another pretty good writeup of why file systems in tree structure are fundamentally flawed: [https://rffr.de/wp-content/uploads/manuell/file_systems_usability.pdf "File Systems and Usability – the Missing Link" by Robert Freund] * [''todo:'' add link to NHFS paper] Google once made a move in this direction. Google drive allowed (for some time) to create folder structures as an directed acyclic graph. ---- Graph based file systems would have some similarities too wikis. Both allow one to explain the same thing in different contexts. Compared to file systems Wikis allow one to add elaborate descriptions and documentation instead of just short folder names. Wikis are not built to replace file systems though. * broken links can be reconstructed * emerging concepts can be auto-detected * criterions can be combined by disjunctive and conjunctive normal form (methods from digital logic) * there is a partial order - dividing the whole graph from a chosen criterion into three parts (analog to the concurrency cone) === Possible graphical representations === * super boxes connected with directed arrows to sub-boxes or sub-boxes in super-boxes (mutually convertible). The program yEd gives a niche example of how something like that could look. * In the case of sub-boxes in super-boxes the metaphor "depth of a topic" could be taken literally for a 3D-representation. * beside the well known child tree in a graph file system an ancestor tree can also be shown * like in conventional tree style file-systems the state of all folders collapsed by default and only a view "open" is a necessity. Additionally hiding stretches of overly long paths and same level "sibling" folders might be desirable. Both situations call for remedy though which is easier in a graph than a tree. Progressive exposure like this breaks the long-standing user developer barrier making users learn by accident and making them become developers by accident. Current mainstream graphical programming languages often suffer from disregarding the importance of hiding subsystem complexity leading to horribly unmaintainable circuit krakens. == Dependency hell == Current packet management systems suffer from the dreaded problem of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_hell dependency hell]. Especially developers who install a lot of software packages in parallel are affected. Solution approaches include: * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_package_manager Packet manager of experimental NixOS] - [http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reviews/6654/1 review] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Install multi-platform reversible java package management system] '''Legacy barriers:''' A high level (math based) abstraction layer is absolute essential for isolation of most of the plumbing (that is pattern matching parsing and serialization) in software. Keeping data immutable on the scale of whole operating systems and and even the whole word wide web is a necessary requirement for that. Things that don't get referenced from anywhere anymore can be removed by a worldwide garbage collector. * RAM to HDD * application to application * computer to computer * file to file An approach to implementation is "unison" (Link: [http://unisonweb.org/]). = Software for 3D-modelling and beyond = {{todo| expand this chapter}} Atomistic modelling: From Tom's machine phase blog comes an example of the usage of Nanoengineer-1: [http://machine-phase.blogspot.co.at/2008/04/afm-images-of-ne1-designed-origami.html DNA origami: from design to product] See: [[Data decompression chain]] See: [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] Bad software design may undermine the "[[Disaster proof]]" property of globally used APM. == Further related information == Avoiding hidden state (a potential source of errors) can be compatible with interactive environments: * Tangible functional programming [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faJ8N0giqzw YT Video] ([https://wiki.haskell.org/Eros Eros demo program]; TVs ... [https://wiki.haskell.org/Tangible_Value Tangible Variables]) * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_reactive_programming Functional reactive programming]; [http://conal.net/papers/push-pull-frp/ research of Conal Elliott] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_%28operating_system%29 House - functional operating system] * [[reversible data processing]] * Replacing softwary with "hardcoded hardware" to make to make things that are not supposed to happen impossible. [[Self limitation for safety]] * instability of high level operating systems ... * [[Debugging]] = Relation of AP Technology to new computing paradigms = Related: [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] == What is likely to be a necessity == * reversible computing Deleting data produces heat proportional to the operation temperature. In super high density computing this needs to be avoided. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_%28programming_language%29#Time-reversible_Computing time-reversible computing low level programming language] <br> High level programming language that match reversible computing best are functional programming languages like Liasp and Haskell. == What is absolutely not a necessity but could boost development speed == Widely known: * quantum computing (depends on reversible design) * neural network compution (deep learning) Barely known: * memcomputers (interspersed comuting and memory can increase performance for certain algorithms) <br> [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/6/e1500031 Memcomputing NP-complete problems in polynomial time using polynomial resources and collective states] * lambda machines / graph reduction machines ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_reduction_machine wikipedia]) (historic alternative to Von Neumann architecture computers) <br> Research 2015: '''Reduceron''' [https://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/reduceron/ webpage] [https://github.com/tommythorn/Reduceron github] implemented on FPGAs Also maybe of interest: * ternary (mechanical) logic - higher radix economy but worse in transporting carries - ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic wikipedia]) * digital usage of analog mechanical computing mechanisms (a few bit at a time) - [http://maritime.org/doc/firecontrol/parte.htm link] * usage of p-adic arithmetic in processors === Applications === Alternative computing architectures that boost certain types of problems can often be used for optimization: * circutry; layout; * optimal molecular topologies for bigger structural [[Diamondoid molecular element|crystolecules]] e.g. brackets (aka Kaehler-brackets); ... = The various obstructing rifts in Software = * ... = Related = * '''[[Software]]''' * [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] * [[Data decompression chain]] * [[Programming languages]] * [[Multi criterion file system]] * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] ---- * [[Gaps in software]] * [[Progressive disclosure]] ---- * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] ---- * [[Bridging the gaps]] in APM development – gaps in software are mentioned last = External Links = * [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?FileSystemAlternatives Alternatives for the seriously flawed hierarchical (tree style) file systems] * [http://www7.scu.edu.au/1865/com1865.htm WebOFDAV — navigating and visualizing the Web on-line with animated context swapping] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_decision_list Edit decision list] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Programming]] d9g5g93mytuq7j4467y61ii8d8dkb3k wikitext text/x-wiki 0 318 10869 5856 2021-06-24T07:20:40Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Stub}} = Tampering with the atmosphere = * [[air using micro ships]] * [[airmesh]]es = Tampering with the lithosphere = * [[deep drilling]] and [[underground working]] = Tampering with the biosphere = * e.g. removal of excessive nitrates form the oceans (for attemp tof repair of dead zones) = Tampering with the Hydrosphere = {{todo|Add content here}} = Extreterrestrial = Best canditates are bodies with '''dense ''[[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting|building material atmospheres]]'' bathed in intense sunlight'''.<br> You may guess which of the eight known nondwarfplanets in our solar system is paradise for APM technology - (here's the [[Venus|solution]]). = Related = * [[Geoengineering mesh]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] groi6u6bsbfd289mjnupjttklwd8ac5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 560 10895 10868 2021-06-24T11:56:38Z Apm 1 {{stub}} {{speculative}} Meshes of various kind for large scale control of natural processes. *[[Atmospheric mesh]] *[[Hydrospheic mesh]] *[[Lithospheric mesh]] *[[Biospheric mesh]] (?) {{wikitodo|this needs a nice illustration}} == Related == * [[Geoengineering]] * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * Large scale [[machine phase]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] h7fd2sfqiyttyud6slr3hrhug6m9dnq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 771 8638 8113 2021-04-14T10:23:31Z Apm 1 /* As structural material */ {{stub}} Germanium is the most scarce element of the [[carbon]] group. <br> But it may be the most useful in advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] with … * its tetra-valency and * its bindnig strength that is neither to high as (as with carbon) or to low (as with lead or perhaps tin) For advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] germanium is needed only in extremely low trace amounts. It's only needed on the tip of the tools. See the papers linked on the [[tooltip chemistry]] page. None of the surrounding machinery and structural framework in the [[nanofactory]] is likely to be critically dependent on germanium. So the low abundance of Germanium is not an issue. == As structural material == As a structural material it's rather unsuitable due to its low abundance. <br> It forms an oxidic mineral in with the tetragonal [[rutile structure]] called '''argutite''' just as all the heavier elements of the group do (and silicon does under extreme conditions as seen in the mineral [[stishovite]]) * Argutite GeO₂ (Mohs 6-7; ~6.28g/ccm; tetragonal; rutile structure) == Related == * See: [[tooltip chemistry]] & [[tooltip preparation zone]] * Group neighbours: [[Carbon]], [[Silicon]], '''Germanium''', [[Tin]], [[Lead]] * [[tooltip chemistry]] stpzzeja5vp4isba6qjg64682n52p2j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 477 5093 2016-11-15T17:48:00Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Global scale energy management]] #REDIRECT [[Global scale energy management]] 5hdvwyojm8rc4ur5zwakzdodrjifo97 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 284 2950 2015-02-28T07:28:27Z Apm 1 added since accidentally hit and it makes sense too #REDIRECT [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] lqwd77dhj77psuy3lgoswft7g2sttsy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 53 10866 9458 2021-06-24T07:19:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Site specific definition}} ---- A global '''microcomponent redistribution system''' would be a transport network for resources for [[gem-gum factories]]. <br> And [[gem-gum factories]] is what you'd find on its end point terminals. <br> The outlets of the microcomponent redistribution system could be dubbed '''facucets for things'''. Microcomponent redistribution systems are one kind of the more general class of the [[superlube tube]]s. ---- Up: [[Transportation and transmission]] = High design effort = Note that the microcomponent redistribution system technology sketched out here seems quite beyond basic [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] with [[gem-gum factories]]. It requires lots of different gemstone metamaterials to be developed and to be working in a complex interplay. * As such eventual infeasibility of the ideas presented here does not imply infeasibility of the more fundamental individual base technologies. * As such the ideas presented here may not be to expect early after arriving at the basic target technology. Particularly challenging design aspects seem to be T-Junctions and endpoint plugs to nanofactories, since there packages of microcomponents need to be reorganized repackaged and moved between different shear bearing rails on the go without anything stopping in motion. = Motivations - why such a system? = * Minimization of [[diamondoid waste]] by enabling more [[recycling]] * Enabling sometimes practically "instant rezzing" assembly speeds Instead of mechanosynthesizing and assembling new microcomponents of type A it's better to use the same the same microcomponents of type A that someone else already has made. Having a very fast microcomponent redistribution system makes it much more likely that such a reuse actually happened. Rapid version upgrades could throw a wrench into that idea though. Mechanosynthesis from scratch is more energy inefficient and slower than mere microcomponent recomposition because more and stronger bonds need to be broken and re-formed. Thus a microcomponent redistribution system that makes the latter more likely and common is desirable. = Transported resources = * already pre-mechanosynthesized and pre assembled [[microcomponents]] * resource molecule carrying microcapsules * eventually dual used for also carrying chemical and or entropic energy = Components of a microcomponent redistribution system = == Microcomponent conductors == === Shape look and feels === '''Endpoint microcomponent conductors''' might from the outside look very much like current day electrical cables. Their diameter sufficiently big (not as thin as a thread) such that they * are well visible * are easy to pick up by human hand * are not a cutting threat Particularly clever metamaterials designs could eventually allow for a convenient cable [[selfdetorsioning]] proterty. '''Intercontinental backbone microcomponent conductors''' will be considerably thicker. And some sized in-between. Hard to tell how big. Some as thick as mains water pipes maybe. === Inner structure - cross section === While outside they may look like electric cables inside they are very different. <br> Microcomponent conductors would have ultra low friction solid state mechanical transport inside. It would basically be '''a wire thin vacuum pipe mail''' with [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] [[stratified shear bearings]] as rails. Just that the rails may go all around and the the inner space is so stuffed that there is barely any vacuum. Microcompnents would be packed to small macroscopic packages a bit smaller than the conductors diameter (maybe millimetre sized). In the backbone conductors packages may come together and travel as multi-packages thereby reducing track surface area and friction. There is some remote similarity to internet data-packages today. Of course matter can't travel at the speed of light by a long shot. That can be mitigated by: * local microcomponent caches * still quite high transport speeds Top speeds in Endpoint conductors may be limited by centrifugal forces causing the conductors to get out of control like a water house only much worse. This could be countered by integrating [[muscle motor]] [[metamaterial]] in the conductor. As a weird side-effect the conductor could then move itself around like a snake. Top transport speeds in longe range intercontinental backbones conductors that run quite straight over long distances ++ might come close to or exceed the speed of spacecraft in orbit. So several kilometres per second. These would most likely be deep underground for both land ownership and safety reasons. == Nanofactory Terminals == Related: [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] === Terminals at home (and portable) === In homes a standalone photocopier sized nanofactory permanently attached to the global microcomponent redistribution system might become common. Also used at home might be portable laptop or tablet sized nanofactories. For mobile use you'd plug in and charge up some also portable resource cartridges. Probably with more commonly used microcomponents and more raw resources. === Terminals on streets === They could come out of the street like hydrants. Or telephone cells. All these terminals would of course double as computing and communication devices. Eventually even "spawnable" at locations where currently is only a backbone conductor underground. Some old asphalt streets might right away get replaced with (nondeteriorating) gem-gum metamaterial streets. Such streets would naturally come with a microcomponent conductor line integrated. === Keyfob sized nanofactory terminals === An endpoint microcomponent conductor plug alone without a nanofactory attached is rather useless. As a minimal seed one could leave a keyfob sized nanofactory on. A "redistribution network nanofactory leafs-pawning" functionality could be developed but this seems rather difficult. Also eventually there is the specialized nanofactory for extending the network all the way to the thin wire like endpoint conductors and plugs. That specialised nanofactory would alo need a means for being sent away and being recalled. === Terminal cleanup === The idea here is that once a nanofactory terminal is no longer needed All the microcomponents of the terminal nanofactory can be sent away into microcomponent caches near locations where others will likely need them soon. Or sent to final dissolution recycling. == Microcomponent storage caches == These would ... * ... operate somewhat like the data caches in modern computer systems. <br> Keeping microcomponenst close to where they're probably soon needed next. * ... be distributed in a somewhat scale invariant (aka fractal) fashion across the network. * ... come in various sizes. Some central ones may become enormously big. <br> Like skyscrapers or whole cities or [[highly localized mass concentrations|small mountains]]. == Component list == * Endpoint microcomponent conductors * Backbone microcomponent conductors * microcomponent conductor T-forks * Microcomponent storage caches * Terminal nanofactories * specialised concuctor assemblingnanofactories * plugs = Local microcomponent redistribution systems = * Marine ships * Spaceships / space stations / asteroid mining * redistribution systems on other celestial bodies in our solar system like Mars or Titan (see [[colonization of the solar system]]) Higher rates of [[radiation damage]] for insufficiently shielded microcomponent redistribution conductors in <br> outer space may complicate the design by requiring more self repair capabilities. = Old intro = Sometime in the future there might be a global '''microcomponent redistribution system''' running through our streets into our houses leading to faucets where you tap from or dump to [[microcomponents]] (possibly into a portable storage device containing a [[microcomponent transport metamaterial]]). These can then via [[microcomponent recomposer device|microcomponent recomposer devices]] (that are either directly mounted to the faucet or separate and portable) blazingly fast extruded to whatever (non-biological) thing you need. This system would be part of an [[upgraded street infrastructure]]. Related: [[recycling]]. = Related = * '''[[Superlube tubes]]''' ---- * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] * [[Transportation and transmission]] ---- * [[Capsule transport]]; [[Carrier pellets]] * [[Superlube tube]]s ---- * [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] * [[Recycling]] * [[Microcomponent]]s ---- * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 5kljk8rdyu9d667mkdwyy4ek4ev0de6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 358 6369 5097 2017-08-27T19:38:12Z Apm 1 /* Sidenote on hydrocarbons */ 2x spelling [[File:energy-management-complete.png|512px|thumb|right|'''todo''' upload scalable svg version & add split-off version]] == State of the art == Today (2015) humankind still mainly uses fossile fuel for energy. In europe regenerative energy sources are on the rise and already provide some noticeable fraction of the energy. Regenerative energy faces several problems though. The main one is that current non atomically precise technology isn't capable of storing massive amounts of energy efficiently and durably at any location. Beside that for wind turbine generators currently big amounts of rare earth elements from mines in china are needed. Single- and poly-crystalline solar cells made from the abundant element silicon are still energy intensive in production and need aggressive chemical agents. Organic cells are in development which promise to reduce mass and production cost but they use the super scarce element indium in one of their electrodes and will extend the environmental plastic pollution problem if extensively deployed. == Energy management of nature and human (today and tomorrow) == Lets look at how energy is managed by nature how humanity does it today and what would be a desirable state we want to move our energy management to. == Nature == All energy originally stems from nuclear sources either the sun or radioactive decay in the earths core. The suns first converts nuclear to thermal energy (a thermonuclear conversion) and then the termal energy to photonic energy (a photothermal conversion - via Stefan Boltzmanns radiation law). On earth this photonic energy gets either captured by photosynthesis (a photochemical energy conversion - with a little hidden electrical intermediate step) or it gets converted back to heat again (again photothermal). This lower level heat may drive winds via pressure gradients (a thermomechanical conversion) and vaporize water (partially a thermoentropic conversion). Wind convections may then lift up water vapor and water droplets in clouds (a mechanogravitative conversion). When the water finally rains down and flows down rivers it is converted back to thermal energy that is so much devalutaed that it becomes practically unusable. At the end it is becomes irradiated as infrared light at night into the three kelvin cold space. A tiny bit of the chemical energy originally captured from plants (mentioned before) get converted to mechanical energy my the muscles of animals. == Human (today) == Most of the energy we currently use is drawn from ancient hydrocarbon deposits of coal oil or gas that are located not very deep below the ground (if viewed relative to the total diameter of the earth). Starting from this source we create thermal energy by burning it (a '''very stupid''' chemothermal conversion where valuable free energy is devaluated into the irrecoverable fraction of thermal energy - bound energy) we then convert this thermal energy to mechanical energy via heat engines (a '''reversible''' thermomechanical conversion) where we are limited to carnough efficiency because of the stupid burning step we did before. We need to convert mechanical energy back and forth to electrical energy to transport it. While this electomechanical conversion works pretty well electrical energy isn't nearly as efficient transportable as chemical energy and needs large amounts of metals like rare copper and currently abundant but not cleanly producible aluminum. Furthermore and most problematically purely electrical storage devices like capacitors and inductors can't store large amounts of energy (except superconductor coils maybe - that are dirty to produce and use scarce elements and too expensive). There is the newly growing option of massive electochemical storage devices (that is rechargeable batteries) but they have limited efficiency. More importantly they use lithium that is mostly coming from a single salt sea in america. We might want to save that lithium for future fusion instead of diluting it in landfills and pollution of the environment with this uncommon alkali metal. Impounding reservoirs (using electromechanic and mechaogravitative energy conversion) where a good solution up till now but with the growing amount of regenerative energy they are starting to hit their limits and become uneconomic to use. New ones can't be made because of the massive destruction of land. === Electrochemical today === The current options of electrochemical conversions (before 2015) for long term storage of energy have several problems. Electrolyseurs in combination with fuel cells are technical possible but due to the low efficiency currently not economically viable. Accumulators do not separate power capacity from energy capacity and often use not too abundant metals (Lithium in light mobile batteries) '''A note on a promising precursor technology''' Until now acidic redox flow batteries (for stationary use) where barely in use since they use expensive (and not environmentally friendly) Vanadium. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery wikipedia])). There are promising efforts (2015) to use organic molecules as alternative to vanadium in alkaline redox flow batteries Those organic molecules are (e.g. quinones ['''todo:'''link video] and ferrocyanide) are atomically precise in structure. Finding ways to producing molecules that have been found to be promising is not yet a matter of just writing down the chemical formula as it would be with mechanosynthetic capabilities but nonetheless it is possible with the capabilities of current chemistry. This is a case that slightly previews the potential of atomically precise technology to avoid the humanities dependency on scarce elements. The proton exchange membrane and electrodes are still produced without any atomic precision (graphite felt mat with filaments that have an average diameter of 10000nm - ~5atoms/nm) there is a lot of room for improvement. Advanced energy converters might move away from electrochemical energy conversion though since it seems (speculative yet!) that advanced chemomechanical greenery conversion has higher potential for efficiency or power density than advanced electrochemical energy conversion. Also pumping fluids is unlikely to be done in advanced atomically precise energy converters. Solid state (machine phase) [[capsule transport|micro-capsule transport]] becomes much preferable to the crude method of pumping disordered fluids through pipes. There is no more a possibility for a leak - ferrocyanide is better than vanadium since it decays with time to more harmless organic compounds but major leaks will still be bad. Flow resistance if you want to call it that will be drastically lower - this will only be noticeable if the other parts of efficiency become enormously high - likely? ) === Sidenote on hydrocarbons === Many assume that a big part of fossil fuels was accumulated in the carboniferous period (starting around 350mya) of earths history. Some people think that the evolutionary invention of lignin as structural support for land plants led to major pollution of the environment. Massive amounts of at that time undecomposable lignin accumulated. This only went on until the later evolutionary invention of lignin eating fungi. The accumulation of oxygen (an other biological waste product) in the atmosphere also made it harder for the accumulation of non volatile carbon rich organic matter since the atmosphere became more and more physically oxidative. Later formation of fossile fuel (Perm, Trias, Jura) needed underwater conditions to prevent oxidation. At some point (Kreide ending around 65mya) it stopped. There wheren't found any massive coal deposits younger than that. Carbon is a rather volatile element. Earths atmosphere may have been more like the one of Venus long ago. It may have been a high pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere. This speculative assumption can help explain the giant flying creatures in the times of the dinosaurs. Now practically all of the carbon is bound in minerals (e.g. calcium carbonate CaCO₃) or as volatile substances encapsulated below the ground. It's still rather unclear how much carbon there is in the earths mantle. In contrast to Venus the presence of water helped to bind carbon into minerals to such a level that life could emerge and further bind the rest of it. Venus lacks water because of a lack of magnetosphere. Solar wind strips away free hydrogen from the upper atmosphere leaving only oxygen behind. The lack of a moon thick crust and the almost bond rotation might be reasons for Venus's lack of a magnetosphere (wild guess!). == Human (tomorrow) == Energy gets harvested from the sun via thin and tear resistant carbon based solar cell foils that can be produced cheaply and waste free (a photoelectric energy conversion). Improved efficiency does play a role but not the most prominent one. === From copper neodymium and dysprosium to carbon only === Instead of generators with rare earth magnets and copper coils wind-power-generators can use carbon based [[shearing drive]]s devoid of elements that are not extremely abundant. Sail like [[Medium movers]] used in reverse may also work well and save the live of birds. The generated electric energy gets then converted to mechanical energy via nenoelectrostatic generators (electromechanic conversion). === A solution for the energy storage problem === Finally the mechanical energy can be converted back and forth efficiently via mechanosynthetic means. In this form energy becomes much more convenient to store and also to transport making forests of high-voltage transmission towers and their lossy heat and stray field emitting high voltage lines obsolete. They'll be replaced by some form of advanced chemical [[energy transmission]]. This chemomechanical energy conversion is the most severely missing link in todays technology. A point were atomically precise technology will have severe impact. === Notes === * A photomechanical or photochemical energy conversion shortcut may be possible but might not be as efficient as a multi-step conversion. * Storing energy entropically instead of chemically is safer (freezing on accident) but might be not as efficient. * Current day windmills could - if still needed - be changed to semi permeable sails ([[medium movers]]) - no more flying ice braking wings or crashing birds Kinds of nuclear fusion which are by now known to work are inherent macroscopic technology. Many new metamaterial subtechnologies might help to making fusion energy commercially viable. In light of the abundance of solar energy the fact that nuclear spills cant even be cleaned up effectively with advanced atomically precise technology and the coming accessibility of (already radioactive) space we might want to ban nuclear energy entirely from earth and use it only where we really need it the dark outer regions of the solar system. It is yet unclear whether a more controlled forms of nuclear fusion like focussing ultracooled and superhot (anisotropic heat) nuclei onto each other dead on will be possible {{todo|link forum discussion about that}}] and if this is possible whether it can be done compact and frequent enough to extract useful amounts of energy. (Note: this has absolute nothing in common with bonding together atoms in mechanosynthesis!) == Related == * [[Energy storage problem]] * [[Chemomechanical converters]] * [[Energy storage cell]] * [[Energy transmission]] with [[mechanical energy transmission cables]] pw08tfphwtxjhrx3rcmckm5nvhyp9jk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 653 8033 7576 2020-11-08T11:06:30Z Apm 1 updated year, some spelling cleanup {{stub}} The aims of this wiki are: * '''To gather information specifically relevant for the development of an advanced device for atomically precise manufacturing.''' * To be comprehensible by average technological interested people but not at the expense of inaccuracy. <br>(See: [[Target audience]] and [[Didactics]]) * '''To collect relevant TODO points to [[Bridging the gaps|bridge the gaps]] that need to be filled.''' <br> In other words: To show that it's already rather clear what we have to do next.<br> In other words: To show that we already know which questions have to be investigated.<br> In other words: To show that by now there is enough knowledge for targeted development instead of aimless research. * To show that there is a lack of people working toward that goal today. * To present this huge amount of fairly uncirculated knowledge in a for it suitable way. That is to gather all this information in a non-linear hyper-linked fashion - this wiki. ---- * To convey an [[intuitive feel]] for the mechanics of stiff AP nanomechanics. * To explain the different aspects of the still far off but [[exploratory engineering|somewhat predictable]] advanced AP systems. * To explain why the different aspects of advanced AP systems have a sound basis. * To explain why the different aspects of advanced AP systems are potentially of high value. * To discuss near and far [[dangers]] and [[opportunities]] that the emergence of near term and further out advanced AP products might bring. * To gather [[general discussion]]s about APM related topics like e.g. about [[general software issues]]. ---- Today (2014, ..., 2020) there is still a puzzle of technological fragments. There are fragments of today's technology as well as fragments of future technology. The fragments of future technology are more or less reliably identifiable by [[exploratory engineering|theoretical investigation]]. Those future fragments form the core basis for all aspirations towards advanced APM. And those future fragments are an absolute necessity to identify the fragments of today's technology (located at the beginning of the development path) that point in the right direction and that need to be pursued. Beside Finding and identifying more of those fragments the remaining objective is to find out what work needs to be done to tie the end of today's fragments together with the beginning of the fragments later in the technological capability ladder. By working on many "island fragments" on that path simultaneously, technology '''may''' be heading towards some kind of [[technological percolation limit]] where technological capabilities rapidly rise. 7tr2jucy2k2mqe2r0pdwecs4frs6ca8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1039 11031 9892 2021-06-29T13:26:23Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added materialsproject.org {{stub}} == External links == * [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/ www.mineralienatlas.de] and [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/index.php?lang=en&language=english Engish language version] * [http://webmineral.com/ webmineral.com] * [https://www.mindat.org/ mindat.org] ---- * [https://materialsproject.org/janrain/loginpage/?next=/#search/materials/ materialsproject.org] warning: login-wall <br>– somewhat cirumventable by using open web search enginest though – like so: [https://duckduckgo.com/?q=materialsproject+corundum&t=brave&ia=web (a search for the corundum structure on materialsproject via duckduckgo)]<br>[https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-1143/ sapphire] [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-458/ tistarite] ---- * [https://www.atomic-scale-physics.de/lattice/struk/index.html Index by Strukturbericht Designation (TU München – Michael Leitner)] === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturbericht_designation Strukturbericht_designation] cbxy0av6iqkytvjqgiepxbudimp6kym wikitext text/x-wiki 0 920 8974 8951 2021-05-16T09:00:37Z Apm 1 /* Feasibility */ some cleanup {{site specific term}} It may be possible to passivate some base materials by tacking on graphene sheets onto the surface. <br> The bonds found in [[sandwich compound]] may be usable here. <br> Especially for materials that are otherwise hard to passivate this may be a possible option. [[Graphene sheet lining]] may be an option for bigger sized gears <br> where teeth are no longer single atoms but teeth instead already approximate evolvent or cycloid profiles. <br> See: [[Example crystolecules#Gears with bigger teeth made from multiple atoms]] == Feasibility == {{speculativity warning}}<br> '''At this point this is just a wild idea, it may or may not work. Or something in-between.''' <br> More detailed investigations will be necessary to tell. The possible concerns are numerous and include at least: * Can the tack-on density by high enough such that between the tack-ons there is not too low of a stiffness? (Nothing "crinkling" up froming gaps below?) * Will a too dense tack-on pattern distort the graphenes electronic structure so much that it will become too reactive or even fully unstable? * How well does the graphene conform to the underlying material? * How much curvature is ok before localized kinks or too much change in electronic structure? * How well can the graphene smooth out steps below in the underlying material? * How bad is the variation in stiffness when crystallographic steps are covered at shallow angle? * ... and so on and so forth ... == Choice of terminology == Here the "lining" part in the sense of pillow lining cushion lining ore rather more in the sense of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_lining brake lining] a thin strongly connected layer to a stiff and hard background material just that here * its meant to lower friction rather than increase it * it's not a consumable bur [[wear free]] == Related == * [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] * [[Example crystolecules#Gears with bigger teeth made from multiple atoms]] g7066d7lnz1oawkfu9wzjw0b3q84jz7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 868 8510 2021-04-10T14:34:54Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Grappling gripper gun]] to [[Grappling gripper gun suit]]: to match it up wit the other page [[Medium mover suit]] #REDIRECT [[Grappling gripper gun suit]] jdmqgcuhq6obdz3lx746k50u8therec wikitext text/x-wiki 0 867 8517 8509 2021-04-11T07:10:56Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added links to pages about more general concepts {{stub}} This is about a a device for human free space locomotion in [[microgravity]]. The idea is to shoot out a grappling gripper on a rope towards something bar like to grapple on <br> and then to pull oneslelf in onto that. * Unlike on earth with lots of gravity in microgravity this could actually be functional and practical. * It would rely on the presence of appropriate infrastructure to grapple onto. * It will need to be waist mounted such that it pulls onto the center of gravity in a comfortable way. * It will need to shoot out the rope too such that the grappler does not need to be a heavy and/or very fast and thus dangerous projectile. For better stability and control more than one rope is needed. <br> Six ropes (to stabilize all six degrees of freedome) would probably be overkill and lead to an unmanagable tangle. <br> But three to four may make sense. With three one can not only go left and right but also up and down. <br> Spacing of attachments points sould give at least a little control over rotations. <br> But a better solution is to combine this suit wit a [[medium mover suit]] that can take care about stabilizing rotations. Locomotion would also function in the vacuum of space. <br> A proximity to wall mounted structures is needed though. <br> This is in contrast to [[medium mover suit]] without gas reserves. == As everyday locomotion device == Probably not anytime soon even after initial space colonization. <br> Maybe for space colonists in hollowed out asteroids? <br> See: [[Asteroid belt]] == As an (awesome) racing and aiming sport == A free space racetrack could be made where there are ropes along the track in a 3D pattern. <br> Patterned similar to how the cables in electric overhead lines are partnered but occasionally cross linked. <br> Depending on the reached top speed (which may be pretty high) appropriate Safety measures must be taken. == How [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] could be used in these devices == * Smartly breaking ropes on excessive sideward load to prevent accidents. * Self-detwisting ropes * Compact acceleration mechanism for the soft gripper * tentacle robotics in the soft gripper == Related == * [[Microgravity]] * [[Medium mover suit]] * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] * [[Gem-gum suite]] == External links == * In fiction: See the gear in Attack on Titan 3hl6aki5xklm45e1bnkg4f59zufzes5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 505 6589 5263 2017-10-05T17:47:09Z Apm 1 resolved double redirect #REDIRECT [[Grey goo horror fable]] bvq3ipngwznqmnbr7apuwvtlkx4pbsk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 8 9273 9261 2021-05-24T17:59:23Z Apm 1 /* Related */ made link to the gem gum goo page more visible [[File:the-smooze-engulfes-the-castle_my-little-pony.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The horror fable of the grey goo. <br> Picture: My Little Pony - The Smooze]] '''Knowns:''' * SciFi shocker goo-ball earth: impossible * accident: impossible in the development process of advanced productive nanosystems * "mild" forms: probable after the development of advanced productive nanosystems (See: [[Reproduction hexagon]]) = Definition = The hypothetical '''grey goo scenario''' was born from the sensational image that some nanobots that where originally intended as a [[productive nanosystem]] will fail to stop replicating and start consuming the whole surface of the earth, leaving behind only a nasty grey goo of themselves. Not so hypothetically this idea self replicated in the public mind like crazy, despite being based on superficial assumptions. '''A successful [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme meme]'''. So unfortunately we ended up with the hypothetical grey goo scenario and its [[molecular assembler]]s in much more widespread knowledge than what serious investigations actually led to. Namely chip based [[productive nanosystem]]s (here called [[gem-gum factory|gem-gum factories]]). And no global doomsday grey goo. Worse so this meme seems to have contributed a notable part in some unjustified reputation damage (see: [[History]]). '''Current expert knowledge:''' * An accident like this is with a probability bordering on certainty impossible in the early development stages. * Deliberate development will start to become possible and rise in probability once [[technology level III]] is reached and will reach near certainty on further development. It will bring limited forms of this problem. * If official development will not be prohibited, there will be means for easy containment in place. <br> <small> In the analogy of "My Little Ponly" (the illustrative image on the top right is taken from that show) that means that by the time the evil folks release the "Smooze" we will have our "Flutterponies" to contain and control its outbreaks in more or less reasonable manner.</small> '''Beside grey goo''' one must not forget that there are '''other [[dangers]]''' that are '''equally or more dangerous''' than uncontrolled replication. If APM it is so darn dangerous, then why should we pursuing it instead of fighting and banning it? <br> * Because the sheer amount of [[opportunities]] and [[further improvement at technology level III|products]]. * Because APM will be so tremendously useful that it will be both impossible and highly undesirable to outright fully ban. * Because its massive potential for improving and restoring natures world with no need for us humans cutting back on our activities. Heck, cutting back on our human activities doesn't even work on the scales it would be required to restore major parts of the the worlds rain forests. Such attempts if (they where voluntarily possible) would just massively backfire because scarcity (if it is not on an absolutely debilitating and extinguishing level) actually boosts population growth and thus makes us even more devastative. = Factors for large scale unbounded replication = [[File:1024px combustion triangle and replication hexagon.png|thumb|512px|The reproduction hexagon as an analog to the combustion triangle]] == Requirements == There are several factors which all must be true at the same time for an accelerating chain reaction to occur. In the fire department there one has the combustion triangle. With replicators one can do a similar thing and create an replication hexagon (since there are around six requirements which must hold simultaneously. === Replicativity === In [[technology level I|early productive nanosystems]] [[self replication|self replicapility]] could be avoided by building many active components in parallel onto a chips surface.<br>Whether it is easier to create a ''T.Level I Nanofactory'' with replicativity or parallelism remains to be seen.&nbsp; In [[technology level III|T.Level III]] productive nanosystems of the classic (deprecated) assembler type need to be replicative to produce macroscopic amounts of material.<br>Advanced nanofactories (in form of solid bricks) will almost certainly have self replication capability (think of 3D printing a printer chip). Medical tools (in form of dispersed nanomachines) can be nonreplicative products this is the best security measure one can get. It may be reasonable to in general '''prohibit dispersion of nanosystems with replicative capability''' in liquids or gasses, but '''at some arbitrary size level a line has to be drawn'''. === Resources === *In [[technology level I]] it is quite hard to produce the building blocks. The simple assembler mechanisms (at this stage one can think of them as linkages) can only put those whole preproduced blocks together. *In [[technology level II]] It's not yet clear which resources will be used. *In [[technology level III]] the not natural occurring ethine (= welding gas = HCCH) among other unnatural resource materials will be used. [[atomically precise disassembly|Disassembly]] of nonstiff disordered natural substances is way harder then assembly of carefully chosen synthetic ones. In fact in many cases it's as good as impossible at room temperature. The humic substances {{todo|add picture|add picture of humic substances to gray goo meme page}} for example are hopelessly to complex to use them as resource material. Certain minerals may be directly disassemblable with substantial effort in the not so near future. The carbon dioxide in the air constitutes a vast reservoir of easily attainable building material. This source could pose a threat. <br> '''To investigate:''' [[air using micro ships|minimal atmosphere-floating solar replicators]] {{speculativity warning}} === Energy === Productive nanosystems will likely get their energy from the chips surface - a good security measure.<br> In some cases energy can be drawn from the resource molecules. Dissolved sugar would be such a case, but it is not a good resource since it has way too much hydrogen. Its low stiffness may be a problem too. <br> In others not (carbon dioxide) === Mobiliy === Productive nanosystems will always have their components firmly linked together in machine phase. Only macroscopic blocks will separate.<br> [todo: describe: policy exceptions limits] [[mobility prevention guideline]] [[Exponential assembly]] puts an absolute insurmountable limit to spacial spread of replicated structure. === Mutations === AP systems do not [[evolution|evolve]] by themselves. A mutation of a productive nanosystem to a new ecosystem is as likely as that firefox mutates to firegodzilla and infiltrates new operating systems. Due to the very different architecture of living organisms and APM systems radiation has a completely different effect on them.<br> '''Productive nanosystems''' may loose efficiency or function. Logical errors (which still are functional) are extremely unlikely. <br> '''Biological systems''' also loose efficiency and function but have a non neglectable chance to suffer still functional logical errors aka mutation instead A good description of part of the situation: [http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/01/-couls-software-viruses-evolve-into-digital-life.html alive-ness of computer viruses] <br> Also: [http://nostacktrace.com/dev/2010/2/21/can-computer-viruses-evolve.html can computer viruses evolve] <br> Or: "Nanofuture" chapter 8 self replication by J. Storr Hall === Replication data === Is likely to be stored semi locally (millimeter scale) since it's convenient and [[disaster proof]].<br> == Antagonistic phenomena == === Radiation damage as limiting factor === Especially in the atmosphere (with plenty of solar power and carbon dioxide raw material present) UV radiation that is short enough in wavelength to split even strong chemical bonds constitutes an additional limiting factor. In the hydrosphere radiation is quickly filtered out by water when going deeper. But light is absorbed too, so a power source is missing. === Active detections and countermeasures === * TODO ... = Macroscale "goo" = Main article: "[[gem-gum goo]]" Radiation shielding, efficient long range movement for the gathering of energy and processing of more diverse resources all that can be archived much easier by much bigger replicative units (easily visible by the human eye). This is exactly the strategy the evolution of biological life has followed. But this would not be gray goo in the usual sense anymore. This would be a scenario with much more sophisticated abiotic macro-replicators. It would require an extremely high development effort. If such replicators are omnivoric and adaptive enough, they may even deserve to be called an (invasive) abiotic artificial life form. * Accidental ingestions of these big replicators is less likely (only from decaying broken down units). * Catching few big replicators is obviously easier than many very small ones (except they feature self defense) * A likely development path may be via artificial pets for company mimicking real ones as closely as possible (ultra advanced "Aibo" robo-dog) then maliciously altered into replicators. Big things have a big design space. So on the long run this scenario may lead to kind of a highly diverse parallel mechanosphere ecology. Since our biosphere ecology would be defenseless against such a mechanosphere ecology (biology never evolved to eat rock the same way it eats hydrocarbons and likely never will) there will be a need to design systems to safe guard biosphere ecology. These systems may be part of the mechanosphere ecology itself (in sake of long term stability) or may be run in a more centralized control (in sake of keeping more control). Given the possibility of high intellingence for big replicating units the lines blur. = Biological analogies in earths history = [[File:Earths-selfreplication-accidents.svg|400px|thumb|right|On the long term in natures history unbounded self replication never lead to ultimate destruction by mono-cultures. Instead speciation lead to beautiful complexity. In how far can this be applied to artificial self replication? See: [[gem gum goo]] ]] == In the past == Major empty (biological) ecological niches naturally where present in the early history of earth when earth was just "empty". Cyanobacteria came upon a carbon dioxide rich atmosphere above the seas and pretty much no competitors. This lead to "the great oxygenation event". The accumulation of their excretion product ''oxygen'' in the atmosphere * back then oxygen which was toxic for many lifeforms. * the oxygen "burned" the methane in the atmosphere to carbon dioxide a much weaker greenhouse gas inducing the longest ice age in earths history (the Huronian glaciation) A mass extinction followed. Later in earths history it usually took major extinction events (not induced by life itself e.g. asteroid impacts) to clear some space (side-note: indicating life already ran into a "permanent" malthusian trap). The species most successful in filling in the new gap are prone to trample over even more species in their rampant growth. Species that otherwise would have survived the extinction event itself got (and get) wiped out. (On a much smaller scales a similar effect can be observed after a fire. Especially where fires are rare.) In the carbonifeous period scale trees (strange looking compared to todays trees) for the first time produced lignin and that in large amounts. Its accumulation may well have had a extinction effect on many species. The first species able to eat and digest lignin (ending the carbonifeous) again might have had a period of explosive growth into the new niche with detrimental effects for other organisms. == Today - humans civisiastion as bio-goo or seeding bio-goo of feeding bio-goo == With our excessive agriculture great amounts of fertilizer are swept down the rivers into the sea this has induced unnaturally massive algae blooms leading to depletion of solvated oxygen in the water and consequently the emergence of horrifying dead zones reaching over vast expanses. With our unnatural means of transport we often bring invasive species to new habitats (e.g. rats to almost everywhere, rabbits to australia, ...). With our burning of oil and releasing as carbon dioxide oceans become more warm and acidic. All the organisms that use calcium carbonate for their structure (shells) dissolve and get wiped out. On land the effects are not as clear but change at this rapid rate will lead to an extinction / diversity loss that is much faster than evolution can compensate with buildup of new diversity. (Side-note: "Our" crude oil stems from the aforementioned scaletrees. It's all the stuff that got buried and sealed away before lignin eaters evolved into existence and ate up all the stuff that came later after the carbonifeous period.) The most important resource .... == Future == The things about to come are fundamentally different in the way that some parts of gemstone based machinery (nano & macro) are fundamentally incompatible with the biosphere. Some parts behaves more like undegradable rocks. Evolution, while having plenty of time to try, never succeeded in using the lithosphere to the same degree it uses the hydrocarbon centered biosphere. == general pattern == Problems explosive growth can cause can be grouped in three categories: * depletion of needed resources * accumulation of troublesome waste * direct attack (pandemics) Figurative analogies with water: * ''Dam break:'' a deeper empty reservoir symbolizing a big ecological niche that is empty for "the water" but filled with other value that gets devastated by "the water". * ''Sand dam break:'' a small trifle becoming increasingly faster until its a raging stream (exponential growth up to some point) * ''Water hammer:'' filling an empty void is fine but when the limits are reached some kind of abstract "inertia" can lead to a destructively overshoot = Examples for replicators from deliberate malicious intent = == Microscale airborne carbon dioxide utilizing replicators == A form of these has been named "aerovores" (coined by J. Storrs Hall). <br> They are solar powered air "eating" (vore = eating) replicators. <br> Note the [[biological analogies|(mis)use of biological analogy]] here. <br> Which can lead people to thing about evolving omnivores, two properties hat very much *not* apply to maliciously created replicatios. '''Here is a quick list of some aspects (each deserving its own in depth and in detail discussion):''' * Motivation: What would a group of bad actors be able to gain with this approach that they couldn't gain through more conventional warfare. * Will there be a point in time where a single lunatic individual (that does not act according to sane logic for his/her own benefit) will be able to cause this completely alone? Certainly not in the near future (seen from 2020). While most of the tech will go to [[nanofactories|more specialized devices]], it seems reasonable to think that there will be also at least some use for slow, inefficient, but highly general purpose research subsystems. From todays persective it seems very unclear how heard it will be to circumvent the then present safety measures against making something nasty from them. * Much additional design effort (beyond nanofactories) may be needed because: <br> (1) [[gem-gum factory pixel|minimal nanofactory grains]] will probably be too big to qualify as being microscale - more assembler like system may need to be developed <br> (2) there's the restriction to atmospheric elements C, O, H, N, and some traces of others. * Possible argument: When they emerge countermeasures will be in place (e.g. skysweepers - J. Storrs Hall). <br>In other words: Effects of malicious AP systems must not be considered in context of today's technology. <br>Possible further argument: dangerous unilateral disarmament on the defensive side through suppression of official research is imaginable. * How much does exposure to solar (UV) radiation reduce the time they remain operational <br>{{todo|read Robert A. Freitas Jr. work on this & summarize it here}} <br>{{todo|Find, list, and extend research about radiation effect on microscale self replicating devices}} * Adaptability: lack of adaptability - brittleness of artificial systems - but - emulated "evolution" in macro computing systems of the malicious actor? * Mobility: Brownian motion (and large surface area to mass ratio) allows small particles to fall very slowly. Given they are small enough even slight lift from solar warming can make them rise. === Threat from pollution -- berating in polluted air -- ingesting food grown in polluted soil (food chain) === Statistical mobility, microscale dispersedness and non-decomposability can make a really bad combination: causing widespread (indirectly) toxic [[spill]]. <br> It seems reasonable to assume that diamondoid / gemstone based replicators are not decomposable by the immune system. <br> Worst case inhaled or ingested material could encapsulate, may migrate and accumulate in the body and cause inflammatore or other undesirable reactions, rather than being quickly excreted. It seems reasonable to assume that breathing in even low macroscopic quantities of these may pose '''serious health hazard'''. Symptoms might be similar to silicosis, given quartz is such a non-decomposable case. But particles need to be smaller or actively propelled to stay afloat. Just like pollen airborne microscale replicators can be rained out and washed into the ground. <br> This may change a bit if they are highly hydrophobic, but given this is malicious work the worst case scenario should be assumed. This way spill could get into the food chain. === Threat from resource depletion === * If this really gets out of hand big time it could eventually lead to a high depletion of atmospheric CO2 endangering virtually all of plant life on earth. The complete opposite problem we face today. This would be a self delimiting effect, but way too late. == Microscale seaborne carbon dioxide utilizing replicators == Aspects that may make this a more dangerous threat: * Unlike in the airborne situation there is more protection against UV radiation. * This is a similar environment than in the bloodstream of higher animals and humans. * Unlike in the atmosphere in water the dissolved carbon dioxide and or oxygen can be completely depleted which would could lead to death zones. {{todo|Read Robert Freitas work on "grey plankton" and summarize here.}} == Other == {{speculativity warning}} * Atmospheric [[air using micro ships|units]] that use CO2 as building material and sunlight as energy source potentially endangering plant life. In the worst case those thing could silently create huge amounts of Hydrogen Cyanide or NOx and release it in one blow.<br> * Some form of green goo medical tools with replicative capabilities that uses sugar and other common bio-molecules as resource. Medical tools will by definition be in form of seperated particles suspended in fluid phase and thus much more mobile. There are no known investigations to break up sugar for this process.<br> * When there is a whole global network of an AP system the hole system could be infected by a computer virus creating all sorts of strange effects from useful or funny over weird to really bad stuff. (Related: [[techno plants|techno plants]]) * Loose nanomachines (from advances in [[technology level III]]) that combine the capabilities of [[medical devices]] with very compact [[molecular assembler]] like self replication capability and can use e.g. sugar or ATP as carbon and energy resources. == Similar phenomena == === Microcomponent pipeline breach === In the case of the existance of a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] there could be something happening that amounts to a software based pipe breach. The cause could be a software bug on top of very flawed software design or some malicious computer virus. Any non mobile stuff thats expulsed may eventually sooner or later clog the outlet. Specifically programmed [[utility fog]] though could flood a wide area. As long as the foglets don't leave one connected [[machine phase]] they may be easily retractable when the software problem is resolved. Pushout force safety limits should prevent mountain high pileup of material till it crushes under it's own weight. === Disassembly to microcomponents attack === {{speculativity warning}} A (not desirable) system combining the capabilities of [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s with [[utility fog]] could in thin layers flow around objects that are constituted from [[microcomponents]] and start disassembling it - intended or not. To defend against this attack physically one can use [[hierarchical locking]] for the outer surface of parts which converges to just a few '''combination lock stones'''. == Related == Look at all the life on earth, the biosphere, and the green forest cover of the earths continents visible from space. This is an example where self replication ran out of control globally. The final result is usually considered beautiful. Still intermediary hiccups on the path towards a [[gem-gum rainforest world|rain forest like state]] can be quite huge when taking the great oxygenation event as an analogy. Of course this analogy is far from directly applicable. With gem-gum factories capable of self-replication on the long run or successors may eventually halfway "accidentally" arrive at something similar. A richer and even more colorful world -- while keeping nature intact. <br> See: * '''[[gem gum goo]] (or gem gum rainforest world)''' and * [[zero sum situation]] '''More on bad analogies:''' <br> [[Gem-gum technology]] is often confused and mixed up with the diametrically opposed field of [[synthetic biology]]. This is strengthening the [[misleading bio-analogies]] and makes the life like grey-goo-bot mythology spreads and thrive even better. '''Purple earth:'''<br> What possibly dominated before the great oxygenation event<br> [https://youtu.be/IIA-k_bBcL0 PBS Eons - When The Earth Was Purple- 2017-10-09]<br> halobacteria (belonging to the archea) using retinal instead of chlorophyll * [[Interplanetary atomically precise von Neumann probes]] = External links = * [http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/Ecophagy.htm Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations by Robert A. Freitas Jr.] * [http://crnano.org/IOP%20-%20Safe%20Exp%20Mfg.pdf Safe exponential manufacturing] - [http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/15/8/001 Abstract] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event Great Oxygenation Event] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_goo Grey goo] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecophagy Ecophagy] * "Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations", Robert A. Freitas Jr. <br> [https://foresight.org/nano/Ecophagy.html on forsight website] or [https://lifeboat.com/ex/global.ecophagy on lifeboat foundation website] or [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Some-Limits-to-Global-Ecophagy-by-Biovorous-%2C-with-Freitas/8d04cb724fddfaa742048d7fb5804ba26e8958cf as *.pdf from semanticscholar.org] == Videos == * PBS eons: "That Time Oxygen Killed Almost Everything" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qERdL8uHSgI&t=74s] * Purple goo / Purple earth hypothesis: PBS eons: "When The Earth Was Purple" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIA-k_bBcL0&t=9s] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] jq30bxrhzufywazxb84j3254oet3zke wikitext text/x-wiki 0 532 5537 2017-06-10T06:45:35Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Grey goo meme]] to [[Grey goo horror fable]]: more appropriate - understood by wider audience #REDIRECT [[Grey goo horror fable]] bvq3ipngwznqmnbr7apuwvtlkx4pbsk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 676 6853 2017-10-30T16:55:46Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Grouping of geometries]] #REDIRECT [[Grouping of geometries]] l5cx0n3y2jrvofrlcrhf8t1rikm8q66 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 591 6980 6894 2017-11-05T19:21:48Z Apm 1 added chapter about microcomponents {{stub}} Grouping functionality for geometries like found in very many rastergraphic, vectorgraphic and 3D-modelling programs that have a graphical user interface and mouse interaction is (beside holding things together against accidental breakup) supposed to make the grouped things reusable. While this works for the very simplest cases the approach fails for anything beyond that. The problems are that: * Groupings are crippled functions. * When duplicated groupings are often irreversibly detached from the original. * Groupings have usually no or broken inheritance. == Crippled functions == Groupings have a fixed set of parameters that all are implicitly hidden in most cases. Linear transformations: translation (insertion point), scaling, rotation, sometimes shearing. Other transformations (programmatic in general not only continuous nonlinear like swirls and such) are usually not possible. Even less if one wants nontrivial changes where the same object may even have completely different looks (good abstractions ~~ high levels of data compression). == Broken inheritance == * Desired: semi manual backward update distribution ... {{wikitodo|elaborate}} == Microcomponents == In physical systems [[microcomponent]]s could be seen as such groupings with all its detriments. But microcomponents are low level instances of a high level abstract software representation. Systems of microcomponents are compiled (decompressed) results of a high level highly compressed abstract software representation that does not suffer from the "grouping"-problem. <br> {{Todo|More investigation is needed in the microcomponent-as-group-problem direction.}} p24u0b07doa6cnj0wfzlii687r5nrkq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 704 7224 7198 2018-07-17T18:01:25Z Apm 1 moved content out to dedicated pages Here forms a general introduction to atomically precise manufacturing. The introductory tour is meant for a wide target audience ranging from newbie to expert and from young to old. (Advanced readers should be able to quickly dive deeper via [[progressive disclosure]]). Please excuse the links dangling into construction sites.<br> The tour is still a far stretch from being in a somewhat coherent state. * [[Tour by topic]] * [[Tour by map]] aw33o7q4mxb86a1pvdcb46dby3hk7uc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1214 11314 2021-07-06T13:06:18Z Apm 1 short succinct complete page HOPG ... '''H'''ighly '''O'''riented (or '''O'''rdered) '''P'''yrolytic '''G'''raphite <br> Basically just a perfect single crystal of graphite. Natural graphite is polycrystalline. <br> Thus the thechnical name. == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_oriented_pyrolytic_graphite Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite] oaksh5zumwywcrt5k3glu6zcdpelq6p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1113 10494 10405 2021-06-16T10:27:26Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{stub}} {{wikitodo|Extend on this}} The following is basically taken from wikipedia and reformulated in an hopefully more readable way. '''Assumptions:''' * the exact N-body wave function of the system can be approximated by a single Slater determinant * the wave function is a single ''configuration state function'' with well-defined ''quantum numbers'' * a quantum many-body system in a stationary state BUT the energy level is not necessarily the ground state * '''Restricted Hartree–Fock method''': The atom or molecule is a closed-shell system with all orbitals doubly occupied. '''Approximations:''' * atomic cores as static point particles: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation Born–Oppenheimer approximation] * nonrelativistic (classical momentum operator) * all energy eigenfunctions are describable by Slater-determinants. One Slater-determinant per eigenfunction. * An electron "sees" all other electrons as an averaged out density cloud. <br>This is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-field_theory '''mean field approximation'''] <br>=> Coulomb correlation part of electron correlation is not accounted for <br>=> The Hartree–Fock cannot capture [[London dispersion]] '''Accounted for:''' * Fermi correlation part of electron correlation (which is an effect of electron exchange) == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method Hartree-Fock method] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method#Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_algorithm Hartree–Fock algorithm] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothaan_equations Roothaan–Hall equations] – representation of the Hartree–Fock equation in a non orthonormal basis set which can be of Gaussian-type or Slater-type * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_orbital Gaussian orbital] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater-ype_orbital Slater-type orbital] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination_of_atomic_orbitals Linear combination of atomic orbitals] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater_determinant Slater determinant] for fermions (or "Slater permanent" for bosons) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_state_function Configuration state function] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock_matrix Fock operator / Fock matrix] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree_equation Hartree equation] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock_space Fock space] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock_state Fock state] ---- More advanced metods for when there are unpaired electrons: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_open-shell_Hartree%E2%80%93Fock Restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock (ROHF)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Hartree%E2%80%93Fock Unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF)] ---- To go beyond "mean field approximation" and beyond representability by slater detierminants there is: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock Post–Hartree–Fock] ---- Completely different methods: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronic_structure_methods Category:Electronic_structure_methods] im05ih18q1vnyqopdwngiamjvfbfwrv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 518 5417 5400 2017-01-26T14:55:53Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Food]] {{speculative}} As explained on the [[synthesis of food|food synthesis main page]] food is likely not going to be synthesized by [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] (the main focus of [[Main Page|this wiki]]) but rather by devices specialized for this task. From the two realistic methods for food synthesis (also introduced on the [[synthesis of food|food synthesis main page]]) one seems quite more critical in regards to the healthiness of its products than the other. Producing healthy food by micro-managing cell growth seems not to be a too big issue. It's just a matter of cultivating the right cells that we always ingested. Whether food out of artificially mechanosynthesized of food-grade molecules will be healthy might depend on the path technological development takes: == Two scenarios == '''Scenario 1:''' [[Technology level III|gem-gum Technology]] will be reached more disruptively by a path more akin to the [[direct path]] than the [[incremental path]]. In that case the range of floppy digestible molecules that can be synthesized may be rather restricted in the beginning. And new molecule classes may be milked as proprietary cash cow and thereby delaying a bit the worldwide indiscriminate supply. '''Scenario 2:''' [[Technology level III|gem-gum Technology]] will be reached more softly by a path more akin to the [[incremental path]] rather than the [[direct path]]. Some molecule synthesis mechanisms from earlier generation nanosystems (although not fully diamondoid themselves**) might get integrated in specialized diamondoid food synthesizers. Making the situation less severe than in scenario 1. Migration to mechanosynthesis by fully diamondoid systems will raise efficiency. ... == Dangers == Making something acceptably tasty seems much easier than to make something acceptably healthy. In the early pases of synthesized food and especially in scenario 1 we may have the problem of '''Very tasty food that does not contain stuff of which we don't yet know that we need it.''' On the short term there will be no consequences but on the long therm there might be deficiency symptoms. Consider the following purely hypothetical situation: * food from early freely available methods for molecular synthesis -- | very cheap | very tasty | not very healthy (in the deficiency sense) * micromanaged cell growth food -- | below medium price | normal tasty | very healthy * conventional grown food -- above medium price | normal tasty | normal healthy * food from early proprietary methods for molecular synthesis -- | very expensive | very tasty | supposedly very very healthy Preventing degradation of quality of food supply worldwide should have a high priority. But on the short term bad food is often better than no food at all. Dealing with these topics will not be easy. == Reducing radioactivity in food == In the case of food which's molecules are [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] atom by atom there comes up the opportunity to check each and every every single atom on nuclear stability. (see: [[isotope sorting]]) Normally this should not be necessary but it might prove useful in the vicinity of horrific nuclear accidents. When radioisotopes (like e.g. potassium) are filtered out on a large scale one ends up with concentrated radioactive material. This material could be delivered to facilities appropriate for dealing with those isotopes via [[tube mail]]/[[capsule transport]] in a form controlledly checkerboard diluted, covalently, gemstone sealed and lead shielded. [[Category:Food]] 7xujgk63xps2tjt0lakfi7oj03oondm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 902 10980 10978 2021-06-28T09:40:01Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Corundum structure]] to [[Hematite structure]]: more widely used it seems Also: Hematite group / Corundum group. It's a slightly nontrivial hexagonal crystal structure. == Highly abundant elements == * '''Al₂O₃''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxide Aluminium(III)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire leukosapphire] - (Sapphire and Ruby are colored variants) - 2,072°C - 3.987g/ccm - Mohs 9 (defining compound) * '''Ti₂O₃''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide Titanium(III)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tistarite tristarite] - 2,130°C (decomposes) - 4.49g/ccm - '''metallic luster - semiconducting to metallic at 200°C''' - Mohs 8.5 * '''Fe₂O₃''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide iron(III)_oxide] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite Hematite] - 5.3g/ccm - Mohs 5.5 to 6.5 * – Mn₂O₃ only forms other different crystal structures with bigger unit cells (α-form, γ-form, ...) via [[thermodynamic means]] ----- * FeTiO₃ Ilmenite - 4.72g/ccm - Mohs 5.5 * MgTiO₃ Geikielite - 4.4g/ccm - Mohs 5 * MnTiO₃ Pyrophanite - 4.75g/ccm - Mohs 5 to 6 == More rare elements == * '''Cr₂O₃''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskolaite eskolaite] - 5.18g/ccm - Mohs 8 - metallic * V₂O₃ [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Karelianite.shtml karelianite (webmineral)] - Mohs 8 to 9 - metallic luster * Mn₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixbyite manganese-bixbyte] - 4.95g/ccm - Mohs 6 to 6.5 == Way too rare elements == * Sb₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_trioxide antimony_trioxide] senarmontite * Sc₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangite kangite] * Y₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriaite-(Y) Yttriaite-(Y)] * Bi₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismite bismite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide bismuth(III)_oxide] -- not the monoclinic one * Tl₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennite avicennite] - 8.9g/ccm - Mohs 2 * Sb₂O₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinite valentinite] - 5.76g/ccm - Mohs 2.5 to 3 = Related = * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] = External links = * Wikipediacategory: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hematite_group hematite group aka corundum group] * Short paper about the discovery of tistarite: <br>"Tistarite, Ti2O3, a new refractory mineral from the Allende meteorite" [http://www.meteorman.org/Tistarite.pdf (pdf)] ---- Corundum structure in 3D: * at the materials project: [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-1143/] * at www.mindat.org [https://www.mindat.org/min-1136.html] * at www.mineralienatlas.de [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Corundum] * http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/corundum.html – (good 3D view) * corundum group minerals [http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/min/corundum.html] 91f8bhxf1cvu3j8wwdy2zqf3l312zph wikitext text/x-wiki 0 776 7920 2020-08-20T15:21:33Z Apm 1 just barely minimal page {{stub}} Form closure in such a way that assembly and disassembly can only happen in a particular order. Like LIFO "last in first out". It can be a simple chain but also branch out like a tree or merge even back together like a DAG "directed acyclic graph". See: * [[Connection method]] * [[Shape locking]] d4dki7bhlscgdsuyg0gxj9vh2b6nv6z wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1165 10880 2021-06-24T10:31:29Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] 097enrig2f6z83lfhumvsxm9yhhaz3h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 971 11741 11737 2021-07-25T09:53:31Z Apm 1 big restructuring {{stub}} This page is about collecting and listing various aspects and performance parameters where future [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] <br> will have the potential to vastly outperform anything that we have today <small>(time of writing 2021)</small>. == High performance from geometric scaling laws == * Scaling law: [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * Concrete consequence: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] The scaling law of [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]], combined with other effects listed further below, <br> effectively overcompensates the scaling law of [[higher total bearing surface area of smaller machinery]] <br> that would, on its own, degrade performance by causing huge friction losses. <br> Related: [[Scaling law]]s == High performance from nanoscale specific properties == * [[Superlubrication]] and dropping friction even further: [[stratified shear bearings]] * [[Superelasticity]] == High performance of metamaterials == '''Ludacrisly high potential [[power densities]]:''' * [[Electromechanical converter]], [[Chemomechanical converter]], ... [[Energy conversion]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission]] – [[Chemical energy transmission]] – [[Energy transmission]] * [[Thermal energy transmission]] => [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] '''Unfortunately this does not apply to [[energy densities]]:'''<br> Unlike with [[power densities]], [[energy densities]] won't see an in improvement of orders of magnitude. <br> Today's (2021..) chemical energies are already near the [[ultimate limit]]. That is unless some very very surprising physics gets to be very unexpectedly discovered. <br> We absolutely won't make such fantastic assumptions on this wiki. <br> The baseline for assumptions on this wiki is the complete polar opposite. <br> The baseline is [[exploratory engineering]]. == High performance of base materials == * Highly temperature resilient base materials: [[Refractory compounds]] (where appropriate) * High strength base materials: [[Base materials with high potential]] (where appropriate) * [[High ultimate strength]] – [[Superhard materials]] / [[Refractory materials]] (these two often coincide) Related: [[The three stabilities]] – chemical, thermal, mechanical ---- * Highly (bio)degradable base materials (where appropriate). '''See: [[Recycling]]''' == Related == === Performance of piezochemical mechanosynthesis === [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis#Surprising facts]]: <br> Reactions do not need to be highly exothermic to have low error rates. <br> When heavily optimized and slowly operated astoundingly high efficiencies may be reachable. === Fundamental limits === * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] * [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] and related [[macroscale slowness bottleneck]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Ultimate limits]] n6aw916slkbospyqcbpsgoce66nio38 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 596 10201 9195 2021-06-11T18:12:49Z Apm 1 /* The limits to bending */ added link to 3 yet unwritten pages about structure stability In advanced [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]] extremely high pressures can be easily induced by simple means of mechanical advantage. == Why high pressures don't cause cracking on the nanoscale == Since most [[crystolecule]]s are fully atomically precise and faultless there are no points where cracks can start early. Thus albeit being gemstones (which in our usual macroscale experience are rather brittle) they can be bent in the two digit percentual range. At the nanoscale the whole theoretical strength of the material can be exploited. == Mechanosynthesis is all about high pressure == By means of mechanical transmissions and cones pressures (and tensions) can be increased all the way to breaking point of the chemical bonds of the strongest existing materials (e.g. flawless diamond). After all this is what the process of [[mechanosynthesis]] is all about. By conceptually widening the tips of the tool holder cones for mechanosynthesis one could break more bonds at once. A stiff diamond rod between to tips can be bent all the way to the theoretical limit (a little more if cold). == What about high pressures at the macroscale == Large conglomerates of crystolecules will of course have some crystolecules inside which have mild to severe faults. But due to the [[connection method|nature of their connection]] featuring [[shape locking]] cracks in crystolecules are stopped immediately at their interlocking interfaces. Thus even at the macroscale still a good fraction of the theoretical strength of the material can be exploited. == Applications == === Applications of high pressure in the nanoscale === By keeping extremely high pressures in localized patches products containing these can be completely safe at the macroscale. Inclusion of slight strains can help simplifying design of [[crystolecule]]s - example: strained shell sleeve bearing Pressure can have very strong effects on various physical properties. It can have a similar effect to low temperature. This gives several opportunities to reducing civilizations dependency on scarce elements. * Magnetism in elements that don't normally show it. (carbon) * Superconductivity at higher temperatures than normal (maybe even room temperature?) <br>(highly compressed noble gasses in channels as wires?) * On the single bond level highly controlled application of extreme pressures makes noble metals for catalysis (which much more limited capabilities) obsolete. (See: [[Mechanosynthesis]]) === Applications of high pressure in the macroscale === Obviously monolithic macroscopic tanks filled with extreme pressures naturally pose a considerable risk. While pretty safe when undisturbed exposure to external force can easily lead to a violent explosion. So unless absolutely necessary one will likely want to avoid such tanks. In cases where surface area needs to be minimized. * barely macroscopic (µm to mm scale): [[capsule transport]] of liquid density hydrogen at room temperature * very big tanks but usually at rather low pressures: [[gem-gum balloon products]] * in deep [[mining]] and [[deep drilling]] * exploration of [[subsurface ocean]]s in the solar system == The limits to bending == One should keep an eye on the average stress strain energy of all the nanomachinery in a product taken together such that one does not accidentally produce combustion supporting or even explosive products. When increasing stress and strain in crystolecules further and further one successively looses: * first [[chemical stability]] (ok when isolated in a vacuum as for most machinery the case) * then [[thermal stability]] (we are very near the limit! – ok when cooled down enough permanently) * and finally [[mechanical stability]] (fracture) Actually testing the fracture of simple crystolecules in a controlled fashion should be very interesting. == The limits to pressure resistance == Machines with moving parts and internal material transport of some sort usually need at least some some amount of voids inside. These voids can be very small though. Probably so small that the limiting factor is not the number and size of the voids but instead the pressure that the actual solid crystal structure can take before it gets crushed and undergoes a phase transition. So then hardening against high pressure involves choosing materials that do not undergo a phase transition under the expectable pressures. Like e.g. when it comes to silicon dioxide: Instead of quartz one might want go for its metastable high pressure polymorph Stishovite as main structural material. Another issue is that electronic properties quite dramatically change when pressures become extreme (there are big band-gap shifts and such) so wile electronic system may not get destroyed they may get temporarily incapacitated. Possible solutions to this could be: * isolated electronic components from the pressure (treat them as voids) * designed special electronics that only starts working at these high pressures (reaching superconductivity may be easier btw) * do these things in a nanomechanical rather than nanoelectronical * ... == Related == * [[Piezochemistry]] and [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Stiffness]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]]; [[Superconduction]]; [[Magnetism]] * [[High pressure modifications]] ogl85vfn55dgkn94cwzioayv54vswy6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 276 11758 11757 2021-07-25T11:00:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:stub}} Up: [[High pressure]] * strained structure anvil cells * new research -> maybe novel physical effects -- [[non mechanical technology path]] * effect on conductivity (e.g. metallic hydrogen), magnetism, ... High pressure modification of silicon dioxide: Stishovite ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stishovite wikipedia]): 4.287g/ccm; Mohs scale 9-9.5 == Related == * [[High pressure]] * [[Deep drilling]] * [[Highly metastable compound]]s * Planetary science. – Somewhat related: [[Colonization of the solar system]] 9fva547x2zx4wvph3ezxq6uluvl8ovy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 703 11836 11835 2021-08-21T12:04:37Z Apm 1 /* As concern in regards to: "macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale" */ linebrak A [[scaling law]].<br> When scaling things down the ratio between surface area and volume changes. <br> Specifically '''halving the size of an object doubles its surface to volume ratio.''' <br> This can be easily seen by: * first cutting a cube into eight sub-cubes and * then calculating the ratio between the surface to volume ratios before and after the cutting. {{wikitodo|add illustrative image}} = As concern in regards to:<br> "macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale" = The potential consequences of rising surface area are one of the major concerns when it comes to <br> the assessment of the feasibility of '''macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale'''. Potential issues include: * first and foremost: '''rising friction power losses''' * second: rising corrosion rates * third: dirt and lubricants clogging machinery Up: [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] == Concern: Friction-power losses == There are no less than three factors that work against the growing surface area effect when it comes to increasing friction power losses. * first and most importantly: the rising throughput per volume scaling law * second: the superlubricity effect * and third: infinitesimal bearings (an "invention" of this wikis author) It should be possible to keep power losses low enough for a practical functioning nanofactory (with large safety margins). Even systems more efficient than biological diffusion based systems may be possible. For details why see here: {{wikitodo|add link}}. === Counter-factor: Not the slightest need to fill up the whole volume with nanomachinery === [[Convergent assembly]] organized in [[assembly layers]] in a first conceptual approximation <br> features the exact same bearing area at every layer! <br> So even the lowermost nanomachinery layer has a total bearing area that is <br> just the same size as the bearing area of the topmost macroscale assembly chamber(s). Even adding up over all of the convergent assembly layers gives not much more bearing area because <br> with the layers shrinking in thickness following a geometric series <br> the z axis goes into the area under the logarithm to the base of the [[branching factor]]. <br> And practical branching factors are big. 32 possibly. So effectively summing up over all the layers the total bearing area grows <br> by a mediocre factor less than one decimal order of magnitude (maybe 4 to 6). That on it's own pretty much solves the problem but there is more ... === Counter-factor: throughput per volume scaling law === (Main article: "[[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]]") This law is less much less known than the scaling law for surface area per volume, but it plays a major role in compensating the rising friction effect of it. * there is rising throughput-per-volume @ constant operation speeds * or equivalently constant throughput-per-volume @ falling operation speeds * '''this causes falling friction power losses -- quadratically falling :) since it is dynamic friction''' === Counter-factor: superlubicity === This is not exactly a scaling law but an effect that is only available at the nanoscale in atomically precise systems in dry sleeve bearings with non meshing atomic bumps. The effect is experimentally proven. For more details see the main article: [[Superlubrication]]. Friction power losses can be lowered from three to five orders of magnitude compared to motion in a liquid. === Counter-factor: infinitesimal bearing === These machine elements distribute speed differences equally over multiple coplanar surfaces. Due to friction power falling quadratically with speed this kind of allows one to "cheat" scaling laws a bit. === Effect on transport === See main article: [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] == Concern: Surface oxidation == === Conter-factor: Non-oxidizing materials === This is one of the reasons why the choice for building materials falls mostly towards already oxidized materials -- flawless ceramics (aka gemstones) instead of metals. ''Note: This is very much unlike macroscale machinery where unoxidized metals are usually the material of choice.'' === Conter-factor: Perfect sealings === Gas sealings are possible that are [[FAPP]] perfectly tight. The interior space of gem-gum manufacturing devices (and their products) is exceptionally well sealable against outside gasses -- {{wikitodo|add reference}}. So inside even oxidation sensitive materials can be used. (given they are not thermally sensitive that is they don't show surface diffusion). === Counter-factor: Compact products === Almost all of the machinery is not exposed the atmosphere. In case of bulk products (most products) by far most nanomachinery surface is not located on the outside products surface, but in tightly sealed inside chambers. For the minute outside macro-product surfaces especially materials that are highly stable against oxidative (or other) chemical attack can be chosen. == Concern: Nanomachinery getting clogged == Lubricants (or solvents including water) may seem like gravel at the atomic scale. Small molecules are: * very slippery (since there are very vew available DOFs for energy being dissipated into heat) and * very strongly jostled by thermal motion (much faster than the machine motions) thus they are unlikely to act like wrenches in gears(**). Nonetheless lubricants won't be used in nanofactories because with [[superlubrication]] one can achieve much lower friction levels (as already noted above in a previous section). * Counter-factor: no lubricants present * Counter-factor: no dirt present at inside machinery ([[FAPP]] perfectly sealed) Dirt is somewhat of an issue at the outside of products and in the context of [[recycling]] where things may need to be pulled back in again. (**) Off topic side note: Trapping solvent molecules on purpose should be possible despite the large speed differences (e.g. by tightly sealing big chambers). == Related == For quantitative calculations please consult [[Nanosystems]] (or its freely available predecessor paper). Related pages: * [[Friction]] * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Infinitesimal bearing]] m4oxh01w5ji42fu4kwl8u2sxzpfg7xx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1259 12068 11736 2021-09-26T08:34:28Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{Stub}} * Tangible values – Eros demo – Conal Elliott * Drawing dynamical visualizations – Bret Victor * Sketch-n-Sketch – Ravi Chugh et al. * Multi representational language – Enso (formerly Luna) {{wikitodo|discuss these}} == Related == * [[Content addressed]] codebase – a basis that very likely makes implementing all higher level stuff much much easier and much mure maintainable * [[Projectional editors]] * '''[[Software]]''' overview page ---- * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] – maybe somewhat redundant older page ---- Interfaces for 3D modelling (Critically important for a technology that is all about making physical stuff) * [[Constructive solid geometry]] which matches well with [[functional representation]] of 3D geometry == External links == * [https://youtu.be/faJ8N0giqzw Tangible Functional Programming] - by Conal Elliott - * http://conal.net/papers/Eros/ – collected info about "Tangible Values" and the "Eros demo" * http://conal.net/ – Conal Elliotts homepage ---- * [https://youtu.be/ef2jpjTEB5U Video: Bret Victor - Drawing Dynamic Visualizations] * http://worrydream.com/DrawingDynamicVisualizationsTalkAddendum/ – collected info about the talk * http://worrydream.com/ – Bret Victors homepage * [http://aprt.us/ "Apparatus" – similar to Bret Victors demo] * [https://futureofcoding.org/episodes/051 Future of Coding Community Podcast – 51 • Toby Schachman • Cuttle, Apparatus, and Recursive Drawing] ---- * https://ravichugh.github.io/sketch-n-sketch/ ---- * https://enso.org/language [[Category:Programming]] 18eeqxxdsxwe1euhcmgnmci73p0o83h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 818 8252 2021-03-28T07:19:38Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]] to [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]]: throughput not necessarily means productivity (in sense of useful product generation) #REDIRECT [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] ca9b29oz59zfqro9g6fbyjahgw4x0r0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 616 12005 11856 2021-09-20T10:34:20Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page * [[Math of convergent assembly]] When production machines are made smaller (but keep operating at the same speed)<br> then they can produce more product per time. * Halve sized machinery has double the throughput per volume of machinery. * Ten times smaller machinery has ten times the throughput per volume of machinery. * '''A million times smaller machinery has a million times the throughput per volume of machinery.''' <br>At that point other effects become mixed in though. In short: It is a linear [[scaling law]]. {{wikitodo|Make a infographic here in analogy to the one the page [[Level throughput balancing]]}} == Some basic intuition == How the heck can throughput rise when the very first assumption was <br> that speed of robotic manipulation will be kept constants over all size scales?! The answer: * [[In place assembly]] is assumed here. * Removal of the assembled product from the manufacturing structure (the scaffold) is not included. * This looks at assembly motions only. <br>The necessary transport motions that emerge when nanomachinery is stacked beyond the [[macroscale slowness bottleneck]] are for now ignored. <br>See: [[Multilayer assembly layers]] for how these motions relate to each other. No, part removal for densely packed nanomachinery is not a problem <br> in the case of basic [[gem-gum factories]] where: <br> * (1) there is no densely packed nanomachinery<br> instead a stack of one monolayer of each assembly level is the baseline design which: <br>– makes throughput constant over all size scales (see math section below) and <br>– makes removal of the assembled product from the manufacturing structure correspond to pusing products up in the next assembly level (where streaming further up continues) * (2) the bottom assembly level is a thicker stack (a multilayer slab) that has much lower assembly speeds than transport speeds. {{speculativity warning}} <br> Higher degrees of filling space with nanomachinery than just thin monolayers may not be completely impossible. <br> It would certainly be way beyond everyday practical. <br> Transport speeds for product removal would "just" need to be faster than what is robotically possible. <br> Imaginable would e.g. be a [[ultra high throughput microcomponent recomposer unit]] that is a block full of nanomachinery that has lots of straight coaxial high speed product shootout channels with [[stratified shear bearings]]. It would also need significant active cooling. Related: [[Producer product pushapart]] === Visualizing the assembly speed difference by animation === Imagine unassembled block-fragments (color coded red) on the bottom of an robotic assembly cell <br> being assembled by the robotic mechanism inside of the cell <br> to one product block (color coded green) at the top of the cell. Taking just one big macroscopic cell this process takes a while since all the parts need to travel the macroscopic distance from the bottom of the big assembly cell to the the top to turn from red to green. When instead taking many small robotic cells (that have with their robotics inside moving with the same speed) the distance from red to green is much shorter and thus everything turns from red (unassembled) to green (assembled) much much faster. '''Advanced Q&A:''' Why is the transition from red unassembled to green assembled <br> in a 2D monolayer of robotic assembly cells faster than in one big cell of same 2D cross section? <br> Isn't it supposed to finish in the same time if it's just a single monolayer? <br> You're looking a a cross section! <br> The red to green transition in a single monolayer is indeed way faster. <br> But that single monolayer needs to repeat that transition many times over in order to <br> make up for all the other the other layers that would be needed to completely fill up the volume of the big cell. <br> In the simple model this exactly cancels out. {{wikitodo|make (that is program) that animation – via OpenSCAD or Blender}} == Basic math == (1) Take a cube with some [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale|robotic cog and gear assembly machinery]] of unspecified nature inside. <br> (2) Replace the contents of the cube with several scaled down copies of the original cube. A whole numbered cuberoot is advantageous. <br> (3) How does the throughput change in terms of how much volume can be assembled per unit of time? Used constants: * n = 1 ... one robotic unit in one robotic cell – this is just here to not mix it up with other dimensionless numbers * s ... sidelength of the product blocks that the robotic unit assembles <br>s^3 ... volume <br>rho*s^3 ... mass * f ... frequency of operation that is how often per unit of time a block assembly gets finished * v ... constant speed for robotics on all size scales (crude approximation) * Q ... throughput in terms of assembled volume per time === Full volume filled with robotics of original size === Throughput of one robotic cell: <br> '''Q = (n * s^3 * f)''' <br> === Full volume filled with robotics of halve size === Throughput of eight robotic cells that * are two times smaller each * fill the same volume * operate at the same speed: (same speed means same magnitude of velocity not same frequency) <br> '''Q° = (n' * s'^3 * f') where n' = 2^3 n and s' = s/2 and f' = 2f''' <br> '''Q° = (2^3 n) * (s/2)^3 * (2f)''' <br> '''Q° = 2 * (n * s^3 * f)''' <br> '''Q° = 2Q''' The ring ° could be interpreted as: <br> The whole volume gets filled with smaller machinery. === Full volume filled with robotics of 1/10th size === Throughput of a thousand robotic cells that * are ten times smaller each * fill the same volume * operate at the same speed: '''Q°° = (10^3 n) * (s/10)^3 * (10f)''' <br> '''Q°° = 10 * (n * s^3 * f)''' <br> '''Q°° = 10Q''' Generalization to arbitrary size steps was avoided here because <br> it reduces comprehensibility. === One monolayer filled with robotics of 1/32th size === An actual practical nanofactory would (in first approximation) fill just one single monolayer. * That means the smaller machinery matches the bigger machinery in throughput (Q' = Q). * That is indeed done in order to match the throughput of the differently sized machiners such that they can be matchingly stacked. Throughput of a hundred robotic cells that: * are ten times smaller each * fill 1/10th of same volume * operate at the same speed: '''Q' = (32^2 n) * (s/32)^3 * (32f)''' <br> '''Q' = (n * s^3 * f)''' <br> '''Q' = Q''' The dash ' could be interpreted as: <br> Only a 2D monolayer gets filled with smaller robotic cell machinery. The size step of 32 here makes for somewhat more realistic numbers. * This way two convergent assembly steps make a nice size step of a 1000. * This way four convergent assembly steps make a factor of a million which bridges big nano (~32nm) to small macro (~32mm) === Supplemental: Scaling of frequency === The unexplained scaling of frequency is rather intuitive. <br> Going back and forth halve the distance with the speed you get double the frequency. <br> If you really want it formally then here you go: <br> f = v/(constant*s) ~ v/s <br> f' ~ v/s' ~ v/(s/2) ~ 2f == From the perspective of diving down into a prospective nanofactory == === Simplified nanofactory model === Let's for simplicity assume that the [[convergent assembly]] architecture in an advanced [[gem-gum factory]] is organized * in simple coplanarly stacked assembly layers. * that are each only one assembly cell in height, monolayers so to say * that all operate at the same speed === Here ignored model deviations === There are good reasons to significantly deviate from that simple-most model. <br> Especially for the lowest assembly levels. E.g. * high energy turnover in [[mechanosynthesis]] and * fast [[recycling]] of pre-produced [[microcomponents]] and * high bearing area But the focus here is on conveying a baseline understanding. <br> And for assembly layers above the lowermost one(s) the simple-model above might hold quite well. === Same throughput of successively thinner layers === When going down the convergent [[assembly level]] layer stack … * from a higher layer with bigger robotic assembly cells down * to a the next lower layer with (much) smaller robotic assembly cells … then one finds that the throughput capacity of both of these layers needs to be equal. * If maximal throughput capacity would rise when going down the stack then the upper layers would form a bottleneck. * If maximal throughput capacity would fall when going down the stack then the upper layers would be underutilized. See main article: [[Level throughput balancing]] The important thing to recognize here is that <br> while all the mono-layers have the same maximal product throughput <br> the thickness of these mono-layers becomes thinner and thinner. <br> More generally the volume of these layers becomes smaller and smaller. <br> '''So the throughput per volume shoots through the roof.''' That is a very pleasant surprise! <br> In a first approximation halving the size of manufacturing robotics doubles throughput capacity per volume. <br> That means going down from one meter to one micrometer (a factor of a million) <br> the throughput capacity per volume equally explodes a whopping millionfold. <br> This is because it's a is a linear [[scaling law]]. As mentioned this can't be extended arbitrarily though. <br> Below the micrometer level several effects (mentioned above) make <br> full exploitation of that rise in productivity per volume impossible. == Getting silly – questionable and unnecessary productivity levels == Now what if one would take a super thin microscale (possibly non-flat) assembly mono-"layer" that one finds pretty far down the convergent assembly stack and fills a whole macroscopic volume with many copies of it? The answer is (in case of general purpose [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]) that the product couldn't be removed/expulsed fast enough. One hits [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit|fundamental acceleration limits]] (even for the strongest available [[diamondoid metamaterial]]s) and long before that severe problems with mechanical resonances are likely to occur. Note that the old and obsolete idea of packing a volume full with diamondoid [[molecular assembler]]s wouldn't tap into that potential because these devices are below the microscale level in the nanoscale where the useful behavior of physics of raising throughput density with falling size of assembly machinery is hampered by other effects. More on silly levels of throughput here: <br> * [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] * [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] == Relation to Convergent assembly == [[File:Throughput_of_convergent_assembly_-_annotated.svg|200px|thumb|right|Q...throughput s...side-length f...frequency<br>{{wikitodo|Resolve the issue with the text in this illustration!}}]] Instead of filling the whole volume with nanomachinery which would provide waay more productivity than in allmost all conceivable circumstances needed nanofactories would use only monolayers (or thin stacks). In a first approximation successively stacked monolayers of consecutive [[assembly levels]] (and thus vastly different sizes) match in their maximal throughput. See: [[Level throughput balancing]] And that despite the thickness of the layers with smaller machinery being insignificant compared to the thickness of the layers above. With the major exception of the bottommost assembly layers where things diverge notably from the first approximation. === Antagonistic effects/laws – sub microscale === The problem that emerges at the nanoscale is twofold. * falling size => rising bearing area per volume => rising friction => to compensate: lower operation speed (and frequency) – summary: lower assembly event density in time * falling size => rising machinery size to part size (atoms in the extreme case) – summary: lower assembly site density in space Due to the nature of [[superlubrication|superlubricating]] friction: * it scales with the square of speed (halving speed quaters friction losses) * it scales linear with surface area (doubling area doubles friction) It makes sense to slow down a bit and compensate by stacking layers for [[level throughput balancing]]. A combination of halving speed and doubling the number of stacked equal mono-"layers" halves friction while keeping throughput constant. == Lessening the macroscale throughput bottleneck == There are also effects/laws (located in the macroscale) that can help increase throughput density above the first approximation. Details on that can be found (for now) on the "[[Level throughput balancing]]" page. == Alternate names for this scaling law as a concept == * Higher productivity of smaller machinery * Productivity explosion The thing is higher throughput does not necessarily means higher productivity in the sense of generation of useful products. <br> Thus the rename to the current page name "Higher throughput of smaller machinery". == Related == * [[Math of convergent assembly]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] * Harvesting the benefits of the scaling law: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] * [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] * [[Friction]] * [[Scaling law]] -- [[Scaling law#Speedup]] * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] * [[Atom placement frequency]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Pages with math]] [[Category:Pages with math]] ---- Another massively overpowered performance parameter is: * '''Higher [[power density]] of smaller machinery.''' That is less of a scaling law and more of a property of [[gem-gum]] systems though {{todo|to check}}. dts1rgum5y0dq5t5kmdsysgrl25z93e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 20 6964 6963 2017-11-05T15:12:11Z Apm 1 added related section wit links to discussion pages about the two relevant books {{wikitodo|This page is old. It needs cleanup & improvement.}} ==In a nutshell== Sketched ideas about artificial atomically precise technology where first introduced to a wider public in Richard Feynman's famous talk "There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom". Back then the idea was simply called "nanotechnology". The technologies potential was well perceived and lead to heavy funding of everything claiming to be "nanotechnology" in the US. Since at this point in time atomically precise material science was still quite far out of reach all things smaller than a micron where called nanotechnology. This mainly included non atomically precise nanoparticles and other structures with the atoms statistically distributed. Those structures can not by definition (non AP) play a central role in the achievement of APM. Other parts of the world followed with the funding of "nanotechnology" without ever publicly perceiving the original idea of atomic precision. The place where atomic precision was already achieved at this time where the well established molecular sciences. People involved in those saw little incentive to switch their work under the banner of "nanotechnology". Also they where heavily focused in the scientific study of organic chemistry and biological systems. Taking the inverse route to engineer molecular systems for non biological applications was not on their schedule. Small but parallel to the funding growth of "nanotechnology" APM was (under the same term) further advertised in the book "[[Engines of Creation]]" <ref>Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology - by K. Eric Drexler</ref> ("Engines of Creation" is superseded by "[[Radical Abundance]]" <ref name="RA">Radical Abundance: How a Revolution in Nanotechnology Will Change Civilization - by K. Eric Drexler</ref> by now). To be sensationalistic scifi literature writers picked the most dystopic ideas out of there left the rest behind and packed everything under the "nanotechnology" label. The mental image of "nanotechnology" that spread in the non scientific but interested US public (a very flawed one) was about swarms of with high potential uncontrollable and [[the grey goo meme|unstoppable life-like nanobugs]] eating anything and everything until nothing is left. Some material scientists working under the banner "nanotechnology" began to see themselve associated with this as very dangerous perceived goal when what they actually did was absolutely unrelated. This in combination with fundamental conceptual differences between biological systems and artificial advanced APM systems may be the reason why some highly recognized scientific minds initially put heavy criticism on the ideas of APM negating its feasibility. This criticism led to APM being perceived as more unsound than it is. The main critic points where [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man straw man] attacks discussing the impossibility of an illusionary design no one has proposed. Real [[tooltip chemistry]] for [[technology level III]] has been carefully analyzed: (Paper: [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis]) and led to very promising results. This whole story was presented in the book "[[Radical Abundance]]" <ref name="RA"></ref> (and several other places?). It concludes this episode with that now with the emergence systematic polypeptide design and structural DNA nanotechology the first steps of the "inverse route" in molecular sciences to less biological and more predictable systems are done. And that we need some further steps in this bottom up direction until we can tie it together with the available top down tools. Citation: ''" ... Initially, NNI was funded to address atomically precise manufacturing, but by 2004 all reference to APM was removed from the NNI strategic plan and replaced instead by a concentration on phenomena at the nanoscale. ..."'' Source: [http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2312/1] Further reading about misinterpretations: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/impossible.html] (Note: this was written before [[technology level III|nanofactories]] superseeded assemblers.) A collection of other common misconceptions about APM can be found [[misconceptions|here]]. == Related == * The books "[[Engines of Creation]]" and "[[Radical Abundance]]" == External Links == * Foresight Institute news: [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=6079 A bird's-eye view of half a century of nanotechnology] * [http://www.metamodern.com/d/04/00/FeynmanToFunding.pdf From Feynman To Funding] from K. Eric Drexler - Foresight Institute == References == <references /> [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] lidz5kl31jrwz50hoe6uo43dzvp4uzj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 88 6546 4287 2017-09-28T17:02:52Z Apm 1 minor reformulation {{speculative}} When [[further improvement at technology level III|advanced atomically perecise products]] start to get used [[diamondoid]] scrap will start to accumulate. Through sensible system design with direct [[recycling]] of [[microcomponents]] the rate of scrap production could be held low but it will undoubtedly accumulate. To keep the waste from the environment it should be thermally disintegrated. See: "[[diamondoid waste incineration]]" Gasses might be directly processable with advanced forms of [[tooltip chemistry]]. Pure hydrocarbon [[diamondoid]] waste won't produce solid ashes. For ashes from silicon or metals liquid phase [[bulk chemistry]] might be needed (possibly as small as desktop scale). Lessons will be takeable from the improvement of conventional mining and post processing with AP technology. See: "improved [[mining]]". [[Category:Technology level III]] 549bljhfica6pq2io66a1oswt55efds wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1166 10884 10883 2021-06-24T10:53:36Z Apm 1 /* How to avoid a total collapse of absolutely everything (as attempted in this wiki) */ fixed error in order The term '''"house of cards"''' refers to (riskily) stacking a lot of assumptions on top of each other, <br> and when it some-when turns out that one of the assumptions at the bottom of the "house of cards" <br> has been false all along then all the further conclusions come crumbling down. Immunity against that problem is impossible. <br> Some measures can be taken though. == First: start with a solid basis == The most basic conclusions presented here on this wiki <br> (like e.g. the predicted feasibility and [[high performance]] of [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]) <br> are a direct result of LOW LEVEL [[exploratory engineering]] <br> Finding a fatal flaw there is extremely unlikely. <br> There is as good as none of "risky" stacking of conclusions involved here. Current day research limitations vaguley giving (mis)leading hints to infeasibility of <br> [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] does not change that. <br> See: [[Effects of current day experimental research limitations]] == Getting higher and shakier == Building up from there over mid to high level exploratory engineering <br> * The predictions get increasingly shakier. Errors and fatal errors (effecting only followup predictions above) get more and more likely. <br> * Predictions get more and more exciting and presentable to a general low or non technical audience. == How to avoid a total collapse of absolutely everything (as attempted in this wiki) == === First: Focus on a broad solid basis === See: [[Exploratory engineering]] The approach here on this wiki for all things that go beyond the basic rock solid predictions of LOW LEVEL [[exploratory engineering]] is twofold. === Mark the risky predictions further up the cardhouse as such === On this wiki pages that cover topics quite far up the house of cards are marked with the following disclaimer: {{speculative}} Or this one: {{speculativity warning}} === As far as possible make many predictions (build a wide cardhouse – that does not fall like dominoes) === A broad tree of conclusions rather than a deep tree. It's unlikely that fatal flaws will lurk in all the branches. <br> Well, It's not that the author has much influence on obsessive curiosity anyway. == Related == * [[Exploratory engineering]] – as a solid basis * [[Castle in the sky]] 6rkdp5oktamusza2fx1gbnocwh9ifkl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1163 10891 10876 2021-06-24T11:21:47Z Apm 1 {{speculative}} Picture skyscrapers silently extruding out of what seems like the ground and equally silently vanishing back into the ground once no longer needed '''Well not quite. Cranes do make sense.''' <br> But fully automated and fully reversible assembly of building will look very different to what we have today. <br> Cranes are basically part of the manipulator system at the last and biggest automated [[assembly level]] of an [[advanced productive nanosystem]]. <br> Also the cranes need to be automatedly erected. That might well be done in the form of an extrusion. Avoiding cranes alltogether though might be a result of safety considerations. <br> See further down. '''A basic assumption here is that transports via [[superlube tubes]] will be much more efficient and much cheaper than transport on street rails or anything else we have today.''' The idea would be to "pipe in" (or out) the raw material for buildings from a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]]. <br> The raw material would be preferrably be in the form from recycled microcomponents. Because that is much more energy efficient. <br> That obviously only works once a certain stock of gemstone metamaterial based building is accumulated. Slower primary synthesis of [[microcomponents]] can be compensated by larger (off site) [[gem-gum factory]] volume, given enough power is available. It would be highly advisable to design and build sufficient final [[gemstone metamaterial waste treatment]] systems for dealing with unupgradeable and unrecyclable microcomponents of outdated version. Cranes: * will still have sparse trussworks * will have more organic shapes * will may get some aspects of [[gem-gum tentacle like manipulator]]s == How safety considerations may influencing design choices == A design for very high safety would be very desirable and likely possible. The easy way is just to make areas with active dangerous assembly (large masses moving fast) inacessible, but that is probe to bugs. The harder way (maximizing safety as far as possible) is to avoid large masses moving fast on a level potentially dangerous to humans all together. E.g. adhering to a limit to lightweight fist-sized building-blocks that would at best give a human a light bruise when crashing into them at decently high speeds. Plus making the assembly robotic [[emulating elasticity]] and actively look out for humans with cameras (closed loop control is very possible at the human size-sacle) Assembly would need to be desiged such that at all times there never appears the possibilities for a dangerous drop. This ways everything is and remains openly accessible all the way throughout the assembly process. This at least would likely have educational value. Like a [[showcase gem gum factory]]. Worst thing that can happen ist that people deliberately walk in to deliberately and physically hinder the assembly process. But access can still be added just as in the case with truly dangerous internal operations. Avoiding large fast moving masses for the sake of increased safety would actually be an argument for going less far up the [[convergent assembly]] hierarchy. Meaning no cranes as big as the buildings but at mots muman sized [[gem gum tentacle robotics]] A bit more [[in place assembly]] character of the assembly. == Why the erection (and more so the teardown) of buildings will likely be quite silent == * There will be no need to mix [[concrete]] * There will be no irreversibly fused together to large monolithic chunks of rebar reinforced concrete that need to be jack-hammered and sawed out Similar things hold for [[gemstone metamaterial street infrastructure]]. Making ground comactification silent seems like an interesting challenge. <bR> * Digging exactly to measure might be an approach. * Sorting space filling compactified soild polyhedrons into excess space might be another == Why cranes and macroscale manipulators? == See main article: [[Convergent assembly]] === During assembly === [[In place assembly]] has its limitation (e.g. [[overhangs]]) === During disassembly === '''Wrench in the gears materials non gem-gum materials:''' A lot of stuff that amasses in building will always be natural material or material produced by [[thermodynamic means]]. <br> Think about a half eaten pack of chips, a flower pot, a stack of paper (then ancient technology), metal coins, ... <br> Basically all organic natural stuff and all the remnant stuff from today's era (2021...). All this material needs to be moved out of the way sufficiently well, such that it not acts like a wrench in gears and <br> does not hinders the retraction/disassembly of the [[gemstone metamaterial]] that constitutes the basic frame of the building '''Lost and found:''' [[Gem-gum]] stuff that was forgotten by former inhabitants may or may not be disassembled along with the building. It's just a policy question. <br> Degree of detectable unrecoverable customization that are present might be one factor of many playing a role in that decision. <br> If the found item is not disassembled then it must go either to the owner in its macroscopic undisassembled state or to a temporary storage facility for macroscopic objects (a classical warehouse). If the found item is disassembled then (securely!) storing some data would it seems be a human friendly software design. Think e.g. about forgotten [[compuglasses]]. Relevant data: * what type of object was found * what kind of (recoverable) customization where found (sensitive data) * where was the thing found (eventually down to the exact position and angle aka pose) '''Dealing with our beautiful human chaos:''' Most of the stuff in human use is not in machine phase. <br> Unless on a space station without gravity humans do typically not keep everything locked to the environmental frame (at a hopefully remembered spot). <br> To tidy up a chaotic mess created by human activity in an automated way there needs to be closed-loop-control. <br> That entails cameras and AI software for object-type recognition and 3D-geometry recognition. <br> (All luxury that is not available at the nanoscale.) <br> == Why not just use [[utility fog]] == Why not use a "magic" cloud of [[utility fog]] to assemble buildings? <br> Because utility fog is not specialized and thus expectable to be rather inefficient <br> Not to say that it would not work, it would just likely not be very practical compared to other more specialized approaches. <br> [[Utility fog]] will be more like: * interactive multifunctional volumetric display clay for artists or * a versatile emergency tool for adventurers or * ... 1lhwik8ag0kowi90acpuo1dyrlh7nkq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 714 7219 7218 2018-07-17T17:20:21Z Apm 1 {{stub}} This is a gateway page between largely unconnected parts of this wiki.<br> A gateway away from [[Main Page|the main topic of this wiki]] to wildly speculative treatment of [[philosophical topics]]. This page is about the topics linking these to areas.<br> Without intention of exhaustiveness: * [[Friction in gem-gum technology]], [[Friction]], efficiency, (ir)reversibility, DOFs, arrow-of-time, [[reversible actuation]], [[Diffusion transport]]<br>{{wikitodo|elaborate on that}} * [[Nature does it differently]], [[Evolution]] * Programming: [[Reversible computation]], [[Programming languages]], [[General software issues]] ''<br><small>(The programming topic may deserve its own gateway page)''</small> * ... jnk0wwj994rk1eewsr06pebs9jfsb7d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 739 11945 11935 2021-09-17T12:29:45Z Apm 1 moves stuff over as is from page [[friction]] {{stub}} While the total surface area per volume of bearings in nanomachinery rises there are other factors that more than compensate for that {{wikitodo|Elaborate on that here. A lot is in the as of yet unpublished ReChain zim-wiki}} = Factors reducing friction of gemstone based nanomachinery = The main (over)compensating factors for rise in friction from [[higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery]] are: <br> * (1) [[Convergent assembly]] or equivalently ... * (2) [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] and ... * (X) [[Superlubricity]] * (Y) other effects ... ? == Falling friction from "[[convergent assembly]]" == * In first approximation all convergent assembly layers have the same total bearing area as the top macroscale one * There is no need for a large number of convergent assembly layers And diverging from that first approximation: <br> A bottom layer stacked of chambers of the same size only further reduces friction This trick gives a tuning parameter of: nanomachinery_operation_speed times bearing_area per chip_area. <br> {{wikitodo|elaborate on that}} == Falling friction from "[[higher throughput of smaller machinery]]" == To reach practical levels of throughput <br> there is not no need to fill up the whole of the macroscale assembly chamber with nanomachinery. <br> The "volumetric throughput density" (how much product per time can be processed per how much volume of nanomachinery) of gemstone based nanomachinery is very high. Note: ''This is the same effect as in the former section but in different formulation.'' <br> Basically tracing down [[convergent assembly]] one finds high volumetric throughput density. == [[Superlubricity]] == This one is a bit of a mystery. <br> === Static friction or dynamic drag? === This is likely about static classical friction µ rather than dynamic drag. Friction from dynamic drag (per unit of area) can actually be quite high when looking at higher speeds. <br> But is can become very low for low speeds. And low speeds are very affordable to choose, <br> because there is plenty of space for more nanomachinery. This just increases a nanoscale thickness layer to a microscale thickness layer at worst. === Low friction despite notches matching up with grooves === Even in cases where grooves and notches of shaft and sleeve match up (commensurate situation) <br> low friction can be present. It's just essential that the notches and grooves are stiff enough <br> * for the energy to be completely recuperated when going across a notch-facing-notch-barrier. * for there to be no [[snapback]] <small>(Technical formulation: one needs a conservative energy potential.")</small> At the macroscale a strong waviness of potential over the turning angle <br> (like e.g. felt when turning a shaft of a stepper motor) <br> most definitely leads to higher dissipation. <br> Especially a light rotor does not turn long in face of strong waviness of potential.<br> But this dissipation mostly comes from a non stiff damping coupling of the sleve to the surrounding framework. Especially it this surrounding framework is a human Hand. In [[Nanosystems]] dissipation from acoustic radiation has been analyzed and found to be not a dominant contributor for the targested operational speed range (~5mm/s). Waviness of potential not necessarily meaning higher energy dissipation losses <br> is good news for molecular gears with tooth made up of single rows of atoms. <br> These are harder design to have get atom count incommensurability. <br> <small>(Well not impossible with herringbone style gears probably {{todo|design one}})</small> == Other effects that could potentially reduce friction == There are other perhaps more deep reasons for friction to diminish at the nanoscale. It's about the issue that in systems small enough ... * there are few degrees of freedom for energy to be dispersed into (thermalized/devaluated/dissipated) and * there can be the quantum effect of a minimum activation energy that needs to be overcome before a degree of freedom becomes available. Likely only relevant for low temperature applications.<br>(This can be seem in the plots of heat capacity over temperature for polyatomic gases where steps represent the "quantum activation" of degrees of freedom). = '''TODO''' integrate chapters below = = The issue = [[Higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery|With shrinking size of machinery the surface area of this machinery (and total bearing area) rises]]. <br> Doubling the bearing surface area doubles the friction (a [[scaling law]]). Plus: Extrapolating from speeds and friction levels of macroscale machinery <br> down to the nanoscale leads to impractically high levels of waste heat generation. This is one of the elephants in the room when introducing an audience to advanced APM. Such an extrapolation is the first thing that any person knowledgeable in other micro- and nanotechnologies is likely do. Since this is not the only point where a first quick glance reveals a strongly discouraging result, and experts usually are busy and have little time at hand to dig deeper, the situation sometimes leads nanotechnology experts to quickly deem all nanomachinery impossible, that looks superficially similar to macro scale cog-and-gear-machinery. Especially looking at friction (and wear) in micro-machinery (technical term: MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems) as a scaling trend is misleading. == What makes it work despite the issue == There are several effect working against this explosion of friction which are repeatedly overlooked. === One needs to slow down anyway to prevent an explosion of productivity === Rising productivity allows to slow down motion speeds (e.g. to just few mm per second) while keeping throughput constant. Slowing down to halve the speed drops drops the fiction to a fourth (a quadratic [[scaling law]] – tech term: dynamic drag). Main article: "[[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]]". === Dropping speeds further by smart arrangements === By dividing relative speeds up in several layers each taking a proportional part of the speed area goes up, yes, but the drop in speed has a bigger effect. See main article: "[[Infinitesimal bearing]]s" = Related = * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] {{wikitodo|maybe move stuff over to here?}} ''the interplanetary analogy'' ... * There are a plethora of [[friction mechanisms]] but all those seem less fundamental than what is discussed here. * [[Friction]] * [[Superlubrication]] * Equipartitioning theorem (every degree of freedom gets an energy of k_BT on average) sknyzcua3t48vuahsu688uojecz0qgt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 988 10317 10314 2021-06-13T17:24:01Z Apm 1 formatting It all starts out with a pretty innocuous question: <br> How do we maximize the efficiency of a [[gem-gum factory]] but still keep it operating properly? Such that it keeps running forward assembling raw material into products instead of running backwards shoving parts into sections of the factory that are not designed to operate reversibly and thus getting things stuck or worse break things. For squeezing the last bit of efficiency out it's not as simple as going from a higher energy compound to a lower energy compound for a [[drive system]]. Yes that usually works (not always) but when optimizing for efficiency one needs to look deeper and do better. What is minimized in solution phase chemistry is Gibbs free energy. Not the potential energy of the chemical bonds alone. (For [[machine phase]] instead of solution phase see: [[Thermodynamic potentials]]) Thus there are cases where a chemical reaction runs forward despite needing energy to happen (despite being endoergic). These reactions suck up heat from their local environment to run to their completion. One particularly impressive case are calcium chloride (CaCl₂) freezing mixtures. <small>Of course despite extracting kinetic energy out of thermal motions we have no quackery type free energy (perpertuum mobile of second kind) here. <br> This reaction is finite and something is used up. What is used up is the spacial crystalline order in the salt crystal.</small> Talking about order and chaos is intuitively pretty incomprehensible though so lets phrase it differently. The essence for a reaction to run forward has actually little to do with energy but rather with the number of microstates increasing. <br> '''See: [[Emergence of the arrow of time]]''' == Regarding exothermy == Beside exothermy not being the only way that can drive reactions forward but endothermy too: When reactions are driven by their exothermicness then in the end it is also just an increase of the number of microstates. Just in disguise. What is happening here is the following: The heat-up means a greater distribution in velocities (which, just like the positions, count to the microstates). Assuming no changes in particle numbers in all cases here. The "advantage" that exothermic reactions have is that the disorder in velocities (heat) that they create can eventually be radiated away out of the system as IR light whereas endothermic reactions can't radiate away the disorder in positions that they create. If an exothermic reaction has no pathway to dump its energy into lots of microstates with different velocities, then it won't have any motivation to run forward. This is the normal case for two body planetary motion. There are no degrees of freedom where kinetic energy could be dissipated into. Unless the planets literally collide, they won't discharge their energy despite of the fact that that would be astronomically exoergic. Energy just happily oscillates between potential and kinetic (for an elliptic non-circular orbit). Similar things can happen when two atoms meet in a vacuum. Sometimes a third collision partner is needed for a de-excitation overcoming an otherwise forbidden transition. There is more to this though. Limited analogy. In [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] the tool-tip and surface-contact literally form channels for the mictostates to flow out (or in) In machine phase increase in spacial disorder is not allowed. So that means exoergic is the only option. Right? Wrong! [[Machine phase]] likely allows one to do a really cool trick. And that is offloading the unconditionally necessary somewhere happening increase in microstates to a site different than the [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. There from the outside driving the whole system can be done exothermic or endothermic. And some [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] steps may be performable in an endothermic cooling the reacton site down and still have low error rates. Note that with molecular mills even locally exothermic reactions can be performed in an locally endothermic way due to the coupling to the drive system. {{todo|to check}} Related: [[Exothermy offloading]] and [[Dissipation sharing]] == Concrete Examples == In the sense of the described game a [[gem-gum factory]] (when left alone and untampered from outside) literally defines its own direction of time by its own design. * The mechanical energy management system of a [[gem-gum factory]] with coupled [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] and [[chemomechanical converters]] * the local energy dissipation at tip surface interaction during [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. == Mysteries == There is basically a small scale version of the "arrow of time" of the universe embedded in efficiency optimized [[gem-gum factories]]. There seems to be some sort of connection between physical reality and pure side effect free and reversible computing. But a lot of aspects of physical reality make this intractable. Within the highly deterministic framework of [[gem-gum nanofactories]] that still directly tap into the smallest scales of physical reality (well, in some regards smallest) this might lead to new surprising insights. This is quite fascinating and possibly the most direct connection between the hands on practical world and [[Philosophical topics|totally wacky philosophical speculations]]. == Related == * [[Emergence of the arrow of time]] * [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Exothermy offloading]] * [[Reversible computation]] – [[Reversible actuation]] * [[Decompression chain]] * [[Philosophical topics]] [[Category:Philosophical]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Gibbs_free_energy] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_(statistical_mechanics) Microstate (statistical mechanics)] ta5yce2olumktv2no180jz2qqax7pm5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 731 9468 7481 2021-05-27T11:46:11Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Bunching]] == Transport in general == The further one wants to transport stuff and<br> the smaller the stuff one wants to transport<br> the more one wants to '''bunch and link this stuff together before the transport''' via some "pre-transport". This minimizes the shear slide motion surface area between the parts-to-transtort to the static environment for the majority of the transportation distance, and thus '''it minimizes the friction losses'''. Naturally the distance of the "pre-transport" (and the possible "post-tranport") needs to be minimized. {{todo|Work out the math here.}} If the main transport distance gets down near to the same order of magnitude of the pre- and post-transport distance then at some point one falls below a threshold below which it does not energetically pay of to do this "pre packaging for transport" any more. For a general transport of parts that are not necessarily designed to fit together there needs to be a solution of transport containers (a bit over the size of the parts to transport) that do fit together (providing a shape adapter function). === Short range transport in Nanofactories === In a layered thin film chip like nanofactory design (as the current concept foresees) this bunching together with a minimal pre-transport path length is ensured. Well, it is better to call it inter-assembly-layer transport here, since there is no main- and post-transport. The main transport would coincide with the pre-transort of the next assembly layer. Well, if one stretches it, one maybe could maybe also see the path the final product takes when in usage (e.g. in human hands) as the a main transport and a recycling disassembly process that potentially happens at some other place else as the post-transport. Back to topic: In convergent assembly the shortest possible inter-assembly-layer-transport is ensured by well designed convergent assembly. (between assembly layers interdigitating routing layers) (Convergent assembly that needs to heed equivalent layer stacking requirements due friction reducing slowdown at the bottommost levels). In the case of convergent assembly in nanofactories there is usually no need for transport containers providing an adapter function since the parts are made to fit together and are put together to bigger fragments of the product right away. At higher assembly levels and consequently bigger size scales sliding surface areas become very low. Also there now is plenty of space available that can be filled with infinitesimal bearings to reduce friction levels even further. One may want to now trade this extremely low friction to just low friction for something else. One may want to trade it for a certain principle that can beef up assembly speed. Namely [[part streaming designs]]. Part streaming designs are remotely similar to todays 3D printers where there is a continuous feed of plastic into a moving manipulator, but here with discrete parts that are themselves already pre-assembled from smaller discrete parts. The idea is to stream the previous level pre-assembled current level unassembled parts through the manipulators arms interior (or on the manipulators arms surface) directly towards the end effector. This way the manipulator does not need to constantly go back and forth to pick up new parts while still retaining all of its general purpose capabilities. (Unlike lowest assembly level mechanosynthetic assembly where there too is streaming but no general purpose capabilities). At the macro scale assembly levels (e.g. playing dice size to room size) one could even imagine highly dexterous tentacle like manipulators. Educational models may forgo on the usage of UV and further light absorbing nanomachinery protecting functionality and operate at a slowed down pace such that one can follow the parts wandering through with ones bare eyes. Streaming designs may be sensible starting relatively early in the assembly level stack. That is as early as microcomponent assembly to product fragments (). At this size levels streaming would look much more mechanical though. There's simply not enough space yet for the aforementioned organic looking tentacle like designs. No space for thick swaths of infinitesimal bearings that are combined with advanced mechanical metamaterials that emulate elasticity. The "productive nanosystems" concept video features streaming designs at the microcomponent to product fragment assembly level. There is no need to putting them at the end of the assembly level stack (as shown) though. A tentacle streaming designs at the very topmost macroscale assembly is a quite conspicuous deviation from the classic more basic nanofactory thin film design. It's important to realize that despite the change in looks, proper design principles for nanofactories the we already have learned are not being abandoned. ==== Some speculations ==== Streaming designs can be combined with: * (1) The classical pick and place design. <br>Just make the tentacle manipulator pick up a part from the sub assembly cell it comes out from instead of letting it draw from its streaming supply * (2) A parallel extrusion design. <br>As if it where the last and uppermost assembly layer. This may not make much sense in the context of first virgin assembly. Just as it is the 3D printing processes of today, with a cracked open cross sectional plane one can have access to just about everywhere. It may make more sense in case of product reconfiguration, where putting just a few parts from one hard to reach spot to another hard to reach spot by some complex manipulator paths may be quite a bit quicker than taking the whole thing fully apart. Completely down to its rather small base parts. === Long range transport for recycling === The necessity of long range transport also crops up in the context of recycling. Since what person A does not need anymore may be needed by person B that sits somewhere quite far away. Again to reduce friction losses, for long range distance transports one may want to bunch parts (of all size scales) together to even bigger "parcels" before "shipment". Microcomponents are the most versatile parts in the assembly level stack. They are simultaneously reusable and still rather fundamental (not as fundamental as crystolecules, but fused crystolecules lack in recyclability). Due to their versatility microcomponents may be the most desirable to send/ship to other far away places over long range distances where it's from a friction minimization standpoint better to have parcel sizes that are quite a bit bigger than microcomponents. Bigger parcels require and equate to bigger diameter of the transportation lines. Taking a wild guess for diameters one could maybe think of: * millimeter scale lines for many cross city scale (intercity) transport lines * centimeter diameter lines for many cross country scale (international) lines * decimeter diameter lines for many cross globe scale (intercontinental) lines One may imagine those lines ([[superlube tube]]s) not entirely unlike conventional tube mail. Just that there is neither air nor vacuum in there. It would be a solid state stream of one very very long flexible "parcel". A "parcel" made up out of many very small transport containers. Containers that link together with enough elasticity emulating metamaterial capabilities, such that they can go around the necessary curves in the lines. Also the "parcel" (flex-pack-stream?) would be lubed in a quite thick shell of [[infinitesimal bearing]] metamaterial. (Getting infinitesimal bearing metamaterial to emulate elasticity at the same time might be quite difficult to design.) To get microcomponents out of nanofactories and suitably packaged up in that "solid state stream" for transportation, one needs to make the nanofactories (possibly specialized ones?) assemble the solid state micro-parcel stream just like any other product. There is no need to somehow tap nanofactories "sidewards" between the assembly levels, as one may think. That won't work. Excess material will need to be managed in caching depots. Not entirely unlike digital memory caches in computer architecture just much bigger (storehouse size) and with physical immutable contents instead of mutable bits and bytes. If the requested quantities of some type of microcomponent are too high to being fulfilled by caches nearby caches farther away need to be used too. Old stuff never used by anyone anymore needs to be disposed of in a safe way with zero release of waste (e.g. burning, dissolving, ...) Beside transport of microcomponents there is no reason for not having something even more similar to conventional tube mail. Still superlubricated but this time with real macroscale capsules where one can put in non gem-gum products too like e.g. bananas to give a completely arbitrary example. == Related == * [[Rising surface area]] * [[Infinitesimal bearing]] & [[Emulated elasticity]] * [[Transportation and transmission]] * [[Superlube tube]] * [[Infinitesimally beared tube mail]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Recycling]] and [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] (for getting rid of cache overstocks) * [[Assembly levels]] * [[Bunching]] nmcymbdvs1hfg8ipf2a9fenvwu9vaye wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1093 10250 2021-06-13T12:58:19Z Apm 1 very minimal page {{Stub}} It's not about reactions needing to be exoergic (releasing thermal energy). <br> In essence is is about the number of microstated needing to increase. What drives a [[gem-gum factory]] forward in essence is a small scale version <br> of what defines the "arrow of time" in the universe. == Related == * [[Exothermy offloading]] – [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Emergence of the arrow of time]] * [[How gem-gum factories link to deep mysteries of the universe]] sqi713e97lin9j5doiaru85eif0zi1c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 205 4155 4150 2015-09-27T10:57:33Z Apm 1 /* Philosophical implications - the second part of the way */ improved {{Stub}} ---- {{Speculative}} Another possible Future: The World of Empty Palaces. '''Note:''' All scenarios for the future development of human population on our planet are strongly dependent on the rate advanced atomically precise technology develops. == Questions - Delibeartely without answer. == Today it is known with certainty that countries with high levels of wealth exhibit population decline. Advanced atomically precise technology if reached: * will not only raise standards of living tremendously ([[opportunities]]) but also * will undermine the scissor in wealth between countries ([[self replication]]) <br> as open source software already does - albeit in a much much more minute way. (But even beforehand technology might do so a bit - e.g. the coming global internet access allows follower countries to skip steps in their path of technological development) If the first part of the way goes well: * '''Question:''' How far will world population grow before it starts to shrink? * '''Question:''' How long will it take till the wealth scissor closes far enough such that dangerous situations (potentially destabilizing) like conflicts and permanent mass migrations subside? The automation of various working areas must be somehow balanced with the with the cessation of manpower. * '''Question:''' Will rapidly shrinking manpower keep (despite automation) generating enough harshness of living to prevent massive population decline. * '''Question:''' Or will there be a point where we become so view that we run into the danger of getting extinct merely through too much wealth? A little more out there: * '''Question:''' What will be the influence of future space-travel on human population? There's probably no meaningful way to find out yet. (Does it even matter now?) That are all questions who’s answer only time will tell. ---- ['''Todo:''' Describe more of the effects of the main charateristics of AP Technology on human wealth health and population.] == Philosophical implications - the second part of the way == Population decline can lead to the alternative interpretation of the "doomsday argument" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_argument (leave to wikipedia)] that we are not born far in the future because there are view/no humans since we got (almost)extinct through wealth - leaving only a few long lived artificial successors behind - if they can be counted (unknown degree of mental meshing). * Do we want to replace ourselves with artificial beings with incalculable lifespans? In any case it looks like we are moving there. * Can artificial beings be counted to the human population or are they missing [[The "something"|"something"]]. In other words what would make them distinct from beings that only act as they would have feelings but are not conciously experiencing anything (p-zombies) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie (leave to wikipedia)]. See: [[Transhumanism]] ---- Note that there's a safe point in technological development. See: ([[disaster proof]]). There are good chances for major decimations of human population by some catastrophe before we reach APT. == External links == * human overpopulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation (leave to wikipedia)] * Google public data explorer: [https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&met_y=sp_pop_grow#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS:SSF:NAC:MEA&ifdim=region&hl=de&dl=de&ind=false] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] hqzv3zl6si2cwoenk11nhyyocrdm05l wikitext text/x-wiki 0 874 10391 10386 2021-06-13T20:31:03Z Apm 1 added context to intro In the context of [[atomically precise manufacturing]] in general and and [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] in particular hydrogen basically acts like a plug for open chemical bonds (a plug for radicals). <br> This is what makes it very useful. <br> While there are [[limits of construction kit analogy]] for the periodic table of elements. <br> Viewing hydrogen hydrogen atoms as "plugs" is still a very good first approximation for many cases where one would want to use it in. One just needs to be aware of the cases where it starts behaving differently. Like e.g. in conjunction with electron deficient atoms like boron and aluminum (or much of the left side of the periodic table, center being the carbon group). = Halogens as alternative "bond closing plugs" = Halogen atoms (which hydrogen is sometimes grouped to) can often be used similarly. <br> They also prefer a [[bond order]] of one. Bigger heavier ones less so. <br> To note is that halogen containing materials can release for health and environment problematic substances on combustion. <br> Combustion of PVC can e.g. produce [[poisons|phosgene]]. Fluorine also nasty stuff. <br> Many gemstone like material are not combustible though. Including [[moissanite]] (SiC). <br> Also the fraction of halogens is expectable to be low. Se below for why. Especially chlorine is highly abundant. Fluorine so-so. <br> The other ones bromine and iodine are rather scarce. <br> Nit to speak of traces of the the extremely radioactive element astatine <br> (with a metallic chemistry similar to silver according to wikipedia). = Hydrogen in advanced gem-gum technology and manufacturing = == Use as nanoscale surface passivation element == Hydrogen is useful for [[nanoscale passivation]] of the surfaces of [[crystolecule]]s. <br> In particular useful for the passivation of diamond, lonsdaleite and other sp3 allotropes of carbon. <br> Also for the passivation of Moissanite (SiC) and maybe pure silicon. For sliding interfaces atoms with a [[bond order]] of two (namely the chalcogens: oxygen and sulfur and maybe selene) <br> are likely better since their bond geometry strongly suppresses [[snapback]]. Many interesting [[gemstone-like compounds]] may not be well passivatable by hydrogen. <br> These may either use [[sandwich compound|other means for passivation]] or avoid use cases that call for nanoscale surface passivation. == Assembly and disassembly as individual atoms == Hydrogen is one of the few elements that are really handled as individual atoms and not <br> partially hydrogen passivated minimal [[molecule fragment]]s. <br> Other elements for which that may hold to are perhaps: * lighter smaller halogen atoms like fluorine and maybe chlorine -- these to prefer a [[bond order]] of one * heavier bigger noble gas atoms that are at leas somewhat reactive -- these need low temperatures and highly reactive partners to react at all == Low demand for hydrogen compared to other elements == Compared to hydrocarbons in plastics crystolecules have much less surface area per internal volume. With hydrogen mostly being on the surface of crystoleculed the quantity of necessary hydrogen is thus small compared to the elements inside. = Hydrogen in earlier forms of atomically precise manufacturing = Virtually all foldamers contain plenty of hydrogen as nanoscale passivation. <br> There are only a very few hydrogen free anorganic polymers that do not fuse together to a dense 3D network of bonds. == Related == * [[Nanoscale passivation]] * [[Low hydrogen content]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] 0m1o2dz5mfni9dw2h389ep88ghu9rho wikitext text/x-wiki 0 508 5288 5287 2016-12-06T09:47:18Z Apm 1 /* Decently hard iron and manganese hydroxides */ note on transparency and occurrence in nature Many hydroxides are rather soft but there are a few exceptions that might be pretty useful as structural building materials. == Hydroxides of aluminum == * α-AlO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspore Diaspore] '''Mohs 6.5-7 (pretty hard!)''' * β-AlO(OH) (name abandoned due to inconsistent nomenclature maybe ??) * γ-AlO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boehmite Beohmite] Mohs 3.5 * γ-Al(OH)₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbsite Gibbsite (Hydrargillite/Bayerite)] Mohs 2.5-3.5 == Decently hard iron and manganese hydroxides == Macroscopic flawless AP single crystals of these minerals are most likely intransparent in the visible spectrum. <br> In nature these iron hydroxide minerals occur in the rock [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonite limonite]. * α-FeO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethite Goethite] Mohs 5-5.5 * β-FeO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akagan%C3%A9ite Hydroxy-Akaganeite] Mohs ?? * γ-FeO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidocrocite Lepidocrocite] Mohs 5 * δ-FeO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroxyhyte Feroxyhyte] Mohs ?? ---- * α-MnO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutite Groutite] Mohs 3.5-4 * β-MnO(OH) [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Feitknechtite.shtml#.WEZayx8l93E Feitknechtite (webminerals)] Mohs ?? * γ-MnO(OH) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganite Manganite] Mohs 4 == Soft hydroxides of earth alkali metals == * Mg(OH)₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucite Brucite] Mohs 2.5-3 * Ca(OH)₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlandite Portlandite] Mohs 2 The hydroxides of alkali metals (sodium and potassium - NaOH & KOH) are highly water soluble and form highly basic solutions aggressive to human skin and dangerous to the eyes. They are not suitable for surface exposed building materials. == Hydroxides of more rare elements == * CrOOH [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanaite Guyanaite] Bracewellite Grimaldiite -- Mohs ?? * GaO(OH) [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumgallit Tsumgallit] Mohs 1-2 (very soft and containing rare gallium) * Vanadium hydroxides: V₃O₄(OH)₄ Doloresite = Notes = Many hydroxides can be found in the Bauxite Laterite mineral group. Bauxite is today (2016) the primary aluminium ore. With todays non AP technology it's not economically possible to extract aluminium from rocks containing silicon which is the second most common element in earths crust after oxygen. With advanced atomically precise gem-gum-technology red mud could become a better usable resource. = External Links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydroxide_minerals Wikipedia: Hydroxide minerals] jp02p7x0mj05hm62wkhg9hdfqhfw8pd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 960 11857 11402 2021-08-21T14:54:05Z Apm 1 big extension {{stub}} [[Microcomponent recomposer]]s might be able to feature astounding to frightening levels of throughput capability. Due to: * (1/2) the [[scaling law]] of [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]] and ... * (2/2) the lower energy turnover and higher efficiency of [[microcomponent recomposition]] compared to [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] The maximum of throughput-performance is likely expectable for the smallest size scale where * the energy turnover is not yet excessive * bearing surface area is not increased – Note: in first approximation of [[convergent assembly]] total bearing surface area does NOT grow going down the [[assembly layers]]!! And this would be [[microcomponent recomposition]] processes. <br> This may lead to astounding and (if not handled properly) even dangerous levels of throughput. == Main restrictions == * The microcomponents that are to be assembled must already be available in a pre-produced state. * If product removal can't be made faster than the assembly motions then one gets hard limited by the [[macroscale slowness bottleneck]] <br>For more details on this see the explanation on the page: [[Producer product pushapart]] == The needed cooling monstrosity == Going to the absolute limits cooling devices may become much bigger than the actual production devices. <br> May even the friction of the cooling capsules that are shot through become relevant?? == It's not a factory, it's a thing shooting rocket/gun! == If product extraction channels ... * are well supported (big [[chamber to part size ratio]] and thick walls) and * do not curve but go straight ... then product removal speeds can exceed the [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]]. That is: exceed ~3km/s <br> This sounds more like a rocket engine than a production device ... lunatic ... <br> So you better do that in vacuum! <br> '''In space:''' * Where to get all the pre-producted microcomponents from? * What about the intense recoil? "Producing" both ways? <small>(it's more like "produshooting")</small> '''On the ground:''' * How to catch the products safely?! * The whole cooling and catching stuff will likely be bigger than producing the stuff more slowly but with more devices. <br> So what about just producing stuff at sane speeds ... == Related == * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Microcomponent recomposer (disambiguation)]] * [[Producer product pushapart]] g2oo4b37v46uabxpg4kecolrw9m4tgd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 931 9003 9001 2021-05-17T10:04:24Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #REDIRECT [[Copyfication square]] 4pbe3ukwifnsmlgkn6cogl3vuigoiu5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 5 10340 10290 2021-06-13T18:40:14Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} [[File:Calcite_jaune.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A crystal of calcite (a polymorph of calcium carbonate CaCO₃) one of a few attractive bio-minerals]] {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Defining traits of technology level II |- | building method | robotic control ([[machine phase]]) |- | building material | very small [[Moiety|moieties]] |- | building environment | liquid or gas |- ! colspan = "2"|Navigation |- | previous level | [[technology level I]] |- | previous step | '''[[switch-over to stiffer materials]]''' |- | '''you are here''' | '''Technology level II''' |- | next step | '''[[introduction of practically perfect vacuum]]''' |- | next level | [[technology level III]] |- | side products | [[side products of technology level II]] |} '''semi biomimetic biominerals''' = Overview = This Level is the most unknown yet. It might be skipped (see "vacuum" section).<br> The nature of the [[tooltip chemistry|tooltips for the next technology level in that operate in an environment of practically perfect vacuum]] is pretty clear by now but there are no tooltips for T.Level II yet - neither proposed nor analyzed. By definition we have reached [[technology level I]] here and have full robotic control. The task is to switch from block level precision APM to [[positional atomic precision]] (P-APM) here (by increasing [[stiffness]]). Needed are minimal molecular blocks as templating core tooltips with which stiff covalent structures that can be built under solution. There are bio enzymes that do biomineralisation but it seems very unlikely that they will be used as they are. (See [[Evolution]] & de-novo protein engineering). Note: Current (2014) research in bio-mineralisation is focused on the artificial in vitro recreation of hierarchical bio composite materials due to their seductive superior properties. Research for technology level II is interested in flawless (and brittle) single crystalline material instead (for systematic capability expansion). Good material properties are introduced via [[metamaterial]] principles instead via composite materials. It thus requires a differing focus on the core principle of biomineralisation (templation) and the artificial mechanosynthetic application of them e.g. a demo with SPM microscopy in [[technology level 0]]. '''To investigate:'''<br> * How to find methods to create structures with as freely choosable geometries as possible? * How to do mechanosynthesis for [[technology level III]] with the materials used in this level? e.g. how to mount DC10c onto a pyrite/silicate/... robotic system? * [Todo: will vacuum housing only suffice? - gas tightness of bio minerals] * preciseness: which biomineralisations can naturally or could artificially produce true non amorphous single crystals? * positional precision: some biomineralisations seems to lack [[positional atomic precision]] in the spots where material is added (existence of silica deposition vesicles SDV's indicate that) in-how-far can the templating core be used to introduce it? * in case of loose hydrated silicate crystals - are they still stiff enough? === Vacuum === Creation of sufficient vacuum is the main reason for this intermediate technology step. If with [[technology level I]] sufficiently tight vacuum micro capsuled cannot be built then This technology level must provide them for the next step to [[technology level III]]. Due to e.g. hydrogen adsorption in crevices or too big structural holes gas tight seals may be hard to create in [[technology level I]]. Note that examples like the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump proton pump] do not give information about back diffusion rate in foldamer or other self assembled systems. Combining [[technology level I]] with bulk technology may be sufficient though. E.g. building structural DNA nanotechnology micro-capsules and coating them with gold to seal them tight. === Product stability === Concentration should be well below levels where crystallization starts autonomously from over-saturation. Concentration should be well above levels where the crystal dissolves. Diffusion from and to the crystals surface must be close to nil at least in a certain concentration regime. There must be a hysteresis with a not too small bistable regime. (glass does not significantly dissolve in pure water) This must be true for all crystal planes steps and nucleation sites. (nucleation site protection?) Nucleation should only be mediated by the templating core. == Surface passivation == * What about surface passivation ? * could terminating OH groups of adjacent contacting, sliding or pressed together surfaces fuse together under H₂O generation ? * OH groups are angled and thus have one rotational degree of freedom -> how does this influence surface-surface friction ? = Biomineralisation = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralisation Biomineralisation] is the natural place to learn from. But the current research direction is focused too much on the artificial recreation of bulk [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralized_tissues hierarchically structured polypeptide mineral composite biomaterials] instead of the (simpler) core synthesis process which is all that's needed for technology level II. Learning from biology is not blatantly copying it. With rising technology levels we want to get away from biology ASAP to gain the benefits of [[superlubrication]], superior material properties and most importantly systematic extensibility. The idea is to copy just the crystal formation templating core configuration (not the whole polypeptides whose shapes are mainly responsible for vague site specificity) and guide it robotically by means of technology level I. Usage of partial machine phase at the tips (imagine randomly chattering teeth on a robot tip) could be allowed and may be beneficial or may not. List of some Minerals of interest: * Silicates * Pyrite * Calcite & Aragonite * Magnetide * Hydroxyappatite * Periclase (MgO)? * ... Some information about Silicate systems: [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gillett1/] [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gillett2/] == Equilibrium == Calcite and Aragonite have the nice property that they become more soluble with rising pressure and thus less soluble with sinking pressure. This can be seen in the deep sea where there is a certain level (the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysocline lysocline]) where those minerals start to dissolve rapidly but recrystallisation is still high enough to preserve some of the minerals. Even deeper one finds the ACD an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_Compensation_Depth CCD] lines where all of those two minerals get dissolved. For mechanosynthesis this means after pressure was applied to add a building block it won't come off right again. Unaided crystallisation of solvated building blocks seems to be suppressed for another reason ['''Todo:''' check which] Other biomineralisation minerals must have means for supporting a solvation-crystal bistable situation too. Can this bistability be hard enough to allow for sufficiently long time of preservation of atomic precision to build useful parts? ['''Todo:''' Check if there are any examples of biomineralisation where the surface shape is AP. (not only the crystal structure like in many nanoparticles)] == Related == * [[Biomineralization]] – [[Biominerals]] * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] * [[Technology levels]] * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] * Interesting materials here: Some [[salts of oxoacids]], iron oxides and sulfides, ... * [[Gem-gum technology (disambiguation)]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 0z07s9sxgabwe9j6glw6q7acobymbc4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 811 8190 2021-03-26T14:52:55Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[In-vacuum gem-gum technology]] to [[Gem-gum technology]]: in-vacuum shall be the default meaning #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum technology]] 41fvf7i58q510whr6ocemaszlgpntcy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 724 7352 7334 2018-08-13T19:55:08Z Apm 1 /* Blurring upwards and downwards */ completed wikitodo -- inserted [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] One can mount [[crystolecule]]s into products by * either mounting them right in the final place where they are supposed to go * or pre-assemble some bigger parts and only afterwards mount those bigger pre-assembled parts in. If cleanly separated ... * exclusively the first process would be done in the crystolecule assembly level and * exclusively the second process would be done in the microcomponent assembly level right above it <br>(with significantly bigger manipulators - maybe ~32x) ... but practical reality might look different and blur the borders upwards such that a bit of the second process might also be done in the lower crystolecule assembly level. == Assambly level overlap - diminishing and vanishing at the bottom == Actually going down lower the assembly levels the overlap might first diminish and does then fully disappear. Going up towards the higher assembly levels more overlap might happen. Why? In the bottommost assembly level: * (1) One wants to focus on standard elements (the standard crystolecules) because this level necessarily is highly specialized and barely programmable. Bigger assemblies quickly become extremely varied and nonstandard. * (2) The necessity for quicker movements (due to the larger size gap between base parts - that is atoms - to product parts - that is crystolecules) and stiffer manipulators (molecular mills) does not allow the geometric freedom to assemble the freshly mechanosynthesized with the same mechanisms (specialized mills do not have enough DOFs and range of motion and the gripping capabilities to do more complicated part assemblies) As a side-note the second point also applies to todays (2018) 3D printing technology where <br> '''3D printer mechanics would be very bad for pick and placer part assembly (and vice versa)'''. == Blurring upwards and downwards == * Blurring upwards: The upper assembly level doing what actually the lower should do. * Blurring downwards: The lower assembly level doing what actually the upper should do. <br>This links to the old outdated molecular assembler concept. Where the idea was that they would produce everything in place with just one (or at best two) assembly levels involved. The main issue here (in this context) was inefficiency (the bigger the product gets the less surface you have left to work on even super complex dendridic retraction retraction channels don't solve the problem (See: "[[Fractal growth speedup limit]]") in case one really wants a fully solid block of product. Additionally there is the lack of specialization to standard parts that slows things down. In todays 3D printing technology there's also the tendency to blur assembly levels downwards. This is simply because as of yet (2018) a second assembly level (a pick and place manipulator assembling pre-printed parts robotically and fully automated) above the bottommost one (the 3D printer) has not yet been introduced. A concrete manifestation of the downward blurring of assembly levels in the 3D printing space is the hype for "in place printing" aka "printing complex assemblies in one piece". While this may work for some designs its important to recognize the limitations, and that in some cases (e.g. when there are very many parts - like in 3D printers themselves) it's actually just an inefficient hack to compensate for the lack of a higher up assembly level that is not called human hands. Plus there are issues with big necessary clearances and pretty much unautomatable support removal wich make getting well tensioned highly stiff assemblies very difficult (to say the least). In short: '''In place printing sucks for any halfway serious machine design.''' In place mechanosynthesis of bigger interlocking assemblies of crystolecules may face similar hardships as in place 3D printing. == Concrete discussion of the blurring of assembly levels == === Blurring assembly levels downwards === * '''In place mechanosynthesis:''' <br>The mechanosynthesis assembly level is invading the dominion of the crystolecule assembly level above. <br>This might not be such a good idea. * '''In place crystolecule assembly:''' <br>The crystolecule assembly level is invading the dominion of the microcomponent assembly level above. <br>This might be useful depending on the application case. * '''In place microcomponent assembly:''' <br>The microcomponent assembly level is invading the dominion of the product(fragment) assembly level above. <br>This is very likely a good idea. After all this is the eraliest point where [[convergent assembly]] can be stopped for a practical nanofactory. So if the [[convergent assembly]] hierarchy is indeed stopped here, there is simply no other option than (massively parallel) in place assembly. Note that '''out of place assembly''' is the norm. <br> That is: In case the assembly levels are properly separated and there is no blurring, one has out of place assembly. Meta-side-note: "''Downward''-blurring" is used here because what should be done at a specific assembly level is shoved down to the assembly level below. This may not be the best choice for naming. {{wikitodo|check pros, cons, alternatives, ...}} === Blurring assembly levels upwards === * '''The crystolecule assembly level doing mechanosynthesis:''' <br>This is maybe useful for very rare special parts. Or for fine after touches on standard parts. * '''The microcomponent assembly level doing crystolecule handling:''' ... Maybe this is not so useful? * '''The product(fragment) assembly level doing microcomponent handing:''' ?? == Related == * [[Assembly levels]] * [[Crystolecule]]s * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * in place printing aka in one piece printing in todays (2018) 3D prining technology hx9oxkkp0twk1sg5lfcwjvvrcii0kkj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1107 10351 10350 2021-06-13T19:23:01Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Mechanosynthesis]] {{Stub}} * [[Biominerals]] * [[Polyoxymetalates]] * [[Ceria]] * Many [[salts of oxoacids]] * [[Periclase]] maybe? == Related == * [[Gemstone-like componds]] * [[Technology level II]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] awwuk8fyg2yucae98q8b2dr4phjloos wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1109 10335 2021-06-13T18:27:27Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone like compounds]] to [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] #REDIRECT [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] 1f94vzocz9pew8ep3cri9uogcoih89i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1108 10336 10333 2021-06-13T18:28:36Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] #REDIRECT [[In solvent synthesizable gemstone-like compounds]] 1f94vzocz9pew8ep3cri9uogcoih89i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 268 8701 7571 2021-04-14T16:37:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Technology levels]] {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Technology levels and steps of the incremental path |- | [[Technology level 0|Level 0]] | [[side products of technology level 0|side products]] |- | [[Introduction of total positional control]] | xxx |- | [[Technology level I|Level I]] | [[side products of technology level I|side products]] |- | [[switch-over to stiffer materials]] | xxx |- | [[Technology level II|Level II]] | [[side products of technology level II|side products]] |- | [[introduction of practically perfect vacuum]] | xxx |- | [[Technology level III|Level III]] | [[diamondoid metamaterials|basis for products]]<br>[[further improvement at technology level III|advanced products]]<br>[[most speculative potential applications| maybe-products]] |} Up: [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] The '''incremental path''' towards advanced APM systems describes a desired process of slowly increasing technological capabilities (tools making better tools) with avoidance of loss of a strong orientation towards the far term goal of the [[stiffness|stiff nanomachinery]] in [[In-vacuum gem-gum technology|gem-gum technology]]. This translates into starting off by using [[soft nanomachines]] to the fullest to get away from soft nanomachines ASAP. The '''incremental path''' towards advanced APM systems is complementary to the [[direct path]]. The direct path to advanced APM systems in comparison describes a desired process of jumping to the advanced far term goal ASAP without significant detours. It is specifically focused on early usage of scanning probe microscopy for [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond (or silicon) with throughput levels that are significant enough for the bootstrapping of a [[gem-gum factory]]. Following the [[direct path]] alone may be problematic. * Sometimes a direction that on first inspection looks like it would lead fast to the goal actually does lead to it very slowly (or even not at all). * Sometimes a direction that on first inspection looks as if it would lead only very slowly to the goal actually would lead to the goal fastest (which might still be slow). This was the reason for the introduction of the distinction between direct path and incremental path.<br> Details on the critics towards the direct path will be located on the "[[direct path]]"-page. == Progress == A good place to look at is [[foldamer R&D]] specifically [[structural DNA nanotechnology]].<br> Several [[reached milestones in foldamer R&D|significant milestones]] have already been reached. Keywords: * modular molecular composite nanosystems (MMCNs) * coarse-block APM systems == Technology levels == In Appendix II of the book "[[Radical Abundance]]" <ref name="RA">Radical Abundance: How a Revolution in Nanotechnology Will Change Civilization - by K. Eric Drexler</ref> it is proposed to go through several levels of APM technology to reach advanced ([[positional atomic precision]] & diamondoid) APM. These levels will serve as a rough guideline for the structuring of this Wiki. In "Nanosystems" <ref name="nasy">[[Nanoystems|Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation - by K. Eric Drexler]]</ref> technology stages are mentioned beginning with section 16.5.2. (written before the emergence of structural DNA nanotechnology). <br> The recently developed self assembling [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] and similar reliably designable foldamer structures might be a good starting point from [[technology level 0]]. By [[Method of assembly#Loose stereotactic control with self assisted assembly|introducing robotic (more precisely stereotactic) control]] one could reach something like a "''block level precision robotic technology''" [[technology level I]] from there in a first step. In a second step one could change to e.g. Pyrite or Silica [[technology level II]] as building material to increase structural stiffness, reduce vibration amplitudes and get thus more placing accuracy. And finally in a third step one could switch from fluid phase to vacuum so that carbon and silicon can be assembled [[technology level III]]. This very crude temporal outline is by no means the only possible way to go. There may be shortcuts or other paths. <br> Note: The '''definition of [[atomic precision]] does not imply single-atomic manipulation''' (it includes [[topological atomic precision]] without [[positional atomic precision]]). The derived term "APM" also tells nothing about product size. It is thus suitable for todays self assembly and all technology levels beyond [[technology level 0|0]]. '''Advanced levels of APM''' though are capable of '''macromanufacturing''' of [[diamondoid]] structures '''with [[positional atomic precision]]'''. Since a [[nanofactory]] at the endpoint of an incremental path will inherit the capability of handling at least the materials of one generation before it may be better to call the products '''gemoid''' instead of '''diamondoid''' this terminology would make it more clear that gemstone like bio-minerals like quartz are included. == Paths that are treated separately because its harder to find a concrete goal for them == Note that the behavior of mobile electrons at the nanoscale is not as easily predictable as the behavior of mechanics at the same scale thus there's less [[exploratory engineering]] for nanoelectronics than nanomechanics. See: * [[non mechanical technology path]] (including nanoelectronics) * [[brownian technology path]]. (including things like synthetic biology) ['''Todo:''' improve article quality] = Reasons for the order of introduction of capabilities = A necessary prerequisite for the [[switch-over to stiffer materials|second major step]] (that is: going from soft [[topological atomic precision|atomically precise]] but not necessarily [[positional atomic precision|positionally atomically precise]] materials to stiffer [[positional atomic precision|positionally atomically precise]] ones) is: the [[introduction of total positional control|first major step]] (that is the introduction of the capability to pick and place building blocks at featureless sites.) This is a prerequisite since stiffer building materials (like bio-minerals) are more featureless and thus uncontrollable with self assembly (or at least much harder to control). == Related == * [[Technology levels]] * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] * [[Pathway controversy]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] == External links == * Slides: "Toward Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems" -- K. Eric Drexler, PhD -- U.C. Berkeley -- 26 April 2009 -- [http://metamodern.com/b/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Molecular_Nanosystems_Berkeley.pdf] == References == <references /> [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] cr4rggfbqjj4z45c37iz950d36r7hcq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 542 5615 2017-06-14T20:32:25Z Apm 1 basic page outline {{site specific term}} {{Stub}} Base polyhedrons with simple geometry (e.g. cubes) that are inseparably connected on a long chain that can fold into complex shapes. To qualify the base blocks must have a shape that greatly simplifies the self folding in comparison to proteins (even in comparison to the easier predictable de-novo proteins) The blocks could be made from simple molecules like 3D-wiremesh DNA blocks (themselves self assembled in a more nontrivial internal geometry). A tool initially putting the blocks together has some superficial functional similarity to a ribosome but would be very different in the details. {{todo|this kind of thing needs a name}} == Why a robotic version is highly dissimilar == On a bigger scale with technology further ahead such structures could be made as nanorobotic devices. In this case though the capability to couple together the base polyhedrons together or separate them at arbitrary points should not be too difficult to add. So there would be no reason to limit oneself to chain indivisibility. And if the base units are detachable from each other then its about [[single rotation joint reconfigurable shape robots]] instead. == Related == * [[Thermally driven folding]] == External links == * Illustration (Wikimedia commons): [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moteins_(Robotic_Universally_Foldable_Strings).jpg] * MIT center for bits and atoms ... dtb1j0yef8rmifhnmowcswt23qeozma wikitext text/x-wiki 0 14 11351 9896 2021-07-08T11:10:44Z Apm 1 {{site specific definition}} With the availability of [[technology level III|Advanced atomically precise technology (APM)]] it no longer makes sense to build conventional roller-bearings in which macroscopic speed differences meet at nanoscale contacts. Instead advanced APM technology allows to build a '''new type of macroscopic bearings''' that spreads macroscopic speed differences over many layers (a passive mechanical [[metamaterial]]) such that at nanoscale contacts only nanoscale-typical speed differences remain. Paired with the flawless gemstone surfaces of [[crystolecule|crystolecule gears]] those metamaterial bearings become [[for all practical purposes]] wear free. [[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-screencap.png|thumb|400px|A small demo stack of building blocks for a relative speed distributing metamaterial.]] [[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-sketch.png|thumb|400px|speed distributions from conventional to infinitesimal bearing|frame|From classic to infinitesimal bearings. More layers reduce the relative speed differences. The result has lower friction and higher damage tolerance.]] [[File:Three configurations of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial.gif|thumb|400px|right|Different configrations (end to end connections) of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial can produce different types of bearings]] == Details == To reduce the relative speed of two surfaces one can stack many layers with minimal thickness onto each other. Each of those layers is imperceptibly small - thus the "infinitesimal" in the name. The layers are just thick enough to accommodate the necessary nano-mechanics. These nanomechanics are [[diamondoid molecular elements|crystolecule gears]] (not roller bearings) and further structure that makes sure that every layer takes the same part of the total speed difference. Note that due to [[superlubrication]] a single layer can take well perceivable macroscopic speeds without being destroyed thus bearings replacing today's macroscopic ones will need to use only a very thin stack of infinitesimal bearing layers (often the whole layer stack might be less than 32µm thick and thus as good as imperceptible by eye). Since there's no static friction and very low speed dependent dynamic friction in diamondoid nanomechanics (see [[superlubrication]]) the bearings efficiency can be expected to be exceptional. It is still '''to investigate''' how a macroscopic infinitesimal bearing will perform relative to nanoscopic [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] bearing and for a more intuitive feel for the performance how long an infinitesimal brearing of certain size would turn till it e.g. reaches half its initial speed. As in all products of advanced nanosystems the nanomechanics must (through their structure) provide some redundancy to cope with [[radiation damage]]. This makes the design of a bearing metamaterial more complicated <br> {{todo|Add a more detailed Model}} {{todo|Design and testprint a macroscopic model structure for demonstration.}} == Cheating on a scaling law == When the total speed difference that the bearing is supporting is kept constant the '''power dissipation per volume''' scales with size: * '''linearly''' with mono-layer sleeve bearings (note that here the whole power dissipation is concentrated on a single layer in the considered volume) * '''quadratic''' with infinitesimal bearings {{wikitodo|Add the math in detail.}} === Scaling only one dimension (bearing thickness) === Doubling the number of layers * halves the speed which quaters the dynamic friction (P ~ v²) (v->v/2 => P->P/4) * doubles the surface area which doubles friction (P ~ A) (A->2A => P-> 2P) * thus in combination it halves friction (v->v/2 && A->2A => P->P/2) == Related AP metamaterials == Adding [[chemomechanical converters|chemomechanical]] or [[electromechanical converters|electromechanical]] motors into the layers changes it into an [[interfacial drive]] (an ''active'' [[metamaterial]]). There the add-up of layer movement acts as one of the methods to accumulate nano motion to macroscopic levels ([[Convergent mechanical actuation]]). == Misc == Infinitesimal bearings enforce a fixes speed relationship between layers. Thus they can can be used for mechanical advantage (a transmission). Depending on the deformation and closing topology of the bearing layers with nanoscale thickness various kinds of bearings can be made: * normal radial bearings * axial thrust bearings * conical bearings * linear prismatic sliding bearings * heavily deformed bearings (gemstone nano-layers are highly flexible) * ... == Related == * [[Scaling law]]s * [[Superlube tube]]s '''Alternate names:''' * infinitesimal bearing * stratified shear bearing * stratified shearing bearing * stratified shear-roll bearing * multi layer speed gradient bearing == External links == * Youtube Videos:<br>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWxARpHUVrg&index=2&list=TLJvzP6Q2uhwUwMTA4MjAxNg A model of a mechanism that demonstrates the basic principle and the fact that it can be "mis"used as a mechanical transmission] <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGxCs2ka7HQ It works with chains too] [[Category:Technology level III]] 9lbr70e5huy5v5k00m1do5k7itx6zbg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 117 1410 2014-04-12T07:04:42Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Infinitesimal bearings]] to [[Infinitesimal bearing]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Infinitesimal bearing]] 76z9disz4l06t84lwe1sg2fgmp6jddl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 309 7480 7478 2018-08-21T01:49:45Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] {{Template:Stub}} In an [[upgraded street infrastructure]] some kind of advanced tube mail could be integrated to transport stuff. == Transport of "normal" stuff == Stuff that is not a product of advanced productive nanosystems like:<br> food, wool, paper, wood, plastic parts, metal parts, glass parts and many more. Such a design could be imagined as cylindrical capsules (some 10cm in size) in vacuum pipes with capsule propelling [[shearing drive]] walls. If the vacuum tube walls are designed as an [[diamondoid balloon products|inflatable structure]] the system can have very low mass (saving cost). Vibrations may be an issue then though. == Transport of gem-gum stuff == Products of advanced atomically precise productive nanosystems that are [[recycling|sensibly designed]] can be reversibly disassembled down to their constituting [[microcomponents|product fragments that are too small to perceive by human senses]] and sometimes even further down to individual [[crystolecule]]s that are not permanently "[[seamless covalent welding|welded]]" together. But for transport one actually wants to avoid disassembly below a certain size level. The problem is that with decreasing fragment size the transport friction starts to increase due to the rising surface are that separates moving from resting parts. {{todo|add illustration}} Side-note: The [[nanofactory layers|2D chip like geometry]] of advanced nanofactories has the same reason. It's a result of minimization of friction. There the transport just happens on a smaller scale. Sub systems separation at the transport layers (moving from stacked sheets to boxes connected with cables) has the same effects as described here and the same motivations to apply or avoid. In fact every transport layer (raw maerial molecules, tooltips, crystolecules) could be coupled to an associated (or a common) [[capsule transport]] system. There is no restriction to just the (most useful) [[microcomponent routing layer]] which's associated transport system is here on this wiki called "[[global microcomponent redistribution system]]". === Eager recycling transport === When products are thrown into a [[gem-gum waste basket]] (a [[nanofactory]] with upper assembly levels working in reverse) one can tidy up right away and sort [[microcomponent]]s based on type/ID/tag and bunch them together into bigger single-variety capsules. Those can then be sent through the long range network without too much friction losses. This is an eager strategy potentially wasteful in time due to execution of unnecessary work potentially reassembling exactly the same structures that have been disassembled. One reason why one may want to go for this eager strategy is to prevent unpleasant surprises like the need to filter out a highly dispersed microcomponent type that one happens to need in concentrated form in ones new product. The needed microcomponent may be only present highly dispersed in tons and tons of material since this type has rarely/never been used in concentrated form before. Though this is probably a situation that most users likely won't encounter too often. === Lazy recycling transport === Alternatively one can leave quite big chunks and transport them almost unchanged and as is. Further disassembly will only be performed only when really needed at the target location (in the target [[nanofactory]] that is making the new recycled product). This is a lazy strategy potentially wasteful in space due to lacking packing density. The lazy strategy is remotely akin to deleting data on a hard-drive. The data actually doesn't get overwritten and could potentially be restored. The main difference is that physical base parts can only be permuted (they are immutable) while bits can be deleted or overwritten (to be exact they are thermalized and radiated away). The optimal size of disassembly will be situation dependent but on average likely rather small.<br> Maybe an exception with massive as-is or reuse or almost-as-is reuse: "physical object memes". Note that gem-gum products could be highly interactive making them better fit for memes than just say fashion. == Related == * [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] * [[Capsule transport]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Underground working]] * [[Deep drilling]] * [[Superlube tube]] 358n6ntw8ulko11fn138pn8ebyk805s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1290 11903 11816 2021-09-15T09:52:53Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} == "Laws" == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity (weak) Linguistic relativity, aka Sapir–Whorf hypothesis] – '''"Linguistic categories and usage influence thought and decisions."''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_law Conway's law] – '''"Any organization that designs a system (defined broadly) will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication structure."''' — Melvin E. Conway ---- * "Drexlers law" – '''"What we can do depends on what we can make."''' ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law Goodhart's law] – Generalization by Marilyn Strathern: '''"When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure."''' ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%27s_three_laws Clarke's three laws] === Coding === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenspun%27s_tenth_rule Greenspun's tenth rule] – "Any sufficiently complicated C or Fortran program contains an ad hoc, informally-specified, bug-ridden, slow implementation of half of Common Lisp." <small>(there are no nine preceding rules)</small> ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_software_engineering Fundamental theorem of software engineering (FTSE)] (David Wheeler) <br>"We can solve any problem by introducing an extra level of indirection." – With it's extension! ... <br> "Except for the problem of too many layers of indirection." (humorous but serious) == Principles == === "Form follows X" / "Design follows X" === ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_follows_function Form follows function] – When the shape of an object primarily relates to its intended function or purpose. <br>This is usually the result when designing at the limit of what's possible under tight constraints. <br>When the limits imposed by physical law leads to the emergent discovery of the shape of a technical artifact. This could also be called '''"Design for functionality (DFF)"''' matching the following one. ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability Design for manufacturability (DFM)] – The general engineering practice of designing products in such a way that they are easy to manufacture. DFM could be seen as special case of "form follows function" in the sense of <br> "form follows limits and constraints in available possible and practical manufacturing technologies" or shorter <br>'''"form follows manufacturability"''' ---- * "Design for recycling (DFR)" or "Form follows recyclability" – I just made this one up ad-hoc here to complete the product cycle. Related: [[Recycling]] ---- Summary <small>(the bold ones are the established terms)</small>: * '''Design for manufacturing (DFM)''' * Design for funcionality (DFF) * Design for recycling (DFR) * Form follows manufacturability * '''Form follows function''' * Form follows recyclability === Musk's 5 step design process === * (1/5) Sanity check specifications / requirements. Do they even make sense? * (2/5) Delete / add-in stuff – as critical part of the process. – "The best part is no part." * (3/5) simplify / optimize * (4/5) accelerate cycle-time * (5/5) automate Avoid doing the whole sequence in reverse. == Related == * [[What we can X depends on what we can Y]] * [[Self limitation for safety]] == External links == * Youtube - Musk's 5 step design process: [https://youtu.be/t705r8ICkRw?t=13m24s Starbase Tour with Elon Musk (PART 1) ] a3ffo1dr9vuvq9pl59mak2q1a0u0x1n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1148 11104 11103 2021-07-01T09:58:44Z Apm 1 /* Side-notes to spinning flips via ISC */ = Why the need for "inter system crossing" and what it is = == The need for flipping spins to make some covalent reactions happen == In [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] sometimes one wants to intentionally flip a spin. <br> Without the spin being flipped the lowest possible electronic energy state (in the timeframe of the mechanosynthetisation reaction) <br> might not be the ground state. That means when pressing the bonding partners together they might not form a covalently bonding orbital. <br> This is due to the pauli-principle not allowint two electrons with the same spin sitting in the same (lowest energy state) orbital. '''Spin-flipping less critical for heavier atoms like transition metals:''' <br> This is especially the case with light elements like carbon where filled high-energy antibinding orbitals often make a bond impossible. <br> Transition metals can from bonds with electrons in antibinding orbitals (albeit weaker bonds) and these eventually de-excite to become bonds of full strength. <br> Still this is not at all desirable since this is a high energy dissipation mechanism. Devaluating a lot of un-bond Helmholtz free energy. == Flipping a spin means flipping (preserverd) angular momentum => drain needed == Since * spin is linked to angular momentum (gyromagnetic factor) and * there is conservation of angular momentum we need to find a recipient for that angular momentum that is both * capable of taking that angular momentum up quickly and * "willing" to take it up quickly. == Listing potential means for flipping spins == What we seek are effects that make some angular momentumm carrying "particles" interact with electron spins in the form of a magnetic torque. <br> Options for potential sinks for unwanted angular momentum that comes with spin include: * (?photons in the form of phosphorescence? – way too slow end dissipating energy) * nuclear spins (energy conservation too) * external magnetic field * '''orbital configuration change''' – via "spin orbit coupling" It seems the last one is best (to check what's the issue with the others) == Why spins are "frobidden" to flip without relativistic quantum mechanics == Unfortunately paired spins (singlet-state wave function) and unpaired spins (triplet-state wave function) are orthogonal wave functions <br> meaning their [[overlap integral]] is zero – meaning they don't interact – meaning the transition is "forbidden". <br> <small>(Meaning Fermis golden rule predict infinitely long transition time?)</small> <br> So there's a problem with the "willingness" part. <br> This is just to first approximation though. === Relativistic quantum mechanics saving the day === Taking into account effects of relativistic quantum mechanics, <br> <small>(these fall out of the Dirac equation – the relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation)</small> <br> One gets a spin-orbit coupling energy term in the Hamiltonian. Exactly what we want. <br> In the non-relativistic picture this effect can be fudged in as a perturbation term. Spin orbit coupling term (SO). <math> H_{SO} = - \frac{Z^4 e^2}{8 \pi \epsilon_0 m_e^2 c^2} \vec l \cdot \vec s </math> Note that the '''interaction strength is proportional to the fourth power of the atomic number Z'''. <br> Doubling the atomic number causes a 16-fold increase in interaction strength. <br> So '''the Elements of the 3rd row and higher are good "drains" for getting rid of unwanted angular momentum'''. <br> * This is called the '''"heavy atom effect"'''. <br> * It even works if there is no direct covalent bond '''"external heavy atom effect"''' <br> How does the latter one work? There needs to be some overlap of electron wave functions right? <br> <small>A highly electronically isolating connection (like plain diamond can be, or a nonbonding VdW contact can be, or a minimal vacuum gap can be) is probably a bad idea right?</small> == Side-notes to spinning flips via ISC == * Beside "spin flipping" there is also "spin rephaseing" as a possible transition (precession speed ...) ??? * This topic is related to spectroscopy and optical effects <br> ---- = Inter system crossing in (piezochemical) mechanosynthesis = Design target: Increasing inter system crossing rates. Goals: * avoiding errors * increasing reaction speeds * reducing energy dissipation == Avoiding errors (omitted reactions, misreactions) due to too low singlet-triplet energy gap == * Singlet transition geometries often resemble triplet equilibrium geometries (Salem and Rowland 1972 – referenced by [[Nanosystems]]) * Singlet state (paired) to low lying triplet state is undesired To avoid that * either (conservatively) get the energy gap up to above 145zJ ( = k * 300K * ln(10^15) ) * or (weaker prerequisite) get the accumulated ramp-on ISC transition rate to a probability above ln(P_err) prior <br>to theΔV_s,t point where the geometry is no longer suitable for bond formation == Inadvertently slowing down by pressing to hard == Citations from [[Nanosystems]]: * "As the radicals approach the gap between the triplet and singlet state energies grows, but this ''decreases'' the rate of intersystem crossing". <br> * "The condition that ΔV_s,t ≥145maJ imposes a significant constraint because k_isc varies inversely with the electronic energy difference ΔV_isc which (in the absence of mechanical relaxation) would equal the difference in equilibrium energies ΔV_s,t, and will frequently be of similar magnitude" == Avoiding dissipation during bond cleavage by speeding up ISC == If inter system crossing is slow compared to (tensile) bond cleavage then cleavage gives a singlet diradical <br> When pulling the cleaved parts further apart then the singlet triplet energy gap vanishes <br> and thermal excitations fill the triplet state (a loss in Helmholtz free energy of minus ln(2)kT – a loss of one bit information – undesired dissipation) {{todo|That would cause local cooling that goes unused and thus gets dissipated by ambient heat flowing in? Could that be partially recuperated by a heat pump? Abd or exploited for deliberate cooling?}} If inter system crossing is fast compared to (tensile) bond cleavage then * thermal excitations fill the (repulsive) triplet state already during bond cleavage * => there is a reduction of the mean-force bond potential energy (?) * there is no significant dissipation ☺ ---- An other means for reducing dissipation is: [[Dissipation sharing]] == ISC rates in pi-bond twisting == Abstraction of a moiety to yield an aklene (accelerating Diels Adler and related reactions) * resembles radical coupling * requires spin pairing * raises questions about inter-system crossing rates == Employing the "external heavy atom effect" to accelerate ISC == Nearby site integration of heavy elements. <br> E.g. Bismuth (Z=83) – since it likes to form 3 weak covalent bonds (?) (suggested in [[Nanosystems]]) Given known examples for the "external heavy atom effect" ([[Nanosystems]] page 216) it should be possible to have: * k_isc>10^9 with ΔV_s,t >145zJ and thus * t_trans<10^-7s with P_err<10^-15 = [[Nanosystems]] references = * 8.3.4. Preview: molecular manufacturing and reliability constraints – e. Meeting constraints on omitted reactions in a single trial. (P210 center) * 8.4.4. Carbon radicals – b. Radical coupling and inter system crossing (P215 bottom, P216) * 8.5.3. Tensile bond cleavage – c. Spin, dissipation, and reversibility. (P224 bottom) * 8.5.6. Pi bond torsion (P231 bottom) = Related = * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Fun with spins]] – influencing spins by ligand-fields (crystal-fields) rather than spin-orbit coupling * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[Photonics]] * [[Electronic transitions]] = External links = '' (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing| Intersystem crossing]) <br> * Source of info in the intro: Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHbxqduwc_E] = Table of contents = __TOC__ l75s2wq8wr6o9um8xq7dfdofjfj3ida wikitext text/x-wiki 0 295 3109 2015-03-04T18:13:52Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Interfacial drive]] to [[Shearing drive]]: way better name #REDIRECT [[Shearing drive]] nzm4wajglb14zdf0bc38kv7temgl52h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 486 7515 6072 2018-08-21T16:35:43Z Apm 1 added speculative infobox {{speculative}} {{stub}} {{todo|add a minimal definition}} * Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] To either send off or catch spacecraft with orbital velocities instead of contact-less electromagnetic interaction with [[Main Page|advanced atomically precise technology]] it might be possible to use [[infinitesimal bearing|infinitesimal shearing drives]] with higher performance and efficiency. Swing by maneuvers could be used as an exotic form of energy if one accepts permanently disposing orbital momentum of the solar system (and its associated mass) into interstellar space. Related: [[Energy extraction]] Note that the involved speeds here frequently exceed the fundamental [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] of about 3000 meter per second. == Related == * [[Shearing drive]] * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] * [[Colonisation of the solar system]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_loop Launch loop] o805w9o1ys4qsaxctpzkukrruwde2ma wikitext text/x-wiki 0 492 5177 2016-11-25T06:49:38Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Interplanetary acceleration tracks]] to [[Interplanetary acceleration track]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Interplanetary acceleration track]] rw047h522xwlwfr8tkd3wpd4ju70n70 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 948 9117 9116 2021-05-21T10:57:19Z Apm 1 /* Why mostly mindless nano-replicators "infecting" the solar system likely won't work out */ {{stub}} {{speculativity warning}} This page is basically about [[on-chip nanofatories]] capable of <br> macroscale self replication with the following functionalities added: * spacecraft mobility and * solid state mining capability * motivation for expansion by travel and replication – for some reason or another It mixes the two concepts: * interplanetary [[self replication|self replicative]] von Neumann probes * [[gem-gum factories]] A good name for this concept seems to be: <br> '''"Interplanetary atomically precise von Neumann probes (IAPVNPs)"''' <br> Shorter and catchier opition for a name might be: <br> '''"gem-gum von Neumann probes"''' == Existing challenges and consequences == "Interplanetary atomically precise von Neumann probes (IAPVNPs)" <br> would likely need to solve some very difficult problems to be successful. Problems a macroscopic von Neumann probe would face include among others: * (mobility) effective economic space propulsion * (resources) solid state mining * (power) sufficient energy supply * ... The necessity to solve a long slew of complex problems with many ways to go about it: * (1) is orders magnitude more effectivly fulfilled with higher intelligence rather mere than emulated natural selection * (2) is a recipe that naturally leads to diversity and richness – which may be beneficial may be dangerous or both to humanity == (1) High intelligence == High intelligence needing to be involved means: * it is more of a reproduction than a replication problem. That is the "sufficient adaptivity" side in the [[reproduction hexagon]] is a necessity. * implementations with higher intelligence win out against ones with less intelligence About that higher intelligence: * How much would be still manual? That is: How much would be still in control of the human developers? * How much would be automated by AI / AGI? If autonomous AGI plays a major role, what would be it's interests? <br> Replication and reproduction just for the sake of itself might be a thing of the microscale with not enough space for higher thought. <br> As an example for where agents with higher intelligence feature reproductive behavior against naive expectations: <br> Once humans get all the comfy resources that actually would allow for <br> even more of a population EXplosion what actually happens is sometimes rather a population IMplosion. == (2) Diversity – Potential for a good "accident"? == Regarding the diversity as a consequence of complex problem solving: <br> In some sense we would actually want a runaway "accident". <br> That is: If it looks like a solar system wide diversity rich park playground for humans and all of what we value. <br> As an analogy this is what eventually (after a few not unsevere hiccups) happened in the "accident" that is now called life here on Earth. <br> Rain-forests are pretty. In some sense they are also an eat others or be eaten by others zero sum predatory endgame. <br> This tracks off-topic. <br> There's room for a lot of philosophical pondering here. * it will likely be a long stretch before "we" (as humanity) or something other being intelligent and conscious arrives in the [[gem-gum rainforrest world]] * once most of the physical space runs out there might be increased focus in explorations in the virtual space of knowledge * some argue for finding happiness in maintenance – others say stagnation is the precursor of death * eventually some time expansions beyond the solar system may become feasible * and of course there always was and there always will be the possibility for completely unpredictable discoveries that change everything * ... == Why mostly mindless nano-replicators "infecting" the solar system likely won't work out == Mindless self-replicating nanobots as a fine dust on their own would be fully obliterated by space radiation when crossing the interplanetary chasms. Hitching a ride buried in asteroids the universe would likely die of age before exponential growth comes out of its deceptive phase and going into its disruptive phase. (To check). In any case it does not matter since at least they will be over- and outperformed by orders of magnitude by highly intelligent macroscopic von Neumann probes. What about a combination of the two then? <br> Smart replicating probes bringing dumb nano-replicators. Wouldn't that be the perfect storm? <br> Likely answer: The highly intelligent gem-gum vNPs will likely battle each other to not do that once it becomes an apparent problem. <br> First digitally and only if that fails physically. <br> That would be good material for a special effect laden SciFi movie I guess. Once it becomes an apparent problem it will likely be not be too already too late because: * Restrictions imposed by power sources are a strong limiter. These power source restrictions include: * Increasingly limited solar further out the solar system. * Sun lit surface area to volume ratio being ridiculously low for all but the very tiniest asteroids. * Nuclear reactors are necessarily macroscale devices which brings in the space for higher intelligence again. * Harnessing geothermal power (on present on larger bodies like Ceres) would be a feat requiring both <br>a lot of higher intelligence and macroscale devices. Lastly as if really everything goes wrong: <br> As already mentioned [[grey goo|grey-goo like nanobots]] can't jump asteroids on their own in any reasonable time-frame. == Related == * [[Grey goo horror fable]] * [[Reproduction hexagon]] 0h16rfpaxwl3lgjq3npkt9opghf41ov wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1189 11082 2021-07-01T07:48:38Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Inter system crossing]] #REDIRECT [[Inter system crossing]] hdazy9cqc79o8cji0mcyj1xx9zbdb01 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 399 4322 2015-09-30T09:53:20Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Introduction of positional control]] to [[Introduction of total positional control]]: no self assembly in relative position to the controlled position allowed - in lack of alternatives ok for now #REDIRECT [[Introduction of total positional control]] olddw9kjujjw70ql8rmvk4rbcsa9o0p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 398 8308 8303 2021-03-28T15:27:27Z Apm 1 added link to page [[postitional assembly]] right in the intro {{todo|stereotactic/robotic/positional/guided/... assembly/control - those terms are all bad - no reference to coding - find a better solution}} [[File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.png|400px|thumb|right| Note that in this step covalent bond forming mechanosynthesis is not yet the target. Only pick and place to indistinguishable placement sites is targeted. Applying force may not be necessary but is not unlikely to be used. '''The scalable vectorgraphic *.svg format of this file is available [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.svg here]''']] Introduction of robotic [[positional assembly|positional control]] that is unassisted by self assembly to atomically precise building block structures. Introduction of total positional control is the step from [[technology level 0]] to [[technology level I]] on the [[incremental path]] to APM. * {{wikitodo|mention (and analyze) that method which uses pseudo-self-assembly after surface activation under total positional control}} = Details = For positional control one needs robotic base parts. Without positional controls available yet we need to rely on self assembly and conventional chemistry alone to make these base parts. Most of the robotic base parts (needed for the introduction of positional control) consist out of structural (non functional) material where we don't care too much about their inner structure. We mostly care about their outer limits (their shape). The inner structure just needs to provide sufficient stiffness. The inner structure can contain arbitrary complexity. That is the inside structure can be built from diversely shaped mutually fitting "puzzle pieces" without disturbing the outer potentially much simpler shape and function. The outer shape may even follow a simple Cartesian (right angled) design. This freedom for the parts interior design is exactly what we needed for self assembly. By now multiple methods have been found (and successfully demonstrated) that are capable of self assembly of parts that may be usable as the needed robotic base parts. Some of these structures do not follow natures complex low symmetry design but rather go into a direction where the parts look much more right angled symmetric and have more machine like geometries. It is much easier to reason about and design with such more symmetric artificial structures. == Right angled "DNA snippet minecraft" ([[SDN]])== One of the newly found methods that uses short DNA-snippets (oligomeres/oligos) has a structure like a wire-mesh-fence but in three instead of two dimensions. {{wikitodo|add reference to DNA brick paper}} Each DNA-snippet behaves like a binary voxel (3D-pixel) in a 3D-drawing-canvas (think: minecraft) The DNA-snippets code is equivalent to the 3D-target coordinates in encoded form. To make arbitrary shapes one simply mixes only the DNA-snippets that correspond to the voxels one wants to set. This suffices for the creation of robotic components. Or at least parts of them if the structures are so big that the available address space is insufficient. The DNA-snippet voxels are called "DNA-bricks". Assemblies from them are the first example that provides this level of programmability. But as mentioned they are limited in size. Adding address space would prolong the DNA-snippets thereby making the wiremesh-fence loops longer/bigger and the structure would lose too much stiffness. === hierarchical self assembly === Main article: [[Convergent self-assembly]] If the limit of addressable size space can't be overcome (changing the blocks aspect ratio may help a bit) then hierarchical self assembly can help. After small robotic base parts have self assembled they themselves can be self assembled if they where designed with complementary surfaces and brought in the right environmental conditions. (Reversible second level self assembly has been demonstrated with changement of salt concentration. An amazing feat {{wikitodo|add link to hierarchical self assembly paper}}). It's worth noting that second level self assembly (to larger structures) is quite different from first level self assembly. While complementarity needs to be introduced again (drop in symmetry) the engineering like cartesian (right angled) base geometry is retained. The pieces here are not treated simply as voxels like in the self assembly of the DNS-bricks but can have functional outer structure that can remain exposed. Second level self assembly interfaces may have lower stiffness than the parts internal first level self assembly stiffness. Beside DNA based binary "voxelated" bricks other more or less similar methods are already available and more will be upcoming. === assembly with etched out microrobotics === Beside further self assembly in a second hierarchical step (reduced brownian mobility of the bigger molecular assemblies can become a problem here). to further assemble small scale binary voxelated bricks (of any sort) to rigid parts there's also a second possibility. Direct non atomically precise micromachine robotics (taking a short-cut). For this the parts need to get into [[machine phase]] first (more about that below). The problem here is the smallness of MEMS must overlap the bigness of the self-assembled structures. This is not yet the case. While there is a noticable size overlap with professional electronic microchip size easier accessible microelectronic production facilities and MEMS production in general does not show usable overlap yet. At the point a size overlap arises a combination of both approaches partial self assembly followed by robotic MEMS assembly is likely. === self assembled hinges (restriction of complicance to local spots) === Self assembly of hinges has been demonstrated {{wikitodo|add link to DNA hinges paper}} Using self assembly to create sturdy structures with (interlocking) hinges though has not yet been demonstrated and may be too tough of a problem such that after creation of the complete rigid parts robotic assembly of them seems to be a good approach. === self assembled pre-ordering for robotic bootstrapping === Assuming basic rigid body robotic parts e.g. rods with eyelets for linkages (or even assembled linkages) are buildable via self assembly then to assemble them robotically e.g. via exponential assembly one needs to know their exact locations. They need to be in the [[machine phase]]. Beside their non robotic usefulness as "molecular breadboards" Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems (MMCS) might be useful to lay out those pre-self assembled functional components in an ordered fashion so that [[self replication|exponential assembly]] could be done. === part type testing approach === Otherwise if one operates with the parts scattered randomly on a surface one somehow must pick the parts up check which type they are sort and store them - a rather complicated procedure. For this approach a more [[self replication|self replicating]] approach than exponential assembly might be suited better. Simple blocks could be "bulldozed" together for sorting. Bigger parts could be identified by AFM like scanning (which ruins parallelism). Note: The more basic the structures are which can be handled robotically by the system the more productive this [[technology level I|level I]] nanosystem gets (in the sense that it can produce products that can be fairly different from the system itself). If robotic control isn't voxel-brick based but rigid component based it may be more practical to introduce that capability later on. = Experimental equipment = == Synthesis == The price of synthesis for some foldamers like DNA oglionucleotides is continuously falling. == Assembly == For the mixing of self assembling foldamer cocktails. Up till now very expensive big industrial robotic pipetting systems where used. The kind you'd find in big biochemistry labs. A temperature regulated chamber is then used to anneal the cocktails. Microfluidics systems that manage bubbles like digital data packages (individual reaction chambers) have the potential to drastically increase speed and reduce cost. Such systems can be 3D-printed. It was even demonstrated that it half decently feasible to print microfluidic systems on home grade FDM 3D-printers. {{wikitodo|add link to microfluidic FDM paper}} There are no open-source models for microfluidic systems online yet though (state 2017-04). == Analysis == For analysis of the produced structures the usual methods are: * scanning probe microscopy SPM (STM / AFM) * fluorescence microscopy (seeing 10nm far below the diffraction limit of an optical microscope is now possible with some tricks) * transmission electron microscopy (TEM) * cryo-TEM-tomography Small mobile scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) with atomic resolution on graphite can be built DIY style with a relatively small private budget. There are several project around but they are not yet available as cheap off the shelf "toy" like e.g. 3D-printers. It remains to be seen how they fair when imaging self assembled molecular structures. = Big lab R&D vs citizen R&D = Just like with proprietary and open-source software the two are complementary. Big company funded R&D usually has a very strong short term profit orientation leaving not much space for aiming at a well visible but far off goals.<br> State funded R&D also is often profit oriented albeit not as obviously. But big money R&D is also strongly restricted by the established disciplines. Low budget citizen R&D can potentially fill a complementary role. The problems that get solved here are (as we know from other areas) are: * the ones that are interesting but seemingly unprofitable (that does not imply unimportant!) and * the interdisciplinary problems that sometimes to fall through the cracks of disciplines in state funded research. Regarding citizen R&D there may or may not be a lack of professionality and there may or may not be a large number of participants. Citizen R&D though as of yet hasn't taken off in the field of atomically precise manufacturing. Likely because the (conventional) technology isn't ready yet. One related topic to note here may be the relatively new method of "crowd-sourcing". Related: "[[Citizen science]]" = Useful rigid sub micro components = == Size adapters == If AP building blocks can be post self assembled or directly made big enough. It might make sense to create a size adapter that can be gripped by MEMS manipulators on one side and can pick and place single AP blocks with the other side. Thus spanning the [[bridging the gaps|top-down bottom-up gap]]. The size of the smallest possible MEMS grippers and DNA-bricks aren't overlapping yet ['''TODO''' add size comparison], that is the tip radius of the grippers tend to be greater than e.g. DNA-brick sizes. So they need to be aggregated to even bigger sizes to be grippable.<br>'''To investigate:'''<br> *Can e.g. DNA-bricks be hierarchically self assembled, that is can the blocks surfaces be glued together by adding strands in a second step? *Alternatively do complementary surfaces stick by VdW interaction even though there are no open strands (or the strands doesn't match)? == Serving plates == To make recognition of the block types easier a set of types could be self assembled to a bigger mounting plate. Designing those serving plates as boxes could provide protection from unwanted self assembly steps like when the building block supply is depleted and the system is reloaded in liquid phase. == Building plates == Flat structures where products can be built on. = Design Parameters = == Choice of bootstrapping method == Pure self assembly exponential assembly or fully fledged self replication? [rough kewords ...] * replicative: build volume limit -> 2D mobility * parallel: accuracy issue - effort in parallelization of tips leaves them too imprecise ... * bulldozing * pros of dry operation Mechanical and micro-mechanical systems such as AFMs and MEMS are generally very slow too slow. ['''TODO''' add quantitative numbers]<br>beside the problem of yet unstable tool-tips and insufficient vacuum It seems certain that they are too slow to do direct [[mechanosynthesis]].<br>'''To investigate:''' Will they be fast enough to do e.g. assembly of self assembled AP bricks or bigger parts? proto-partial-manipulator == Few parts or many parts? == Too few component part types force the parts to be too generic and the resulting systems to be big slow and barely productive. There are some examples of macroscopic self replicating robot approaches that seem to suffer from this {{todo| include examples}}. Too many component part types would require advanced not yet available systems. It still is unclear what the optimal number of part-types will be for early pre-produced block based productive nanosystems will be. It makes sense to use some end-effector adapter parts such that the parts do not all need a standard grasping interface. Thus one does not end up with having to encode placeability in all pieces similar to the restriction of self-assembly: encoding place in all pieces. == exclusively rotative DOFs or inclusion of translative DOFs == Manipulators that exclusively feature rotative degrees of freedom have either non-linear motions and complex math or many bearings to create linear or almost linear motion. Mechanism to create perfect linear motion are the three dimensional Sarrus linkage and the seldom used Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage. Cartesian mechanisms with sliderails have trivial math but may be less stiff and especially with DNA naotechnology may provide a rather bumpy ride much less accurate than a flexible hinge. ---- Since the surfaces of self-assembled AP blocks are far less smooth than the ones of future [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] sliding rails for reciprocative movement may lead to risks of destructive clogging and low resolution. Linkages could make use of the already several times demonstrated edge to edge ''seam hinges'' for rotative movement instead. Examples of rail-less robots that avoid spherical joints: [http://reprap.org/wiki/Wally Wally], [http://reprap.org/wiki/Simpson Simpson], [http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Morgan Morgan] == serial or parallel mechanics == '''Serial mechanics''' means that the driving actuators ("motors") are locate in the hinges of the manipulator mechanism. With structural DNA nanotechnology this was demonstrated via shortening a DNA string that pulls on a flexible hinge like a tendon. To shorten the DNA string short DNA snippets (oglionucleotides) where added that can clamp a loop in the "tendon" DNA string. Since this method requires a change of dissolved oglionucleotides it is slow relative to (yet undemonstrated) electrostatic actuation (even in microfluidics). Control is also limited. The closable lengths are discrete and only a pulling action is applicable. Translative movement was also demonstrated by a remotely similar method called DNA walkers. There the amount of control is even lower but it might still prove to be very useful. '''Parallel mechanics''' means that the actuators ("motors") are outside of the manipulator mechanism. Therefore the manipulator mechanism can be a completely passive linkage system. Serial mechanics with electrostatic actuators in the hinges is probably impossible since the area of capacitor plates must be big enough to overpower thermal motion. The necessary area (relative to the size of the driven part!) for actuation will be smaller than in MEMS systems (comb drives) but will be still to big to be includable directly in the hinges. Also self-assemblable nano circuitry hasn't been demonstrated yet. And electrons behaving ballistic and quantum mechanical at such low scales (in contrast to mechanics) would be likely to make things more difficult - resistance may sharply change with corner angles. Serial mechanics also leads to actuators looking more like robot arms which are due to their lower stiffness better suited for manipulation tasks on a bigger scale. Parallel robots can provide mechanical simplicity at the cost of control complexity (inverse kinematics) <br> Related: rotative only or inclusion of translative == dimensionality 3D or 2D+1D == A fully three dimensional manipulator system has either complex mechanics or complex control. A two dimensional assembly system may make the manipulator design much simpler. To erect a 3D structure afterwards some post processing manipulation will be needed. For more blocky structures layer by layer coplanar extrusion might work - like an inverse tertis. For more filigree structures a method like erecting superhuman scale trussworks without a crane might work. == rotative and translative manipulation combined or separated == To simplify manipulator design further rotation may be decouplable from translation. A separate rotator mechanism may be usable for rotation in the main directions (100) (110) (111). == Exoergic chain == From the blocks creation to their final destination they have to first get bound into machine phase then have to be picked up and finally be placed down. To archive this either the binding strengths has to strictly monotonically increase from step to step (an exoergic chain) or sterical means have to be employed. '''...''' When robotically assembling self assembled robotic parts it may be necessary to temporarily pin down levers to prevent them from spinning on their axles and rip them loose when putting them in use. == Method for mechanism actuation == === Electrostatic === Todays most advanced nanotechnology is electronics. Driving mechanisms with electrostatic forces is thus an obvious route. Electric fields generated by microelectronics acting on a AP brick structure or an other type of structure in ''machine phase'' provide less degrees of freedom than a mechanical gripper but are considerably faster. To keep the complexity of the mechanical mechanisms low the number of input channels must be kept as high as possible. Since the electric contacts still are rather big compared to AP building blocks one could create mechanical ''signal collector bundles'' crossing the electrodes and broadcasting reciprocative movement to a number of mechanisms. Self assembled AP blocks may be (and probably are) electrically isolating. Still with strong electric fields local polarizations may be induced and kind of an "stand up hair effect" could be used as driving method. '''To investigate:''' feasibility of this approach. <br> If the blocks need to be made dielectric or charged to be effected by the field: '''To investigate:''' Can blocks/block structures be made dielectric or charged sufficiently?<br> To use electric fields as input the block structures need to provide at least one internal 1D degree of freedom which can be compressed to 0D (machine phase). '''To investigate:''' How to create minimal sized block structures for mechanical or electrostatical actuation that are productive and capable of structural copying or [[self replication|self replication]]? The [[proto-mechanism problem]]. === Pressure === [Todo: add ref] == digital stepping drive or analog drive == Using a stepping drive means that in effect a local memory must be kept - this means more complexity in hardware. An analog drive may not have sufficient resolution if thermal motion is barely overpowered. == Misc == With basic AP blocks only very simple mechanisms will be buildable. To be usable for somewhat functional robotic applications the blocks need to fulfil some criteria:<br> '''To investigate:''' *Can an axle bearing system be built that runs non self destructively with sub block-size precision? *Can two blocks be connected with a edge to edge hinge? (similar to the hierarchical assembly question) *Can the blocks bind strong enough together to avoid falling apart when actuated? *Are the surfaces of DNA-bricks made with half strands, that is are there surfaces smooth or more like a hairy ball) ['''TODO''' dig out the known answer] = Concrete example proposals for the step from T.Level 0 to 1 = [TODO to myself: add the one I've archived] [[technology level I]] For a partial self replicating system with minimal complexity following components might suffice: # (electrostatic) actuators of sufficient force to counter thermal noise (-> not smallest scale) # mechanical broadcast channels to ... # active locking of mechanical states or if unavoidable (lack of inputs, ...) ratchets # DEMUX (depending on broadcast channel length and photo-litographic input size this may be avoidable in favour of multiple 4? inputs) (basically nano-mechanical logic here) # simple parallel manipulator(s) (if it simplifies the design they may be split up and specialized for different DOFs?) # gripping or expulsion mechanism (exploiting self assisted assembly) While making assembly easier more complex pre-built base parts can reduce the productivity of a system. If it proves too difficult to produce AP scaffolds with macroscopic long range order (self assembly in a temperature gradient?) Two stage two stage exponential assembly may solve the problem where the upper layer is built from MEMS with linear DOFs too. = Goal = * [[Technology level I]] = Related = * [[Method of assembly]] * [[Positional assembly]] * [[Science vs engineering|Moving from science to engineering]] * [[Thermally driven assembly]] * [[Locking mechanism]]s * [[Mechanosynthesis]]. Usually mechanosynthesis refers (beside positional control) to formation of covalent bonds by applying force. This will only be introduced with the [[switch-over to stiffer materials|next step]] to stiffer materials which allow true [[positional atomic precision]] in placement. * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Self replication]] rwndwtt9zqyfr89v49sqckqoysrpvqh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 144 11357 10115 2021-07-08T11:15:50Z Apm 1 /* Everything is "magnetic" */ spelling This is an introduction to the character of robotic work in the nanocosm. <br> It should deliver some intuitive feeling of how things work down there. __TOC__ = Atoms = * How big is an atom? "Atoms are unimaginably small." that is very a common belief. And whenever some comparison is brought up one usually feels confirmed on hat assumption. But it turns out that there is a "best way" to get an intuitive feel for their size that is rarely used <small>(or never until here for the first time??)</small>. Here are the details: "[[Magnification theme-park]]". – Judge for yourself whether this "atoms are unimaginably small" belief is false misbelief after all. * '''How does it feel when you grab two atoms and rub them against each other?''' <br> Atoms are very soft and slippery. <br>Main article: "[[The feel of atoms]]" * '''How do atoms work and what shape do they have?''' <br> They work like vibrating drums, just different in all the details. <br>Their shape is like symmetric smooth clouds, a bit like blurred fruit seeds. Shape can change when neighbor atoms change. <br>Main article: "[[The basics of atoms]]" * '''At which speeds do Atoms usually move?''' <br>Too fast to find an intuitive way to imagine it. Sorry. <br> The Speed of sound <small>(experienced half a million times faster if you scale up to barely see the model-atoms)</small>. <br><small>But an intuitive feeling for speeds will be attainable for motion of bigger stuff that is of more interest (namely [[crystolecule]]s)</small>. <br>Main article: "[[The speed of atoms]]" = Speeds = * '''At which speeds do Atoms usually move?''' <br> See answer above in section ''Atoms''. <br>Main article: "[[The speed of atoms]]" * '''At which speeds will nanorobotics usually operate?''' <br>Pretty slow actually. In the low mm/s range. <br> <small>(experienced pretty fast if you scale up to barely see the model-atoms. About mach 7)</small> <br>Main article: "[[The speed of nanorobotics]]" = Everything is "magnetic" = Well, it's not really magnetism, but magnetism seems to be the best macroscale analogy for getting across a basic intuitive feeling. When going down to the nanoscale one encounters a new force that is omnipresent always and everywhere. The [[Van der Waals force]] (VdW). It feels as if everything where magnetic. Everything and anything loose will stick to everything else that it comes too close to.<br> * Similar to the magnetic force we are used to in everyday macroscale life, the VdW force drops off very quickly with distance / is rather short in range. <br>More short range even than magnetism - {{todo|verify quantitatively - low importance}} * Unlike a magnetic force the VdW force has no polarity. Is always attractive. Well, when things come close enough there's repulsion from [[nonbonded interactions]].<br> (Also related are some means for [[levitation]]). The VdW force is extremely useful for putting and holding stuff together at the nanoscale (and maybe microscale). Temporarily during (dis)assembly or permanently in final products. <br> Even small amounts of contact area can make a bond that is strong enough such that the relentless eternal jostling of [[thermal motion]] [[for all practical purposes]] never suffices to kick loose even one of many [[mol]]s of parts. For more details see: [[Connection method#Van der Waals locking]]. Of course from the actual physical origins (and the quantitative effects) the magnetic force and the VdW force are very much different. So instead of everything is "magnetic" it would be better to say that everything is "vanderwaalic". Side-note: <br> Instead of using the magnetic force as commonly known macroscale analogy an alternative macroscale analogy would be ''everything is "sticky"''. This alternate analogy is not used here mainly because: * stickiness is usually associated with some sort of glue and thus with high viscosity which absolutely does not match reality even as a superficial analogy. Magnetism on the other hand is not associated to any medium and is associated with extremely low friction. * Magnetism (just as the VdW force) noticeably increases in strength when closing in. Glue does not really behave that way. = Everything is extremely bouncy = Drop some macroscale machine part like e.g. a metal gear down at a metal surface and it quickly comes to rest. Not so much at the nanoscale. [[Crystolecules]] behave more like rubber balls, just worse. Way worse. Rubber balls that just do not want to stop bouncing. <small>Side-note: In some situations (like e.g. a flat disk hitting a flat wall) nanoscale gemstone "bouncyness" can become involved into a serious fight with nanoscale gemstone "vanderwalicness". Working out who wins (bounce-back or snap-to) is a serious mathematical/physical modeling challenge. Experiments are needed, but many of those can't be done yet.</small> That bounciness is not only present when you smash a [[crystolecule]] against a wall, but also (which is more relevant) in the operation of gemstone based nanomachinery. Flex waves can run back and forth, barely damped, long ways through complex and even branched axle systems. While designing for this can be major PITA (ahem pretty difficult) like in electrical circuit design, it also potentially offers the possibility to archive extreme high efficiencies. Also one can gain more control via deliberate introduction of discrete damping elements. = Everything is shaky = Worse than in a wood wheeled carriage racing over cobblestones.<br> '''Or: You are like an astronaut – don't ever let go of your tools – they may haunt you''' * What happens when you let go of a building block? Main article: "[[The heat-overpowers-gravity size-scale]]" Let's consider an somewhat unusual fall experiment. A small gripper let go of a building block. Simple? See if you answer right. Related: [[spiky needle grabbing]] [[File:Fall-experiment-quiz-en.svg|thumb|center|480px|A fall experiment quiz to illustrate the quite unfamiliar mechanical behavior in the nanoscale.]] = Scaling laws = They describe what changes when one goes down the scale. E.g. that magnetic motors become weak but electrostatic ones strong. More details can be found at the [[scaling laws|scaling laws main page]]. = The prospective feel of gem-gum products = Gem-gum products though machine like robotic in the nanocosm are not necessarily cold hard and robot like to the human senses (See: [[Soft-core macrorobots with hard-core nanomachinery]]). [[Emulated elasticity]] can create any form imaginable with gradients from soft to hard. It isn't an easy to attain property but it is an highly desirable one and will emerge at some point. = Related = Provide means for an intuitive understanding seems to be a good [[didactic approach]] for a wide [[target audience]]. == In the book "Radical Abundance" == In the book [[Radical Abundance]] the introduction tries to convey an intuitive feel for how things behave down at the nanoscale. {{wikitodo|give a more precise reference}} == Richard Feynman == There are great recordings of the famous physicist and teacher Richard Feynmen about the importance: * of an intuitive understanding of things and * of looking at things from new perspectives. Main article: [[Richard Feynman]] == Related == === Getting a good intuition about atoms === * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] * [[The feel of atoms]] * [[The basics of atoms]] * [[The speed of atoms]] – [[The speed of nanorobotiocs]] and ... * ... how the two are usually far apart: [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] as the ultimate construction toy * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] For an intuitive understanding how energies, forces, and stiffness <br> at the nanoscale compare to each other see: [[Energy, force, and stiffness]] === Getting a good intuition about thermal motions === * [[The heat-overpowers-gravity size-scale]] * [[thermally skittering building blocks]] * [[thermally jumping building blocks]] – practically likely not happening except designed for – [[spiky needle grabbing]] === Averting false intuitions – things that may come unexpected === * Why [[nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] * [[Soft-core macrorobots with hard-core nanomachinery]] * The [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] * [[Scaling law]]s === Truely intuitively understanding the size scales involved === * [[Maginification theme park]] * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] * [[Distorted visualisation methods for convergent assembly]] === An intuition about the possible consequences of gemstone metamaterial technology === * Understanding possible consequences of [[gem-gum technology]] via [[story scenarios]]. = External links = * '''Video Playlist:''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjGP0iXhsr8&list=PLG7lwFsqKHb8_24MArWWW9IgYQtieV8BR The Shape of Atoms and Bonds (By "Learn Hub")] [[Category:General]] 0od0q7087vv38360hsw70pw421aq5jq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 996 9532 2021-05-29T19:10:12Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Intuitive feel]] #REDIRECT [[Intuitive feel]] lxqsxsuzmhpikwd9mx51p63v25gw977 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1180 11067 11066 2021-06-30T17:42:29Z Apm 1 /* Relative comparison for stars (not at all sufficient for a direct true intuition) */ If you build a minute model of the Earth with the diameter diameter equivalent to halve the width of a soccer field (~25m), <br> then a model soccer field on that model Earth would have a with of approximately half a human hair (~0.05mm). Or a thin one. It's the same ratio! * 12,736km / 25m = ~ 500,000 * 25m / 0.05mm = ~ 500,000 See? == How this relates to [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom|the comparison for gaining a direct true intuition for the size of atoms]] == Interestingly the exact same factor that perhaps can suffice to make [[the size of atoms|a true intuitive understanding of the size of atoms]] possible, <br> the factor of 500.000, also may make possible ''a true intuitive understanding of the size of Earth. <br> == Bigger sizes fundamentally not directly intuitively comprehensible == Any sizes much beyond the size of the Earth are hopelessly beyond true direct intuitive comprehensibility. * For interplanetary distances spaceship travel times can give a bit of a hint but that is far from a true direct intuitive comprehension. * For interplanetary distances only relative size comparisons to something of a size already beyond direct everyday experience are possible. * For interstellar distances even that works barely. Stars are brutally far apart in terms of say our suns diameter. Much much much more so than planets are apart in terms of their diameter. === Relative comparison for stars (not at all sufficient for a direct true intuition) === '''Sun and currently nearest star:''' * '''Sun''' 695508km / 5,000,000,000,000 = '''~0.1mm (hair diameter)''' <small>Distance to proxima centauri (currently nearest star) 4,2465LJ* 9.46*10^12km/LJ = ~40*10^12km </small> <br> <small>Distance to Neptune ~30AE*~150Gm/AE = ~ 4.5Tm </small> * '''Distance to Neptune:''' ~ 4.5Tm / 5,000,000,000,000 = '''~1m''' * '''Distance to proxima centauri:''' ~40*10^12km / 5,000,000,000,000 = '''~8km''' '''One of the biggest stars in "reasonable" interstellar distance (same scale):''' * '''Distance to Betelgeuse''' is ~100x farther than to proxima centauri. Scaled down hair-diameter-sized sun that makes '''800km''' * '''Diameter of Betelgeuse''' is ~1000x the diameter of the sun. Scaled down hair-diameter-sized sun that makes '''10cm''' <br> These supergiant stars are often so big and dilute that they are basically a "hot vacuum". == Related == * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] * [[Magnification wonderworld]] emf9xtwlaur1kgdvzfazv0ssyvbxzj3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 991 11065 9533 2021-06-30T17:40:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ If you build a humongous model of a human hair with a diameter equivalent to the width of a soccer field (~50m), <br> then the model carbon atoms in that humongous model of a human are pretty exactly the size of a human hair (~0.1mm). The carbon atoms in the real hair (and everywhere else) are about ~0.2nm in diameter. It's the same ratio! * 50m / 0.1mm = 500 000 * 0.1mm / 0.2nm = 500 000 See? == Why this works == Unlike other comparisons this for once works because <br> the size of a hair and the size of a soccerfield both <br> still fall into the range of our everyday hunamn experience. == What not to do == Shift one side of the comparison a bit (like making model atoms the size of marbles ~1cm) and <br> the other side falls way out of human everyday experience (model hair 5km diameter). <br> The comparison becomes completely useless as a means for intuitive understanding. Also choose one magnification level and stick with it for as much as possible. Do not jump around with magnification levels wildly. == Related == * [[Magnification theme-park]] * [[Intuitively understanding the size of Earth]] * [[Intuitive understanding]] * [[The speed of atoms]] 91y14evgo4wbcdb7o1wvmxcme2qqnyc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 464 10924 10362 2021-06-26T00:30:55Z Apm 1 /* Fayalite as end member of the olivine/peridot group */ Iron will be used to a great deal in the gemstone Fayalite Iron is one of the most abundant elements on earth and in space. There are pure iron asteroids, remnants of the never formed core of the dwarf-planet Ceres that couldn't become to a proper planet due to the gravitational disturbances caused by Jupiters proximity. There's so much iron everywhere because irons nuclear core has the highest binding energy. This is putting iron at the end of the stellar fusion process where it piles up (along with [[nickel]]). Since iron is of so much use today either mostly in its raw form or alloyed to steels one might assume that in advanced atomically precise technology it will retain its important role. Both the problem of diffusion (exhibited by almost all metals) and the problem of oxidation can be solved by oxidizing iron with suitable nonmetals to make gemstones. (The usual method.) So how can iron be used in advanced atomically precise technology (with focus on usage as structural building material)? The answer is that there are surprisingly few options. One of the best gemstones for usage as structural building material is probably '''Fayalite''' Fe₂SiO₄ == The problem - View hard iron gemstones == But there is a problem. Unlike other highly abundant metals like magnesium aluminum and titanium irons oxides and other nonmetal compounds usually have far less hardness and are almost all non-transparent and often electrically conductive. There are only very view iron compounds that fulfill the following conditions simultaneously: * High in iron content (ratio of atoms) * Hard (at least 5 on the Mohs scale but better 7) * Transparent * Electrically isolating The one abundant element compound best fulfilling these is maybe: * '''Fayalite''' Fe₂SiO₄ (spinell with iron instead of magnesium). Others abundant element compounds which are a little low in iron content are: * Almandin Fe₃Al₂(Si₂O₄)₃ (Garnet) * Andardite Ca₃Fe₂(Si₂O₄)₃ (Garnet) Simple iron oxides like * Hematite (beside the usual form α-Fe₂O₃ there is also a barely known second form β-Fe₂O₃ [http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n97/abs/physci240013a0.html]). * Magnetite and sulfides like * Pyrite are all fulfilling the wishlist rather poorly. == Fayalite as end member of the olivine/peridot group == [[File:Pallasite_slice-of-Esquel-meteorite.jpg|450px|thumb|right|At the mantle core boundary of Earth (and other rocky planets / dwarf planets / giant moons) iron gets so abundant that is can no longer be bond to silicates. It goes into metallic state. This picture shows how this material probably looks like. It shows a piece of a metallic meteorite that may stem from the core of a later broken up protoplanet (one or many is unknown ?) between Mars and Jupiter. The region that is now our solar systems main asteroid belt.]] In nature there is a continuous mixing series where iron can be substituted by very common magnesium or common manganese. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] Fe₂SiO₄ (Mohs 6.5-7) <br> High pressure crystal structure γ-Fe₂SiO₄ is called '''Ahrensite''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg₂SiO₄ (Mohs 7) <br> Mid pressure crystal structure is called: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsleyite Wadsleyite] -- orthorhombic <br> High pressure crystal structure is called: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite Ringwoodite] -- '''cubic''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite Tephroite] Mn₂SiO₄ (Mohs 6) * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebenbergit Liebenbergite (de)] Ni₂SiO₄ (Mohs 6-6.5 or 4.5?) -- orthorhombic ---- * Calcio-Olivine γ-Ca₂SiO₄ (Mohs 4.5) -- orthorhombic * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnite Larnite] β-Ca₂SiO₄ (Mohs 6) -- monoclinic (?) As always with advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] highly ordered checkerboard [[neo-polymorph]]s can be made. <br> While (according to wikipedia 2016) an iron analog to Wadsleyite is not synthesizable by thermodynamic means is very likely mechanosynthesizable. == Other remotely interesting iron compounds == There are some peculiar compounds: iron borides iron silicides and possibly toxic iron phosphides. * There is Goethite which is pretty hard for a hydroxide. * Hercynite FeAl₂O₄ * Cuprospinell CuFe₂O₄ * ... == Related == * [[Electrically conductive diamondoid compounds]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] dl2vxi8t87aei87wh6t6rpoavf9u9ak wikitext text/x-wiki 0 575 5968 5956 2017-07-13T19:39:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page [[Structural type]] {{Template:site specific term}} By substituting compatible elements in a crystal structure (a specific structure type to be more concrete) one introduces stresses due to the different diameters of the new atoms. In thin rods and plates that are a only a few atomic layers across these stresses can partially relax by bending (strains). This can be useful for making cylindrical geometries like axle housings and helical geometries like guiding screws. == Examples == Carbon atoms in diamond or lonsdaleite (== hexagonal diamond) can be replaced with silicon atoms at any ratio. (In case of a 1:1 ratio one has the gemstone compound called moissanite.) When there's a [[pseudo phase diagram]] between two different compounds with the same structure-type then in most cases it should be possible to do some checkerboard patterning. As a concrete example one can replace [[titanium]] with [[silicon]] in the '''rutile structure type (C4)'''. This is effectively moving around in the '''rutile <=> stishovite [[pseudo phase diagram]]'''. In case of the rutile structure there are a lot of compatible elements thus one can extend the diagram to a triangle, a tetrahedron, a hyper-tetrahedron and so on. == Where to take care == Care must be taken though. Going all the way from a specific structure type like e.g. SiO₂ to the same structure type of CO₂ one ends up with a compound that is likely an explosive in bulk since CO₂ very much likes to be a molecular gas with strong and low energy C=O double bonds. == Finding compatible elements == To find compatible elements one can first try go down the group in the periodic table.<br> Here's an example preserving the rutile structure. (We are starting with [[silicon]] and jump over the unstable compound of rutile-structure-CO₂). The following sequence is: SiO₂ (stishovite), GeO₂ (argutite), SnO₂ (cerrusite), PbO₂ (plattnerite). This especially holds for non metals. In case of the transition metals: * 1) going sidewards is often possible too.<br> Example preserving rutile structure: TiO₂ (rutile), VO₂ (no natural mineral present?), CrO₂ (no natural mineral present?), MnO₂ (pyrolysite)<br>No (IV) oxides for iron and following elements (and scandium preceding titanium). * 2) the elements of the higher periods get exceedingly rare (main exception is [[zirconium]] Zr -- ZrO₂ baddeleyite)<br>and sometimes pretty toxic (that correlation may not be a coincidence) == Related == * Bending induced by [[surface passivation]]. * [[Structural type]] 6vzt0zd5loj98cpbcf7dt485la4fgcq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 209 8012 6281 2020-11-05T18:25:25Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page about [[Usage of isotopes]] Atomically precise technology may make radioactivity more controllable (a bit) Atomically precise technology is likely to make separation of isotopes of an element (same ordinal number same element same chemistry but different mass) much easier. This is relevant since: * In the long term radioactive waste can be transmuted away down to zero without spill. * Legacy radiation spills can be cleaned up a bit better. (note that APT is no no magic wand!) * Dangerous individuals could make nuclear bombs. = Methods for separation = Sorting atoms by differences in mass instead of differences in chemistry (even if the mass difference is rather tiny) shouldn't be a hard problem for advanced AP systems. Single molecules have already be weighted with tuning forks of today's (2014..2016) technology. A question is how much throughput will be possible. Possible methods for determining the mass of an atom are: * de-tuning of a tuning fork * deflection in E & B fields - densely packed mass spectrometers (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry]) * necessary centripetal force while spinning * ... == Limits of the separation capability == Nuclear excitations can have low energies way below the mass equivalent of one whole nucleon or even electron. Thus there is the question how fine compact (e.g. microscale sized) high throughput mass detection [[sensors]] will resolve mass. Detecting the presence or non-presence of the mass equivalent of one UV-A quantum in a 100amu nucleus seems very challenging. {{todo|investigate this challenge}} == Issues with free flying atoms == Atoms can be sorted by using electric and or magnetic fields to deflect a beam of unsorted atoms that have all the same speed (they are monochromatic). Replicating this method with high throughput in advanced atomically precise processing cells that are as small as possible is a very different problem though. {{todo|investigate this further}} This is related to the topic of "[[trapped free particles]]". = Isotope separation in normal operation of advanced gem-gum factories = {{todo|Compare the damage rates stemming from radiation caused by decays of built in atoms to the damage rates stemming from external terrestrial and external cosmic radiation.}}<br> [[Radiation damage]] rates with in advanced gem-gum products and factories will be manageable. (Some info in [[Nanosystems]]: 6.6. Radiation damage) * Checking every single atom on radioactivity before usage would very likely sow down the production process noticeably. * Checking every single atom on radioactivity before usage may not provide much benefit in most practical applications located in earth's average background radiation. (To confirm ...). If these guesses are right advanced [[gem-gum factory| gem-gum factories]] will not check the used atoms individually for radioactivity in normal usage situations. (Specialized [[synthesis of food|food synthesis devices]] might be an exception) (Note: "radioactive" atoms are not permanently radioactive. They are dormant waiting to release a radiation "particle" with some constant likelihood per time interval. When they've released this "particle" they may or may not become an other element and they may or may not become non-radioactive.) In ultra low radiation environments (where even the massive shielding material has been filtered atom by atom) filtering atom by atom will likely be very beneficial for [[Ultra low noise environment|some exotic experiments]]. The theoretical extension of product lifetime due to lower radiation induced damage rate caused by the exclusion of radioactive atoms and shielding against external radiation is likely irrelevant since the normal levels can be covered by active self repair anyways. = Effects of the isotope separation capability = == Good consequences == === Cleaning air and food === Indoor air can be cleaned from (hopefully only naturally occurring) radioactive contents like radon - a noble gas. Spill from nuclear fission accidents like iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 accumulate in dust too. If there's radioactive dust particles in the air they collect in air filters. Those dust particles could be evaporated or dissolved (preferably micro-chambers) and radioactive atoms could be brought under control (converted to [[trapped free particle]]s / brought into [[machine phase]]) and separated according to type (element, isotope, nuclear excitation state). Bringing back unordered matter into ordered one is one of the harder problems for APM. See: "[[Atomically precise disassembly]]". Similar problem to [[mining]] of the lithosphere. === Sayonara to nuclear waste === Getting rid terminally of all the nuclear waste via nuclear transmutation really may become possible. The process of transmutation is basically about converting radioactive elements to non-radioactive ones faster than they would decay naturally by irradiating them with other forms of radioactivity. This process would technically be possible even with today's crude non AP technology like the recently revived old thorium reactor concepts. (Transmutation will work even better with the massive amounts of neutrons once fusion reactors start working.) * A real fuel cycle with zero exhaust instead of today's pseudo-"cycle". The real unsolved problem where non AP technology is bound to fundamentally fail is chemical and especially isotopic separation of the fission products without contamination more and more material and spilling some too. The isotope separation capability of gem-gum technology would allow to solve the core problem here. Instead of separating with the usual chemical rations (often as low as 10:1) and having the non radioactive stuff still being nuclear waste one can seperate with digital bit error ratios where the non radioactive stuff coming out has far lower radiactivity than even natural background radiation. Additionally before and after separation one can have an atomically tight (atomically here in the chemical sense as always on this wiki) fuel cycle not releasing a single tritium atom even in the most volatile hydrogen gas form. * Mechanically safe intermediate short term storage containers (high radiation robust amorphous/metamict inner radiation absorber lining & highly mechanically resilient but more radiation sensitive gem-gem metamaterial shell.) * Although then not necessary anymore: Ultra long storage container stability via active self repair. (See pages: "[[Disaster proof]]" and "[[Artificial life]]"). For more info check out the main article: "[[APM and nuclear technology]]". == Bad consequences == While Its nice to get rid of all the radioactivity in your breathing air you simultaneously collect high levels of radioactivity in your collection device. High level radiation sources are emerging. Those could be misused by dangerous individuals (security risk). === Really bad consequences === There's plenty of Uranium ore around. What prevents small groups or even individuals from making nuclear bombs is mainly the difficulty of separating the fissile Uranium-235 from the fertile Uranium-238. Currently (2016) the most efficient method to do this is with very large multi stage centrifuge plants. Problematically this kind of isotope separation capability might become desktop scale with atomically precise technology. Obviously this should be regulated. But can it be [[regulation|regulated]]? '''Don't panic!''' Premature and hasty alarmism may cause more damage than the actual problem. For now check the [[poison|page about Poisons]] for a minimal discussion on the actual degree of danger. Not every radioactive isotope has a critical mass. The most abundant radioactive element leading before uranium is [[thorium]]. Naturally found it consists mostly the isotope (²³²Th which has no critical mass. The isotope ²²⁹Th which has a critical mass is contained only in a small fraction. Other radioactive element isotopes that have a critical mass could potentially be enriched to that point too. (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass critical mass]). The on average high dilutedness of natural radioactivity (e.g. in air, bananas and whatnot) may make that unpractical though despite the often rather low critical masses. Many of the more abundant heavier elements contain a significant fraction of isotopes. Some of them radioactive. Leading the chart are the common potassium and the more (but not exceedingly) rare barium.<br> {{todo|Find out what the most abundant and most accessible radioactive isotopes are that have a critical mass.}} What today is nuclear waste has by a large margin a higher concentration of light and heavy radioactive isotopes than natural sources (fission products & co). This stuff will need to be (kept) sealed away from individuals like as secure as today's gold reserves. Well, this stuff may already be sealed away at such security levels but the security will need to be kept at state of the art and maybe even increased. Whatever that means. Other stuff that could be enriched for whatever reason: ¹⁴C, ... == Speculative applications == Creating [[Ultra low noise environment|ultra low radiation environments]].<br> By enriching non radioactive isotopes and using exclusively those to build up AP systems one can get rid of internal radiation sources. To get rid of high energy radiation coming from outside (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle]) big scale isolation facilities may be used. Mountains or in the extreme whole asteroids. There will still be particles penetrating like e.g. neutrinos. Related would be systems for the creation of unprecedented low temperatures to search for yet unkown aspects of (quantum) physics. Related: [[Ultra low noise environment|Ultra high isolation experiments]] e.g. for investigations in makroscale superposition and entanglement. == Related == * [[Radiation damage]] * [[APM and nuclear technology]] * [[Usage of isotopes]] == External links == * Wikipedia: Uranium can be drawn from sea water [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining] [[Category:Technology level III]] oont5qqbcgvrj17ukxg3lvaq1u1s1dv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 317 3255 3254 2015-03-14T07:06:18Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Isotope separation]] #REDIRECT [[Isotope separation]] sin8cr296bxq9immwpd68a3qx65mqe7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 339 6480 4503 2017-09-21T02:20:33Z Apm 1 terminology update {{stub}} [[Gemstone like compound]]s have at best cubic symmetry better almost spherical isotropy (direction independence of mechanical and other properties) needs to be emulated by [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. <br> Many [[gemstone like compound]]s like e.g. trigonal α-silicon-nitride have low symmetry. This makes designing with them harder - automation of design can help. lfzer5j6pngrklw88l4rf8am00xyvd3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 717 7244 2018-07-23T14:35:46Z Apm 1 Just a shorthand that is way easier to remember #REDIRECT [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] rrjvxn18r01zmmpjh7r0o0h21qhvtzs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1150 11756 11752 2021-07-25T10:58:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[quantum computation]] '''Kaehler brackets''' are (usually small) structural [[crystolecule]] elements made from [[gemstone-like compound]]s <br> that have as their internal structure not a nicely ordered lattice <br> but rather a glassy amorphous like structure that was computer optimized <br> to approximate a certain ideally desired geometric alignment. Kaehler brackets fing mention in [[Nanosystems]]. == Avoiding high internal stresses and strains == Avoiding high internal tensions will usually be desired to: * retain full mechanical strength * avoid fire hazard or even explosion hazard == Size and search space == The bigger the bracket the more accurate a desired alignement can be approximated. <br> The search-space quickly becomes hyper gigantic though. <br> [[quantum computation|Quantum computers]] could be used to find optimal atomic arrangements for desired geometries. == Going to the extreme == Even if thermal motions are bigger than the achieved accuracy over large scales (macroscale) that can average out. <br> Gravitational detectors e.g. can detect distances far below the diameter of an atomic core. == Related == * [[Dialondeite]] * [[Neo-polymorph]] * [[Design of crystolecules]] * Solving the associated optimization problem by employing the power of [[quantum computation|quantum computers]]. jz9hhdrxt4gr5t8vyuxnns6i73ni6m2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1207 11242 11241 2021-07-05T18:43:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added a lot of yet links to yet unwritten pages == Misassembly trap == In [[thermally driven self assembly]] if * [[specificity]] is low but * bonding strength is high things may self assembly in a wrong way and stay there for good. If the bonding strength is deliberately kept low then even after the fact of a faulty self-assembly-bonding-event <br> by thermal vibrations the formed bond can be jostled apart again <br> and the part gets a another chance for assembling into one of the intended binding spots. <br> In first approximation that typically works the better the slower the cooling profile during selfassembly ([[thermal annealing]]). == Assembly path cutoff trap == Even without any faulty self-assembly-bonding-events a kinetic trap can emerge. <br> If the order of assembly is by chance such that access to yet unfinished parts gets and irreversibly stays blocked, that part can never be finished. '''Example:''' <br> DNA bricks in [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] may assemble such that some voxels that should be filled with an DNA oglionucleotide strands <br> just remain unfilled since the structure around was built up before they got a chance to be filled. The degree to which this happens may be hard to tell since the imaging technology [[cryo-TEM-tomography]] <br> for the highest resolution images needs to use averages over a large number of images of assemblies to get the fimal pictures (lots of fourier math involved). Actually maybe these shoulkd be calles "[[steric traps]]". == Related == * [[Thermally driven self assembly]] ---- * [[One pot binding site finding]] - this can sometimes allow for steric kinetic traps * [[Iterative binding site finding]] <br>- this allows to avert steric kinetic traps by determining the assembly order <br>- this also vcan lead to an [[exponential drop in yield]] though. * [[Exponential drop in yield]] - in the synthesis of chain molecules via conventional [[thermodynamic means]]. * [[Iterated one pot binding site finding]] - a combination of the former two - the best of both worlds? == External links == '''[http://self-assembly.net/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page self-assembly group wiki]'''<br> The technology presented there makes heavy use of intentionally weak bonds to avert kinetic traps. <br> It's a trade-off/balance where even the optimum may be insufficient for some too ambitious ideas. <br> (Was ist about multi-input comuting hitting the limits of this?? Needs a re-read.) ee4y558dp0rhss3ea5t8an9p0phr4g1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 725 7337 2018-08-13T18:25:16Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Knowledge Matrix]] to [[Knowledge matrix]]: capitalization concention #REDIRECT [[Knowledge matrix]] qdgzfqx2wj058q3caqpkcshfuj8s9cd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 723 7336 7321 2018-08-13T18:25:16Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Knowledge Matrix]] to [[Knowledge matrix]]: capitalization concention {{stub}} When it comes to knowledge in general one can categorize it into four areas: * 11 known knowns * 10 known unknowns * 01 unknown knowns * 00 unknown unknowns * and maybe a stray falling outside the matrix: 0x unknown whether known or unknown These categories are relative. What is an unknown known for group A can be a known known for group B. == Relation to APM == When it comes to knowledge about [[Main Page|APM]] and if one looks at society as a hole or more narrowly even if one looks only at experts in fields that are thematically near to APM then currently (2018) there's a lot of of knowledge that is not present in both public and expert awareness. We have the situation 01: unknown knowns. These unknown knowns can make it very difficult for someone knowing these unknown knowns to have productive discussions. In particular if many/most of the known knowns for the presenter are still unknown knowns in the audience it is difficult to point efforts towards 10 the known unknowns that need to be resolved to have progress beyond the current state. In this situation it is important to first focus making the unknown knowns to known knowns before going on discussing the known unknowns. (Progress in perception). == Related == The buildability knowability matrix: * buildable and knowable (regime of well understood engineering) * buildable and not knowable ("black magic" technology that works by lucky accident and no one has any clue how to improve it) * not buildable and knowable (regime of results of [[exploratory engineering]]) * not buildable and not knowable (regime of technology that physics allows but of which we don't know of) See: [[Possibility space]] / [[Tour by map]] ------ * [[Exploratory engineering#Best results]] == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UnknownUnknownsEN1.svg?uselang=de npb8yo1lq7w2mx2yh6vfle14gd3senn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1226 11374 11373 2021-07-08T17:31:11Z Apm 1 /* The "airslap" */ {{stub}} = Quantifyavble "impossibility" = == The "airslap" == The molecules of the air can by pure chance "decide" to line up in their thermal motion in such a way that they give you a hefty slap in the face. <br> No joke. That indeed is possible at any moment in time. It is just ridiculously unlikely. <br> In fact one can precisely calculate the probability of that happening. Well, given small enough objects that actually happens observably and all the time. <br> It's juts especially large jostles in the course of [[brownian motion]]. <br> These are essentially just that. Microscopic "airslaps". == Related == Surface diffusion rates for [[crystolecule]]s (even with a surprisingly small surface contact area for a [[Van der Waals force]] bond) are astronomically low. Atom placement error rates in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] can be digital data processing bit error level low. <br> That is not quite astronomically low though. By no means [[FAPP]] irrelevant. <br> The presence of placemen errors still has consequences for design choices. = Unquantifyable "impossibility" = Finding ways to go beyond what we think is some [[ultimate limit]] of technology may seems "astronomically unlikely" to happen. <br> Of course no one is and no one will ever be able to tell for certain that no surprising new physics will crop up that would allow us to eventually exceed one or more of these fundamental limits. <br> '''But:''' <br> Given that despite long and intense scientific search nothing has been popping up <br> there is very good reason to assume (to "first approximation") that no such limit breaking surprises will pop up anytime soon. Nanoscale [[PPV]] chambers that only perform vacuum clock out (no lock in) will have with [[FAPP]] certainty not a single gas atom inside of them. == Fantasy SciFi == One of course one can assume any kind of desired fantasy physics and build fantasy technology on top of that. <br> That sort of activity could be called [[wishful thinking]] or [[fantasy engineering]]. <br> It is mostly useful for soft SciFi entertainment but nothing much more. <br> That kond of activity is all ok and well (we don't want any ban against artistic thinking) <br> as long as the SciFi fantasy author is in full knowledge of the currently totally non-existent (and quite likely remaining so) foundation. Usually it works the other way around though. <br> First the SciFi fantasy author comes up with a desired fantasy technology <br> then the fantasy physics is matched to fit the needs of this fantasy technology. <br> That is if the author even goes to the commendable trouble of coming up with some halfway plausible fantasy physics <br> in an attempt to explain the technology. == Serious exploration (quantifyable) == The above must not be confused with [[exploratory engineering]]. Which is pretty much the polar opposite of [[fantasy engineering]]. <br> An exploratory engineer: * gets rid of all physics that is not well established (fantasy physics if absolutely off limits) and then * extrapolates solely based upon the remaining most well established physics. And finally * adds large safety margins. Assuming much less performance than more realistic math would predict. Note that (once some new knowledge has been established) in [[exploratory engineering]] it is very much allowed and not forbidden to go the other way: <br> * (1) Pick (via educated guess of what could be possible) a some technology that would be nice to have and then * (2) check if it lies withing the limits that where formerly confirmed to be spanned by some precedingly done [[exploratory engineering]]. Predictions about complex technologies with many specialized sub-technologies are quite a bit more risky than <br> predictions about base performance parameters though. <br> = Related = * [[Ultimate limits]] * [[For all practical purposes]] '''Philosophical nonsense:''' * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] <br><small>When there cannot be observers no matter the how ludacrisly large the physical "time" the experienced time shrinks down to zero.</small> = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem Poincaré recurrence theorem] * Recurrence violates the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics] – no, you still can't extract useful energy from a system in thermodynamic equilibrium – in case you wondered * See: "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_ratchet Feynman ratchet]" for why that is. dd8xykbnc4tye46tybrx3cjvnm8vjhl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1248 11728 11727 2021-07-22T21:59:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ '''[[Lambda calculus]]''' – it's basic rules are unbelievably simple and it can compute anything and everything = Lambda diagrams are a way to visualize lambda calculus. <br> Lambda calculus is an extremely simple formalism that is equally expressive to the (much more widely known) Turing machine. <br> That is: Lambda calculus is "Turing complete". <br> Any program that is in principle logically possible can be written in Lambda calculus. <br> A maximally universal computer. At least that is what is the current (2021) consensus on the topic. The special thing about lambda calculus is that: <br> '''Lambda calculus is used very much unchanged as the core of a number of practical programming languages'''. <br> Perhaps more so than the Truing machine is. <br> <small>("practical programming languages" meaning programming languages that are in use in practical applications to a quite notable degree.)</small> <br> == Graphical visualizations for lambda calculus == There are a number of graphical visualizations for Lambda calculus. <br> '''The most straightforward one is just to plot out the syntax tree.''' <br> There are only three types of elements in the syntax tree of lambda calculus: * abstractions * applications * variables It's as simple as that. <br> Well, adding evaluation strategies and a type system makes it a bit more complicated. <br> But that is the basic gist. === Plain lambda diagrams (PLDs) === An especially nice visualization for lambda calculus are (unannotated) "lambda diagrams". <br> These are presented by John Tromp on his homepage here: https://tromp.github.io/cl/diagrams.html = Annotated lambda diagrams (ALDs) = Adding some annotations to lambda diagrams may make these into an amazing programming interface with some awesome properties. <br> Smack in the middle of between textual and visual programming. <br> See main page: [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] = On the fundamentality of lambda calculus = Lambda calculus is without a doubt a very fundamental calculus. <br> There is no such things as the most fundamental calculus though. * Unfortunately because we like to seek "perfect" solutions. * Fortunately because we'll never run out of new "miracles". == Turing machine seems less fundamental == The equally expressive truing machine model with * unboundedly long memory tape and * finite table of rules certainly seems less fundamental than the lambda calculus.<br> In that a concrete implementation of the model is less elegant and less amenable to mathematical handling. == "Overloading" lambda calculus == Lambda calculus can be abstracted over by an category theory based interpretation. <br> See: [[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]] <br> It's kinda like overloading the meaning of function application and ... == Equivalent calculi == There are other calculi equivalent in expressiveness like e.g. the SKI calculus. <br> Maybe less intuitive though. While identical programs (same fixed points) can be represented, they differ in run-times. <br> (Interestingly conversion between calculi in general is a hard problem) == Similar but different calculi == There are other calculi that are similarly sparse in rules like e.g. the pi-calculus. <br> {{wikitodo|Look into this again – is the property of mathematical substitutability given?}} == Functional vs Relational == Lambda calculus is modelling functional relationships not relational relationsships. <br> There is a directionality in functional relationships while there is none in relational relationships. <br> Evaluation needs a direction to proceed so this kinda makes sense maybe? = Related = * [[Annotated lambda diagram]]s * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] * [[Lambda diagram]]s * [[Compiling to categories (Conal Elliott)]] * {{speculativity warning}} – [[The program that constructs and executes all possible programs]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus Lambda calculus] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine Turingmachine] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI_combinator_calculus SKI combinator calculus], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B,_C,_K,_W_system B, C, K, W system] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0-calculus π-calculus] 344ypdzcr2h8076bedkzgo84ra5v7in wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1254 12081 11652 2021-09-26T08:41:09Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] '''Lambda diagrams''' are a compact graphical visualization of lambda calculus with pretty much no room for interpretation. <br> '''Lambda diagrams''' are presented by John Tromp on his homepage here: '''https://tromp.github.io/cl/diagrams.html''' To discern them from an extension onto the idea: [[annotated lambda diagram]]s (ALDs) as presented here on this wiki, <br> They basic normal lambda diagrams could also be called unannotated or "plain lambda diagrams" (PLDs) <br> == Related == * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Annotated lambda diagram]]s * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] == External links == * Page about Lambda-diagrams on John Tromp's homepage: '''https://tromp.github.io/cl/diagrams.html''' * Page with detailed explanation on how they are drawn and visually evaluated: '''[https://risingentropy.com/how-to-draw-lambda-diagrams/ How to draw lambda diagrams]''' ("Rising Entropy" blog 2020-07-06) [[Category:Programming]] 4l3mfytzn1db8ep2gpyimmy86t4yufm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1162 10894 10874 2021-06-24T11:55:36Z Apm 1 added [[Asphalt]] {{site specific term}} Atomically precise construction with [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] that is <br> big enough such that [[Abundant element|abundances of elements]] do matter. '''For examples for large scale constructions See e.g.:''' * '''[[The look of our environment]]''' ---- * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Energy transmission]] – e.g. [[Chemical energy transmission]], [[Mechanical energy transmission]], ... * [[Superlube tubes]] ---- * [[Housing in the gem-gum era]] * Largest [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] – shipyard or spaceport size * [[Colonization of the solar system]] ---- * [[Concrete]] and [[Asphalt]] * '''[[Replacement of cheapest industrial materials]]''' ---- * [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * [[Geoengineering mesh]] – [[Geoengineering]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] 3vej9xf05bfa1fokouz15ug033017e9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 733 11219 11216 2021-07-05T12:40:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] {{stub}} In force applying [[mechanosynthesis]] <br> (when assuming one synthesizes the same material that the tool-tip is made out of) <br> '''the critical material property to look at is lattice scaled stiffness not just plain stiffness'''. A bigger amplitude of [[thermal vibrations]] of a tool-tip in [[positional assembly]] is not critical <br> as long as the space between the spots where the block snaps to during deposition is is just big enough. <br> As long as the lattice spacing is big enough. == Related == * For now please consult the external links at the bottom pf the page: "[[Stiffness]]". * A [[gemstone-like compound]] that supposedly has an especially good lattice scaled stiffness is [[ceria]]. * '''[[Effective concentration]]''' – Lattice scaled stiffness boosts effective concentration where it's needed and depletes it where is is undesired. * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] f7t1vgek01ce1927b1oln8mug44tslk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 544 10390 10360 2021-06-13T20:29:14Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] {{stub}} An unusually hard lead mineral is plattnerite (PbO₂). Its crystal structure is the [[rutile structure]]. Just like it is the case with the corresponding minerals of leads group members (carbon excluded): * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattnerite Plattnerite] PbO₂ (Mohs 5.5; ~9.63g/ccm) * Cassierite SnO₂ (Mohs 6-7; ~7.1g/ccm) * Argutite GeO₂ (Mohs 6-7; ~6.28g/ccm) * Stishovite SiO₂ (Mohs 9-9.5; 4.287g/ccm) Interestingly in earths crust lead (Pb) is a bit more common than tin (Sn) which in turn is more common than germanium (Ge). Despite this is going upwards the periods of the periodic table. Normally for groups this is the other way around. Higher periods mean Lead may be on the border of its level of abundance/scarcity that allows for its use of mass structural element. But given its toxicity when getting leached out in some way one might want to go for other options like the element above tin (Sn). From a mechanical perspective the biggest reason for the use of lead would likely be its high density. == Related == * Other members of the group: '''Lead''', [[Tin]], [[Germanium]], [[Silicon]], [[Carbon]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] 7snb18ljmafxvyko1wfgzaumlr9yaob wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1012 9630 9628 2021-05-30T14:05:19Z Apm 1 improved formatting of the intro {{stub}} '''What we do not want to copy:'''<br> For [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] we do not want to recreate the complex folded background framework of proteins. <br> '''What we want to learn from:'''<br> We mostly want too look at and learn from the local geometry right around the reaction site. A question is in how far the optimal trajectories differ with the big advantage of [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] <br> to be capable of applying huge forces and torques onto the chemical bonds. == Regarding the [[fat finger problem]] == Most of the floppy "fingers" (side chains) of enzymes are actually just there to recognize and capture the molecule(s) to be transformed. <br> Correct position is encoded in shape. This is not necessary for [[machine phase systems]]. Generally: * Getting eight "fingers" together is quite easy in case of resource molecule preparation * Getting four "fingers" together is quite easy above a flat surface In a streaming assembly line like setup (which subtracts one degree of freedom): * Getting three "fingers" together is quite easy in case of resource molecule preparation * Getting two "fingers" together is quite easy above a flat surface Ideal targets for [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] are * small point like resource molecules and * volume filling gemstone like [[crystolecules]]. Both [[stiffness|stiff]]. <br> But even chain like molecules can be handled when constrained sufficiently by stretching sections of them out. <br> Mechanosynthesis of diamond actually requires synthesizing short chain appendages to form the loops of the diamond crystal structure. <br> This is outlined in meticulous detail in the [[tooltip cycle paper]]. == Related == [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]]: * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide molecule splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic dinitrogen splitting]] nmpygu76zrrkveckoicdz0i81fgxp2n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 64 9137 4395 2021-05-23T11:05:50Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect {{Stub}} Legged mobility (a special case of general [[robotic mobility]]) could be potentially used for: * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s * [[utility fog]] Responsible design must prevent breakage and the emergence of [[splinter prevention|splinters]] when overload occurs. Legged mobility was one proposal for mobility in the early concept of [[molecular assembler]]s that is now superseeded by [[nanofactories]]. [Todo: change article name to limbed mobility?] == Related == * [[Mobile robotic device]] == External Links == * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiation Brachiation] (the minimum of two "limbs") [[Category:Technology level III]] 4p7sxg3sc034jpvb26bijaayqhvybwu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 830 10612 10610 2021-06-18T16:17:38Z Apm 1 added details and deltalumide polymorph {{stub}} Advantages: * very hard material (Mohs 9 – defining mineral), very high heat conductivity * made out of the extremely common element aluminum (more common than carbon) * thermodynamically stable not just metastable thus very heat resistant ---- * Crystal structure: trigonal It is of slightly less high symmetry than other interesting base materials. <br> Maybe look at metastable polymorphs at the eventual cost of somewhat less heat resistance? == Terminology == Note: The page uses the term "leukosapphire" instead of just "sapphire" because <br> just sapphire is often associated with a blue to black variant where the color is caused by metal impurities. <br> A base material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] would be perfectly impurity free and colorless clear though. <br> Like a leukosapphire. Just even more clear. == Related == * '''[[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]]''' – [[Gemstone like compounds]] * [[Corundum structure]] – [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] * [[Aluminum oxides]] * Tistarite Ti₂O₃ has the same structure. * [[Moissanite]] is also an extremely heat resistant base material. * [[Diamond]] is much less heat and oxidation resistant. * Both [[diamond]] and [[moissanite]] have higher crystal structure symmetry than leukosapphire [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] == Polymorphs == '''Deltalumite''' Al₂O₃ (δ form of corundum, polymorph of [[sapphire]]) – tetragonal – Mohs ? – * [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Deltalumite (on mineralienatlas.de)] * [https://www.mindat.org/min-47933.html (on mindat.org)] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27013457 (on wikidata)] Paper: "Deltalumite, a new natural modification of alumina with spinel-type structure" * Researchgate Jannuary 2019 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345362779_Deltalumite_a_new_natural_modification_of_alumina_with_spinel-type_structure] * Researchgate December 2020 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349128285_Deltalumite_a_New_Natural_Modification_of_Alumina_with_a_Spinel-Type_Structure] * [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deltalumite%2C-a-New-Natural-Modification-of-Alumina-Pekov-Anikin/403a9a67ff0454c5c562f9aa0ff2cdd142c31ac7/figure/3 (semanticscholar)] << Images! How to spell this ?? * Delt-alumite? * Delta-lumite? * Delta-alumite? == External links == * materialsproject.org [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-1143/] * mineralienatlas (de) [https://www.mineralatlas.eu/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Corundum] * Strukturtypendatenbank uni-freiburg: [http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/Strukturtypen/a2b3_korund.html] dcy3f7zp20hipzwn7wwfg7jtwfl86uv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 94 11847 11527 2021-08-21T13:34:52Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to new page [[branching factor]] [[File:Throughput_of_convergent_assembly_-_annotated.svg|400px|thumb|right|In first approximation it's always one single layer of sub-assembly-level-cells below the current assembly-level-cell that has matching throughput.(Independent of step-size). When there are deviations such that lower layers are slower than the first approximation suggests then identical layers can be stacked for compensation.<br>Q...throughput – s...side-length – f...frequency]] In advanced [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] the production and consumption rates of the meeting [[assembly levels]] should roughly fit together such that no bottlenecks are present. = Chaining/(stacking) of equal assembly levels/(layers) for mismatch compensation = To compensate for mismatches of the throughput of the assembly cells of specific size levels one can chain together several of the same assembly levels with transport paths running along. In case the [[assembly levels]] are implemented as [[assembly layers]] the chaining concretises to stacking and the transport paths become vertical shafts going up through the homogeneous layer stack. This chaining/stacking approach works only as long as transport up the stack is can be faster than the assembly in the stack which is especially true for the bottommost assembly layers. <br>{{todo|check for upper layers}} Effects on larger scales that may influence compensatability of throughput mismatches are: * [[infinitesimal bearing]]s reducing friction in a scaling law changing way. * Streaming style assembly (details further down) – (delaying scaling law?) * Low (energy carrying) surface area per assembled volume leading to easier achievable high efficiency assembly and disassembly. * The [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit|fundamental speed limit]]. But average operation likely won't come near that. = Accepted or even desired mismatch = In the case throughput capacity monotonously increases with rising assembly levels it can at least speed up [[recycling]] where the old products don't go down all the way the [[convergent assembly]] stack. This situation could appear if a throughput capacity rise in the larger scales can't be compensated by chaining/stacking of the lower levels/layers. A drop in throughput capacity with rising assembly levels is harder to justify. Pre-assembled matter memory "caches" that convert themselves back and forth but partially never reach macroscopic dimensions may be a motivation. It's hard to guess where in the stack the demands (lower bounds) will first push at the physical limitations (upper bounds). = Factors determining throughput rates for individual assembly level chambers = To match the the throughput of the assembly levels one needs to at least roughly estimate the actual the production rates of the assembly levels of advanced [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]. They depend on several factors. Some listed in the following. Note: orthogonality aka mutual independence is not guaranteed! == Density in space == The density of operational spots of the assembly method. <br> Hard-coded mill style (spots are dense) or general purpose manipulator style (spots are sparse). == Density in time == Dissipation power (depending on operation speed) and cooling system capacity.<br> On the lowest levels surface area increases thus one might want to slow down a bit. == Step-size of convergent assembly == The step sub-product sizes between the assembly layers ("step size"). How many small parts will be assembled to a big one. == Streaming assembly robotics == Especially in the bigger assembly chambers that lie in the higher assembly levels it becomes possible to do "streaming". First one merges the incoming small building parts into a single stream and then one feeds this stream through moving hinges in the assembly robotics one delivers the parts to their destination in the block the next assembly level up. Note that the merging of streams (between assembly levels) in the bigger size range (towards macro) is not not for ordering. At these levels the parts can already be produced in the right order making reordering unnecessary. Even snake/tentacle like actuators feeding parts to their destination are a option. The streaming of filament in an thermoplastic 3D-printer of today (2017) is a halfway correct analogy. There is streaming of building material but no fusion of streams of discrete building parts. === Less back and forth === Instead of going back and forth for each part one can stream parts directly to the tip of the manipulator. * from ... -> pick U-turn -> transport-move -> place U-turn -> empty-back-move -> pick U-turn -> ... * to ... -> U-turn -> place -> place -> ... -> place -> place -> U-turn -> place -> ... Streaming works only if there is enough space available. Thus only in the higher assembly levels. The gain in throughput rate should roughly be '''from''' two times the length scale of the assembly-level-cell under consideration '''to''' to one time the length scale of the sub-assembly cells. <br>This gives: * Two times the convergent assembly step-size from this effect, which is pretty significant. === Less U-turns === In the simple pick and place case one has two tight U-turns of per placement operation where the big manipulator of the assembly cell under consideration has to turn around on the smaller length scale of the sub assembly cells. In the streaming case one has just one tight U turn per row/column (whatever you want to call it) of the product part. * The number of necessary slowdowns divides by two times the convergent assembly step-size. = Related = * '''[[Branching factor]]''' * [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] * Level throughput balancing is an aspect of [[advanced nanofactory design]]. * [[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]] * [[Convergent assembly]] & [[Assembly levels]] * [[Scaling law]]s * [[Pages with math]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_equation Continuity equation] * Leading off-topic: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_law Gauss's law] [[Category:Pages with math]] sfl2ai2autcdkmcrd3fp9jjlbb5t6zk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 158 11989 11988 2021-09-20T06:19:17Z Apm 1 /* Applications */ added general section for applicatiopns With Levitation one can '''bear very high speeds in a very small space when load isn't excessive'''. It offers friction levels even lower than [[superlubrication]]. If even less friction is needed sufficient emty space surrounding the movement trajectory is needed to do throw and catch maneuvers through vacuum. = Strong constraint levitation = == Negative compression bearings == [[File:0415tenseBear.gif|400px|thumb|right|Bearings can be stable despite attractive interactions between their surfaces – Graphic by Eric K. Drexler]] When bushing and axle of a [[diamondoid molecular element|DMME]]-bearing form an increasingly big but not too big gap the force can switch from inward from all directions to pulling outward in all directions at the same time but still provide a stable center for the axle. This lowers the waviness and coupling of the bearing and makes it more levitation like. This happens whe the shafts surface lies between the minimum and the inflection point of the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential Lennard Jones potential] of the bushing atoms. Going beyond the inflection point (unloaded bearing) makes the axle stick to one side of the bushing. Going for the minimum of the potential leds to zero local stiffness (like in [[tensegrity]] structures). Main article: [[Negative pressure bearings]] == Active electrostatic levitation - dynamic control == Charge on the bearing sleeve is dynamically adjusted such that the rotor remains in a nominal position. The free floating rotor rotor needs to be charged * either by featuring electrostatic dipoles * or by shooting over electrons maybe * or ... Some form of [[sensors|electrostatic sensor]] is needed. <br> A lot should be known from existing work with MEMS here. == Casimir force == Eric Drexlers Blog (2009/04/20) about the Casimir force: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045629/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/20/casimir-effect-and-nanomachines/]<br> Citation: "Lifshitz subsumes Casimir, and both correct London ''downwards''" From [[Nanosystems]] page 64 footnote: <br> The Casimir force is just a relativistic correction (taking retardation into account). <br> Making London dispersion forces fall off with r^-7 rather than r^-6 at larger separations. <br> In solution retardation effects become relevant as separations bigger than ~5nm (Israelachvili,1992). {{wikitodo|understand how this relates to the picture of the suppression of virtual photons between metallic plates and explain this comprehensibly}} {{Todo|find the paper (stuff below) - what was up with this??}} <br> <small> Certain geometries like an elongated ellipsoid over a circular hole in a plate) lead to static levitation. </small> == Magnetic levitation == Magnetism does not scale well with shrinking size it becomes very weak at the nanoscale thus it's mainly useful in levitating macroscopic parts. The manipulation of magnetic properties of diamondoid materials falls unther the [[non mechanical technology path]] === Impossibility of purely magnetostatic levitation === Magnetostatic levitation is fundamentally impossible. <br> This is a result of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnshaw%27s_theorem Earnshaw's theorem] <br> This does not apply to magnetodynamic levitation or some other nonmagnetic effects. <br> In contrast to the macroscale there are more effects that can be exploited at the micro and nanoscale. Given a one point support magnetostatic levitation for the remaining degrees of freedom is possible (to check). = Weak constrain levitation = == Passive electrostatic levitation == [[File:1600px-Orbitrap mass analyzer - partial cross-section.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Electrostatic operating particle traps (like this orbitrap at this macroscopic or much smaller microscopic scale) could be used to levitate even small [[crystolecule]]s. Charge per mass ration is much lower than for ions. Such levitated crystolecules will likely quantum disperse in orientation and position. But they may "bake together" a bit in their quantum frame of reference in case Van der Waals force exceeds mutual electrostatic repulsion. Note that this is just guessing for now.]] The following means of levitation provide only weaker positional constraint. <br> Especially orientation of molecules it typically not preserved (to investigative). <br> This is no longer in [[machine phase]]. Well there may be a context dependent [[machine phase transition]]. <br> Levitated objects are still trapped (otherwise they would not be levitated but only guided of completely uncontrolled and free) <br> Thus weakly constrained levitated objects are "[[trapped free particles]]".<br> Related: [[Quantum dispersed crystolecules]] The following two require charged particles: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitrap Orbitrap] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole_ion_trap Quadrupole ion trap (aka Paul trap)] – dynamic active leviation * generally: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_trap Ion trap] Optical: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers Optical trap (aka optical tweezers)] – dynamic active leviation == Electrostatic Lagrange points == {{speculativity warning}} By using mechanical constraints (bearings without levitation) to force two point charges * of same sign and * with sufficient difference in charge ( factor 24.65 = 25/2 + sqrt(621)/2 ) to circle around each other * around their hypothetical barycenter * with their hypothetical natural rotation period should give two stable [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point Lagrange points] in L3 L4 for small charges of the opposite sign. Just like in celestial mechanics. The ability to deviate from the natural movement might allow for further optimization of the stable points. <br> {{todo|Investigate whether there a better configuration and if is there an optimal configuration}} <br> The two charges that generate the electrostatic Lagrange points need to move. <br> And the bearings that are necessary for that motion are not assumed to be levitated. <br> So this strategy is not a means to reduce friction. Note that this unlike many electrostatic traps is 3D point charges rotating in a 2D plane. Note that any (sufficiently isolated) zero dimensional nano sized object is subject to notable quantum mechanical wave dispersion and tunneling (meaning in colorful words that it kind of "dissolves" an reappears somewhere else by chance). '''Applications:''' The eventual usefulness of this isn't quite obvious. <br> = Misc = There is also the method of optical tweezers (and smaller plasmonic tweezers) which could be counted as "levitation methods". (Note that these methods are likely insufficient in stiffness and force for single atom placement especially in advanced mechanosysnthesis.) Also there is sonic "levitation" for bigger things immersed in gases. The contact to a gas comes with much higher friction though. = Applications = Since [[Friction in gem-gum technology|dynamic drag in crystolecule bearings]] can be significant for higher speeds: <br> Levitation can provide a further mean for reducing friction where high speed motion is needed. <br> Especially of the smallest scales. <br> Otherwise due to high heating from friction operation at high speeds is limited to * short bursts in time exclusive or * small spots in space == More concrete application examples == * generating RF radiation by rotating very many charged nanoscale rotors very fast - as a phased array * nanoscale turbo-molecular pumps (but the may not be needed since [[positive displacement pumps]] do just fine) * [[carriage particle accelerators]] * [[Medium movers|moving surface medium movers]] = Related = * [[Superlubrication]] * [[Infinitesimal bearing]] * [[Negative pressure bearings]] = External links = * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322nonrepulsive.html Bearings can be stable despite attractive interactions between their surfaces] (at K. Eric Drexlers website) * [[Wikipedia:Q factor]] ---- * Closed-loop control active levitation – Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_controller Open-loop_controller Open-loop controller] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnshaw%27s_theorem Earnshaw's theorem] (proof of fundamental impossibility of purely magnetostatic levitation) 13i9ryiokcnf2qctxco5bg1vhziu3rq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1275 11667 11666 2021-07-16T13:27:57Z Apm 1 added * [[Software]] {{Stub}} {{Wikitodo|Discuss the bulleted out points briefly}} * Creative commons licenses e.g. CC-0, CC-BY, CC-BY-SA, CC-BY-SA-NC * The famous GNU GPL General public license – a strong copyleft license – and the weaker LGPL license * The MPL license as interesting middle ground * The minimalistic MIT license ... ---- * Wikipedia's licensing model ... ---- '''Licenses tackling newer challenges: ...''' <br> The cryptographic autonomy license (CAL): * Github: [https://github.com/holochain/cryptographic-autonomy-license cryptographic-autonomy-license]) * opensource.org: [https://opensource.org/licenses/CAL-1.0 CAL-1.0] == Related == * [[Software]] * [[APM:License]] – license of this wiki 4hxbx000axm8u1psxul4sezwazzqn1o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 573 11134 7832 2021-07-01T13:44:20Z Apm 1 added image [[File:Knex-connexions-base.jpg ‎|193px|thumb|right|Construction kit analogy: A defined number of connection points in defined directions.]] In general atoms do not behave like building blocks of a construction toy. In the case of construction toys (think wood ball and stick model): * The pieces have a defined number of connection points that are either male or female or androgynous. * The connections usually have a clearly defined directions. * There's a large variety of directions. In case of atoms the connectivity behavior is rather context dependent. That is the character of the bonds emerges from the combination of atoms that are put next to each other. In some cases the character of bonds depends even on second to next and further away atoms but this rarely changes the fundamental character of the bond. Luckily there's a large class of materials that do behave very predictably just based on the location in the periodic table (diamondoid materials in the more narrow sense). With a bit more knowledge the number of compounds with crudely but sufficiently predictable properties can be vastly expanded (gemstone like materials in a broad sense). == Rules to get construction toy like behavior == === Maybe avoid ionic bonds (salts) === * combination of electronegativities One may want to avoid to put elements with extremely different electronegativities next to each other. If one does so it's likely that one get's strongly ionic bonds. Salts. Those leave no real freedom for the directions of bonds. The crystal structures (one of a very few very simple ones) is given by the radii of the combined elements. In case one needs a material only for structural elements (no [[Kaehler bracket|fine tuned geometries]] and sliding interfaces) salts can be of use. Due to their polarity salts are often water soluble so its better to use them only in internal sealed spaces not exposed to weather attacked surfaces. There are exceptions that are barely water soluble though. One is periclase MgO another Fluorite CaF₂. === Strongly avoid metallic bonds === One usually should avoid to put metals atoms next to each other. While the bonds are quite strong radially they are very weak against rotations. This leads to two problems. * [[Thermal motion]]s at temperatures as low as room temperature can move atoms around in an erratic skitter motion (technical term "surface diffusion") * As in the case of salts very few compact crystal structures are available (in contrast to salts some stacking order freedom is left though) The fist problem (surface diffusion) is highly undesirable or rather unacceptable. It's like trying to build things when they auto-destruct themselves right away. One may be able to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] metallic compounds in an cryogenic environment where thermal motion is reduced enough such that for all practical purposes surface diffusion is totally prevented. Either one keeps the system at those temperatures after [[mechanosynthesis]]. (Limited application space. Interplanetary space far from sun maybe?) or one tightly seals the block of metallic compound in a non diffusing hull leaving no space for surface (or internal) diffusion. Long range delocalisation of shell electrons often leads to weird and interesting (potentially useful) quantum effects.<br> See: [[non mechanical technology path]] & [[color emulation]] To make the many metallic elements of the periodic table accessible (especially the more abundant ones) one can look at interspersing non metal atoms between the metal atoms forcing electron localisation and with that a more directed covalent bond character. Look out for unusual coordination numbers of non-metals (that do not match the group in the periodic table) though. This way one ends up with a very big class of ptoentially useful gemstones for future advanced nanosystems.<br> Prime examples are leukosapphire Al₂O₃ and rutile TiO₂. There's an intermediate range of electrically conductive compounds that have covalent character. In this class fall the iron oxides and iron sulfides. Also titanium nitride. Slightly related here are sp² carbon structures where the sigma bonds provide the covalent linking part and the pi bonds widely delocalized conductive metallic bonds. === Look out for unusual coordination numbers === * cubic boron nitride BN (delocalized in boron nitride) * electron deficiency bonds * different orbital hybridisations A lone pair (that's usually more of a passivating structure on diamondoid structures) can stick into empty orbitals forming an electron deficiency bond. To get a feeling for what '''coordination numbers''' are possible and likely one can look at the possible oxidation numbers for the elements. '''Compounds with tetrahedral coordinated oxygen''' * stishovite SiO₂ (Mohs 9.5) * zincite ZnO (Mohs 4), Brommelite BeO (Mohs 9) === Look out for bounded instabilities === Sometimes gemstone like compounds in certain structure types can have internal instabilities that influence exterior shape. Instabilities that are present at slightly elevated temperatures or at room temperature or even below. Examples are: * Ions too small for their interstitial position may have two stable positions with a very small energy barrier in-between. * Rotational or vibrational degrees of freedom can become activated. <br> E.g. cristiobalite (a polymorph of SiO₂ with wurtzite like structure akin to the hexagonal diamond form called lonsdaleite) has its α-β transition from low-temp-tetragonal to high-temp-cubic. The oxygen atoms that connect the silicon atoms indirectly are not straight but kinked connections (due to oxygens remaining lone pair of electrons). When they oxygen connections start to rotate at about 110°C the effect of the kinks start to get canceled out. Normal quartz has a similar α-β transition albeit at much higher temperature (at 573°C from trigonal to hexagonal). * A lifting of quantum mechanical degeneracy by breaking symmetry lowers energy can occur. (Jahn–Teller effect) * More exotic compounds can even have sub-lattices melt.<br>E.g. iodides (AgI, CuI, ...) - the cation metal sub-lattice melts - see fast ion conductors While in most cases likely to avoid in construction materials for specific applications (temperature sensors?) these effects should be pretty useful. Note that for [[crystolecules]] there is no risk of fracturing due to sudden local inhomogeneous volume change since they are too small and usually faultless. == Related == * [[Every structure permissible by physical law]] * [[Surface passivation]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] * [[Chemical element]] * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Isostructural bending]] * singlet triplet issues == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity Electronegativity] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state Oxidation_state] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital Atomic_orbital] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Orbital_hybridisation] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_number Coordination_number] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition_metal Post-transition_metal] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism Amphoterism] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroatom Heteroatom], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallole Metallole] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate Carbonate] (planar triangular coordinated carbon) vs [https://earth.stanford.edu/news/novel-carbon-bonding-high-pressure tetrahedral high pressure carbonates] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_field_theory Crystal_field_theory] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_field_theory Ligand_field_theory] (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallfeld-_und_Ligandenfeldtheorie crystalfield and ligandfield theory] ---- * [http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/min/zincite.html Info about zincite ZnO] d3v3rdkpjoiiuvgfs6zuit2y97zpxyz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1052 10001 2021-06-07T11:25:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] #REDIRECT [[limits of construction kit analogy]] m575nnpuxxcmylyxdm9x8aa8j6radep wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1130 10585 10584 2021-06-18T13:25:58Z Apm 1 /* Even more exotic cold oceans */ If Saturns moon [[Titan (giant moon)|Titan]] is just a tiny bit too warm to have a global liquid nitrogen ocean <br> then there must be plenty of worlds (moons and planets) out there in our galactic vicinity that actually do have such a liquid nitrogen ocean. Right? <br> Isn't that a fascinating Idea? Methane freezes (90.694 K) before nitrogen condenses (77.355 K). <br> * '''Q:''' What is the density of frozen methane? Will it float or sink (or dissolve)? * '''Q:''' If Titans atmosphere would condense (thought experiment) how thick of an ocean would it make? * '''Q:''' When our sun was young and cool how close was Titan to having an lN₂ ocean? Did Titan actually have one in the far past?? Nitrogen: * Boiling point: 77.355 K * Density ~0.8g/ccm == Even more exotic cold oceans == === Ammoniac oceans === Would that be possible? === Mehane oceans === Would that be possible? <br> [[Titan (giant moon)|Titan]] has only a few lakes. === Hydrogen-Helium oceans (probably not anytime soon) === A liquid hydrogen-helium ocean for rouge planets between the stars seems much more unlikely <br> since planets need to be huge to gather these light elements and once gathered these big planets need to give of fromation heat for a long long time. The pressure needs to go below the critical point (13bar for hydrogen) to get liquid like sharp surface. If this really happens in a far far future dark and dead universe, condensed liquified gas giants would really be strange places. == Related == * [[Titan (giant moon)]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen Liquid nitrogen] 3dsqcroii0nvkjucj0q01fiw5gca7a6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 681 6864 2017-10-30T18:24:22Z Apm 1 moved over as is from page: [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] For a general discussion main go up to the main article: "[[Gemstone based metamaterial]]" = List of new materials / base technologies = The set of here presented meta-materials seems less speculative and more incomplete than the list of applications on the [[further improvement at technology level III|products page]]. It is sorted by design/programming effort which is rather subjective and subject to debate. == low effort == * simple standard macro [[diamondoid structural meta materials]] * molecular filters * macroscopic [[infinitesimal bearings|super-bearings]] (one can only see a speed gradient)<br> * anisotropic material properties (e.g. scissoring mechanisms material) * data storage material and the like == medium effort == *[[artificial motor-muscles|artificial muscles]] with higher power densities than today's combustion engines. They can '''replace''' today's (2014) electrical motors that often use '''the not too abundant/accessible rare earth elements'''. *absolutely silent (macro motionless) pumps a [[medium movers|"pumping material"]] with no movable parts which are visible to the naked eye. *[[energy storage cells|cells]] for the direct conversion from mechanical to chemical energy and vice versa ([[chemomechanical converters]]). *super-fast shearing [[stratified shearing valves|valves]] *material structuring into [[microcomponents]] for recycling and recomposition * structures borrowed from [[origami]] techniques * [[tensegrity]] structures. * [[color emulation|emulated color]] -- local control makes that a display, light emitting systems might be more heterogenous (lasers?) * transformer metamaterials: [[mechanical pulse width modulation|purely mechanical pulse width modulation]] and other materials for [[energy conversion]] * transparent cloth with switchable stiffening e.g. for a helmet of an [[AP suit]] (interspersed multi-function metamaterial?) * density shifting via translocation of mass carriers (possibly carrying lead atoms in diamiondoid form) == high effort == *"elastic diamond" (made possible through the implementation as a semi active [[metamaterial]]) * maximizing emulated toughness ("beefy" that is much volume occupying dissipation elements are needed - how far can be gone with [[thermal energy transmission|active high power cooling]] ?) * materials with choosable / adjustable [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve stress-strain diagram] ([[emulated elasticity|emulated elastoplasticity]]) *actively self cleaning surfaces (no "stupid" lotus effect meant here) ([[macroscopic shell cleaning]]) *[[self repairing systems|self repairing]] materials and self repairing macroscopic machine parts - no decay through weather or root growth. * combinations of several metamaterial properties that don't get too well together * .... and many more 1wcx2atug93c1nx10l98j839unv5jka wikitext text/x-wiki 0 875 9617 9616 2021-05-30T12:13:11Z Apm 1 /* Related */ removed spurious "]" {{Stub}} From the paper: <br> "A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis" <br> See: [[Tooltip chemistry]] = Tools = == (A) HAbst tool == * '''R₃C-C≡C·''' * R₃C-C≡C-H ("discharged") == (B) HDon tool == * '''R₃Ge-H''' * R₃Ge· ("discharged" it becomes the GeRad handle) == (C) HTrans tool == * '''R₃C-C≡(C-H)-GeR₃''' == (D) DimerP tool == * '''R₃Ge-C≡C-GeR₃''' * '''R₃Ge· ·GeR₃''' (the R's are connected in a close stiff loop the background) == (E) AdamRad handle == * '''R₃C·''' == (F) GeRad handle == * '''R₃Ge·''' == (G) Methylene tool == * '''R₃C-CH₂''' == (H) Germylmethylene tool == * '''R₃Ge-CH₂''' == (I) Germylene tool == * '''R₃C-GeH₂''' = Reactions Sequences (RSx) = == RS1 – hydrogen abstractions == == RS2 – hydrogen donation == == RS3 – hydrogen donation with the HTrans tool == == RS4 Dimer placement == == RS5 hydrogen recharge step == Moving a hydrogen: * from a saturated HAbst tool * to a depleted HDon tool (a GeRad handle) * by means of another "catalyzing" GeRad handle == RS6 recharge DimerP == Using HTrans tool and GeRad tool to <br> recharge DimperP tool leaving <br> Two GeRad and one Adamrad handles. == RS7 carbon deposition (adam sidewall) == "Add 1st CH₃ to Adam sidewall using GM tool." == RS8 carbon deposition (sidewall) == "Add 1st CH₃ to Adam sidewall using Meth tool." == RS9 carbon deposition (adam bridgehead) == "Add 1st CH₃ to Adam bridgehead using GM tool." == RS10 carbon deposition (adam bridgehead) == "Add 1st CH₃ to Adam bridgehead using Meth tool." == RS11 carbon deposition (adam bridgehead) == "Add 1st CH₃ to Adam bridgehead using Meth tool." == RS12 carbon deposition (C111 bridgehead) == "Add 1st CH₃ to C111 bridgehead using GM tool." == RS13 carbon deposition (C110 ridge site) == "Add 1st CH3to C110 ridge site using GM tool." == RS14 carbon deposition (C100 dimer site) == "Add 1st CH3to C100 dimer site using GM tool." == MANY MORE REACTION SEQUENCES ... == == R37 (gas phase step)== "Build HAbst tool by pulling bound C2H2off of a Ge surface" == R38 recharging DimerP with HAbst (leaving AdamRad) == == R40 (gas phase step) == == RS42 (gas phase step) == == RS59 (gas phase step) == == RS65 == (last sequence of the paper) = Related = * [[Tooltip chemistry]] mw79ihxzeg1xur6yld42f6d9a4smn0c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 561 5858 2017-07-03T09:00:40Z Apm 1 pretty much empty page for now {{stub}} == Related == * [[deep drilling]] and [[underground working]] cr4oidtsaq0s9g0dpnl3r5z0knl7v8k wikitext text/x-wiki 0 413 4448 4444 2015-10-04T05:38:46Z Apm 1 redirect re-repair #REDIRECT [[Connection method]] r5jwuyqhfy6o7setxb0782xb463f6wp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 287 4775 3050 2016-02-13T07:18:42Z Apm 1 repaired chained redirect #REDIRECT [[Connection method]] r5jwuyqhfy6o7setxb0782xb463f6wp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 769 10607 10598 2021-06-18T15:27:02Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ Lonsdaleite is basically diamond with some bonds rotated such that it is hexagonal (layers ABAB) instead of cubic (layers ABCABC). Natually it occurs only as microscopic crystals. Via [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosyntheic]] it will be producible in arbitrary sizes and quantities though just like any other layer pattern like ABCBABCBA or any other gemstone that is supported by the [[mechanosynthesis core|mechanosynthetic cores]] of the [[nanofactory]] at hand. * '''Density:''' 3,2 g/ccm (wikipedia en) 3,3 bis 3,52 g/ccm (wikipedia de) * '''Hardness:''' Mohs 7–8 (for impure specimens) -- (how near to Mohs 10 would be flawless atomically precise mechanosynthesized specimens ?) == Related == * [[Diamond like compounds]] – ([[Diamondoid]]) * [[Diamond]] * [[Moissanite]] == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdaleite * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres ---- * [https://www.atomic-scale-physics.de/lattice/struk/hexdia.html structue with coordinates] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060420005605/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/hexdia.html structue with coordinates (archive)] 4e2ryysojdcptc53oenua3ygfw1n3n7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 847 8532 8437 2021-04-12T10:18:05Z Apm 1 added section: == Other halogen atoms used in place of hydrogen == {{stub}} * Long hydrocarbons chains have all their bonds to the sides passivated by hydrogen. They have a huge surface to volume ratio. * [[Crystolecule]]s have a hydrogen free lattice inside. They have a small surface to volume ratio. Gemstone metamaterial technology is a hydrogen saving (and aldo quite dry operating) technology. <br> If some intelligent aliens somewhere out there (not saying there are) would use such a technology, than <br> looking for water and hydrogen to detect them would likely be looking the wrong way. == [[Raw materials]] / resource molecules == * Acetylene has low hydrogen content H:C = 1:1 * Methane has high hydrogen content H:C = 4:1 * Long hydrocharbon chains have medium hydrogen content H:C = 2:1 == Other halogen atoms used in place of hydrogen == Given * the low ratio of hydrogen (or replacement halogen atoms) to other elements inside of [[crystolecules]] * the fact that many [[gemstone like compounds]] are inherently incombustible The environmental and health risk of using halogens like <br> chlorine and fluorine instead of hydrogen might be low. == Colonization of the solar system == Outer solar system: <br> The huge amount of volatile elements in there (especially water with lots of hydrogen) is not very useful as building material. <br> Sidenote: Nitrogen ice like e.g. on pluto also has limited use on its own. Inner solar system: <br> The scarcity of hydrogen at some placed ([[Moon]], [[Venus]], [[Mercury]]) may nbe not too big of a problem. Also gemstone metamaterials can emulate soft materials from materials only made from nonvolatile elements. Excluding all the hydrocarbon polymers we know from earth. ndzo495tm3xckqxmk7689tp84g4zalo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 961 9246 9245 2021-05-24T16:54:53Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Low level gemstone metamaterials]] to [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]]: plural -> singular {{stub}} == On the blurryness of a delineation between base material and metamaterial == With bigger [[neo-polymorph|neopolymorphic]] patterns the maerials become * less of a high level base materials and * more of a low level metamaterials. That is: It may not be possible to draw an entirely sharp line between low level [[gemstone like compounds]] and high level [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. Properties of '''low level metamaterials''': * inacessible by means of [[conventional thermodynamic means of production]] only accesible via [[mechanosynthesis]] * they are quite complicated [[neo-polymorphs]] * they can still be considered to be a base material for [[mechanical metamaterials]] out somehow interlocking [[crystolecules]] * their complex structure is giving them properties that are quite different to what could be considered their base material '''(thus metamaterials)''' * development of them is not as easy and straightforward (relatively seen) as the development of higher level structural metamaterials Giving some more details: <br> '''Low level metamaterials''' include very stable patterns that are highly ordered. Those patterns may include vacancies and may have periods of repetition of arbitrary length. Their structural alterations are small enough to influence properties that originate at such a low size scale. Influenced properties include chemical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties. <br> (Side-note: This is especially relevant for the [[non mechanical technology path]]). A simple example of a low level metamaterial is when donation atoms are embedded in a checkerboard or other exactly periodic pattern. <br> The distinction between low level metamaterials and [[gemstone based metamaterial|high level metamaterials]] may be difficult in some cases. <br> * Conventionally doped semiconductors with their statistically embedded doping atoms are not called metamaterials. * [[Mechanosynthesized]] materials with highly complex patterns of atoms inside may deserve to be called low level metamaterials. Things that can be influenced on this very low level involve: * The shape of the Fermi energy level in the Brilloin zone – which is the crystal unit cell in Fourier transformed space – in [[reciprocal space]] – ("periodicity space") * Band-gaps, Electron density of states * dispersion relations for photons * dispersion relations for phonons – relating to thermal conductivity properties * transport properties for all sorts of all sorts of [[quasi particles]] * mechanical properties – (here of most interest) === On the difficulty in development of new complex neo-polymorphic materials === This is all very useful but also very difficult. Often one finds a solution solving only one particular problem. <br> One point of [[gemstone like compounds]] as base materials for [[gemstone based metamaterials]] is that one only pick and develops a few with complementary properties. And then one satisfyingly "fake" all else with combinations of these few which takes orders of magnitude less effort and even makes possible things that without the "faking" wouldn't even possible at all. Higher level structural mechanical metamaterials are likely much simpler to design. <br> They have an other (more at mechanical properties aimed) application case though. === On the vastness of the number of newly possible complex neo-polymorphic materials === The set of sufficiently [[metastable]] low level metamaterials is significantly bigger than <br> the set of designed materials that is accessible today (2014..2017..2021) through cooking it together by macroscopic means. <br> This set of designed materials favors random mixing because they require very restrictive good thermodynamic accessibility. <br> == Related == * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Neo-polymorph]] * [[Metamaterial]] mpo4m4ytnf91pczl6zjiqsoigxgjwel wikitext text/x-wiki 0 962 9247 2021-05-24T16:54:53Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Low level gemstone metamaterials]] to [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]] stm5imsm6ugze056x6liahdynzs9zzo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1145 10744 2021-06-21T15:55:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]] #REDIRECT [[Low level gemstone metamaterial]] stm5imsm6ugze056x6liahdynzs9zzo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 474 8833 7660 2021-05-03T10:39:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] A relevant question about [[nanofactory|gemstone gum minifactories]] is how efficient they can work. <br> A quantity of interest is thermalized energy per atom deposition (or atom abstraction) operation. <br> The core problem is that if to less energy is thermalized one risks that mechanosynthesis runs backward. = Why an attraction force alone makes no bond = Advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] (machine phase chemistry) is quite far from "normal" solution phase chemistry but both underlie deeper laws of physics. For chemical reactions to run in forward direction the for the observed situation appropriate thermodynamic potential must decrease. In typical solution phase chemistry the appropriate thermodynamic potential is the Gibbs free energy potential. == Bouncing off == To understand this from a different deeper lying perspective let's look at an isolated attempted to cause a bonding reaction that fails. Assuming two reactant atoms A and B (for simplicity of same mass) attract each other by some interaction force. They are both placed in a vacuum. We start with the two atoms far apart from one another. So far that the interaction force is near zero. They move with a decent (thermal) speed towards each other. First they accelerate towards each other converting their potential energy into kinetic energy. Lets assume they collide elastically that is there are no photons emerging that would carrying away some energy. After the collision the speeds just change direction but keep their magnitudes. The atoms move apart from another again. They decelerate converting kinetic energy in potential energy. Finally they are far apart from each other and still move away from another with the decent speed from the beginning. Although the two atoms attract each other they cannot form a permanent bond. == Sticking == Now let's add to one of the reactant atoms (atom B1) another atom (atom B2) in a bond state. That is B1 and B2 are in rest relative to one another. When the experiment is repeated the collision of atom A with the pair of B's can pump energy in the relative speed between B1 and B2. So much in fact that all the speeds get reduced to a degree that none of three atoms can move out and leave forever. This is only temporary though. Three bodies form a complex chaotic system and after a shorter or longer while (depending on the exact initial conditions) at least one of the atoms gets so much energy again that it leaves forever. To extend the time until this random "reejection" happens we can add a third atom B3 and a fourth and a fifth and so on until one ends up with a crystal surface B* as reaction partner for the atom A (or a liquid but crystals fit better in the context of advanced in vacuum APM). What happens here is essentially that the kinetic impact energy of A gets chaotically distributed to all the atoms of B* (it gets thermalized/devaluated). For small crystals with only a handful of atoms the time until "reejection" of the introduced energy is measurable but with rising crystal size the time to "reejection" quickly rises to times far longer than the age of our universe. At this point we can justifyably say that a permanent bond has been formed. The distribution (thermalisation/devaluation) of the kinetic energy of atom A into crystal B* is of course equivalent to the warming of the crystal B*. Crystals at room temperature already have lots of thermal energy distributed in them. So beside needing a multi atom crystal for a successful binding reaction to happen the binding strength need to be sufficient such that a random jost from the inherent vibrations does not break the newly formed bond loose in a short period of time (E_binding >> k_B*T). All this holds true both for normal chemistry and advanced mechanosynthesis. = Advantages of advanced mechanosynthesis = There are two major advantages advanced mechanosynthesis has over normal solution phase chemistry. Those are energy recuperation and the sharing of the required thermalisation rate. == Recuperation of energy == Energy recuperation is possible since when moving an atom that is attracted to a surface towards that surface with a tooltip the pulling force on that tooltip can be used to do useful work. Especially if the mechanics of many tooltips that work in parallel are connected in the background. In "normal" solution phase chemistry often the hole bonding energy gets thermalized. Many enzymes in biology do better though. Recuperation 100% of the binding energy is not possible since then there would be no energy devaluation/thermalisation wich is (as explained above) unconditionally necessary to archive permanent bonds. Recuperation rate can go arbitrary near 100% though. {{todo|search for fundamental limits}} == Sharing of the thermalization rate == Main article: [[Dissipation sharing]] To ensure mechanosynthesis runs forward energy needs to be thermalized at a sufficient rate. By coupling the mechanics of many tooltips together the individual bonding reactions do not need to thermalize energy >>k_B*T each. In contrast to "normal" solution phase chemistry where the minimal temerature is given by reaction slowdown and ultimately the solutions freezing point mechanosynthesis can be performed at very low temperatures reducing the k_B*T factor. Practical is most likely a factor of 10. {{todo| figure out per what exatly 1k_B*T needs to be dissipated to ensure highly reliable forward motion of mechanosynthesis}} If the mechanics in the background of advanced mechanosynthesis mills would be infinitely stiff it would behave as just one single degree of freedom. In reality the mechanics in the background have some elasticity though. Coupling mechanosynthesis mills together which are too far apart will likely include modes of elastic thermal oscillations making it behave as more than one degree of freedom containing more than one thermal energy packet of k_B*T. Gearing may help in coupling things together that are farther apart since gearing can create a higher stiffness in a virtual way. Via phase shifts reaction coupling can be done in time too. = Related = * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] ... {{wikitodo|move stuff to there?}} * [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Reversible actuation]] * Philosophical interpretations of quantum dispersion * recurrence theorem & [[big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] {{speculativity warning}} * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Gibbs free energy ] * Thermodynamic Potential [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level III]] 0p3g78hvzn803d5k9kvib1hmpytbmv1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 829 8336 8335 2021-03-30T07:57:51Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: [[Scaling law]] {{stub}} {{wikitodo|explain the following}} * Why stiffness falls when shrinking the size of machinery (while keeping the same material) * The consequences on design constraints based no this falling stiffness == Related == * [[Scaling law]] * [[Stiffness]] * Parallel [[Robotic manipulators]] * [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Lattice scaled stiffness]] pnaebpjyzs5shsvjq1ww6nxwqr35ao0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 730 9914 9913 2021-06-04T06:20:55Z Apm 1 /* Avoid any and all distractions */ Offtopic to [[Main Page|APM]]<br> This article is '''NOT''' speculative. Anyone having the opportunity to learn lucid dreaming (old enough and time enough) should do so. It's an experience well worth the effort and there is no risk involved. Lucid dreaming is when one consciously gains control of ones dream with full access to functions of the mind that are normally only available when awake. In case the reader wonders, lucid dreaming is real and proven. It is repeatably testable via previously agreed on eye movement patterns that a test person makes when in a sleep state with brain waves that are known to only occur when people are dreaming. Also lucid dreaming is something that cannot be mistaken with normal dreams. Everyone who ever had one, including the writer of these lines, knows it was not a normal dream. Ones first lucid dream can be a world-view shattering experience. There are exploding emotions of fascination freedom and weightlessness. In the first such experience the emotion, being so strong and uncontrollable, tend to shoot one right back out of this paradise, which causes even more complementary emotions like feeling totally robbed and too mightless for (futile) anger. Lucid dreams (especially first ones) are so intense that they are often mistaken with supernatural or religious stuff - ahem nonsense. == Dangerous, healthy or neither? == That description in the introduction might prompt the impression that lucid dreaming could be dangerous like drugs. <br> Might prompt the impression that they could be addictive and damaging. <br> But no, they are most definitely not. '''Not addictive:''' <br> Lucid dreams are hard to attain and once attained very fragile. <br> Also the brain is incredible creative in ways to fool the dreamer back into a normal dream. <br> Especially after longer practice of lucid dreaming. '''Not damaging but rather healthy actually:''' <br> While lucid dreams do not serve [[the purpose of dreams]] in the sende of data-compression and subconscious self-introspection they do not subtract from that. Lucid dreams only ever make up a small fraction of the total dream time (whether dreams are remembered or not every healthy person dreams). Also to even attain lucid dreams it is: * necessary to get more than enough sleep * necessary to refrain from any drugs including alcohol * very helpful to make a proper dream journal (more on what "proper" means further down) All these are are usually healthy and overcompensate the loss of subconscious dream-time. The worst thing that can happen is only of brief nature and. That is sleep paralysis. A brief moment the brain mode of inhibiting dream motions going to your real body is still active but you fell out from the lucid dream not to normal dream but to full wakeness. If not told about sleep paralysis can be rather scary the first time experienced. There are no reports of lasting damage from sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis is a normal thing that is happening every night. One just usually does not experience it consciously. The psychological effect of the usually short lucid dreams itself (rather than the effects of the necessary preparations) is unclear. Maybe it: * can renew the feeling of vastness and grandness of this our world * can counter the poisonous and false feeling that soon everything that could be said and done will be said and done. == Proper dream journal == === Avoid premature interpretations whatsever === Doing it properly means doing it brutally objectively. That means no matter how illogical, paradoxical, conterfactual, and out of order the fragments of dream-memory are, they must be written down as-is. Without interpreting anything into these memory fragments whatsoever. Well, if the order of the dream fragments becomes clear right away during journalling without any effort then it should be noted briefly. But one must not insist on getting the order right before even starting the journalling. === Avoid any and all distractions === Doing it properly means doing it instantly after waking up without distractions. Doing it on paper in dim light. Leave one eye closed if you want. Smartphones are a distraction poison in this regard. Nothing against smartphones. Just grab it after the journal is done. === Benefits of a dream journal? === Leading a dream journal in the way described above is one factor in increasing the chances of achieving lucid dreams. But there is also a side benefit from looking at the dream journal notes way later when fully awake. Way later when fully awake it's ok to start interpreting the (initially seemingly nonsensical) dream journal notes. '''Forget dream interpretation books! Seriously.''' These are useless for the most part. Dream interpretation is a highly individual task. When adhering to the above rules for leading a "proper" dream journal, the notes will be so good that it will be possible to realize connections to recent events in one ones life. This may help with * a better understanding of oneself an oneselfs own feelings * honesty with oneself == In brief points == === Not usable as drug – Not inducible via drugs === No, this can't be abused as a drug. <br> * (0) The necessary preparations are rather healthy: (plenty sleep, no drugs, dream journal helping self introspection) * (1) It is pretty darn hard to learn. * (2) Lucid dreams are pretty hard to sustain in terms of dream time. * (3) The capability for lucid dreaming is pretty hard to sustain on the long run. <br>It seems the brain tries to trick ones consciousness back into normal dreaming with increasingly devious tricks. Almost like an arms race. <br>(Maybe the brain wants back its data compression time. – See [[the purpose of dreams]]). No, lucid dreaming can't be induced by drugs. <br>Many drugs would even likely destroy the capacity for lucid dreams. <br>There are absolutely no substances (drugs) are involved here. === Misc === * Yes no one but the one dreaming can (directly) gains from this. <br>Making some people frown on other people who are talking about this. <br>But then again the practitioners eventual mental growth can benefit others. * In regards of intangibility lucid dreaming is like radioactivity or pollen allergies before these things where widely known to exist. <br>Since unaffected people (the majority) do not experience it they are oblivious of it. Often not believing in despite hard (but abstract) evidence. * In regards to effect on health its the polar opposite to exposure to radiation or pollen. It is: <br>(1) completely voluntary not unavoidable or prone to accident<br>(2) has no known detrimental effects == Related == * [[The purpose of dreams]] * [[Richard Feynman]] – he did some experimentation on that – there are some notes om that in the book "Surely you're joking Mr. Feynman" == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dream lucid dreaming] ei00nwtrc9tmrt2yqazmvzco52q02i4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1216 11316 2021-07-06T13:33:25Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Microelectromechanic system]] #REDIRECT [[Microelectromechanic system]] mq39hqx2m4y21s2gf5i3fx8qd16qzg4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1269 11633 2021-07-15T11:54:34Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] #REDIRECT [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] lku67e583nx26g3qdpcyrjkiyzqj427 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 52 11415 11256 2021-07-09T13:24:49Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]] '''Molecules atoms [[Moiety|moieties]] and molecular machine elements like [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]]''' are said to be '''in the machine phase when''' they are '''fixated to a place or fixated to controlled axes''' (controlled degrees of freedom) such that [[thermal movement]] can't move them to unknown places or bring them in an unknown states. * [[Nanosystems]] 1.2.2.a '''A machine-phase system is one in which all atoms follow controlled trajectories (within a range determined in part by thermal excitation).''' Machine phase is sometimes also called '''"eutactic phase"'''. <br> Eutactic means "well ordered". (Not eutectic wich means "well melting"). <br> == Why work in the machine phase? == === The natural solution to the problem of assemblying products === For the problem of assembling stuff in an efficient fast and controlled ways macroscale robotics is just a natural choice. <br> And as it turns out almost [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] works even better at the nanoscale that at the macroscale. <br> <small>(Contrary to what the [[effects of current day experimental research limitations]] may seem to imply)</small> Macroscale "cog-and-gear machinery" is typically in an eutactic phase. <br> Well there are a few exceptions where a bit of macroscale dystactic phase is involved. <br> Like e.g. part rattlers forcing parts in the right orientation. ==== Related notes ==== Nanoscale [[crystolecules]] will be hard to even get off of a crystolecular robotic nanomachinery gripper due to the [[Van der Waals force]] being significant. <br> But once off of an robotic gripper and on onto a perfectly flat surface (with mismatching atomic corrugations) <br> then they may [[superlubricity|superlubricatingly]] skitter around till the get stuck in a random nearby corner. <br> See: [[Intuitive feel#Everything is shaky]] Releasing single small molecules from eutactic phase to [[dystactic phase]] is easier than releasing whole [[crystolecules]] which are much bigger (thousands of atoms typically). <br> This is due to [[Van der Waals force]] binding them to the walls being much smaller. So small that it is usually overpowered by the [[characteristic thermal energy]] at room temperature. <br> In fact in some sense [[PPV]] is an eutactic phase since all about it is known. We know that it is just completely empty. Ignoring virual particles cosmic rays and such here. <br> And in some sense the first released small gas molecule into that [[PPV]] replaces that [[PPV]] with the the positionally unknown and/or quantum dispersed presence of itself. <br> Creating a [[dystactic phase]]. The (intentionally or not) released gas molecule will not stop ballistically bouncing around until it eventually hits an open radical that binds strong enough to not let it go again. An accidentally into a [[mechanosynthesis core]] released gas molecule may end up on a tooltip. Eventually leading to errors in the process of [[mechanosynthesis]]. <br> While accidental gas release can be made very unlikely it's also easily possible to expose plenty of alternative open radical binding sites. <br> See: [[Getter grid]] === Open loop control – Remember where you put your stuff when you operate blindly === Since assembly at the nanocosm is done blindly it is important to know where you left your things. Thus one wants to work in the machine phase. Searching and grabbing your tools like we do in the makro world does not work. Once one let go of a smaller molecule its as good as impossible to catch it again by grabbing it sterically (meaning with shape not chemical reactivity) one can imagine this as the molecule being supersleazy and superfast. As a sidenote: A light based "nano-camera" isn't possible. <br> Light has either too long wavelength or it's too energetic and needs too big generation and sensing facilities that are beyond simple nanomechanics. === Energy efficiency === It's also a matter of energy efficiency. Catching a particle from [[dystactic phase]] into eutactic phase can "squeeze out" a thermal degree of freedom that contained (according to the [[equipartitioning theorem]]) an energy of k_BT. Even if that is kept as reversible as possible that energy turnover causes unnecessary losses. * dystactic to eutactic catching – DOFs are queezed out – heating * eutactiic to dystactic releasing – DOFs fill up – cooling Related: [[entropomechanical converters]] and [[Diamondoid heat pumps]]. There this is done on purpouse. Furthermore some [[dystatic phases]] (liquid and gas phase) also impose viscous drag. <br> That is in the case of when speeds are enforced are above the (typically quite low) natural diffusion speeds. == Machine phase chemistry == '''Performing chemistry in machine phase''' it is called '''machine phase chemistry or [[mechanosynthesis]]'''. <br> It greatly accelerates reactions rates (compensating lower densities of reaction sites) and one obviously can freely choose where one wants each reaction to occur. * [[Nanosystems]] 1.2.2.a '''Machine-phase chemistry describes the chemical behavior of machine-phase systems, in which all potentially reactive [[Moiety|moieties]] follow controlled trajectories.''' == Partial machine phase in biological and diamondoid systems == When a [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME bearing]] is fixed on an axle but freely allowed to rotate one can think of this as the bearing being only partly in the machine phase. Though not in a strong sense biological systems sometimes operate in machine phase too. Enzymes binding two reactants at the same time and acting like a vibrating hinge (like chattering teeth) that repeatedly bring the reactants together can dramatically increase reaction rates. This is often described as an increase of [https://web.archive.org/web/20160320141005/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/22/effective-concentration-in-self-assembly-catalysis-and-mechanosynthesis/ ''effective concentration'' (waybackmachine)] [http://metamodern.com/2009/03/22/effective-concentration-in-self-assembly-catalysis-and-mechanosynthesis/ (direct link dead)]. In the step from [[technology level 0]] to [[technology level I]] bigger purely self assembled sturdy structures may start to provide local machine phase. ==External Links== * [http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/ch1/chapter1_3.html Nanosystems 1.2.2a] == Related == * [[Stiffness]] & [[Mechanosynthesis]] * solid state * forced condensation (molecule pick-up into machine phase) * [[Mobility prevention guideline]] * [[Trapped free particle]] * Machine phase is also called '''eutactic phase''' so the opposite is here called '''[[dystactic phase]]''' * [[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]] [[Category:General]] m8ljl8m7h4qjawkvpuw1sqivlxwfy2x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1105 10322 10321 2021-06-13T17:43:50Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} This is about small capsules in [[machine phase]] (nanoscale, microscale, ?) safely containing material that is not in machine phase. <br> Enclosed can be liquids gasses polymers or other particles that for whatever purpose are not constrained in movement within the limits of the enclosing capsule. * One reason to enclose liquid water would be to harness it's high thermal heat capacity. * One reason to store stretched out polymer chains in a capsule would be to harness it's capacity of entropic elasticity and safe entropic energy storage (releasing energy cools down the energy storage capsule) == Related == * [[Entropomechanical converter]] * [[Entropic energy transport]] * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Diamondoid heat pipe]] * [[Medium mover]] ---- * [[Capsule transport]] * [[Machine phase]] ls9wkazz98b21j41jhxkxbrgzrsze3u wikitext text/x-wiki 0 745 7613 7612 2018-08-25T10:52:31Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to super page: [[Connection method]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} This is about advanced big macroscale surface interfaces in future [[gem-gum products]]. Surface interfaces s big that they are clearly visible by human eye but with microscale to nanoscale active connecting surface features that are small enough to be invisible to the human eye. They shall provide functionality such that parts can (if so desired) be assembled/disassembled manually (by human hands) with absolute minimal effort. Simply bringing the surfaces into contact very roughly aligned should suffice. The fine alignment and locking should then happen pretty much automated. After connection the connected parts shall be indistinguishable from one single part. No remnants reminding on the connection process like flanges or such. There shall not even be any visible seams. Except maybe by displayed colored indicator lines (that usually are turned of). One must account for * the much lower human positioning accuracy of human hands than robotic systems and * the dirty environment. Surfaces must '''recognize''' the partner surface '''capture''' it at some spot (probing on command), then '''align''' it correctly and '''expel''' all of the dirt the surfaces have accumulated. == Use cases == Adding small local tweaks and exceptions to [[transport and transmission]] infrastructure. e.g.: * adding a "T" somewhere into the center of a long unbranched pipe/tube/line/... * slicing up and taking out pieces of a street at a convenient location chosen by a (default off) touch interface ----- * Avoiding the detour over a virtual model: <br>Direct hands on prototyping instead of virtual force feedback VR modelling or a [[utility fog]] approach in-between. * changing the macroscale configuration of dome device (e.g. a vehicle) * Sculpture art with pre-made specialized high performance base parts instead of low performance ultra general purpose [[utility fog]] clay. Many macroscopic large aspect ratio structures for [[transport and transmission]] at the macroscale like e.g. water pipes, streets, ... can't be created as one whole / in one piece ([[im place assembly]]) by a single nanofactory (except flexible lines ...). Initial deployment and final removal of such infrastructure structures requires considerable effort and not much creativity (its highly repetitive work) so assembly must be automated via specialized traversing assembly robotics (this could be seen as a specialized [[convergent assembly]] level high up in the size stack). Having ''active align an fuse connectors'' assembled automatically doe snot hurt. Assembly robotics then is just more accurate than needed. '''Merging of machine phases:''' When the two halve spaces get connected together it may be necessary to make links between moving parts and complex mechanical metamaterials. Also the opening of airlocks may be involved. This kind of connection mechanisms won't be easy to design. == Related == * [[Recycling]] * [[Connection method]] == Also seamless but very different == This is not to confuse with [[seamless covalent welding]]). While both are seamless: * this here is macroscale, the seam is just to small to be visible, and any good design should be reversible * seamless covalent welds are nanoscale (to microscale at best) and truly indistinguishable from the surrounding material, a perfect (irreversible) fusion. qb3hv4f1e7suwhkfm15v0ed4woxueo4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1131 10604 2021-06-18T15:12:46Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Macroscale surface passivation]] #REDIRECT [[Macroscale surface passivation]] htzrg42phae9832kppipjmls8erg2hl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 546 11854 11403 2021-08-21T14:12:05Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added backlink to [[Multilayer assembly layers]] Exploiting the [[higher productivity of smaller machinery|high potential throughput of small scale machinery]] (at lower [[assembly levels]]) <br> can lead to macroscale robotics (at higher [[assembly levels]]) becoming a severe bottleneck <br> since its maximal throughput is low in relation. This bottleneck would only apply when pushing the limits in throughput really hard. <br> That is: Literally shooting out a stream of products with speeds that macroscale robotics just can't handle anymore. <br> Producing this fast would unconditionally require leaving out any <bR> higher [[assembly level]]s that reach up into macroscale robotics. Going to this levels of throughput would also likely require big active [[cooling systems]]. <br> With radiators likely much bigger than the [[nanofactory]] itself. <br> Especially in space without convective cooling. This bottleneck may * rather likely not be present in the case of [[mechanosynthesis]] of new [[crystolecule]]s from scratch (first assembly level)<br>since there is a lot of energy turnover leading to less energy efficiency more waste heat and thus slower operation. * likely be present in the case of re-composition of [[microcomponents]] where there is less energy turnover, <br>less waste heat and thus the possibility to perform faster. Thus macroscale robotics would need to be left out to push the limits. Hopefully there will be better applications than only <br> destructive military ones for this technological capability that <be> would undoubtedly be particularly impressive. If ever working. == Related == * [[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]] * [[Scaling laws]] * [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] * [[Data IO bottleneck]] * [[Producer product pushapart]] * [[Multilayer assembly layers]] == External links == * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0505prodScaling.html Physical scaling laws enable small machines to be highly productive] (from K. Eric Drexlers website) kch6u8roehl0ivinwnu9gzhfqkh1yx3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 708 11853 11852 2021-08-21T14:10:12Z Apm 1 /* Limits to similarity */ added updates reflecting new insights Physics changes when one scales down things. This ''may'' pose serious problems. People educated in physics and nanotechnology might be inclined to quickly point out <br> that this will not work because of the effects of one or more of <br> the following scaling laws (here listed informally): * [[rising surface area]] (per volume)<br> >> concerns: rising friction; rising corrosion; clogging * rising tendency towards thermodynamic equilibrium -- ([[Thermal decay at room temperature]], [[Thermodynamics]]) * rising influence of thermal motion -- ([[Thermal motion|Jittery finger problem]]) * [[rising influence of quantum mechanics]] * falling available space (obviously) -- ([[Fat finger problem]]) * rising influence of inter-molecular forces -- ([[Sticky finger problem]]) * falling material stiffness (less obvious) -- ([[Sloppy finger problem]]) * rising effect of [[viscosity]] But: '''All of these potential concerns have been analyzed.'''<br> The result: '''In total things change for the better rather than for the worse.'''<br> <small>That is: For macroscale style machinery the change of physics is actually improving the situation rather than worsening it.</small> Why nature doesn't do it this way albeit it being a better way is a topic different in kind.<br> A concern not based on physically quantifiable scaling laws.<br> See the main article: "[[Nature does it differently]]". == Limits to similarity == While superficially the targeted advanced productive nanosystems look very similar to macroscale machinery, <br> looking just a bit deeper the similarities quickly start to fade. Major differences that crop up include: * Very '''different types of used materials''' (no metals but [[Gemstone like compound|gemstones]] instead). That: <br>prevents parts to cold weld to others, <br>prevents oxidation <small>(in the rare case the nanomachinery sits exposed on a products surface)</small>, <br> prevents eventually possible diffusion <small>(metallic bonds allow for easier thermal activated slide-hops)</small> * '''More sturdy designs (for molecule fragment handling)''' <br>low material stiffness at small scales meets low forces from accelerations but thermal excitations are high <br> <small>(designs that avoid mechanical ringing by electrical design principles)</small> * '''No lubricants''' used. They would only cause massive viscous drag. * Operation at slower speeds. [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery|"Exploding" productivity at small scales]] allows that. <br>(Note that this is about lower absolute speeds, not lower frequencies. Operation frequencies are way higher.) * '''Designs heed the Van der Waals forces''' that originate from the near background. <small>(they need to either be balanced out or used)</small> * '''[[Connection method|Other means for connecting parts]]''', differing to the ones encountered at the macroscale <br>E.g.: No usage of nuts and bolts <small>(at least not in the classical sense where nuts and bolts are usually tiny compared to the linked parts and held in by friction)</small> * Mandatory existence of '''mechanical backup systems''' (or more advanced redundancy) * '''Electrical motors based on electrostatics''' instead of magnetostatics. * ... the list goes on ... Related: [[Design of Crystolecules]] == High level considerations == It turns out that all the above mentioned common concerns: * either do not hold at all under closer inspection * or they are partially true but overcompensated by other less known factors For detailed explanations regarding the individual concerns please follow the links above.<br> {{wikitodo|complete those links}} == Related == * [[Friction]] * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Nature does it differently]] ---- * '''[[Scaling law]]s''' * '''[[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]]''' * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] ---- * Often overlooked: [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] – [[Scaling law]]s * [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] – in combination with – [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * [[Self assembly vs positional assembly on different size scales]] * [[The finger problems]] ---- * [[Effects of current day experimental research limitations]] ---- * [[Nanoscale style machinery at the macroscale]] qodz81ccstjuqpf1xcvaka2uotezyay wikitext text/x-wiki 0 924 10741 10740 2021-06-21T13:06:52Z Apm 1 Almost all metals except the most noble ones form more or less <br> stable protective oxide layers on their surfaces when <br> exposed to oxygen and eventually also moisture possibly with salts dissolved. There are very few exceptions including e.g. Gold. <br> Even the quite noble metals copper and silver quickly form passivation layers on their surfaces <br> when observed at the nanoscale. == Did you know? You never have actually touched a metal. (well almost) == When we touch metals what we touch are actually the protective oxide layers on their surfaces. <br> Not actually the metals themselves. <br> What gemstone you actually touch when you touch a metal you can look up on this page here: <br> [[Passivation layer mineral]]. The only other thing than a passivation layer mineral that you may unknowingly touch when <br> touching what seems like a metal is a layer of clear (organic) lacquer. == Passivation layer formation on more noble metals == More nobles metals like copper and silver react with other things present in the atmosphere than oxygen to a good part. <br> E.g. the carbon dioxide and some traces of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere. == Artificial macroscale passivation layers == When the oxide layers are intentionally artificially thickened (for optical and or protective effect) <br> e.g. by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing anodizing] (but there are other means too) then <br> the passivation layer mineral is easily optically visibly, sometimes in bright iridescent colors <br> due to interference effects of the light with the thin transparent oxide layer. By means of production via [[gem-gum on-chip factories]] way better thin protective layers will be producible <br> compared to what we now have with anodizing. See related page: [[Inert shell thickness]]. <br> [[Emulated elasticity]] could massively increase the toughness of protective layers while still retaining high hardness. <br> This could make surfaces that are for all practically purposes unscratchable by accident. <br> And that still feel hard and glassy rather than plasticy. == High speed of layer formation and buildup to high thickness from the nano perspective == The naturally forming protective oxide layers are often thin enough to be optically transparent. <br> Especially when still young on very freshly created surfaces (by breaking, casting or deforming). <br> But the first atomic layers of oxides usually build up extremely fast. <br> This would be devastating for exposed nanomachinery made from metal. <br> So there won't be such a thing. == Relation to nanoscale passivation == Nanoscale parts made from [[Pure metals and metal alloys|metals or alloys]] rather than [[Gemstone-like molecular element| made from already oxidized gemstone]] <br> would in most cases quickly oxidize when exposed to air forming a thick imperfect oxide layer that is thicker than <br> the whole part itself and thus destroying the part. <br> Most nanomachinery will be [[Nanomachinery encapsulation|well encapsulated]] and located inside of <br> macroscopic [[gem-gum products]] and thus well protected from things like oxygen. == Related == * [[Passivation (disambiguation)]] * [[Passivation layer mineral]] * [[Pure metals and metal alloys]] * [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] * [[Nanomachinery encapsulation]] * [[Inert shell thickness of gem-gum products]] * [[Inner compartmentalization of gem-gum products]] * [[Skin]] – (potentially misleading bio-analogy) – [[Gem-gum housing shell]] nomvd0yfj0qcj5bu94q5nsr4j7pbg8v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 57 9171 9169 2021-05-23T13:19:00Z Apm 1 #REDIRECT [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] Formerly redirected to: '''Mechanical confluence''' p1263yce8bpt08oqk9nqgc9vyuj7x0a wikitext text/x-wiki 0 719 10393 10392 2021-06-13T20:40:32Z Apm 1 added two ternary compounds {{stub}} Magnesium is a '''one of the most common and non-toxic elements''' on earth.<br> In sea salt magnesium is the second most common metal with about 3.7% mass, wedged between spot one [[sodium]] 30,6% mass and and spot three [[calcium]] 1.2%. [[Potassium]] takes spot four is 1.1% mass. Beside the rare and poisonous beryllium magnesium is the only earth-alkali metal in which the naturally forming oxide/hydroxide layers are dense and tight enough to prevent further reaction with water and air. Mechanosynthesized oxide/hydroxide layers should perform at least equally well. == Oxides == Magnesium oxide might be one of the most interesting compounds for advanced atomically precise manufacturing. <br> Common elements, non-toxic, no damage of nature when spilled, high [[thermal stability]], decently hard, simple crystal structure, ... . * Magnesium Oxide: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide] @ mineral '''[[periclase]]''': [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclase] (Mohs 6 - decently hard) '''MgO aka magnesium oxide aka periclase aka fused magnesia''':<br> * MgO is naturally occurring as the mineral periclase. It rarely seems to form bigger clear crystals and is rarely used as gemstone due to its sensitivity to water and lack of very high hardness (green seems to be a common color from impurities). * Synthetic colorless dense (and sometimes clear) probably polycristalline pieces of MgO go under the name "fused magnesia". This material seems hard to come by. Only in small quantities for collectors. * High quality colorless single crystals wavers (probably grown via CVD processes) with controlled crystal orientation are extremely expensive (as of 2018). Dense MgO is ever so slightly water dissolvable (over the detour of its hydroxides/carbonates). '''Sidenote:''' The analogous compound with calcium CaO (commonly called quicklime in its technical use for [[concrete]]) is extremely reactive with water.<br> {{todo|Find out if there have ever been made solid clear crystal pieces of CaO and if there are images.}} == Hydroxides: == * Magnesium hydroxide: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide] @ mineral '''brucite''': [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucite] (Mohs 2.5-3.0 - very soft) == Salts of oxo-acids == * Magnesium silicate: @ mineral '''enstatite''': [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstatite] (Mohs 5-6 - decently hard) (it's a the magnesium pyroxene end-member, other pyroxebne endmembers are [[calcium]] and [[iron]]) * Magnesium carbonate: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate] @ mineral '''magnesite''': [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite] (Mohs 3.5-4.5 - semi soft)<br> related is '''dolomite''' (calcium magnesium carbonate) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite] (Mohs 3.5-4.0) * Magnesium hydroxy silicate: '''Talc''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc] (Mohs 1 - defining mineral - very soft) * Magnesium sulfates (soluble salts): '''Epsomite''' Mg(SO₄).7H₂O, '''Kieserite''' Mg(SO₄).H₂O, '''Langbeinite''' K₂Mg₂(SO₄)₃ Just like calium one can get rid of the volatile oxoacid parts (or the hydroxy parts) by heat treatment. This process is called calcination. Since the heat to drive out the volatile parts is not sufficient to melt the product one ends up with a very fine (and thus reactive) powder. This is magnesia MgO. (Related: Sorel cement [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_cement].) While such thermodynamic processes are not really relevant for constructive mechanosynthesis this seems relevant for conventional destructive thermal [[recycling]] of products created via mechanosynthesis. See: "[[Diamondoid waste incineration]]". == Salts of Halogenides == * Magnesium clorides (soluble salts): '''Bischoffite''' MgCl₂.6H₂O, '''Carnallite''' KMgCl₃.6H₂O, * ... == Most relevant ternary compounds == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel Spinel] MgAl₂O₄ * The magnesium end member of [[olivine]]: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg₂SiO₄ == Notes on sealing == All but the most hydrogenated/carbonated magnesium compounds oxidize hydrogenate or carbonate on the surface when exposed to weather on earth. Unlike with other alkali and earth alkali elements this process stops from a macroscale perspective. But on the nanoscale this is still very destructive. Disrupting the first atomic layers very fast in form of significant crystal structure geometry and volume change that would destroy all nanomachinery. After a while of exposure oxide/hydroxide/carbonate naturally forming passivation layers even become visible by human eye. Meaning the thickness of the layers lie in the wavelength of light. That is 100th of nanometers or eqivalently thousands of atomic layers. It might be possible to mechanosynthesize passivation layers that are much tighter than the ones that naturally form, such that a few atomic layers suffice a a passivation that stops any further reactions. Unfortunately mangesiums passivation minerals (hydroxides/carbonates) (the ones one wants facing the outside of products) are rather soft minerals. So deep scratches are common. At those scratches natural "thick" oxidation layers will start to from. So it might be more desirable to choose other materials for the outermost surfaces. (Maybe magnesium silicate aka enstatite or another pyroxene? Compatible biodegradability plays a role in the choice.) Well isolated deeper inside gem-gum-products harder weather sensitive magnesium minerals can be used. Especially MgO Periclase seems like an interesting option. == Notes on Biodegradability == Magnesium minerals are very nontoxic, just ever so slightly water soluble when in bulk form and not to hard, which makes them excellently biodegradable (or better bioerodable?). Mechanosyntesized products with voids inside that are lighter than water and thus when escaped from recycling may swim on the oceans like plastic long enough to be ingested by animals, will be quickly dissolved by gastric acid. == Misc == Since magnesium is stronly electropositive (stronger than common transition element metals like iron) it wins out in thermite reactions (getting the oxygen) and conversley magnesium oxide is less prone to dissolution in molten transition metals (or metal rich silicate melts aka lavas / magmas). For very speculative applications check here: {{speculativity warning}} [[deep drilling#Earth core probes]] == Related == * [[S-block metals]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] === Wikipedia links === * Magnesium Minerals: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnesium_minerals] om6xyqprlu0d4erry2uhzs3yelsjpac wikitext text/x-wiki 0 656 9527 9526 2021-05-29T19:00:44Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page * [[The speed of atoms]] [[File:Magnification wonderworld soccer-field sketch.svg|300px|thumb|right|In our theme-park a hair is blown up to the size of a soccer field. A size which one can still intuitively to grasp.]] [[File:Magnification wonderworld atom-molecule sketch.svg|300px|thumb|right|In our theme-park an atom is blown up to the size of a hair. A size which one can already intuitively grasp.]] '''When one builds a magnified model of a human hair with a diameter matching the width of a soccer field then the model atoms inside this model hair have a diameter matching the diameter of a real human hair.''' == How to get an intuitive feel for how big things of the micro- and nanocosmos really are? == It's not easy to get some intuitive feeling for the size of all those things that are hidden away in the micro- and nanoscale. The things there, we can only see through the narrow keyholes of microscopes (optical or other) allowing us only to see a few things of similar size at a time with no direct relation to things which's size we really intuitively understand. So what can be done to change that?<br> '''Let's build a theme-park!''' A theme-park about the microscale and nanoscale world where everything is magnified. * Name: '''Magnification Wonderworld''' * Slogan: Magnificent and Magical Away from the ocular or screen we are not bound to observe through the narrow keyholes of microscopes and can see things of vastly different size at the same time. Getting a good feeling for the smaller things by walking up to them. === Thee can only be one magnification factor === The really really important part when setting up this theme-park is that there needs to be chosen one and only one single magnification factor that is then consistently and strictly adhered to. If that rule is broken the development of an intuitive feel will be disrupted. Since we can only choose this single magnification once its really important to get the best one at the first try. The one that is best for developing an intuitive feeling. But which magnification factor is the best one? === The ideal magnification factor === Let's try the usual ball and stick models of molecules where the model atoms are about the size of marbles (~1cm). The problem here is that even the smallest things of our everyday experience become unfathomably big at this magnification factor. A model of a human hair e.g. would have a diameter of a mountain (~5km) at this scale. So we can scratch this magnification factor. It is way too large. Next let's try a magnification factor that blows up the human hair to a much smaller size that is more intuitively graspable. The width of a soccer field (~50m). At this magnification factor model atoms become the size of a unmagnified real hair (~0.1mm). This is already in the range of intuitive graspability. So – jackpot – we have our magnification factor. It's '''x500.000 or 500.000:1'''. This will be used throughout this wiki. === Together === We have an intuitive handle both on the macroscale and on the nanoscale side. Both at the same time. And the theme-park-setting allows to see everything at once. No brachiation from looking keyhole to looking keyhole leaving intuitive understanding in the dust. == Numbers == [[File:Atom hair soccer en 3.png|thumb|480px|Pluck yourself a Hair and look at it. Imagine a magnified model of the torn of end was built. Would be interesting – wouldn't it? This model was buried halfway such that it runs vertically into ground at the sidelines and that it reaches twenty-five meters of dome-height at the center of the play-field. When you stand on this soccer field in front of the fractured surface and you hold a real hair against tremendous model then you see: The model-atoms of the giant hair have the diameter of a real hair.]] Chosen magnification factor: '''x500.000 or 500.000:1''' Atoms are quite small but they are not as ridiculously small as people usually say. If a hair (0.1mm) would be the width of a soccer field (~60m) an atom would be roughly the size of a hair. Carbon is about 0.2nm or 2Å in size that makes roughly five atoms per nanometer (thumb rule). == There's limited space at the bottom == From the perspective of the described theme-park the finiteness of space in the nanoscale becomes better ascertainable. When hierarchically building up building structures one can quickly fill up this size gap between atom size and hair size. It only takes four [[convergent assembly]] steps to get from 1nm up to 1mm when a step-size of 32 is chosen. The combinatoric explosion of atom arrangement possibilities quickly gets beyond mind boggling though. == The other way – shrinking – in comparison == Going the same "distance" in the opposite direction one gets the earth only down to the size of a soccer-field. Trying to get an intuitive feeling beyond the size of earth (interplanetary size scales) is barely possible (via travel times). Trying to get an intuitive feeling beyond the size of our solar-system is utterly hopeless. Forget about intergalactic gaps. <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%px"> Just for comparison astronomical size relations: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> Relative distances in the other (astronomic) direction are vastly greater. If the planetary orbit of our outermost planet Neptune (which can technically be reached in years) where the size of a hair the nearest stars would lie beyond ~1km and the Milky Way would be ~1000km thick at our location. The next galaxies would start at the diameter of our sun ~1000000km then still follows the unimaginable size of intergalactic voids, the observable universe and the universe extrapolated to our "now" of which we now little by now. </div> </div> == Further the same way – Nuclei == Nuclei cannot be brought to an intuitively graspable magnification level like atoms. One needs to apply about the same magnification factor '''a second time''' to get the nuclei to a fraction of a millimeter (~0.5mm for a lone proton). At that points atoms become the size of a soccer field and a human hairs gets a diameter matching the size of earth. Luckily there's no need for an intuitive understanding of the size of nuclei. They only react with one another in statistical ways in nuclear reactors. They do not form extensive molecules or crystals (Unless in a neutron star maybe..). In normal chemistry nuclei float always well separated from another in the center of their host atoms electron cloud only interacting weakly magnetically with one another. Application of controlled mechanical forces (squeezing atoms together [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetically]]) cannot ever bring them together close enough for them to react with one another. Nuclei are just of not of much direct relevance to the the [[naked core]] of advanced APM. * Current day analytic methods involving the usage of nuclear properties (like e.g. MRT, ...) are likely to play some role in the path to advanced APM. * Some applications of advanced APT will be used for interaction with nucleons (See: "[[APM and nuclear technology]]"). == Notes == * VR/AR theme-park? * biological examples & APM related examples == Related == * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] * [[Intuitive feel]] ---- * [[The speed of atoms]] ---- * [[Desert scenario]] ivumavspg3w7zx6bkzdt0mg2opgs8jq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1179 11025 2021-06-28T21:12:34Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Magnification theme-park]] #REDIRECT [[Magnification theme-park]] eie3ocxjn4c4z6kftg1buu6lvj5lxu9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 234 4262 2492 2015-09-29T16:04:35Z Apm 1 collapse multiredirect #REDIRECT [[Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing]] 7ipod8plu0nrc0rjvh56qgsicmhyry7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 780 7968 2020-09-10T13:42:32Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Main Page]] #REDIRECT [[Main Page]] modmu9pqjk76od7mzb24xgw5a8qpfof wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1112 10381 10359 2021-06-13T20:21:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] {{stub}} Manganese is not extremely abundant on/in Eath's crust. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_mining Deep sea mining] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_nodule Manganese_nodule] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtenskite Akhtenskite] MnO₂ – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Akhtenskite] – hexagonal (very simple structure) nfswvtu5a22s414nckaef7n5ll3y9eg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1171 10979 2021-06-28T09:33:41Z Apm 1 factored out from * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] '''Marcasite structure: (ortorhombic with simple unit cell)''' * '''FeS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcasite Marcasite]''' – Mohs 6.0-6.5 – 4.88g/ccm – compadred to pyrite: less chemically stable, smaller unit cell, lower crystal structure symmetry * FeSe₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroselite Ferroselite] – Mohs 6.0-6.5 – 7.2g/ccm – Fe substitutable by Ni (Kullerudit), Cu (Petříčekit) * <small>FeTe₂ Frohbergit – Fe substitutable by Co (Mattagamit)</small> – – <small>FePo₂ ?? (highly radioactive)</small> Marcasite structure (other group): * '''FeP₂ Zuktamururite''' – Mohs ?? * FeAs₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loellingite Loellingite] – Mohs 5.0-5.5 – 7.1-7.5g/ccm * FeSb₂ [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-20714/ (materialsproject)] * <small>(FeBi₂ – cannot be produced via [[thermodynamic means]] it seems – highly immiscible when molten – [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.6b00287])</small> * Rammelsbergite (NiAs2) – has two polymorps: (Krutovit cubic) (Pararammelsbergit – orthorhombic) * Safflorit (CoAs2), <small>Omeiite (OsAs2), Anduoite (RuAs2)</small> * Nisbit (NiSb2) == Related == * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] * [[Gemstone like compounds]] 4xgx49qjymqnwdti37ltvm0lf3pjzf8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1315 12045 12044 2021-09-23T10:14:07Z Apm 1 /* External links */ __TOC__ = In terms of scaling of volumetric throughput density = Volumetric throughput density refers to: <br> Processed volume-per-time per volume-of-machinery. Math (to review): <br> * v … absolute speed – in m/s – this is kept constant over all layers in this model! * s … side-length of the product (cube) of the topmost macroscopic assembly chamber * C … a constant accounting for that the length of robotic motions is not exactly equal to the side-length size of the assembly chamber but longer due to curves (and for empty-handed back motions). <br> * B … branching factor every assembly chamber has B² subchambers -- See: [[Branching factor]] * F … Size ratio of assembly camber size (s*F) to the product size (s) -- See: [[Chamber to part size ratio]] * V … volume of the product * Vc … Volume of the assembly chamber * Q … Absolute throughput – in m³/second * D … Volumetric throughput density – (m³/second)/m³ ---- Time for top assembly chamber (node) to finish one full assembly process. <br> A full assembly needs to cover the motion distance of B³ motions since the product consists of B³ parts. <br> Each motion leads through the full chamber size (s*F). <br> Motions will have curves making the path a bit longer. Accounted for by C (also for empty-handed back-motions x2). <br> <math> t(0) = (B^3 s F C)/v </math> <br> Volume of top nodes final product: <br> <math> V(0) = s^3 </math> <br> Volume of top assembly chamber: <br> <math> V_C(0) = (s F)^3 </math> <br> Absolute throughput of top node: <br> <math> Q(0) = V(0)/t(0) = (s^2 v) / (B^3 C F) </math> <br> Volumetric throughput density of top node: <br> <math> D(0) = Q(0)/V_C(0) = (v) / (s B^3 C F^4) </math> <br> ---- The same for the first sub-layer that has B² assembly chambers that are have a B times smaller sidelength. <br> <math> t(1) = B^3 (s F C / B^1)/v </math> <br> For the volumes we look at the whole sub-layer thus the factor B^2. <br> <math> V(1) = (s/B^1)^3 (B^2)^1 = s^3 / B^1 </math> <br> <math> V_C(1) = (s F/B^1)^3 (B^2)^1 = (s F)^3 / B^1 </math> <br> '''Note: The absolute throughput matches up Q(1) = Q(0) = Q. Just as it needs to.'''<br> <math> Q(1) = V(1)/t(1) = (s^2 v) / (B^3 C F) = Q(0) = Q </math> <br> <math> D(1) = Q(1)/V_C(1) = (v B^1) / (s B^3 C F^4) </math> <br> ---- Generalizing for arbitrary layers: <br> <math> t(i) = B^3 (s F C / B^i)/v </math> <br> <math> V(i) = (s/B^i)^3 (B^2)^i = s^3 / B^1 </math> <br> <math> V_C(i) = (s F/B^i)^3 (B^2)^i = (s F)^3 / B^i </math> <br> <math> Q(i) = V(i)/t(i) = (s^2 v) / (B^3 C F) = Q(0) = Q </math> <br> <math> D(i) = Q(i)/V_C(i) = (v B^i) / (s B^3 C F^4) </math> <br> ---- To get a continuous scaling law for size scales L we can substitute for i <br> <math> i = - \log_B(L/s) </math> <br> '''And finally we arrive at:''' <br> <math> D(L) = v / (L B^3 C F^4) </math> <br> Units are correct: 1/s = (m³/s)/m³ <br> <math> D \propto L^{-1} </math> <br> '''Halving the size of nanomachinery doubles the volumetric throughput density.''' <br> This is the scaling law we wanted to derive and the whole point of the exercise. <br> * Assuming (1kg/s)/m³ as reasonable for a macroscale robot * then for a 1 000 000 x smaller nano-robotics (1 000 000 kg/s)/m^3 is reasonable Practically one will just use up to 1 000 000 x less volume of nanomachinery. A thin layer on a chip. == Additional notes to that result == Volumetric throughput density D scales with speed v, robotic-path-curvyness C, and branching factor B as expected. <br> Interesting is that that the assembly chamber to product size-factor F goes in to the fourth power. <br> Another side-note: To get the total throughput for a [[gem-gum factory]]:<br> Q = D * namomachineryLayerThickness * chipArea = In terms of replication time = J. Storrs Hall did some analysis on that in the IMM Report 41 [http://www.imm.org/reports/rep041/ (link)].<br> He noticed some discrepancy between the natural scaling for artificial systems and the scaling in natural systems. '''Artificial systems:''' "... a one third power scaling law of replication time to mass – i.e. replication time is proportional to the cube root of the mass." <br> <math> t_{repl} \propto \sqrt[3]{m_{device}} \propto L^1 </math> <br> '''Natural systems:''' " ... like animals and plants, have empirically a well-documented one-''fourth'' poer scaling law" <br> <math> t_{repl} \propto \sqrt[4]{m_{device}} </math> <br> '''Math''' by J. Storrs Hall plus added translations into a more formal setting. <br> ---- "Working in units of mass of a k-stage system:" <br> <math> M(k) = \sum_{i=0}^{k} m(k) = m_0 := 1 </math> <br> "and working in units of time to replicate a k-stage system" <br> <math> t_{repl}(k) = M(k)/Q(k) := 1 </math> <br> ---- "Let x be the mass of the k+1st stage node:" <br> <math> m(k+1) := x </math> <br> "The mass of the full k+1 stage system is then n+x." <br> <math> M(k+1) = n+x </math> <br> "Thus the mass ratio of a k+1-stage system to a k-stage one is n+x <br> <math> M(k+1)/M(k) = n M(k) + m(k+1) = n+x </math> <br> "The output per unit time of a k+1-stage system ins n," <br> <math> Q(k+1) = m/t_{repl}|_{i=k+1} = n Q(k) = n</math> <br> "so the time to replicate for a k+1 stage system is (n+x/n) <br> <math> t_{repl}(k+1) = M(k+1)/Q(k+1) = (n+x)/n </math> <br> ---- "''Lemma:'' The mass ratio of k+1-stage node to k-stage node is also n+x" <br> <small>Note that this is about the ratio of the top nodes this time not the whole system as before.</small> "The ratio of head node to whole system is x/(n+x), <br> which equals the ratio of the k-stage node to the whole subsystem it is head of," <br> <math> m(k+1)/M(k+1) = x/(n+x) = m(k)/M(k) </math> <br> "but since that is 1 by definition, the mass of the k stage node is just x/(n+x)." ( M(k):=1 ) <br> <math> m(k) = x/(n+x) </math> <br> "Thus the ratio of k+1-stage node to k-stage node is x/(x/(n+x)), which equals to n+x, qed." <br> <math> m(k+1)/m(k) = x/(x/(n+x)) = n+x </math> <br> ---- {{wikitodo|Decypher the rest of the math and add it here too. }} ---- == Additional notes == '''Switching to the natural scaling law might be the right choice for the bottom-most processing of matter in [[gem-gum factories]]''' because there resource molecules are taken out of solution phase (or gas phase) and brought into [[machine phase]] and '''Viscous flow resistance scales with the fourth power of pipe radius and can get very high.''' This is about Poiseuille's Law: <math> Q = (\Delta p \pi R^4) / (8 \mu L') </math> Where L' is pipe-length (not scale).<br> (See wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen%E2%80%93Poiseuille_equation Hagen–Poiseuille equation]) <br> This means: * a deviation from the layer topology to more 3D tree like topology * [[assembly level]]s being no longer organized in [[assembly layers]] The the "last mile" transport of resource molecules can be bridged with diffusion transport scaling differently than viscose flow. Some moderate heating can improve on that. = Related = * '''[[Convergent assembly]]''' * [[Scaling law]] * [[Assembly level]] * [[Assembly layer]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] In [[Nanosystems]]: Fig 14.4. "... a hierarchical, convergent assembly process; ..." <br>'''ATTENTION!''' Do not overlook the last sentence in the image description! <br>"... This structure demonstrates that certain geometrical constraints can be met, <br>'''but does not represent a proposed system.'''" <br>The actually proposed system is not illustrated in the book. <br>It is illustrated in "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]". Table 14.4. (only included in [[Nanosystems|the book]] not in the dissertation (which was the books prelim version)) <br> Gives example of manufacturing system parameters. <br> The large number of stages (and thus low [[branching factor]]) of stages seems a bit overkill though. <br> It might interfere too much with the ease of designing products to produce with such manufacturing devices. <br> Consider 3D printers filling a volume of a cubic centimeter with sort-of-voxels of (0.4x0.4x0.2)mm³ giving 31250 voxels.<br> Well, granted 3D printers operate in what is equivalent to a [[Part streaming assembly| streaming parts style of assembly]]. <br> When the robotics becomes too small for streaming assembly then just compensate lack of speed with more micro-machinery. <br> There is enough space for that due to [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]]. '''With a baseline branching factor of say 32 it would be …''' * … 32³ = 32768 voxels to assemble * … '''only 4 convergent assembly stages''' <br>from 32nm molecular mill assembly line channels up <br>to 32mm macroscopic assembly chambers. <br>Add one more and it's meter scale. == Math for cooling systems == In [[Nanosystems]]: * 11.5.1. Murray's law and fractal plumbing – (about the optimal balancing of viscose flow resistance and thermal contact) * Figure 11.8. ... nearly fractal system of cooling tubes .. * 11.5.2. Coolant design * 11.5.3. Cooling capacity in a macroscopic volume = External links = Wikipedia: * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%27s_law Murray's law]] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen–Poiseuille_equation Hagen–Poiseuille equation] [[Category:Pages with math]] dtu5ikgsdtiskhry236esuc7tu86lmt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 900 8712 2021-04-14T17:01:54Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] #REDIRECT [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] qkjt63gilaxs3t9m9g22x7zuaa1fgpl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 386 4193 2015-09-28T05:29:39Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mechadense's Atomically Precise Manufacturing Wiki]] to [[Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing]]: old sentence order was harder was harder do read #REDIRECT [[Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing]] 7ipod8plu0nrc0rjvh56qgsicmhyry7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1 11895 11547 2021-09-05T15:27:16Z Apm 1 added new patreon banner to the top {| border="0" |style="background:#FFCCCC; color:#000000; width: 80%; text-align:center;" | '''Language: en | [[Mechandense's Wiki über atomar präzise Herstellung| Sprache: de]]''' |} __NOTOC__ {{PatreonBanner}} = The far term target = {{Template:Nanofactory introduction}} The existence of a personal fabricator will have profound impact human society on a global scale. <br> The basis for such a personal fabricator - the '''atomically precise manufacturing (APM) technology''' - is beginning to be figured out today. = Dodge the trapdoors = [[File:Assemblies-gears-srg-iii.gif |300px|thumb|right|Differential gear (cut open). Author: Mark Sims – '''Don't be fooled by the [[stroboscopic illusion in animations of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].''' The proposed average operation speeds in [[gem-gum factories]] are quite slow actually. Nowhere near the speed of sound.]] First off: Let's get the major obstacles out of the way. * '''There are no "nanobots" here!''' <br>Check the info pages "[[Prime distractions]]" and "[[No nanobots]]". * '''Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale?!''' (machinery like [[example crystolecules|this]])<br> It's well known, that there are several severe concerns regarding this idea. And for very good reasons.<br> Less known is, that all of those major concerns have been considered in quite some detail with rather surprising results. <br>Check out the main article discussing the concerns here: <br>[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] ----- * '''Yes, lifes nanomachinery (molecular biology) does NOT constitute a feasibility proof of the targeted kind of technology.''' <br>But it does not constitute an infeasibility proof either. For details see: "[[Nature does it differently]]". <br>What does provide the very high confidence in feasibility is low level [[exploratory engineering]] applied without compromises. <br>Additionally there are successful experimental demonstrations of manipulation of single atoms. Repeatable, precise, with strong covalent bonds, and at decently high temperatures ("decently high" meaning: no liquid helium involved). Plus there's a clear path how to speed this up to the necessary operations frequencies. Namely by scaling down the placement mechanisms. * '''No, making every structure permitted by physical law is NOT the goal here.''' Quite the contrary actually. What we want is to cheat and make it seem as if we could. It's even encoded in the name that this wiki uses to refer to the far term target. Specifically in the "gem" and "gum" parts in "gem-gum-tec". For details check out: "[[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]" and "[[Every structure permissible by physical law]]". * '''No, using soft nanomachinery to bootstrap stiff nanomachinery is not an abandonment of principles.''' It just might be a more practical approach to get to the target faster. See: "[[Pathways]]". ----- * '''No, nanoscale physics and [[quantum mechanics]] is not inherently incomprehensible.''' <br>It is very possible, satisfying, and useful to develop an [[intuitive feel]] for these things. == What APM is not == [[File:The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell.jpg |300px|thumb|right|Source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell Animation video: "The Inner Life of the Cell"] – '''Recreating the molecular machinery of life is NOT the far term goal of atomically precise manufacturing.''' It is one goal of [[synthetic biology]] which goes in a very different direction. The molecular machinery of life though is a valuable resource for (1) [[bootstrapping]] towards [[gem-gum]] systems and (2) learning lower level concepts like e.g. the [[coordination geometries]] in active sites of enzymes).]] While early APM may have overlap with these areas the far term goals are very different. * [[Soft nanomachines]]: APM is all about targeting [[stiffness]] / stiff nanomachines / "hard" nanomachines. <br>Nonetheless soft nanomachines can be very useful in the bootstrapping process. <br><small>Note though, that self assembly (useful in bootstrapping) does not essentially rely on a lack of stiffness aka softness. <br>There are experiments with hierarchical self assembly of structural DNA nanotechnology that have clearly demonstrated this <br>{{wikitodo|add reference}}.</small> * [[Molecular biology]]: One main far term target in molecular biology is a complete reverse engineering of natures nanomachinery for grand improvements in medicine. This is strongly unrelated to the far term target of APM. A particular example where the interests diverge: The very difficult folding problem for natural proteins versus the relatively simple de-novo-protein-design for artificial nanomachinery. * [[Synthetic biology]]: The far term targets of this research is the recreation and expansion of the nanomachinery of life. It goes pretty much 180° in the opposite direction of APM. <br><small>(Not to say that this research is not valuable in its own right. Its far term targets are just maximally unrelated to R&D efforts targeting APM)</small> Main article: "[[Brownian technology path]]" == What APM actually is == APM is basically the capability of manufacturing products such that the atoms they are constituted of link (bind) to each other in "exactly" the way one desires them to. Since "absolute exactness" in other words "making no errors ever" is a fundamental physical impossibility one just aims for extremely low error rates. On the long run error rates comparable to the bit-error-rates one can find in todays digital data processing systems. == Why should the far term target of APM (gemstone metamaterial technology) even work? == Because there is exceptional theoretical and good experimental evidence that it will: <br> For details see: [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] <br> [[Gemstone metamaterial technology]] is the far term target of APM. More on that further down. = APM in the near term and APM in the far term = See main article: [[Near term and far term]]. == Nearer term targets == On this wiki "atomically precise manufacturing" (or APM) will be interpreted in a wider sense. <br> Including both earlier precursor systems in the near term and the targeted later systems in the far term. <br> Specifically this may include: * [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] (MMCNs) * [[Foldamer printer]]s * Technology level: [[Technology level 0|0]], [[Technology level I|I]], (and maybe [[Technology level II|II]]) == Far term target == [[File:ProductiveNanosystemsMainScreencap.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Screen capture from the concept animation video: "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" showing several proposed processing stages compressed into just one single image. This is conceptual.]] On this wiki the shorthand '''"gem-gum technology"''' will be used to refer to the '''far term target'''.<br> <small>''A technically accurate but unwieldy long description of the far term target would be: "atomically resolving gemstone based metamaterial manufacturing and technology"''</small> ---- '''Specifically the development target are "[[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]".''' <br> The associated technology (what they are made out of and what they make) is "[[gemstone metamaterial technology]]". <br> The best visualization of the proposed internal workings of a [[gem-gum factory]] in existence so far is<br> '''the concept animation video: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]''' ---- '''Why "gem-gum"?''' See: [[Defining traits of gem-gum tech]]. In brief: * The '''"gem"''' stands stands for gemstone being the base material * The '''"gum"''' stands for rubber like fexibility – one of many possible properties that the gemstone base material attains by nanostructuring it into a [[mechanical metamaterial]] ---- [[Microcomponent recomposer]]s also belong to [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. <br> These would be kind of deliberately incomplete [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. ---- On this wiki to "[[gemstone metamaterial technology]]" is sometimes referred to with: * technology level [[Technology level III|III]]. <br> * technology level [[Technology level II|II]] (solution phase synthesizable gemstones) may or may not be included. = Take a tour = Take a guided tour: <small>(Work in progress. Please excuse the links dangling into construction sites.)</small><br> * [[Tour by topic]] * [[Tour by map]] Or take a shortcut directly from here: == What, Why, How, When == {|style="background-color:#ccccff;" cellpadding="5" |DEFINITION: |'''[[About APM]]''' |'''What''' APM is not and what it is. |- |MOTIVATION: |[[Reasons for APM]] | '''Why''' we need APM. |- |OBSTACLES: |[[conceptual and institutional challenges]] | '''What''' impedes progress towards APM. |- |APPROACH: |[[Pathways to advanced APM systems|Pathways to advanced APM]] |'''How''' we get to advanced APM. |- |PROGRESSION: |[[Time till advanced APM]] |'''When''' we will get to advanced APM? |} ---- Also there are: * the '''[[goals of this wiki]]''' * this wiki's [[APM:About|impressum]] * related 3D printing projects: [[The DAPMAT demo project|educational illustration of various principles]]; [[ReChain project]]; [[RepRec project]] Misc: * '''[[General Introduction to atomically precise manufacturing|Intro:]]''' Here is an old version of the landing page. Containing a detailed introduction to atomically precise manufacturing as a whole. (warning, lots of text) = What needs to be done to make it happen = '''See: [[Where to start targeted development]] for some suggestions.''' = Links = === Technical feasibility analysis === There is (after 29 years and counting) still only one focused and aggregated technical feasibility analysis of advanced APM (referring to gemstone metamaterial APM here) available as of the day of writing (2020-11-08). This is Eric Drexlers 1991 MIT Dissertation and the book "[[Nanosystems]]" which basically is a cleaned up version of the dissertation. * via MIT libraries: [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/27999] * via academia.edu [https://www.academia.edu/7789003/Drexler_MIT_dissertation] * via internet archive of the authors former homepage: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160409095424/http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf] This analysis is still the most important technical work in this field alone simply because it is still the only one. If the reader is not afraid of a bit more technical reading and want's to get well past a mere superficial understanding then this is a highly suggested read. Note that the topics tackled in the analysis are of timeless nature so the analysis hasn't gone outdated in these past 29 (and counting) years. == Webpages == * [http://www.sci-nanotech.com Forum] * [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute: Nanotechnology] * [http://www.imm.org/ Institute for Molecular Manufacturing] * [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Nanofactory Collaboration] * [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/201310Nano_Solutions.pdf Disquisition 2013 "Nano-solutions for the 21st century: Unleashing the fourth technological revolution"] * [http://www.zyvexlabs.com/Publications2010/WhitePapers/APM_Q_and_A.html Zyvex's definition of APM] * [[Other sites]] == Brief introduction videos == * '''[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]''' ~ A concept video visualizing the results found in the book [[Nanosystems]] * [https://vimeo.com/186020435 Nanotube TV (von Nanotechnology Industries)] (2016-10) * [https://youtu.be/lvUFNp-TWbg?t=23m5s Nanotechnology: the big picture with Dr Eric Drexler and Dr Sonia Trigueros] (2016-01-28) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9RiB_o7Szs&t=903s Transforming the Material Basis of Civilization | Eric Drexler | TEDxISTAlameda] (2015-11-16) * Chris Phoenix on Molecular Manufacturing (2014-09?) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tCa0MxtgFI (alternative 2)][http://tsf.njit.edu/2006/spring/phoenix.php (alternative1)] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eEzD_FVCmk Nanotechnologist (older dead link)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zG-CQ-ZKh80 Dr Eric Drexler - Remaking the 21st Century] (2014-01-23) '''long! 1h 14min''' * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bw6Zi17DBI Video of oxford talk] (2014-01-22): Eric K. Drexler speaks about his new book "[[Radical Abundance]]" * [https://vimeo.com/62119582 John Randall: "Atomically Precise Manufacturing" at Foresight Technical Conference 2013] <br> '''[https://vimeo.com/album/2331977 Illuminating Atomic Precision: Foresight Technical Conference January 2013]''' * [http://vimeo.com/12768578 Fully Printed] (2010-06) - Note: '''[[Diamondoid]] nanofactories will look and work differently and [[misconceptions#no food|won't produce food]]'''. ---- * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKyf8fsH6w Ralph Merkle - An introduction to Molecular Nanotechnology] (2009-11) * presentation by Phillip Moriarty (2009-09): <br> SENS4 - Molecular Nanotechnology in the Real World: How Feasible is a Nanofactory? <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XPE07QIFBM (1/4)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R687ErdGGOU (2/4)] - '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBrltpO8mXE (3/4)]''' - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3U44vsY28o (4/4)] * Nottingham Nanotechnology debate (2005-08-24):<br>[https://vimeo.com/227341986 (recording of the whole debate)]<br> Unfortunately videos got deleted :( <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQxTOqvZ9j8 (1/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8UyvPbyqz0 (2/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCZyc4MfwVQ (3/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVP4fBnirxo (4/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hn1i7R-0kzQ (5/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uITrLJeiZg (6/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWWzgiqMfNs (7/7)] -- repaired links [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x31uo9s (7/7)] ---- * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TbWwN93YyE BBC Horizon Nanoutopia (1995)][http://www.disclose.tv/action/viewvideo/154610/BBC_Horizon__Nanoutopia_1995/ (broken link#2)] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaSgP_KyZiY (older broken link)] - Note: '''The term "nanotechnology" turned out to be to unspecific and the assembler concept is now superseded by the nanofactory concept.''' The complexity of a nanofactory will be akin to modern day computer chips. ---- * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eRCygdW--c#t=13 Richard Feynman Nanotechnology Lecture - Tiny Machines] (1984-10-25) == Wikipedia pages == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomically_precise_manufacturing Atomically precise manufacturing] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_nanosystems Productive nanosystems] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology Molecular nanotechnology] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler#Nanofactories Molecular assembler -> Nanofactories] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis#Diamond_mechanosynthesis Mechanosynthesis -> Diamond mechanosynthesis] == Locally hosted files == * <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Slides from [//cfp.linuxwochen.at/de/LWW14/public/events/115 the talk] the [[APM:About|apm-wiki site admin]] gave at the austrian "linuxwochen" event: [http://www.apm.bplaced.net/public/APM-Talk-12-2slidesproseite_de.pdf slides-pdf-file]'''</span> [[Category:Contents]] [[Category:General]] r68ad6jp7hzjvme02fsoalwaazltboy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 235 4263 2417 2015-09-29T16:05:54Z Apm 1 collapse double redirect #REDIRECT [[Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing]] 7ipod8plu0nrc0rjvh56qgsicmhyry7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 294 3824 3730 2015-05-02T14:48:51Z Apm 1 terminology update -> edelsteingummi {| border="0" |style="background:#FFCCCC; color:#000000; width: 80%; text-align:center;" | '''[[Main Page|Language: en]] | Sprache: de''' |} {{Template:Nanofabrik einführung}} Die Existenz von persönlichen Edelsteingummi Fabriken wird tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf die globale Gesellschaft haben. Die technische Basis für solch einen persönlichen Fabrikator - die ''Technologie der atomar präzisen Herstellung (englisch [[Main Page|APM]])'' - fängt heute an verstanden zu werden. Einen detailreichen Überblick über persönliche Edelsteingummi Fabriken der auf die Verwendung der [[:Category:Site specific definitions|in diesem Wiki eingeführten Terminologie (en)]] verzichtet gibt es [[Nanofabrik (wikipedia version)|hier '''(de)''']]. {{Template:Orientierung}} * Neuen inhalt auf diesem Wiki gibt es hier (en): [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&limit=500&days=60 "site activity of the last 60 days (max 500)"] * Ein Link zu einem Überblick über alle Seiten dieses Wikis gibt es hier(en): [[Special:AllPages]]. __TOC__ = Was ist atomar präzise Herstellung = == Allgemein über atomar präzise Herstellung == == Fortgeschrittene atomar präzise Herstellung == Fortgeschrittene '''atomar präzise Herstellung (APH)''' ist eine in Aussicht stehende '''Methode der Produktion physischer Güter''' aller Größen. <br> Die Produkte dieser Herstellungsmethode bestehen aus atomar präzisen [[diamondoid molecular elements|Teilen (en)]]. Diese Bestandteile wie z.B. Lager, Zahnräder, Federn und Gehäusestrukturen haben die kleinstmögliche physische Größe die ihre Funktion erlaubt. Wenn sie zusammengebaut sind sehen sie konventionellem Fabriks-Equipment das man im meter Maßstab findet erstaunlich ähnlich. Aber im meter Maßstab können diese neuartigen eindeutig nicht biologischen Produkte durchaus so designt sein, dass sie [[Intuitive_feel#The_feel_of_AP_Products|glatt elastisch und nahtlos (en)]] sind. Ein Merkmal dass heute nur biologische Materie zeigt. Im Gegensatz zu biologischen Systemen in atomaren Größenskalen sind diese künsltlichen atomar präzisen Systeme nicht auf die [[Brownsche Molekularbewegung]] angewiesen um zu funktionieren. Stattdessen arbeiten sie in der [[machine phase|Maschinenphase (en)]]. Aus [[diamondoid|verscheidenen Gründen (en)]] sind Silizium, Diamant und ähnliche [[diamondoid|Substanzen (en)]] geeignete Baumaterialien. Alle [[Diamondoid molecular element|Teile (en)]] haben ihre Oberflächen chemisch verstoppelt (passiviert). Passivierte Oberflächen verbinden sich nicht miteinander (nicht kovalent um genau zu sein). Wenn sich die Oberflächen der Teile so kontaktieren, dass ihre atomaren Rauhigkeiten nicht ineinander vermaschen können gleiten sie aufeinander [[superlubrication|abriebfrei und supraschmierend (en)]]. Mit [[exploratory engineering|erkundendem Konstruktionswesen (en)]] wurde gezeigt <ref name="nasy">[[Nanoystems|Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation - by K. Eric Drexler]]</ref>, dass [[further improvement at technology level III|AP Produkte (en)]] vom [[technology level III|gezielten Typ (en)]] bessere Leistung bringen werden als die meisten Produkte aus Materialien die heute bekannt sind. Durch den dezentralen (zu Hause / lokal) und direkten (Rohmaterial zu Produkt in einem Schritt) Character des Herstellungsprozesses gibt es Grund anzunehmen das AP Produkte außerordentlich billig zu produzieren sein werden. In Kombination könnten diese Charakteristiken zu drastischen Änderungen in der menschlichen Zivilisation in einer nur kurzen Zeitperiode führen. Das gibt uns [[opportunities|Gelegenheiten (en)]] jetzt noch unlösbare Zivilisationsprobleme rapide zu lösen aber stellt uns auch neuartigen [[dangers|Gefahren (en)]] gegenüber. Die technischen Details über die [[technology level III|Art von Technologie auf die abgezielt wird (en)]] kann im Buch [[Nanosystems|Nanosystems (en)]] gefunden werden <ref name="nasy"/>. Es enthält Details über die Mathematik Physik und Chemie hinter diesen Maschinen. Unter anderem wird erklärt warum Quantenunschärfe nicht wirklich ein Problem darstellt, warum thermische Bewegung ein lösbares Problem ist und warum Wissen über natürliche Flüssigphasenchemie nicht direkt anwendbar zu chemischer Synthese in der Maschinenphase ist ([[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthese (en)]]). = Warum brauchen wir atomar präzise Herstellung? = Die [[further improvement at technology level III|zu erwartenden Produkte von fortgeschrittener atomar präziser Herstellung (en)]] geben uns eine [[opportunities|Chance (en)]] die globalen Probleme der menschlichen Zivilisation zu lösen und unsere Welt zu erhalten und weiter zu bereichern. Hier gibt es ein paar Ansichten warum es uns atomar präzise Herstellung wichtig sein sollte: [https://www.foresight.org/nano/WhyCare.html Link zu foresight Seite (en)]. = Öffentliche Wahrnehmung = Trotz der ernormen Chancen und Risiken die aus dieser Richtung auf uns zukommen ist dass öffentliche Interesse derzeit im Fallen begriffen. ([http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=google+public+data#q=molecular%20nanotechnology%2C%20eric%20drexler%2C%20advanced%20nanotechnology%2C%20nano%20robotics%2C%20scanning%20tunneling%20microscopy&cmpt=q Zahl der suchen]; [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sci.nanotech newsgroup aktivität]). In weiten Teilen der Welt ist die bloße Existenz von atomar präziser Herstellung nicht im öffentlichen Bewusstsein angekommen. Mögliche Gründe für geringe Wahrnehmung und großen Interessensschwund: * fern: unrealistische Science-Fiction Erwartungen wurden nicht in kürzester Zeit erfüllt * nah: der rapide Wachstum von "Nanotechnologie" die heute zu einem großen Teil '''nicht''' atomar präzise Themen behandelt zog alle Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. (Siehe: [[history|Geschichte (en)]]) * nah & fern: Das fehlen eines Ortes wo einerseits spannende aber nicht so nahe liegende motivierende Produkt-beispiele gegeben werden und andererseits die handfesten fundamentalen Aspekte gezeigt werden und wie diese beiden zusammenhängen. Dieses Wiki soll solch ein Ort werden. = Wofür ist diese Website? = ['''todo:''' übersetzen] Die ziele dieses Wikis sind: * '''Informationen zu sammeln die relevant für die entwicklung eines persönlichen Fabrikators sind''' * Relevante TODO punkte zu sammeln * Zu zeigen das wir bereits wissen welche Fragen untersucht werden müssen. * Zu zeigen dass wir bereits genug Wissen angesammelt haben um gezielte Entwicklung statt ziellose Forschung zu betreiben. * Zu zeigen dass es bereits ziemlich klar ist was wir als nächstes tun müssen. * Zu zeigen dass heute ein Mangel an Personen herrscht die zu diesem Ziel hinarbeiten. * Ein [[intuitive feel|intuitives Gefühl (en)]] für die Mechanik von steifen atomar präzisen Nanosystemen zu vermitteln. * Die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der noch fernen aber [[exploratory engineering|in gewissen grenzen vorhersehbaren (en)]] fortgeschrittenen atomar präzisen Systeme zu erklären. * Zu erklären warum die unterschiedlichen Aspekte von fortgeschrittenen atomar präzisen Systemen eine solide Basis haben. * Zu erklären warum die unterschiedlichen Aspekte von fortgeschrittenen atomar präzisen Systemen potentiell großen Wert haben. * Die nahen und fernen [[dangers|Gefahren (en)]] und [[opportunities|Chancen (en)]] abzuhandeln die mit dem Erscheinen von nahen und ferneren atomar präzisen Produkten gebracht werden könnten. * [[general discussion|Allgemeine Diskussionen]] über APM bezogenen Themen zu sammeln wie z.B. [[general software issues|allgemeine Software Belange]]. * Diese große Menge an relativ unverbreitetem Wissen in einer Weise zu präsentieren die für es passend ist. Das heißt ... * All diese Information in einer nichtlinearen hyper-verlinkten Weise zu sammeln. * Verständlich zu sein für durchschnittliche technologisch interessierte Personen aber nicht auf Kosten von Ungenauigkeit oder Unvollständigkeit. ---- Heute (2014,2015) haben wir ein Puzzle von technologischen Fragmenten. Da gibt es die Fragmente von heutiger Technologie sowie die Fragmente von zukünftiger Technologie. Die Fragmente zukünftiger Technologie sind zu einem gewissen grad vertrauenswürdig da sie recht gut für [[exploratory engineering|die theoretische Untersuchung]] zugänglich sind. Die Zielsetzung ist all die Enden der Fragmente die am Anfang der Zeitlinie liegen zu finden und herauszufinden welche Arbeit erledigt werden muss um sie mit dem Anfang der Fragmente die später auf der Zeitlinie liegen zu verbinden. = External links = == Lokal gehostete Files == * <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Slides von [//cfp.linuxwochen.at/de/LWW14/public/events/115 der Präsentation] die der [[APM:About|apm-wiki site administrator]] am Wiener "Linuxwochen" event gegeben hat: [http://www.apm.bplaced.net/public/APM-Talk-12-2slidesproseite_de.pdf slides-pdf-file]'''</span>. Eine auf einer erweiterten Version basierende Videoserie ist in Arbeit. == Webseiten (alle englisch) == * [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute: Nanotechnology] * [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/201310Nano_Solutions.pdf Disquisition 2013 "Nano-solutions for the 21st century: Unleashing the fourth technological revolution"] * [http://www.zyvexlabs.com/Publications2010/WhitePapers/APM_Q_and_A.html Zyvex's definition of APM] == Videos == * Mehr Videos sind auf der [[Main Page|englischsprachingen Hauptseite]] des Wikis zu finden! * [http://vimeo.com/12768578 Fully Printed] (2010-06) - Achtung: '''[[Diamondoid|Diamantartige]] Nanofabriken werden anders aussehen und anders arbeiten. Sie werden z.B. [[misconceptions#no food|keine Torten mit Ei, Milch oder Mehl als Zutaten (en)]]''' produzieren. * Das ofizielle '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5192g1gQg official productive nanosystem video] - [http://e-drexler.com/a/080415NanoFactory94MB.mov (high quality 94MB)]'''. Achtung: '''Dies ist nur ein Konzeptvideo.''' Nicht zu sehen als "so und nur so wird es gebaut". Viele Details wie z.B. [[vacuum handling|Vakuumausschleusung (en)]] wurden ausgelassen. Eine genauere Diskussion der abgebildeten Vorgänge gibt es hier [[technology level III|hier (en)]] und hier [[Assembly levels|Montagelevels (en)]]. = References = <references /> [[Category:Contents]] [[Category:General]] 5cj6zxhkafkbq4c5qcbffkiqu70nhq9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 740 9285 8490 2021-05-24T18:40:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: [[Nanomechanic circuits]] {{stub}} The idea here is to make a set of mechanical standard components much like there is a <br> set of electrical standard components. '''A [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence|direct analogy]]:''' * Springs (linear and torsional) in analogy to capacitors * flywheels (and masses) in analogy to inductors * friction elements in analogy to resistors * gear-trains in analogy to transformers * differentials in analogy to wire-forks * clutches in analogy to transistors With quite a bit of an analogy breakdown for the latter ones. == Compiling mechanical circuits == Then mechanical circuits can be "compiled" just like we compile code for the generation of ASIC microchips. <br> One could e.g. compile systems for [[mechanical pulse width modulation]]. == Why a set of standard mechanical components may be more difficult than a set of electrical components == A complicating factor is that mechanics come with anisotropic rigid body motions in translatory and rotatory fashion while <br> charge in electronics behaves like an anisotropic (almost incompressible outside of dedicated components - called capacitors) fluid. <br> Thus additional redirection elements are needed. Simple electric fork points (solder points) correspond to mechanical differentials (including planetary differentials). <br> See-saws can give a simple approximation, but they behave nonlinearly. == Why don't we have standard mechanical circuit components on the macroscale? == As one can see from electronics circuits <br> a set of standard components only becomes practical once one has quite big and complex systems. <br> Early electronics was mostly analog and highly specialised. Similar with todays macroscale machinery like geartrains in cars or cranes or similar. These systems are quite simple and limited from a whole system perspective. And highly one off specialised for one specific task. Doing such things with nonspecialized standard components would incur a huge overhead. Plus macroscale mechanical components are still quite expensive. Even with 3D printing. == Related == * [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] * [[Nanomechanic circuits]] 76eyhrvvj7tp7b4lz9azf5jt1rrjtyk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 226 6049 6046 2017-07-19T18:36:33Z Apm 1 /* A note on ternary (3-valued) logic */ radix efficiency -> r. economy {{stub}} {{todo|add info about Macromechanical computation}} As it became apparent that computers can be useful tools (to a few privileged individuals in the past) electronics was still immature (compared to the "silicon transistor age") So there where attempts to build computers in a purely mechanical approach. Electronics quickly majored though and mechanical computers turned out to be vastly inferior to electronic ones. As a result serious attempts at mechanical computers design are limited to only a brief but fascinating episode of history. With the coming advent of atomically precise gem-gum nanosystems mechanical computation might experience some revival due to several reasons. = Benefits of mechanical computation over electronic computation at the nanoscale = * Speed: making things smaller makes them faster (a [[scaling law]]) - up to low GHz range is reasonable for nanomechanical computing * Friction: while crudely etched micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have huge problems with friction the polar opposite is the case for atomically precise [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] nano-electro-mechanical systems (AP-NEMS). See: "[[Superlubrication]]" * Nanomechanics in general features [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|near classical behavior at the nanoscale]]. This makes design easier and more straightforward. Sharp corners in conductive nano-wires can create unexpected high resistances for electric currents due to ballistic transport effects. There's a lot of experience from todays silicon wafer technology though. * Highly compact design: Nanomechanic computing systems can likely be built more compact (in gate density) than nanoelectronic computing systems. In case of nanoelectronic systems electrons tunnel through isolators with a thickess of several atoms (especially at higher voltages) which can lead to unwanted dissipation losses. * In an advanced productive nanosystem like a [[nanofactory]] relatively slow mechanical motion (MHz range) is needed anyway for the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s and further up assembly robotics. So making low performance local logic purely mechanical too makes sense. * Nanomechanic computation has inherent robustness against electromagnetic interference. Even hard against the worst case: EMP (electromagnetic pulse) * Nanomechanic computation has robustness against ionizing radiation (in case too filigree structure are avoided like e.g. single bonded ethyne chains). Note that with this design decision one looses the benefit of '''highly compact design''' though. == A note on ternary (3-valued) logic == Mechanical computing systems may make ternary logic more easy to implement. The benefits of ternary logic are questionable though. While in principle ternary has a better '''radix economy''' than binary in adder circuits (a very core component of most computing systems) the gained benefit in the adding logic seems to be lost with the carry bit logic. {{todo|add link to relevant web-pag(es)}} There are more possible ternary logic gates than binary ones. This may sometimes make design more complicated and less intuitive. Automated design tools can help. == A note on analog logic == There is a very good reason why we switched to digital systems. '''noise error margins''' and '''error correction''' allow for scaling up many many orders of magnitude with ridiculous levels of reliability. In fact thats exactly the same reason why a nanofactory for physical production is more desirable than being content with the current day chemistry that is adding up errors with growing product size. '''Stiffness is the key for suppression of thermal fluctuations.''' It keeps atom deposition at the right place well apart from atom deposition at the wrong place. Just as it keeps bits from being in the wrong state due to charge fluctuations. * s = (1/k) * F ... to keep position fluctuations low stiffness (= "inverse mechanical capacity") must be kept high * Q = C * U ... to keep charge fluctuations low capacity (= "inverse electrical stiffness") must be kept low<br> {{todo|Something is reverse here. Usually there are voltage margins not charge margins. What's going on?}} While analog in pure form is unsuitable here's an idea how some form of pseudo-analog computing mechanisms may be useful in the nanoscale: === Subatomic pseudo-analog mechanical computation === {{speculativity warning}} What will be referred to as "pseudo-analog" in the following is analog with forbidden levels separating allowed ones. In nanomechanical digital logic it seems one is fundamentally limited with the size of atoms. But (using rotating mechanics as an example) a torsionally stiff rotating axle can actually can resolve angular steps fine enough such that the circumference arc-length steps are of a size way below the size of an atom. To tap this space one could try a strategy like this: * convert to pseudo analog * use analog mechanical computing mechanisms * convert back to digital before the levels blur to the point of unreliable separability * do re-amplification / error correction in the usual digital fashion * recurse The main problem here is that the gain in the compactness from the pseudo-analog part might be lost with the size of the conversion circuitry. Note that for every additional bit encoded in the pseudo analog value the number of levels doubles. So the number of encodable bits is quickly reached. To extend the number of encodable bits a bit one could cool the system to reduce thermal noise. But at some point one runs into eigen-modes excitated by zero point energy. Regaring quantum superposition of axle states for mechanically based quantum computation: the decoherence time may be way too short. {{todo|Inverstigate whether this has been investigated or not.}} Note: Some macroscale analog mechanical computing devices would not work at the nanosacle since they heavily rely on friction. A good example is the ball and disk integrator mechanism (see: "fire control computers" link). (Maybe related: fundamental impossibility of continuously adjustable mechanical gain chain transmission) == Related == * [[nanomechanical computation]] * Analogy between electrical and mechanical quantities == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_computer Mechanical_computer] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine Analytical_Engine] (Charles Babbage; base 10; never built in full) * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z1_(computer) Z1_(computer)] (Konrad Zuse; base 2; rebuilt after destruction; unreliable but in a reproducible way) ---- * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1i-dnAH9Y4 Mechanical Computer (All Parts) - Basic Mechanisms In Fire Control Computers ] [[Category:Information]] cwq3io5hmqrmd5dgkj6beax859jfhtz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 939 9179 9050 2021-05-23T13:30:40Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] #REDIRECT [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] rieqd48o2mwbcomghz3x3ifynj132pq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 78 11356 10873 2021-07-08T11:15:20Z Apm 1 /* Mechanical energy transmission cables */ spelling {{speculative}} Up: [[Energy transmission]] ---- = Mechanical energy transmission cables = ['''Todo''': make and add doublelog energy transport density graph - (chemical + mechanical + inertial) compound] '''Due to the very high [[energy density|energy densities]] that are handleable''' with [[diamondoid]] nanosystems [reference needed] '''and the available [[superlubrication]] energy could potentially transmitted mechanically'''. Depending on the magnitude of [[superlubrication]] and effectiveness of [[infinitesimal bearings]] the feasible transmission length-scale will be determinable. <br> ['''Todo:''' estimations / general estimation formula]. This length scale probably can be expected to be quite large. Energy could be transmitted via translative or rotative or combined movement of diamondoid rods. For translative movement any diamondoid rods can be employed. For rotative movement strained shell diamondoid rods or nanotubes are suited best. For continuous pulling flexible belts ropes or chains can be considered. Power is force times speed (corresponding to voltage times current). * The force is limited by the tensile strength of the used rods. * The speed is limited by the turn radius and thus indirectly by the tensile strength of the housing structure. When speed is increased speed dependent friction rises quadratically. This can be limited by the use of [[infinitesimal bearings]] as concentrical cylindrical shells along the whole length of the cable. Bearing thickness reduces the relative speeds linearly. With rising speeds centrifugal forces become exceedingly high making beefy supporting structures necessary. [[Power density|Power densities]] beyond the already very high limit for diamondoid systems are then accessible and cable damage becomes a very serious hazard. For lower power densities and lower speeds sharp bends are still problematic because of the limited flexibility (bendability) of such cables. Specially designed turning elements may be usable. For medium long to very long distances one can meet the limit of specific strength that is the rods can't turn/pull their own inertial weight anymore. This limits the power-up rate (unit: watts per second). [[energy storage cells]] [Kickstart with [[interfacial drive]]s to circumvent this ?] The energy transfer speed (propagation of the rising flank after power-up) is equal to the (very high) transversal or longitudinal speed of sound of the choosen diamondoid material but still significantly slower than electrical impulse propagation. The maximum speed of continuous axial movement is not limited by the speed of sound though. [[For all practical purposes]] this limit is so high that it wont matter much. Continuous rotative, alternating rotative and reciprocative movement might have benefits for all but power densities so high that they require global scale bending radii (cables carrying speeds exceeding c_sound in diamond). Example: Limit for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_power_density areal power density]: <br> 50GPa ... ~ tensile strength of natural diamond - mechanosynthetisized one will be stronger <br> c_sound ... the longitudinal speed of sound in diamond * 1000th c_sound: 50GPa * 18m/s = 900GW/m² = 9GW/dm² = 90MW/cm² = 900kW/mm² * 100th c_sound: 50GPa * 180m/s = 9TW/m² = 90GW/dm² = 900MW/cm² = 9MW/mm² (seems practical) * 10th c_sound: 50GPa * 1.8km/s = 90TW/m² = 900GW/dm² = 9GW/cm² = 90MW/mm² Note that if the cable (for whatever reason) is free standing and goes around in a cricle there is a scale invariand speed limit of about 3km/s above which a nanotube ring ruptures due to centrifugal force. This also poses a limit to areal power density in small scales of at least 15MW/mm². soem form of nanoscale [[levitation]] method may be needed to reach such powerdensity levels. ['''Todo:''' Compare to expensive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line overhead power line] ~ 1MW/mm²] [note the involved high kinetic energies] To minimize acoustic losses in the environment a (high) number of litzes/strands operated in different phases can be combined. Elastic losses translate to capacitive losses in electrical lines. Rotation has higher stiffness but also higher speed dependent power dissipation [to verify]. Translation has lower stiffness and lower speed dependent power dissipation [to verify]. Note: Inertal energy is bound in non-sinusodial steady state operation and surfaces at shutdown. ['''Todo:''' Discuss insertion and extraction of mechanical power] <br> ['''Todo:''' There seems to be a discrepancy to the power densities noted in [[Nanosystems]]. Note that they are related to volume not area like here.] == Transporting chemical energy == The idea is to pack some [[energy storage cell]]s on the energy transport track. Its probably very useful for low speed systems - including almost all the stuff of everyday use. For high sppeed systems at some point the kinetic energy will outgrow the chemical energy since it grows quaddratically instead of linear with speed. Also chemomechanical converters are slower than mechanomechanical transmissions and may loose efficiency when operated to fast. == Mechanical energy transmission cables vs electrical superconductors == * [[Non mechanical technology path]] It's still unclear whether superconductors will some day meet widespread use. It doesn't seem too unlikely though. * With advanced [[thermal isolation]] even today's superconductors may be usable. These YBCO superconductors contain not the most abundant but also not exceedingly rare elements. * The discovery of a practically usable room temperature superconductors is (as of 2017 to the knowledge of the author) still an [[unpredictable scientific discovery]]. Superconducting topological insulators may be a promising field. * With advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] a giant space of strongly metastable non-equilibrium structures becomes accessible that is not accessible via conventional thermodynamic production methods (mixing,melting,annealing,...). The [[neo polymorphs]]. This allows for much more powerful random and systematic search. Measuring the remnant resistance of superconductors has (to the knowledge of the author) never been archived (physics usually does not like true infinities / true zeros). So the energy transmission efficiency should be even higher than the one of '''mechanical energy transmission cables'''. The downsides of superconducting energy transport in comparison are: * involvement of not so extremely abundant elements * susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (solar storms / EMPs) * associated strong magnetic stray fields * achievable efficiencies for '''mechanical energy transmission cables''' should be near 100% anyway. On a highly speculative note: <br> Has anyone thought about bearing things by floation them on superfluids? == Alternate uses == {{speculativity warning}} Beside energy transport continuous linear movement cables could be used for the forces they develop. When curvature and speed produces forces exceeding gravitational acceleration (note that there is no need for escape velocity) the cable could (''very speculatively'') lift by itself and build a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_loop launch loop]. When such a cable is cut a big scale explosion may follow depositing lots of material at the explosion site. A better approach may be [http://www.autogeny.org/tower/tower.html J. Storr Halls static Space Pier]. <br> If you want some discussion of the widely known space elevator concept in light of advanced APM capabilities go [[space elevator|here]]. == Related == * '''[[superlube tubes]]''' * [[global scale energy management]] * [[power density]] * [[upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] * [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Pages with math]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] [[Category:Pages with math]] [[Category:Technology level III]] 2jwwedh13j17s2rn1mrka4obe4k9nwj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 967 9278 2021-05-24T18:12:19Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] to [[Mechanical energy transmission]]: making it consistent with the other pages #REDIRECT [[Mechanical energy transmission]] 2ih6ozjcg4e6q2z2z3e34x2dfosatoz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 494 9170 5186 2021-05-23T13:17:49Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect #REDIRECT [[Convergent mechanical actuation]] rieqd48o2mwbcomghz3x3ifynj132pq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1102 11713 11712 2021-07-21T14:23:09Z Apm 1 added [[Radio frequency metamaterials]] {{stub}} Mechanical metamaterials are materials that emulate mechanical properties through structuring at smaller size-scales. <br> The complement to mechanical metamaterials are the non-mechanical metamaterials. These include: * [[Electromagnetic metamaterial]] with the subclasses of [[Optical metamaterials]] and crude [[Radio frequency metamaterials]] * [[Thermal metamaterial]] * [[Electrical metamaterials]] '''Clear delineation to optical metamaterials:'''<br> The term "[[Metamaterial]]" without prefix is often used to refer to optical metamaterials. This may be because: * Many existing mechanical metamaterials already have a name and are not consciously recognized as such (see below) * More advanced mechanical metamaterials are maybe experimentally less accessible than optical metamaterials (questionable ...) == Examples == === Today === Known and existing cases of (passive) mechanical metamaterials are: * Chainmaille * Textiles * many natural materials produced by living organisms (bones with structured voids, naca with layered protein and minerals, ...) * .. there may be a few more that constitute whole different classes ?? === Future === Future mechanical metamaterials based on [[gemstone like compounds]] (in particular based on [[base materials with high potential]]) * [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s Many unusual properties are (will be) possible. <br> For more examples see: [[Metamaterial#Examples]] == Related == * '''[[Metamaterial]]''' * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] * Topological mechanical metamaterial * Going off-topic: [[Tensegrity]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxetics Auxetics] – one peculiar example of an nigh infinite amount of possibilities eojc5vc2oen0c6lcni9jc5xu5gomp0e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 229 9288 7560 2021-05-24T18:43:17Z Apm 1 /* Misc */ added link to page: [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] {{stub}} In an electrical systems when you want to step down from high-voltage-low-current to low-voltage-high-current (e.g. like you do in your typical smart phone charger) the modern approach is to do pulse width modulation with buck converters. There seems to be some fundamental impossibility to build a mechanical transmission with a continuously adjustable gear ratio without any friction elements. (bicycle, drill press) The trick that pulse with modulation in electrical systems do to archive continuous transmission ratios while keeping losses low is to traverse the region of middle friction and maximal power loss as fast as possible and adjust the output voltage by the duty cycle between zero and movement quenching friction. The pulsating output gets smoothed by energy storage elements like capacitors and inductances. The same principle could be done by a mechanical analogon in the nanoscale where the energy storage elements are springs and flywheels. One further needs friction clamps and nonlinearizing elements to gain the analog functionality of a transistor. In the macroscale it probably wouldn't work well due to vibrations detrimental to the parts lifetime. == Related == === energy domains === * minimal set of [diamondoid molecular element|DMMEs] analogous to basic universal set of electric parts * wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical-electrical_analogies mechanical electrical analogies] * wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_analogy impedance analogy] === mechanical gyrator === * wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator gyrator] Allowing to emulate a flywheel (which may be to big) or inertial mass with a spring. This is analogue to the emulation of inductance by capacitance which is used in miniaturisation today (active inductor). * a gyrator is lossless but characterized through a resistance value * a standalone gyrator cannot be made by passive elements - negative elements would be needed * negative elements can be either absorbed by the context circuit surrounding it if its suitable or emulated by <br> active negative impedance converters (=transconductor??). wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_impedance_converter negative impedance converter], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transconductance transconductance], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_theorem miller theorem] === Misc === * [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] -- analogies to inverses -- integration swaps with differentiaition (?) * [[Nanomechanic circuits]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]] lfhcyqv07swgv308qomdlvtc7jg71my wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1286 11761 11760 2021-07-25T11:39:55Z Apm 1 added a bit of into text {{stub}} Mechanical stability is typically the weakest requirement of [[the three stabilities]]: <br> [[chemical stability]], [[thermal stability]], and [[mechanical stability]]. <br> That is: Most materials that are quite thermally stable are also decently mechanically stable. [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] makes materials <br> with especially good mechanical stability accessible. <br> See: [[Base materials with high potential]] With today's [[thermodynamic means]] of production only a few similar materials <br> can be produced, and only with limited control. In particular: [[Nanotubes]]. == Related == '''[[The three stabilities]]:''' * [[Chemical stability]] * [[Thermal stability]] (this page here) * [[Mechanical stability]] ---- * [[Base materials with high potential]] – [[Dialondeite]], [[Moissanite]] * [[Stiffness]] * [[High material strengths]] * [[High pressure]] * [[High pressure modifications]] * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] ---- * [[Tensioning mechanism design]] sc7w97mliyffi9n77yetxaiocds0pkh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 40 10789 10779 2021-06-22T20:01:53Z Apm 1 /* Mechanochemical parameters */ [[File:SiteSpecificWorkpieceActivationConcept.png|320px|thumb|right|[[Site-specific workpiece activation]] a semi mechanosynthetic precursor of more advanced forms of mechanosynthesis – Image from a presentation of: Eric K. Drexler (2016) ([https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f33/Keynote%20presentation%20-%20Drexler.pdf pdf])]] [[File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.png|400px|thumb|right| '''The scalable vectorgraphic *.svg format of this file is available [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.svg here]''']] [[File:Mol-Mill-color.jpg|400px|thumb|right| '''[[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]''' – A single [[hydrogen]] atom is deposited onto a cylindrical [[crystolecule]] under construction. The tooltip used here is the '''HDon tool that has been theoretically analyzed in the paper: "A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis"'''. See [[tooltip chemistry]] ]] '''Mechanosynthesis''' is a [[method of assembly]]. It is the process of assembling atomically precise components to larger atomically precise structures by pick and place methods. For information about almost atom-by-atom synthesis involving large applied forces see: [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] instead. ---- In [[Nanosystems]] a definition with very loose requirements is given: <br>'''Mechanosynthesis is "molecular synthesis directed by mechanical means"'''<br> And it was really meant this general way as can be seen on the page "[[Pathway controversy]]". ---- There is a bit of a problem with a community consensus on the meaning of the term "mechanosynthesis". <br> For details see: [[Mechanosynthesis (disambiguation)]] Anyway. On this wiki "mechanosynthesis" ... * ... refers to anything that involves [[positional assembly]]. * ... may or may not feature the capability of applying high local forces ([[piezochemistry]]). * ... will be avoided in favor of more specific terms. * In particular the far term target will be referred to with "[[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]". * When [[thermally driven self assembly]] aspects are still present (beside the necessary [[positional assembly]]) then "semi-mechanosynthetic" or better "semi-positional" may be used. = Kinds of mechanosynthesis = == Piezochemical mechanosynthesis (the far term target) == See main article: * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] – <small>Also: "(High) force applying mechanosynthesis"</small> * And in particular [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis#Surprising Facts]] '''Examples:''' * Synthetic: Mechanosynthesis of diamond with stiff manipulators * Natural: Enzymes that use chemical energy (e.g. ATP) on one site transport the energy mechanically through the protein and add a part to a workpiece on the encymatic site (Ligases, ATPases, ...) == Site activating semi-mechanosynthesis == Mechanical force is used only to make an otherwise unspecific site ractive. The actual building blocks are washed in after activation and attach to the activated sites completely unguided. Then the cycle repeats. == Strongly directed mechanosynthesis (strongly guided AP-block assembly) == There is fully non-specific binding between components. <br> That is: Components do not encode information about their target position (target position in the target structure) in their shape. Guided assembly of atomically precise blocks is ... * ... more or less equivalent to [[positional assembly]] without additional capabilities. * ... a form of mechanosynthesis according to [[Mechanosynthesis (disambiguation)|how the term "mechanosynthesis" is interpreted on this wiki]]. * when interpreting mechanosynthesis as equivalent to [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] (not done in this wiki) then this is not mechanosynthesis. [[Self assisting assembly]] (that is thermally driven final self alignment) can still be used.<br> ---- '''Examples for guided assembly of atomically precise blocks:''' * Synthetic: pick and place DNA bricks or assemblies to specific locations (not done yet) * Synthetic: pick and place diamondoid molecular elements to specific locations Side note: <br> <small>In this kind of assembly there also can be quite considerable forces involved (VdW forces). <br> But those are pretty low on a per-bond-level and do not change the nature of the molecules. <br> That is usually no covalent bonds are formed or broken. (There may be exceptions.)</small> == Supra-molecular mechanosynthesis (weakly guided AP-block assembly) == Weakly guided assembly that relies on weak bonds. <br> Since it's not strongly guided (e.g. block on a tether) directed force fundamentally can't be applied. <br> Like it's fundamentally impossible to push on a string/tether <small>(excluding [[inertial throwing of a tether|inertial throwing]] which does not work at the nanoscale)</small> It is questionable whether this should be be counted to the methods of mechanosynthesis. this form of assembly forms a continuum to true self assembly. '''Examples:''' * Natural: Carrying a protein on a flexible polymeric tether to a location for local selfassembly * Synthetic: Carrying a structural DNA brick on a tether to a location for local self assembly (not done yet) Related: [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] (MMCNs) == The piezochemical mechanosynthesis threshold == Starting with [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] right away proved to be very challenging to scale. (See: [[Direct path]]). Easier might be to start with self assembly, move on to weaker types mechanosynthesis and continuously improve on that. (See: [[Incremental path]]). When moving from more limited capabilities of atomically precise placement of larger blocks (where only rough placement is needed and the rest is snap in place by complementary surfaces and intermolecular forces) towards more advances capabilities there comes a point where one one "suddenly" can reliably target single atoms. At this point one can start to apply forces to directly influence chemistry in a very controlled fashion ([[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]). {{wikitodo|add illustrative image}} == Supercritical lattice scaled stiffness == The suitability of an atomic material (or pre-assembled block metamaterial) to place units of itself via manipulators made from itself can be quantified by the quantity of "[[lattice scaled stiffness]]". That is the relation between the stiffness of the material and the spacing between its snap-in-points. Given an intended operation temperature one can judge feasibility and reliability for the material. In quantitative terms: "error rates". Only if error rates are low enough the material is suitable for mechanosynthesis. One could say the material has "supercritical lattice scaled stiffness". {{wikitodo|add illustrative image}} = Mechanochemical parameters = * t_act … actuation time (toward and away from reactive geometry) – (piezochemical: ~10^-6s => ~1MHz) * t_trans … transformation time (geometry permits reaction to occur) – (piezochemical: ~10^-7s) * k_react … reaction rate (probability for reaction per time during t_trans wile not yet occurred) * k_isc … [[inter system crossing]] rate * => P_err … likelyhood of error per reaction – (piezochemical: smaller than 10^-15) Source: [[Nanosystems]] 8.3.1.b Mechanochemical parameters (P197) = Details = == Basic mechanosynthesis == === Brownian mechanosynthesis === A mild form of mechanosynthesis can actually be done without active drive mechanisms and without full robotic control. In fluid/gas phase a reaction between two reagents occurs only when a correct three dimensional position plus a correct three angle orientation is reached at the same time "by accident" through thermal vibrations ([[brownian assembly|self assembly]]). When one hooks the reagents to a reasonably stiff common hinge or rail and letting the thermal motion drive the "mechanism" only one correct angle or one correct position must be reached "by accident" which is much more likely and will thus happen much more frequently. This way one can make the rate of encounter rise for wanted and diminish for unwanted reactions. In more general terms: Through confinement of reagents into a sub volume (partial [[machine phase]]) the [[effective concentration]] of the reagents increase and the reaction rates rise. More information on brownian mechanosynthesis and and [[effective concentration]] on Eric K. Drexlers Blog: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153047/http://metamodern.com/2009/04/11/brownian-motors-and-mechanosynthesis/ Motors, Brownian Motors, and Brownian Mechanosynthesis (archive)]; [http://metamodern.com/2009/04/11/brownian-motors-and-mechanosynthesis/ (old dead link)]; * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/22/effective-concentration-in-self-assembly-catalysis-and-mechanosynthesis/ Effective Concentration in Self Assembly, Catalysis, and Mechanosynthesis (1) (archive)]; [http://metamodern.com/2009/03/22/effective-concentration-in-self-assembly-catalysis-and-mechanosynthesis/ (old dead link)]; * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/27/effective-concentration-2/ Effective Concentration in Self Assembly, Catalysis, and Mechanosynthesis (2) (archive)]; [http://metamodern.com/2009/03/27/effective-concentration-2/ (old dead link)] ----- On the way from brownian transport and self assembly to the most weak forms of mechanosynthesis three things can be identified that can be used to characterize the method. This would be: * '''dimensionality:''' 3D (in full space) / 2D (on a bent sheet) / 1D (on a twisted rail) / due to lots of folds and curvature in between in a quasi fractal dimension * '''constrainedness:''' e.g. -- arbitrarily formed tubes or bubbles in 3D -- arbitrarily shaped stripes or patches in 2D -- (constraints can not only be provided by walls but also by tethers) * '''directionality:''' some degree of suppression of backward hops on every step. {{wikitodo|add links to: arrow of time, efficiency, thermodynamics, ...}} === (full control) mechanosynthesis === Fully controlled mechanosynthesis normally simply called mechanosynthesis controlls all degrees of freednom allowing only for thermal vibration amplitudes determined by the stiffness of the controlling structure. Demonstration experiments with scanning probe microscopy would be useful for every technology level from I to III. Mechanosynthesis has been demonstrated for non metals at room temperature already. In most cases the used tooltips where not [[positional atomic precision|atomically precise]] and if not reversibly rechargable. Of basic mechanosynthesis with molecular blocks as done '''in [[technology level I]]''' not much is known yet. <br> [Todo: investigate what experiments have been done - experimental examples needed!] <br> Experiments that could be done: # Create big stiff AP molecular building blocks by self assembly (e.g. stuctural-DNA-Bricks) such that they expose complementary surfaces # Try to put them together and measure the strength of the formed bond Mechanosynthesis '''in [[technology level II]]''' needs to use templating cores. == Advanced mechanosynthesis == In advanced forms of mechanosynthesis [[technology level III]] [[moieties|components]] get assembled to [[diamondoid molecular elements|structures]] utilisizing [[tooltip chemistry]]. It's feasibility was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally for nonmetals at room temperature. It shall be performed in the many [[robotic mechanosyntesis core|robotic mechanosynthesis cores]] of all advanced APM systems. === Mechanosynthesis of [[diamondoid molecular elements]] === Putting things together directly from '''[[the ultimate construction toy]]'''. Unstrained DMEs (out of e.g. hydrocarbon or hydrosilicon) are the structures easiest to produce by mechanosynthesis. Since only a few (still quite a lot) [[tooltip chemistry steps]] need to be understood and implemented. Unstraind structures though cannot approximate cylindrical structures well and thus form poor bearings. Exclusive hydrogen [[passivation]] also leads to higher friction between sliding surfaces. See: "[[superlubrication]]". '''Strained structures''' like bearings need '''additional pre-produced tools'''. E.g. a ring shaped part like a bearing could be produced in two halves. In general either those two parts go '''less or more than 360° around'''. If less the two halves can be [[surface interfaces|merged]] at one side and pressed together by a ''prepaired tool'' to merge at approximately the other side. If a little more than 360° the two halves might be simply pressed together by the ''special tool''. If much more an additional widening tool is needed. An alternate method for the creation of strained shell structures may be to start with an unstrained but curved single atom with ring on a template surface (possibly a pre-built strained shell structure) extend it radially then vertically and finally break / pluck it off the template. '''Moving parts''' need to be temporarily '''tacked down''' by some means while in the building phase. === Mechanosynthesis of less stiff AP structures === Mechanosynthesis of less stiff but still highly standardized structures should be possible by temporarily restraining the products degrees of freedom at the building suite. Long nanotubes could be fed through a pre-produced hole, bigger sheets of graphene through a slit. Built order must be chosen such that "overhangs" never form thin floppy walls. This may require placement mechanisms with more than three degrees of freedom (which are likely to be required for e.g. pi-bond breaking processes anyway). In some cases a floppy chain can be built by keeping it tensioned and only extending it near the tip. [Todo: note reaction sequence that shows this] === Mechanosynthesis of special structures === In most situations atoms don't behave like building bricks of specific shape. It's just that when doing mechanosynthesis one carefully choses the ones that do and choses the configurations in which they do. Thus its no wonder that one occasionally runs into situations where things get complex. An example is nitrogen when it's used as dopant atoms in diamond. One bond is missing to four. When depositing it to the growing surface you might have to choose an orientation ['''to verify''']. When it's finally fully and symmetrically embedded in diamond its orientation will be lost. Another example are boron and aluminum. They can form electron deficiency bonds that can behave in unexpected ways. Then there's hybridisation of elements of some elements from the second period namely carbon nitrogen and oxygen. Prime example are the components for the "rod logic" ([[nanomechanical computation]]) presented in Nanosystems (polyyne control cables with attached knobs). Not only do they have limited stiffness (see above) but also carbon in different hybridization states. {{Todo|check research status on how far hybridisation can be controlled}} Several metal oxides and other new [[diamondoid]] materials will be of interest but pose significant effort for the design of the whole capture preparation placement chain. For more the main article on: "[[Limits of construction kit analogy]]". === Further notes === Somewhat complementary to mechanosynthesis is "[[atomically precise disassembly]]". Note that this is much harder task. Mechanosynthesis is not reversible by simply reversing the motion trajectories. If even the location of the atoms in the chunk of material to disassemble are unknown this problem becomes incredibly difficult. Luckily "[[atomically precise disassembly]]" is not needed for [[Nanofactory|fully fledged diamondoid APM]] system. On the downside this could lead to [[recycling]] problems. Complementary to the capture of [[resource molecules]] is the creation of small oxide and hydride [[Moiety|moieties]] when diamondoid waste is burnt (controlled oxidation) or cracked (hydration). See: "[[hot gas phase recycling cycle]]" {{todo|Mechanosynthesis can be made to be highly energetically reversible (efficient). How does this relate to reversing the reaction?}} <br> Start of an answer: [[Low speed efficiency limit]] == Development of increasingly advanced artificial mechanosynthetic capabilities == * {{wikitodo|add infographic showing stages with increasing lattice scaled stiffness. from foldamers over large lattice biominerals to diamond & co}} * {{wikitodo|more on effective concentration}} == Related == * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] or [[force applying mechanosynthesis]] (possible shorthand [[forcosynthesis]]) * '''[[Experimental demonstrations of single atom manipulation]]''' * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Tooltip chemistry]] in machine phase aka [[Machine phase|machine phase chemistry]]; (robotic "stereotactic" manipulation – [[positional assembly]]) * What it takes for advanced mechanosynthesis to provide practical levels of throughput: [[Atom placement frequency]] * The two infamous points of critique: [[Fat finger problem]] & [[Sticky finger problem]] <br> But there are two more. See: [[The finger problems]] * The harder problem of inverse mechanosynthesis: [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Positional assembly]] as the here present [[Method of assembly]] * A path towards advanced mechanosynthesis: [[Introduction of total positional control]] * Atomically precise nanoscale assembly without mechanosynthesis: [[Thermally driven assembly]] & [[Diffusion transport]] * Raising efficiency of advanced mechanosynthesis: [[Dissipation sharing]] & [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * weaker [[Topological atomic precision]] vs stronger [[Positional atomic precision]] * An important aspect of advanced mechanosynthesis: [[High pressure]] * [[Lattice scaled stiffness]] & [[Effective concentration]] == External links == * Ralph Merkle and Robert Freitas, in a joint session discuss diamond mechanosynthesis at the 2007 Foresight Vision Weekend Unconference. <br> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=705raszSLGA video] | [http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/people-blog/2007/mechanosynthesis/ text (dead link - replacement needed)] | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110906070520/http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/people-blog/2007/mechanosynthesis/ text (via waybackmachine)] * '''[http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis]''' <br> from Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle - Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA *About advanced mechanosynthesis: [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/AnnBibDMS.htm Annotated Bibliography on Diamond Mechanosynthesis] * Demonstration of vertical manipulation of single Si Atoms at ~70K: [http://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/annual-report/volume-4/graphics/15.html] * There's no problem of "fat fingers" or "sticky fingers" [http://www.imm.org/publications/sciamdebate2/smalley/] * [http://metamodern.com/2009/02/03/from-self-assembly-to-mechanosynthesis/ Eric Drexlers Blog: From Self-Assembly to Mechanosynthesis] * example of supra-molecular mechanosynthesis:<br> single molecular layer of PTCDA {{WikipediaLink|https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTCDA}} on Ag(111)<br> [http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=2190-4286-5-203#F2 Patterning a hydrogen-bonded molecular monolayer with a hand-controlled scanning probe microscope] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis Mechanosynthesis] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity effective concentration (aka thermodynamic activity)] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] == Table of Contents == __TOC__ o3i5yd7vqn32wxlxxdmuxlljaicm4af wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1047 9949 9946 2021-06-05T08:51:12Z Apm 1 added misc sections == Disabmiguation == === Mechanosynthesis in general === [[Mechanosynthesis]]: In [[Nanosystems]] a definition with very loose requirements is given: <br>'''"molecular synthesis directed by mechanical means"'''<br> And it was really meant this general way as can be seen on the page "[[Pathway controversy]]". === Piezochemical mechanosynthesis === But the term mechanosynthesis later often got used to exclusively refer to <br> '''[[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]''' (which is positional assembly plus [[piezochemistry]]). === Non-piezochemical mechanosynthesis === "Mechanosynthesis" can also refer to processes that involve [[positional assembly]] alone without piezochemistry. == On historic accidental terminology annexation and consequences == It seems that by other (later) authors it has been and often is assumed that there needs to be an applied force involved such that an assembly method qualifies as mechanosynthesis. <small>(Which kind of makes sense since the "synthesis" part in the name seems to be pointing to chemistry of single bonds. Going beyond just pick and place of AP blocks.)</small> That is the term "mechanosynthesis" is often used to exclusively refer to advanced mechanosynthesis in [[technology level III|late]] and [[technology level II|middle]] stages of the development process. But in the sense of the original definition it can also encompass something like the core step in the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes because there is at least some "direction by mechanical means" involved. === The problem === With terminology that is interpreted by different audiences in different <br> mutually inconsistent inconsistently discussion of ideas becomes harder and more confusing. <br> This may hamper and even inhibit progress. === Possible ways around the terminology dilemma === * Let's try to avoid speaking about [[mechanosynthesis]] in an unqualified way. <br> * Let's try to be more specific as much as this is possible. '''Being more specific:''' * For the kind of mechanosynthesis that is [[positional assembly]] plus [[piezochemistry]] let's use [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * For the kind of mechanosynthesis that is just [[positional assembly]] let's just use [[positional assembly]]. * For larger scale stuff that involved covalent bond forming and breaking: [[seamless covalent welding]] When talking about mechanosynthesis in [[technology level I| early stages of the development process]] some term like "'''guided [[topological atomic precision|AP]]-block assembly'''" could be used. <br> Check out "[[method of assembly]]". == Misc == Alternative terms for "piezochemical mechanosynthesis" could be: * high force applying mechanosynthesis * force applying mechanosynthesis * "force-synthesis" or "force-chemistry" ... ?? nwia6s9lofw46hpxfjoriswpk5c7v5f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 957 9202 2021-05-23T16:39:24Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mechanosynthesis core]] #REDIRECT [[Mechanosynthesis core]] qkgq2qwered7owz1d4flx1e98vm0ced wikitext text/x-wiki 0 83 11239 9416 2021-07-05T18:27:23Z Apm 1 {{wikitodo|Add stylized picture of single mill style core in volume showing wireframe box. And maybe that specific screencap of the productive nanosystems video}} * preceeding: [[tooltip preparation zone]] * next: [[crystolecule routing]] & [[crystolecule assembly robotics]] Akin to processor cores defined by the local environments of arithmetic logic units the cores of APM systems can be considered to be the local environments of the places where [[mechanosynthesis]] is actually executed. They are located in [[Assembly levels|assembly level 0]]. '''Robotic mechanosynthesis cores''' can be divided into two classes: conveyor belt style and general purpose which may have a bit of a gray zone in between . ['''todo''' explain intermediate core] = Cores = == General purpose cores == General purpose cores are [[robotic manipulators]] that can do special tasks that is create many of the physical permissible building material structures. * clearly separable from the transport structure delivering the [[Moiety|moieties]] * more voluminous and slower than conveyor belt cores * more degrees of freedom and bigger build envelope - a wide variety of [[robotic manipulators]] can be used. * good random access to different tool-types * [[carrier pellets]] can make sense [application spike-barrel...] == Conveyor belt cores == Converyor belt cores can complement general puropuse cores to gain higher speeds (synthethisation rates). They are charactericed trough the following traits: * robotic transport structure and deposition structure are inseparable and may connect seamlessly to the [[tooltip preparation zone]] * active ends of conveyor belt cores are more compact than general purpose cores * possibly fewer degrees of freedom (e.g. only three if that suffices) & possibly smaller range of motion * limited random access to different tool types * no or very limited limited range of programmability (physical reversible hard-coding with diamondoid wedges may be useful) conveyor belt cores of "molecular mill style" that use lots of axles likely consist out of a lot of structures with bending induced through dislocations or strain ([[strained shell|strained shell structures]]). This suggests a rich indirect incremental technology improvement pathway leading there. == Core arrangement - Factory columns == Since the robotic mechanosynthesis cores form the lowermost and smallest assembly level the assembly mechanics need to be a lot bigger than the pieces they are handling (one to a few atoms) and the products. This limits the speed of a single core making it finish one product of its own size much slower than the higher up assembly levels can process and thus calls for high parallelism. Conveyor belt cores could e.g. only add a few stripes of a layer (unstrained standard infill) and then pass the extended [[diamondoid molecular element]] to the next conveyor belt core so that the conveyor belt tool delivery cores are combined with conveyor belt assembly [[DME threading|threading]] each [[diamondoid molecular element|DME]] from its spawning to its reception point e.g. a [[redundancy|redundant]] [[crystolecule routing layer]]. General purpose cores could be used for the outer passivation and special non-regular or not yet automated structures and interspersed in the aforementioned threading. For moiety transport for both core types rotative (normal mills or sideway mills or screw drives) or reciprocative [[molecular conveyor belts]] can be used. === Distribution of factory columns === It makes sense to include more Factory columns for the most often used standard parts than for more seldomly used parts. Columns for DME-to-DME-converyor-coupling adapters can be kept rather sparse since the adapters can often be reused. = Energy and power management = Main article: [[Dissipation sharing]] {{wikitodo|Add sketches for illustration of backshootup and internal oscillations: (1) geared torsional deflection decay, (2) much simpler for easier understanding map system to linear reciprocative configuration (one tip-gap - one transmission-rod - one tip-gap) }} == Inseperability from energy subsystem == Since mechanosynthesis operations often deliver energy rather than consuming it mechanosynthetic cores cannot be clearly separated for [[power subsystem|dedicated energy providing subsystems (generators)]]. Energy can flow both ways, in and out of the system. == Backshootup == The balance of forces pulls to lower potential energies, but that is not what determines the systems direction of motion. If not taken care of the whole complex chain-tree of gears and axles sitting between all the mechanosynthesis tips and all the generator/absorber tips first "falls" down to lower potential energies converts this efficiently into kinetic energy and followd by an immediate back conversion. That is the system shoots right back up out of the lower potential energy state again. All as a '''rigid very complex whole'''. That is not exactly what is desired. Related: [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] == Internal oscillations == Also possible flexure of torsional compliance DOFs of the axles between the systems (intra- and inter-system) need to be considerated. === Low frequency limit === In the low frequency limit ("mechanostatics" / statics) this mechanical issue may be more pronounced than in electrical systems since in most electrical systems systems voltage is not high enough such that the small self-capacitance of wires (corresponding to inverse stiffness aka compliance in mechanical systems) can cause any significant current. === Nominal frequencies === An other issue at higher frequencies is that there will be complications if the outermost spacial dimensions of an independent [[power equilibration cell]] gets near to the wavelength that is natural for the system at its nominal operation frequency. To estimate the wavelength one needs the speed of sound for the system. The speed of sound in diamond is 12km/s with 1MHz of assumed operation frequency this would give 12cm (plenty of space). But the speed of sound may be a very bad estimate. It's better to get the systems speed of sound from the stiffness of the axle and gear system system. There is the contribution of: * (1) the angular stiffness of the axles * (2) the gear teeth contact stiffness (strongly depends on gear compression pressure) If those two are not matched up estimation of the speed of sound runs into complications. Is a simple average good enough? {{todo|look into that math}} === Stiffness matching === A mismatch in stiffness also leads to wave reflections, which are likely not desirable. Inter-meshing gear teeth rows provide stiffness only from a single line while axle stiffness comes from the whole area. So matching axle stiffness to gear teeth interface stiffness may lead to the effect that for the minimal possible gear-size a matching axle diameter would be smaller than atoms, and for axles with minimal sized diameter gears will be so big that (1) pressing them together hard enough to get the desirred stiffness may bend the axles and (2) the gears may introduce a lot of inertia of mass. Possible solution: '''hollow axles'''. Side notes: * Stiffness matching is not really possible and done in macroscale machinery. * A bonus of bigger gears is that they can (if helical in design) average out atomic bumps better (better [[superlubricity]]) and thus can run smoother. == Well controlled dissipation: preventing backshootup and internal oscillations == One probably wants to avoid both "backshootup" and "system internal oscillations" by proper minimal damping (thermalizing kinetic energy) at the right times at the right locations. Whatever those are. With slower operation speeds one can get away with less dissipation. (Main article: [[Low speed efficiency limit]]) <br> To regulate speeds smart and efficiently (not a stupid throttling break) it may be possible to use a [[Mechanical pulse width modulation|mechanical analog to pulse with modulation]]. == Curiosity: recurrence of internal oscillations - if undamped == {{speculativity warning}} Barely damped high Q systems (aka well isolated systems) allow mechanical oscillation waves to travel long distanced around corners and through complex systems. <br>(Can these still be called phonons? '''"mechanocircuit phonons" ??''') Wave propagation also can split up (fracture) or fuse together (superpose) through forking points (aka mechanical differentials). Superposition of time shifted reflections may lead to some '''quasi-thermalisation''' of waves in the closed system. Possibly with rather short recurrence times. Possibly shorter than the true dissipation out of the system, so that '''in-closed-system-recurrence''' can be observed. = Motion = Mill style mechanosynthesis imposes a rotative motion and specific (that is circular) approach path profiles on the process.<br> An obvious question is then: Does this need to be compensated (e.g. by compmementary workpiece holder plattform motion) or can this motion be used as is? Maybe the answer is different for different deposition and abstraction processes. If motion compensation is necessary: * then how to distribute it between the tooltip-holder-drum and workpiece-holder-plattform? * then how does this effect the continuity of motion? When there's no fully continuous motion then there are many possibilities for intermittent motion: * only wavy or * with full stops or * even with partial backwards motion) (Something like a geneva drive is probably too crude.) <br> Large scale full stop intermittent motion may cause serious losses due to radiation of vibrations. local mass motion compensation might be of interest. = Related = * [[Building chamber]] * [[Force applying mechanosynthesis]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]], [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Atom placement frequency]] * [[Chain of zones]] ----- * [[Bottom scale assembly lines in gem-gum factories]] * [[Crystolecule assembly line]] * [[Assembly lines in gem-gum factories]] ----- * [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Reversible actuation]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] ----- For Standard parts that could be churned out by mechanosynthesis cores check out: * [[Crystolecule]]s * [[ReChain frame systems]] * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]]s * [[Design of crystolecules]] must heed the limitations of the mechanosynthetic cores [[Category:Nanofactory]] == External links == * [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0512molMills.html Molecular mills can perform repetitive assembly steps using simple, efficient mechanisms] (2014-04 from K. Eric Drexlers website) c1zhi5nvby35f2irphd80unwi6caknd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 519 6939 5871 2017-11-03T03:53:57Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Synthesis of Food]] == The issue with chain molecules == Chain molecules lack stiffness. Therefore when a chain molecule remains mostly unconstrained (e.g. just bond to a surface with one end) thermal motion makes it move much farther around than the sizes of the atoms that are involved in the molecule. Compared to thermal speeds the nanorobotic machinery for diamondoid mechanosynthesis moves at glacial speeds. So as long the chain molecule remains unconstrained trying to target a single atom on the chain with a mechanosynthesis tip remains utterly impossible. (except maybe very very near 0K temperature - if quantum zero point energy is low enough - not relevant for practical considerations). Albeit not explicitly mentioned there in the tooltip paper (it's referenced on the [[mechanosynthesis]] page) it is demonstrated that chain molecules can indeed be manipulated provided they are properly constrained that is spanned between two tips. This is necessary even in the synthesis of diamond. While diamond is a stiff policyclic material every cycle starts out as a short appended hydrocarbon chain. That is half rings of several carbon atoms are added. Those half rings behave like floppy chain molecules. Also in the paper longer chains are stretched between two tips. === In detail === To synthesize the floppy chain molecules one may be able to employ the following trick: First one starts out with at two opposing tooltips that we'll call the tensioning tooltips. With further tooltips one starts to extends the length of the chain-molecule between the two tensioning tooltips. While increasing the length of the chain-molecule the tensioning tooltips must keep the chain-molecule in tension. '''Extension of the chainmolecule''' must always happen '''near the tensioning tooltips where the thermal fluctuations of the chain are smallest'''. It may be possible to include branches into the molecule into a double ended tree topology. Every branch will need a separate tensioning tooltip. This will probably require a lot more design effort in comparison to simple [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond and graphitic structures especially '''if there are many branches which are very close together''' since the tooltiops start to block there freedom of movement mutually. The classical '''[[fat finger problem|fat finger challenge]]'''. Floppy loops out of various elements are another issue. == Cooling == Synthesis of diamond can be done at room temperature with acceptable error rates. For the synthesis of these more floppy molecules cooling may be necessary. == Energy turnover & efficiency of mechanosynthesis == In natural systems (that is plants and animals) nourishment molecules are usually synthesized from larger pre-built molecule fragments (obviously there are some exceptions). In an artificial system where smaller groups of atoms are put together more bonds need to be formed. Therefore there is a lot more energy involved. There is more energy turnover. To operate efficiently mechanosynthetic energy recuperation is necessary. It may be possible to have way lower losses at the same production speed or the same losses at way higher production speed. == Applications == '''Food:'''<br> Mechanosynthesis of chain molecules can be the first step in the future artificial [[synthesis of food]]. After synthesis the molecules need to be put in some spacial arrangement. Microscale paste printing suffers from high friction. Maybe an [[ice]] matrix could be mechanosynthesized. It seems difficult to drop in mechanosynthesized floppy chain molecules in a controlled way. This leads to the impractical idea of the [[perfectly replicated food]]. Molecule classes that are of interest are e.g.: sugars, starch, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides and many many more It probably won't bee too hard too fool our sense of taste, that is this '''synthesized food may taste damn good but ....''' '''As functional part:'''<br> Chain molecules may be useful in [[entropomechanical converter]]s, sensors (e.g. olfactory sensors) and more. Note that the integration of chain molecules in a diamondoid system may increase vulnerability to radiation and temperature. Narrowing down the overall systems operation parameter regime. See: [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]]. == Related == * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Synthesis of food]] [[Category:Food]] s5seyd284w58jmj4lj2jyhccz7u111m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 148 10684 10679 2021-06-21T06:53:29Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template: Stub}} [[File:Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png|thumb|CPK model of carbon dioxide]] The application of atmospheric CO₂ removal (see: [[carbon dioxide collector unit]]) should give a strong incentive to make oxygen the next element of interest (after carbon and hydrogen) in the [[direct path]] research. [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] is needed too here. '''Research needed:''' How needs the basic nine member diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] toolset be extended to be able to rip CO₂ apart (and use the oxygen then)? {{todo|A detailed analysis of mechanosyntetic carbon dioxide splitting will be needed at some point. This reaction is of especial interest.}} == Related == * [[Carbon dioxide]] * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic dioxygen splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Learning from enzymes]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex Transition metal dioxygen complex] 55ozqmza67kzuwmi5dly6b5d37jo8a5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1009 9614 9609 2021-05-30T11:45:01Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page * [[Learning from enzymes]] {{Stub}} In nature and biology this is called "nitrogen fixation" and beside photosynthesis it is one of the major achievements of evolution (natural selection) of life on Earth. It will be interesting to see what levels of efficiencies plotted against throughput and machinery volume will be achievable by artificial [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] ([[Unnatural chemistry]]). {{todo|A detailed analysis of mechanosyntetic dinitroden splitting will be needed at some point.}} == Related == * [[Nitrogen]] * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * [[Learning from enzymes]] == External links == * Wiikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation Nitrogen fixation] dc1m0ayqkjo6qqbz1rl8qor5lhcmixj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1135 10682 10681 2021-06-21T06:53:09Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mechanosynthetix dioxygen splitting]] to [[Mechanosynthetic dioxygen splitting]]: fixed somewat amusing typo (asterix obelix miraculix mechamosynthetix) {{stub}} == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex Transition metal dioxygen complex] b23ejwebdfi20olnsthlrv4wrpruis4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1008 9607 9606 2021-05-30T11:25:11Z Apm 1 made section == Instances == {{Stub}} == Instances == '''Carbon resources:''' * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic ethyne splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic methane splitting]] * Sugar splitting? ---- * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic dioxygen splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic dinitrogen splitting]] ---- * No splitting needed: [[Atmospheric noble gas capture]] == Related == * [[Tooltip chemistry]] * [[List of proposed tooltips for diamond mechanosynthesis]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] q5plz3jy0b3st84w4p7nn32rmbmzb99 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 152 9613 9612 2021-05-30T11:43:57Z Apm 1 /* Examples in nature */ {{Stub}} [[File:Water_molecule_3D.svg.png|thumb|CPK model of a water molecule]] = Use cases = * Gaining hydrogen for the hydrogenation of carbon after [[mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * Splitting into dioxygen and dihydrogen and storage in high pressure microcapsules for energy storage * gaining oxygen when the hydrogen is needed too (seldom case) otherwise [[mechanosynthetic splitting of dioxygen|mechanosynthetic splitting of atmospheric dioxigen]] is a better choice {{todo|How does the basic diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] toolset (consisting of nine tools) need to be extended to be able to reversibly rip H₂O apart?}} = Diffeculties (error rate) = According to the book [[Nanosystems]] oxygen is one of the more difficult elements to handle at room temperature due to its weaker bond strengths. {{todo| check for correctness and add chapter|Nanosystem says oxygen splitting is hard at room temperature}} = How can something be placed that has only two bonds to "hold" it = Also oxygen (like its group companion sulfur) normally forms only two bonds under average conditions. [[Electron deficiency bonds]] (e.g. with boron) that grab the lone pair of oxygen (effectively as a third bond) may be usable but this has not yet been analyzed (2016). Either way [[Minimal toolset paper|it has been proven]] [[mechanosynthesis|(*)]] that even hydrogen which normally forms only one bond can reliably be mechanosynthetically transferred, so there should be no fundamental problems. == Examples in nature == Water splitting is involved in photosynthesis ... <br> Related: [[Learning from enzymes]] == Related == * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic ethyne splitting]] * nitrogen, oxygen, ... ---- * [[Resource molecule]] * [[Molecule fragment]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] 5pnyskuo8x5v8g4di0kcn5k6noguamr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1136 10683 2021-06-21T06:53:10Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mechanosynthetix dioxygen splitting]] to [[Mechanosynthetic dioxygen splitting]]: fixed somewat amusing typo (asterix obelix miraculix mechamosynthetix) #REDIRECT [[Mechanosynthetic dioxygen splitting]] nz6zy91y60pryvwkh3ahfso0d5ci60f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 153 10324 2996 2021-06-13T17:46:30Z Apm 1 added * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} With advanced atomically precise manufacturing capabilities one can construct [[diamondoid metamaterial|materials]] which act as pumps and fans that seem to have no moving parts and are only acustically perceivable when something is hold into the (designed to be laminar) airstream making it turbulent. == Miniaturized Fans == Including arrays of micro sized fans into a sheet of in-plane-flexible but not stretchable [[metamaterial]] is called a fancloth (a concept devised by J. Storrs Hall). Its a bit like an active sail. == Facilitating [[capsule transport]] == ''Air accelerators'': One possibility may be to capture air (or any gas) or droplets of liquid at the entrance completely (not partially like in the following moving surfaces case) and use [[capsule transport]] to move and maybe accelerate this batch and release it at the outlet side. When dealing with gasses one must take care. One can unintentionally build a [[diamondoid heat pump system|heat pump]] (volume changes need to be avoided). == Moving Surfaces for immersed ships == This is for airplanes (and submarines?). Also from J. Storrs Hall is the concept of wheels turning on the surfaces (flat moving surfaces might work even better) to reduce aerodynamic drag to the negative regieme. High speeds need either [[infinitesimal bearings]] or special [[levitation|levitated bearings]] that can deal with the pressure (possible?). What essentially happens here is inside out [[capsule transport]]. One replaces aerodynamic drag with the way lower [[superlubrication]] drag. Except for the displacement at the front and back the air "thinks" the plane is standing. Very little power need to be put into the active surfaces to keep the current speed. === High speed flight limit === Things get interesting when the speed of sound gets approached. Its like a nano-turbomolecular-pump running at ambient air pressure (but with pre accelerated molecules). ['''Todo:''' How much analysis is present?] The snout and heck have to be very tight turnaround points. There things get most problematic. Cooling the edges with via [[capsule transport]] ([[thermal energy transmission]]) might be possible giving the vessel interesting shape that is a round thinn blade at the front due to the necessary high trunaround radius. == Related == * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] == Terminology == Moving surfaces are rather dissimilar to pumps and fans or even jet engines thus the more general title medium movers was choosen for this topic. [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] sm5e4rixtg6zsaaawn6cmj3k8enwqpo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 841 8518 8516 2021-04-11T07:11:16Z Apm 1 /* Related */ A special suit to move around in free open air filled spaces in [[microgravity]]. Imagine a skin tight suit with disk like protrusions on several exposed spots of the body <br> that are collectively well distributed around the center of gravity of ones body. Spots like: * the shoulders * the hips * maybe the side of the feet * maybe the side of the knees? * maybe the sides of the wrists?? These would accelerate air vigorously. And propel the wearer with the reaction force. <br> But with silent [[medium movers]] rather than the loud and big propellers that we have today. Such suits might be useful under low gravity like on the [[Moon]] or on [[Titan (giant moon)|Titan]] too. == Related == * [[medium movers]] * [[grappling gripper gun suit]] – another approach to move around in microgravity – it may be more a sport that needs infrastructure and skill * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] * [[Gem-gum suit]] 20f1jar3b0vt8wftn6crdoe8v3p7j5m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 255 2673 2015-02-22T15:39:32Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Medium movers]] to [[Medium mover]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Medium mover]] pis2m6z0obz63bfxnz7zkgu6ssaxiti wikitext text/x-wiki 0 837 11798 10632 2021-08-10T10:12:37Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Mesogravity]] {{site specific term}} [[File:Mesobrick1-openscad.png|thumb|512px|A cube shaped mesocomponent (or "product fragment" or "subproduct block") assembled from many microcomponents of each about ~2µm size. The microcomponents displayed here all have truncated octahedral shape. Here 24x24x24 microcomponents are depicted. The on [[Main Page|this wiki]] usually used factor of 32 between assembly level sizes would be a bit too big to make out the individual truncated octahedra. The whole block is with its 48µm in size just a bit below the human eye visibility limit which is at about 75µm. Thus "mesoscale".]] In this wiki the term "mesocomponent" shall refer to structures that: * have a size about 64µm – (on the border of human eye visibility – thus "'''meso'''components") * are made in assembly cells of about 1000µm = 1mm in size * are atomically precise * are gemstone based * are more or less indirectly preassembled * are typically recyclable and recomposable – (thus "meso'''components'''") == Origin and fate of mesocomponents == Mesocomponents could get assembled from * either [[microcomponents]] * or diretly from [[crystolecules]] (skipping one assembly level below - slow) Mesocomponents could get assembled to * either in place to the final product * or to [[millimetre sized components]] (about 32 times bigger) == Why "meso" == The size range from mesocomponents to [[millimetre sized components]] (32µm to 1000µm=1mm) reaches <br> from just below what humans can perceive to just above what humans can perceive. <br> Thus the name [[mesoscale]] or "intermediate scale" for this size range. == Choice of size scale == It's in a nice chain of steps from nanoscale to macroscale. <br> * Component sizes: 2nm =x32=> 64nm =x32=> 2µm =x32=> 64µm * Chamber sizes: 32nm =x32=> 1000nm=1µm =x32=> 32µm =x32=> 1000µm=1mm == Recomposability and recycling == For mesocomponents it should be even easier than for [[microcomponents]] to make them reversibly recomposable. Eventually integrated reversibly shape locking interface structures ([[connection mechanisms]]) will use up even lower a fraction of the total volume. If they are kept small. The design space for mesocomponents is yet again much bigger than the one for [[microcomponents]]. <br> It seems this makes the likelihood for reusability of whole mesocomponents lower than for [[microcomponents]]. <br> Recomposability of mesocomponents may thus be more of interest for quick product reconfigurations <br> where it would make sense to disassemble a product all the way down to it's microcomponents. <br> Like e.g. swapping front tires with back tires on a car just smaller. == Intuition about the size scale == === Visibility === Many tree pollen have a similar size. These are not visible by human eye. Print layers on FDM printers can go down to a thickness of just 50µm. In harsh light these are visible by human eye. A gap of 32µm in a sliding caliper when held against the sun is easily visible. === Feelability === Scratching over a metal surface with a 32µm scratch in it is feelable. == Related == * smaller: [[Microcomponent]] * bigger: [[Millimeter sized components]] * For components at different size scales see: [[Components]] ---- * [[Mesogravity]] 9pt964aaw8hcbtyczks2grae6jm2ahz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1288 11802 11800 2021-08-10T10:29:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ adde link to yet unwritten page about [[Microgravity]] {{site specific term}} * Gravity Much lower than the one of planets * Gravity much higher than what is considered micro-gravity (minute residual tidal forces and such) == Possible lower limits == * Gravity of human built structures?? This will grow though ... * Gravitational effects well perceptible by human senses without advanced measurement devices <br>– e.g. drift around and in caverns inside of asteroids <br>– this one seems better but still vague == Possible upper limits == * Everything that a body not rounded by it's own gravity can deliver. Asteroid [[Vesta]] 0.025g ~ 0.25m/s^2 ? – this is already pretty high * Gravity of the biggest asteroid in the [[asteroid belt]] – the dwarf-planet [[Ceres]] 0.029g – similar – seem too high * Gravity of the biggest metallic asteroids ([[Psyche]] ~0.144m/s^2) * For humans dangerous fall heights are notably bigger than optimal colonization cavity diameter (a few 100m) – this one is nice but wishy-washy === Safe fall in a in a colonization cavern === We know from Earth that a fall from 0.5m height @ 9.81m/s^2 is rather endurable. <br> So: v_max = sqrt(2*g*h) = sqrt(2*10m/s^2*0.5m) = ~3.2m/s Assuming a cavity size of 200m <br> a_max = v_max^2/(2*d_cavity) = 10(m/s^2)^2/(2*200m) = 1/40m/s^2 = 0.025m/s^2 <br> – that is crudely rounded about one eighth of what the larges asteroids have to offer (see above) <br> – so silicatic asteroids with half the diameter of the biggest ones are already small enough to are quite safe for ~200m diameter colonization caverns. == Related == * [[Colonization of asteroids]] * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] * [[Microgravity]] ---- * off-topic: [[Mesocomponent]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) 1 Ceres (dwarf planet)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta 4 Vesta] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Psyche 16 Psyche] buvxal67hcloe2ngltrpg0u7595gg1o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 954 9699 9635 2021-05-31T05:28:54Z Apm 1 /* Useful default pages of MediaWiki */ {{stub}} * [[Community portal]] ----- * [[general discussion]] ----- * [[Wiki setup notes]] * [[Wishlist]] * [[General software issues]] ----- * [[Philosophical topics]] * [[offtopic fun]] ----- * [[Sandbox]] * [[Miscellaneous]] == Useful default pages of MediaWiki == * [[Special:SpecialPages]] – meta ----- * '''[[Special:NewPages]]''' ----- * [[Special:ListFiles]] – so far uploaded images ----- * [[Special:BrokenRedirects]] – to fix * [[Special:DoubleRedirects]] – these need to be fixed regularly to not unnecessarily lose visitors ----- * [[Special:ShortPages]] – these need to be extended eventually – (related: [[Special:NewPages]]) * [[Special:LongPages]] – these need to be split up eventually ----- * [[Special:FewestRevisions]] – what was went over again least often * [[Special:MostRevisions]] – what was went over again most often ----- * [[Special:PopularPages]] – most visited pages (compare with google analytics) ----- * [[Special:Statistics]] – number of content pages and more * [[Special:MostLinkedPages]] – gives some insight into this wikis topology ----- * [[Special:version]] * [[Special:Log]] nsj4c6xc10s3caqtnofrcafs3wjvj0l wikitext text/x-wiki 0 612 6323 6306 2017-08-24T18:45:40Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{Stub}} Metal complexes (already in extensive use today by nature and human) can give some inspiration how metal atoms could be integrated in [[diamondoid metamaterial|future atomically precise structures]]. Metal complexes have usually strong covalent character avoiding [[the problems of metallic bonds]]. * Coordination complexes with their ligands not mutually linked together can show optimal coordination geometries. * Chelate complexes can be seen as examples of bond networks that are suitable to weakly restrain the various fingers to a configuration space matching the metal to be chelated. <br>The bonds are not holding the fingers in (fully) place since single sigma binds can rotate and long chains of double bonds can flex. <br>The weak restraint can be seen as a increase in "[[effective concentration]]". Geometries from these examples both metal-to-ligand from the simple complexes and ligand-to-ligand bonds from the chelates can be used for the design of foldamer structures or diamondoid structures that match these geometries. Those though can have much higher [[stiffness]] while still being simple (compact and highly symmetry) unlike many natural proteins. Periodic lattices of compact complexes can be seen as a transition to [[gemstone like compound]]s. Metal complexes often have strong colors (pigments) so one possible reason to include them could be to [[color emulation|give products color]]. <br>Complexes containing very common elements like e.g. [[iron]] can be used as structural building material. == Some examples (complexes and/or chelates) == * Twofold coordination (nitrogen lone pairs): Ethylendiamine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine] – e.g. [[copper]] (Cu) * Fourfold coordination (nitrogen lone pairs): Dimethylglyoxime [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylglyoxime] – two molecules can form a complex with [[nickel]] (Ni) – (color red) * Sixfold coordination (two nitrogen and four oxygen): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA] can chelate [[calcium]] (Ca) and [[iron]] (Fe) * Sixfold coordination: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexol Hexol] – Cobalt (Co) * Eightfold coordination(?): Citric acid [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid] when chelating Calcium (Ca) – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_citrate Calcium_citrate] (occurs as mineral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlandite Earlandite]) == Related == * [[Biomineralisation]] == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex Coordination_complex] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_chemistry Coordination_chemistry] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordination_compounds Category:Coordination_compounds] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation Chelation] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chelating_agents Category:Chelating_agents] – wikimedia commons images: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chelating_agents Category:Chelating_agents] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry Bioinorganic_chemistry] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallome Metallome] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganics Metalorganics] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_cluster Iron–sulfur cluster] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein Iron-sulfur_protein] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger Zinc_finger] & 4r6l8k6odhhsjdvfb3njdlj7xgrf4h4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1138 10715 10714 2021-06-21T10:36:14Z Apm 1 /* List of metal free gemstone-like compounds */ {{Stub}} Metal free gemstone-like compounds are [[gemstone like compound]]s compounds that: * do not contain metal atoms * do not necessarily need to but may include carbon Or redundantly: * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]]s with the condition on needing to contain carbon dropped. * [[Odd gemstone-like compound]]s with the condition on not containing carbon dropped. * A union of the former two This gives a slightly bigger subclass of [[gemstone like compound]]s. == List of metal free gemstone-like compounds == Metal free gemstone-like compounds include: * All [[Organic gemstone-like compound]]s * All [[Odd gemstone-like compound]]s – "odd" refering to anorganic (no carbon) metal free == Related == Top: * [[Gemstone like compound]] Subclasses: * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Odd gemstone-like compound]]s er5ng7brb6gte6k3v8fexwpjlp1kkfp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 41 9248 8141 2021-05-24T16:55:48Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to new page: * [[low level gemstone metamaterial]] This page is about metamaterials in general.<br> For more specific information about the metamaterials of focus in the [[technology level III|target technology]] of [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing]] visit the <br>'''main page about: [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s''' = Definition = A metamaterial is a material whose large scale properties are not determined by the properties of the base material it is made of, but instead by the way the base material is structured on a scale that's small enough. How small structures must be to be small enough depends on the application in question. * In some cases the structures are allowed to be so big that they are easily perceivable by human senses. * In other cases its necessary for the structures to be not perceivable by human senses. The smaller the structures the wider the range of properties that can be emulated. On the smallest scales in particular one can decouple the material properties from the chemical elements that make up the materials. ---- [[File:Space_of_possible_materials.svg|250px|thumb|right]] Future [[atomic precision|atomically precise]] metamaterials have control over the structure at the lowest physically possible level. They open up a new world of materials far beyond what we have today. Some proposals for new materials can be found on the [[diamondoid metamaterial]] page. Those are the basis for the [[further improvement at technology level III|prospective products]] of advanced advanced atomically precise manufacturing ([[technology level III|APM]]) systems. __TOC__ = Examples for <small>(mechanical)</small> metamaterials: past, present, future = {| cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #bbffbb; vertical-align:middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | [[File:Patch of chain maille held in hand.JPG|thumb|right|x240px|Metamaterial<br>out of the past: chain maille<br>'''Base-material:''' metals<br>'''Structure-size:''' clearly visible]] | [[File:Patch of textile held in hand.jpg|thumb|center|x240px|middle|Metamaterial<br>of today: textiles<br>'''Base-material:''' plastics<br>'''Structure-size:''' microscopic]] | [[File:nanocell crystal 1.jpg|thumb|left|x240px|middle|Metamaterial<br>of the future: "gem-gum"<br>'''Base-material:''' gemstones<br>'''Structure-size:''' a few atoms]] |} = Towards advanced AP metamaterials = [[File:Metamaterial_hirarchy_venn_diagram.svg|200px|thumb|right|A possible classification hierarchy for metamaterials in the context of [[Main Page|APM]]. (AP...atomically precise; GEM...gemstone based)]] This wiki will (for now) organizes advanced AP metamaterials in a hierarchy.<br> * With advance in the hierarchy expanding the range of emulateable capabilities becomes easier (design). * The other way around currently (2017) at the beginning of the hierarchy metamaterials are limited and hard to scale. (See related page: [[Ban to incrementality of non-AP nanotechnology]]). {{todo|add graphic of metamaterials past (chainmaille) present (textiles) and future (crystal-drawing) all held in hands}} == Non-AP metamaterials of today == Today (2016..2017) the term metamaterial mostly refers to the subclass of [[electromagnetic metamaterial]]s. This is likely because with current technology '''advanced mechanical metamaterials''' are not yet producible fine enough and cheap enough to be of mainstream use. There are some examples for primitive (non AP) mechanical metamaterials though. * Medieval ages: chainmaille (base material metal alloy) * Today: synthetic textiles (and the inner structure of some sport shoe soles) (base materials various kinds of plastics) Naturally grown materials like wood can be considered mechanical metamaterials from the perspective of nature but since we can barely influence their properties and use them as as-is given base-materials, from human/technological perspective they may not really be considered (mechanical) metamaterials. With increasing capabilities of atomically precise manufacturing it seems likely that mechanical metamaterials will become more present than the currently dominant non mechanical metamaterials. == (Semi) atomically precise "metamaterials" == === In natural systems === In '''natural systems''' ([[molecular biology]]) a prime example of a metamaterial is nacre in sea shells. Aside from that, large homogeneous chunks of base material actually rarely do occur in biology, so most biological tissues could be considered metamaterials. There is much more to it though (interesting research but not main focus of this wiki). Nacre has only a limited amount of atomic precision and is very far from maximally easy to recycle since it's rather monolithic. (Monolithicness is somewhat tied to lack of atomic precision - more on that later). So while nacre is one prime target direction for conventional biomineralisation research, nacre is not of interest for "unconventional biomineralisation research". Research for attainment of [[technology level II]] (where there is a focus on the synthesis of monolithic biominerals in a maximally AP way as base materials that will only later be shaped into metamaterials that do fully emulate elasticity instead of relying on the inherent elasticity of proteins when viewed as base material). (Related: "[[Acellerating and sidetracking attractors]]") === In artificial systems (far term) === One aspect in the artificial [[synthesis of food]] is (not too complicated) microscale paste extrusion 3D printing. arranging pastes in voxels (3D pixels) makes it a non-AP metamaterial. (Baking may make some pars crisp others not pattering allows for a wide range of food textures). What is and absolutely needs to be atomically precise in the [[synthesis of food]] is a very wide range of base material molecules. Due to the advanced mechanosynthesis capabilities that are necessary for the synthesis of all these different molecules [[synthesis of food|food synthesis]] is actually lying beyond the [[Nanofactory|primary target of APM]]. ([[Synthesis of food]] is not part of the [[naked core]] functionality of the targeted [[gem-gum factory|gem-gum factories]]). In food synthesis there are many different base materials but not too much of higher structure is necessary. Side-note: Putting some gel like diffusing blobs (voxels) next to each other they irreversibly blend into one another (by diffusion). === In artificial systems (near term) === Examples for metamaterials in [[technology level I|early productive nanosystems]] include diffraction gratings (for light, electrons or maybe even helium matter waves) out of [[foldamer]]s where even small product masses can give useful products. We want to pass through this [[technology level I|early stage of APM]] as narrow and fast as possible though, because with more advanced stages ([[incremental path]]) solving the same problems becomes many times easier. * Passing through narrowly is likely easier than [[direct path|jumping right over the early stage]]. * Passing through widely and slowly amounts to [[accidental "path"|blindly tumbling into the unknown]]. === In general === In soft nano"machinery" systems (both natural and artificial) the base material is often not too well separable from the higher metamaterial-specific structures. Going up from the very lowest size-scales with AP base structure, quickly a lot of thermodynamic randomness is becoming superimposed. == Monolithic AP metamaterials (gemstone based) == * As mentioned above a lack of atomic precision (and stiffness) makes modularity more difficult (at the nanoscale). * The other way around: Once one has advanced AP manufacturing one potentially can make highly modular systems. There are several reasons why one does not want to refrain from making modular systems despite having the opportunity. * Monolithic systems cannot be [[recycling|recycled]] without total thermal or chemical destruction (and may not [[erosion|erode]] when left alone in nature). * Gemstone based monolithic systems tend to be brittle. Especially in combination these two points are bad for the environment. (wear, erosion, degradability)<br> Furthermore (and perhaps luckily): * Monolithic systems may actually be more difficult to make than modular ones. To make macroscopic monolithic gemstone based products with reasonable speeds [[covalent welding]] needs to be performed (instead of direct-to-product atom-by-atom assembly – [[molecular assembler|molecular assembler pitfall]]). Covalent welding needs to be done under [[practically perfect vacuum]]. Since the product is one giant monolithic block there needs to be one giant vacuum chamber (much more difficult to get clean and keep clean). With the capability of making large monolithic gemstone systems (not a goal!) one could make big homogeneous chunks of base material (e.g. thumb sized flawless synthetic diamonds). This is the exact opposite of the (much more useful) metamaterials.<br> Note that monolithic AP products could still form non-mechanical metamaterials. == Non-monolitic AP metamaterials (gemstone based) == [[File:nanocell crystal 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] '''See main article: "[[gemstone based metamaterial]]s"''' Once technology arrives at [[technology level III|advanced levels of APM]] the easiest way to make things is by organizing often reappearing functionality into [[microcomponents]] just like in software. (Side-note: In software [[grouping|more advanced solutions]] are possible and desirable). [[Productive nanosystem]]s for non-monolithic products are easier than productive nanosystems for monolithic products since (as already mentioned) there is no need for doing [[covalent welding]] out in the wide open. instead one can do early [[passivation]], early [[Vacuum lockout]] and many small mutually separated [[practically perfect vacuum|PPV]] vacuum chambers (much more likely to work). Microcomponent based metamaterials shine at [[Recycling]]. There are several ways to put microcomponents together (details on the page about "[[microcomponents]]"). Bottom line is that naive (low design effort) ways to put microcomponents together leads to brittle properties. So microcomponent based metamaterials with simple designs are still restricted mostly to [[non-mechanical metamaterial|non-mechanical]] properties. In contrast to the case of monolithic products (above) though fractures are not necessarily irreversible. And with a bit more of design effort [[controlled fracture|the fracturing behavior can be controlled]]. This can alleviating the environmental problem of [[spill]] of [[splinters]] a bit. == Elasticity emulating gemstone based metamaterials == When one connects [[microcomponents]] in advanced nontrivial ways to create a metamaterial that is capable of [[elasticity emulation|emulation of elasticity]], then one has reached the point where mechanical metamaterials really begin. Note: This '''must not be confused''' with [[utility fog]] (which targets ultra general purpose capabilities at the expense of performance). With [[elasticity emulation]] the [[nanoscale unbreakability properties]] of [[crystolecule]]s (and microcomponents) are to a degree lifted up all the way to the macroscale. This gives cheap materials with ... * enormous toughness lying way beyond all metallic alloys in existence and ... * unlike most metals corrosion resistance is at the level of the base material: the chosen gemstone. Getting well designed gem-gum materials to chip of small splinters (e.g. attack by hardened saw-blade) will probably be almost impossible. Note that this combination of material properties has not only positive sides though. Two obvious concerns are: * Degradability is often a desired property. There are lots of gemstones that do degrade though (e.g. periclase MgO is slightly water soluble) so it's a matter of choosing the right material for the right application. * Military misuse. = From pixel to meta-voxel = Just like metamaterials pixels on computer screens or printed colored dots on paper are used to fool human senses. Luckily it is not necessary to make a perfect copy of the real thing to give a perfect experience. A side-note to current screen technology (2016): Note that while resolution by now often far exceeds human senses dynamic range (brightness) and color gamut (saturated color) are still heavily lacking. E.g. the bright and deeply orange rising sun can't yet be authentically captured and reproduced. Obviously metamaterials can't be shrunk down arbitrarily (e.g. to atom size). There's a minimum size (volume) which is necessary to emulate a property. '''Metamaterial voxels''' must be bigger than that. Making meta voxels bigger then the absolute minimum size may sometimes help to improve the emulation quality (statistical average). Meta voxels of various compatible types can be mixed and meshed but if the material properties are supposed to vary with location the meta-voxels must be small enough such that they won't be experienced as graininess by human senses. So in summary there's a usable size range for meta-voxels. In advanced atomically precise products depending on their internal complexity meta voxels could be realized: * by a crystal of [[crystolecule]]s that are a bit on the bigger side * by [[microcomponent]]s (ideal size?) * or even product fragments just below the visibility limit of the human eye. A good example for the possible usage of meta voxels fooling human senses can be found in prospective advanced food synthesis. Wile with inside knowledge it seems pretty impossible to create a perfect 1:1 copy of a natural apple. (That is every atom and molecule is present and at the identical place - when deep frozen). With sufficient effort it may be possible to create something that humans can't distinguish from a natural apple. Something that is actually completely different at the nanoscale - a meta apple. More practically, easy and maybe less morally questionable though will be to make some dough with more or less structure. Super advanced meta cake designer food so to say. = Meta - Why the word meta is used = A metamaterial does not have its properties inherently but rather describes them ("meta.." ... describing) = Examples = * (Passive) '''auxetic metamaterials:''' Metamaterials which use their non actuated internal structure to create a '''negative Poisson ratio'''. That is they expand transversally (sidewards) when stretched longitudinally (lengthwise) and they contract transversally when compressed longitudinally. * Metamaterials with (clearly independent) internal degrees of freedom deliberately left under-constrained. If the structural pieces are sheet shaped and the hinges allow compression to complete collapse without destruction one ends up with [[origami]] structures. Note that metamaterials are by far not limited to [[origami]] structures. Such structures can sbe made active just by adding actuators independently cation on the seperate degrees of freedom. * Metamaterials using internal flexing or hinging to act as complex mechanisms / machines. Giving up on long range periodicity (translation symmetry) symmetry blurs the line to (nano)machinery and ([[Nanomechanical computation|nano]])[[mechanical computation]]. What makes a metamaterial is the presence of at least a little bit of repetition. = Related = * [[gemstone based metamaterial]] * [[mechanical metamaterial]] * [[low level gemstone metamaterial]] * [[origami]] * [[thermal metamaterial]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_metamaterials Mechanical metamaterial] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterial Metamaterial] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxetics Auxetics] * Youtube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRfIHs28M_U Magic 'metamaterials' ...]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYxfFL0n_FY random metamaterial example] * Los Angeles Times Article: [http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-origami-robot-miura-ori-metamaterial-20140808-story.html miura ori metamaterial] ---- * bistable auxetics: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGc1uUHiKNk Video 2015-10-22] * Metamaterial Mechanisms: (Hasso-Plattner-Institut) [https://hpi.de/baudisch/projects/metamaterial-mechanisms.html] [http://alexandraion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016UIST-Metamaterial-Mechanisms-authors-copy.pdf Metamaterial Mechanisms (pdf)] Their Youtube cannel: [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC74ZNPu98FIn8Wn3JNyTIVQ] * A thermo-mechanical metamaterial: [http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.175901 "Lightweight Mechanical Metamaterials with Tunable Negative Thermal Expansion"] [[Category:General]] 6oz3peu5ohzkqt5rwk1nt6pxpsoh15u wikitext text/x-wiki 0 696 7047 2017-12-03T14:51:42Z Apm 1 less unwieldy shorthand #REDIRECT [[Eric Drexler's blog partially dug up from the Internet Archive]] pua5rrxih1q493mnkhqwub4lzxups4p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1186 11056 11055 2021-06-30T11:08:02Z Apm 1 /* Gas cylinders */ fixed some errors [[File:550px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png|thumb|x250px|right|methane CH₄ (main compound of natural gas)]] [[File:Gaszähler--AP07110403664-1024x775.jpg|350px|thumb|righ|Gas metering device as found in todays (2021) technology.]] '''Methane aka "natural gas".''' <br> Today available from fossile fuel and as bio-gas from composting bio-waste. '''Methane is a possible [[resource molecule]] for future [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]].''' In contrast to [[ethyne]] (aka acetylene) as a [[resource molecule]]: * is carries four times as much hydrogen atoms per carbon atom. It's 4:1 (methane) instead of 1:1 (ethyne) * it is chemically much less reactive. This should not be much of an issue for splitting it up [[piezochemically]] though. == About reusing existing infrastructure for a while == === Using the old gas pipeline network === There is already a pipeline infrastructure in place supplying this gas to us. <br> If in the course of our transition to renewable energy sources this infrastructure is not * neglected beyond usability * actively removed * turned into a pure hydrogen supply network (if hydrogen embrittlement is not too much of an issue) Then this existing network of pipelines may serve as a good source for carbon during the [[technological transition phase]] <br> till a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] is set up. '''In place upgrading the old gas pipeline network''': <br> Installing the "lines" of a future [[global microcomponent redistribution network]] in part through existing gas lines <bR> might be an idea worthwile to investigate. === Using the "old" electric grid === Alternatively [[carbon dioxide]] from the air can be taken as a carbon resource. Requiring supply of significant amounts of energy. <br> During the [[technological transition phase]] that may put a big load on the existing electric grid. <br> Later that can be done maybe with [[chemical energy transmission]] (See: [[Energy transmission]]). === Gas cylinders === These are much more cumbersome than gas pipes or air and electric cables. <br> When using [[ethyne]] as the carbon resource then gas cylinders are the only option. <br> Similar for some other elements (phosphorus, sulfur, ...) but most are less needed. <br> Resources for the extremely abundant but usually "rock-locked" [[silicon]] are a special topic. Upgrading gas transport * from today's gas cylinders to * future [[gemstone based metamaterial]] resource molecule transport capsules amounts to just a simple switch-out. These capsules would: * contain the comtent in a very safe micropackaged way * use incomustible materials (e.g. using incombustible [[moissanite]] or [[stishovite]]) for hull and micro-packaging * not need to be shaped cylindrically due to the micropackaging taking care of the prressure already – think battery powerbank form factor <br><small>(Meta: It's 2021 I already can use "battery powerbanks" as a reference).</small> == Related == * [[Resource molecule]]s k035dq7k1ylsido33gls99829p8cg55 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 329 8301 8300 2021-03-28T15:09:35Z Apm 1 /* Stereotactic control */ added link to page [[positional assembly]] {{Stub}} [[File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.png|400px|thumb|right| '''The scalable vectorgraphic *.svg format of this file is available [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=File:From-selfassembly-to-mechanosynthesis-v1.0.svg here]''']] == Self-assembly == [[Radical Abundance]]: "''Let parts move at random and require each part to encounter and bind to its own special place''" If you haven't heard about [[self assembly]] yet please consult [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembly wikipedia]. <br> Since nano-biology uses self assembly extensively today (in the molecular sciences) self assembly is perceived as natural in the nanoscale although its very alien at the makroscale. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-8MP7g8XOE Video showing self-assembly of a thumb sized a virus model in a glass jar] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbpTusoDEgA Video with two models forming at the same time] === advantages of self-assembly === * putting things together requires '''no''' machinery === disadvantages of self-assembly === * all pieces in a complex non-periodic structure need to have unique shapes like in a puzzle which makes the pieces bigger * all bonds need to be weak such that wrong matches open up again * finished pieces necessarily have irregular seams These issues make design difficult. (folded polymeric chains) == Stereotactic control == See main page: [[positional assembly]] and [[mechanosynthesis]] It's the common sense method of putting things together by pick and place operations. <br> Like e.g. sticking sleeves on axles. [[Radical Abundance]]: "the ability to guide molecular assembly by guiding molecular motions ... ''move parts into place and put them together''" Since nano-biology uses stereotactic control only in loose and somewhat hidden ways (in the molecular sciences) self assembly is perceived as rather alien in the nano-scale although it can work perfectly well. Sidenote: Why not call it "robotic control"? ['''todo:''' link article "why I hate nanobots"] Like the term "nanotechnology" the term "robot" is not well defined and can be bent a lot. The term "stereotactic" comes like a quick google serch shows from brain surgery where you need everything in a global coordinate system and need to tightly constrain any shaking to the minimum - a quite fitting therm here. === disadvantages of stereotactic control === * putting things together requires '''advanced''' machinery === advantages of stereotactic control === * all pieces in a complex non-periodic structure can have identical shape and minimal size. * all bonds can be as strong as possible * finished pieces can have maximally smooth seams == Loose stereotactic control with self assisted assembly == It seems that to remove the sole disadvantage of stereotactic control one needs the advantages of stereotactic control. (see: [[Common_misconceptions_about_atomically_precise_manufacturing#Advanced APM systems are a "castle in the sky" with no way to built them - not quite|why advanced APM systems are not a castle in the sky]]). By combining loose stereotactic control with self-assembly one can climb an [[incremental path]] to full stereotactic control. === Characteristics of intermediate systems === * usage of bigger building blocks and sufficiently distinct binding sites in position and possibly shape * usage of "soft machines" for the selection of the local binding site environment * usage of snap in / localized self-assembly / self-centering / self-alignment / self assisted assembly == Related == * 1D brownian walk; ribosome; analogy to transport along microtubuli * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Self assembly]] (and [[Self assembly without thermal motion]]) * [[Positional assembly]] 7bgucbsvfi5dbzsrqvl3xx8wj2pqpu2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 482 5112 2016-11-15T19:44:18Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Method of assembly]] #REDIRECT [[Method of assembly]] nmjvk3h6keslxwg32m8qsamkcrhzjbo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 62 10635 10634 2021-06-18T19:39:22Z Apm 1 /* Nomenclature */ {{Template:Site specific term}} [[File:Truncated octahedron in grid.png|thumb|right|Only one of very many possible microcomponent shapes. This is a space filling truncated octahedron.]] [[File:Mesobrick1-openscad.png|thumb|512px|A cube shaped [[product fragment|subproduct block]] assembled from many microcomponents of about ~1µm size. The microcomponents displayed here all have truncated octahedral shape. Here 24x24x24 microcomponents are depicted. The on [[Main Page|this wiki]] usually used factor of 32 between assembly level sizes would be a bit too big to make out the individual truncated octahedra. The whole block is with its 24µm in size just a bit below the human eye visibility limit which is at about 75µm.]] '''Microcomponents''' are '''(re)composable''' functional units. <small>(Re)composability is very important. Hence the "components" part in the name.</small>. <br> Assembled microcomponents '''make up [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s''' and thus provide the '''basis for [[further improvement at technology level III|advanced atomically precise products]]'''. Microcomponents: * are mainly built out of standard mass produced [[diamondoid molecular elements]] (greater variety than the mass produced [[crystolecules]] though) * are in the '''size range from roughly 0.1µm to 5.0µm (see section "Limits to microcomponent sizes" below)'''. Hence the "micro" part in the name. <br>2µm will be the reference size here in this wiki. <br>Their size constitutes a '''trade-off between re-usability and space usage efficiency'''. Microcomponents are also mentioned on the "[[assembly levels]]" page and all over the place on this wiki. Advantages of microcomponent products vs monolithic ones: * potential [[recycling|recyclability]] (see: [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]]) * potential repairability * product assembly is much more energy efficient when done from recycled parts * product assembly is way faster when done from recycled parts (eventually almost instantly by human perception) Disadvantages of microcomponent products vs monolithic ones: * additional interface border constraints in system design * minor loss of material strength * minor loss of density of functionality = Limits to microcomponent sizes = == Lower limit == A microcomponent should be exposable to air. <br> Just a convention here following from a focus on recycleability. <br> Even parts as small as a few nanometers in size can already be [[vacuum handling|locked out of vacuum]] if <br> all the open bonds are already passivated and/or sealed into the interior. <br> The term "microcomponent" then becomes a bit of a misnomer though. <br> It's relatively easy to mix in a small amount of quite a bit smaller parts [[jumping assembly levels]]. <br> Doing too much of this [[assembly level skipping]] slows down the assembly process significantly tough. <br> In the extreme for x32 sizesteps (like assumedin this wiki) skipping an assembly level entirely makes assembly 32x32x32 = 32000 times slower. <br> OUCH!! == Upper limit == Parts as big as 50 micrometers (=0.05mm) are in most cases still invisible for human eyes. <br> Bigger will give the products a visible texture. Like today's visible layers in plastic 3D prints. <br> Likely not desirable, but doable. This blurs into [[mesocomponent]]s. = Nomenclature = In the book "[[Books|Radical Abundance]]" Eric Drexler introduces them as '''microblocks'''. <br> Since I want to especially point to the possibility of including functionality and the possibility of recycling and recomposing we'll call them microcomponents in this wiki. "Block" sounds more like a typically passive thing that may not typically be disassemblable and reusable. = Details = In [[technology level III | advanced nanofactories]] microcomponent size is limited by the sizes of the building chambers that are void of any gas molecules ([[assembly levels|assembly level II]]). Actually this is only the case if a clean non inert gas (e.g. air) environment is introduced at the soonest possible point (that is [[assembly levels|assembly level III]]). For the creation of bulk monolithic (un-recyclable) structures a nanofactory must be completely "filled" with vacuum (or noble gas) - not only the lowest levels. The microcomponent manipulators ([[assembly levels|assembly level III]]) then too can fuse [[surface interfaces|diamondoid surface interfaces]] together. Higher stages of convergent assembly of bulk monolithic crystals may need to be avoided because self alignment becomes more difficult. See [[Nanosystems]] Fig 14.1. for a possible approach. Since it can be desirable to operate microcomponents in a non vacuum environment (separation of [[assembly levels]]) and one should want to be able to [[recycling|recycle]] them, microcomponents * should have no exposed open bonds ( = chemical radicals) on their external surfaces * should preferably use reversible [[locking mechanisms]] * should be meaningfully [[microcomponent tagging|tagged]] == Shapes of crystolecules == In the simplest case one could use a '''simple cube as delimiting base shape'''. Stacking them then forms a simple cubic microcomponent crystal. To get less anisotropic behavior of [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterials]] one can make them have the shape of either of: * truncated octahedrons [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_octahedron] [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:404497] (the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Seitz_cell Wigner Seitz] cell of the body centered cubic system bcc) preserve parts of the cubes <100> surface planes and expose much of the <111> octahedral planes which are conveniently normal to diamond bonds (when standard orientation is choosen for the majority of the internal crystalline components) Completely flat surfaces for [[Van der Waals force|Van der Waals bonding]] can be used since partly finished assemblies always have (in contrast to partly finished assemblies of simple cubes) dents that prevent side-ward sliding. * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombic_dodecahedron rhombic dodecaherdons] (the Wigner Seitz cell of the face centered cubic system fcc) Base cells of more complicated crystal structures or even quasi-crystals will make geometric reasoning exceedingly hard and will therefore probably only be considered if needed for a good reason. Some examples: * tetrahedrons and octahedrons ("geomag-spacefill" which is the octet truss) * space fills not derived from crystal structure base cells * space fills derived from crystal structure base cells '''Deriving shapes for microcomponents from more complex crystal structures:''' <br> With the voroni cells around atoms in [[simple crystal structures of especial interest]] <br> one also gets space-filling sets of polyhedra that can be used at the much larger scale of microcomponents. <br> Spacefilling sets of polyhedra from quasicrystals may lead to especially desirable more isotropic mechanical properties. <br> Examples for crystal structure derived shapes: * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaire%E2%80%93Phelan_structure Weaire–Phelan structure] - structure with the least surface area (yet unproven) * base cells for quasicrystals with 5,7,9,10,11,... fold rotation symmetries; Symmetric rods with a single global rotation axis can be built. Spacefills can be generated either by straightforward projection from higher dimensional space by subdivision rules or by potentially difficult puzzling. They may have interesting mechanical properties. '''Further shapes of practical interest are:''' * tubbing segments (like in tunnel construction work) for curved parts of several µm size * adapter cells from one space-fill to another * partly rounded cells for outer shells * special shapes required for a [[mechanical metamaterial]] function (interlinking slide-rolling platelets) ---- * and many many more ... == sub microcomponent structures == The inside of a microcomponent is usually a monolithic diamondoid machine structure created by irreversible fusion of [[surface interfaces]] in [[assembly levels|assembly level II]] irreparable if damaged and at best testable. Internal reversible joints are possible but may waste too much space. Van der Waals joints (flat surface contact sticking) waste almost no space but one must take care. The internal structure shouldn't be weaker bonded than the bonds between the microcomponents. Accidental or intentional breaking of structures could then create a big mess. Encapsulating Van der Waals assemblies by [[shape locking]] seems to be a good choice if applicable. Like with (sorts/types/letters) in a book printing press a mill style [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]]s could be assembled with a reversibly matter-hardcoded program. == super microcomponent structures == Some systems stretch over many microcomponents and thus can't be counted to the [[diamondoid metamaterials]] as a whole - they are makro-heterogenous. [[Diamondoid heat pump system]]s are one example, [[technology level III#Advanced nanofactories|nanofactories]] another. Systems for [[quasi welding]] will be pretty big and probably implemented around the size range of microcomponents and located at distances perceivable by human vision. = Related = * '''For components at different size scales see: [[Components]]''' * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] & [[Recycling]] * [[On-chip microcomponent recomposer]] * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]] * [[microcomponent subsystems]] * [[mesocomponent]] ----- * microcomponents are assembled from [[crystolecules]] * putting crystolecules together to microcomponents: [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] * microcomponents are assembled to [[product fragment]] * putting microcomponents together to product-fragments: [[Microcomponent assembly robotics]] ----- * assembled from [[crystolecular element]]s * assembled to [[mesocomponent]]s (or final product) * assembly is typically reversible = Microcomponent threshold = In the stack of [[convergent assembly]] the size of microcomponents is the point below which things change. Stages become less similar to each other and there's a change from freely programmable general purpose assembly to hard-coded factory style conveyor belt assembly. = External links: = * Customizable Crystallographic Building Block [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:409443] * One possible small set of bodies that fill space and can create flat surfaces by George W. Hart [http://www.georgehart.com/rp/FCC.html] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] f0kly0nyyzjlunb9v4ikrb1iavngpru wikitext text/x-wiki 0 388 4224 2015-09-28T12:17:09Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponent maintainance unit]] to [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]]: spelling error #REDIRECT [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] qoj97ixl9fd1iyp1d0iissfcpyr5kis wikitext text/x-wiki 0 273 4268 2826 2015-09-29T16:13:39Z Apm 1 collapse double redirect #REDIRECT [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] qoj97ixl9fd1iyp1d0iissfcpyr5kis wikitext text/x-wiki 0 63 9126 9045 2021-05-23T10:51:08Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] to [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]: "unit" does not specify side oof the device "microbot" does {{Template:site specific definition}} Diamondoid AP products made out of [[microcomponents]] can potentially be taken apart again to do self repair or system upgrades. If the exchange of [[microcomponents]] is done while the system is not active it's [[microcomponents]] can be disassembled by the upper [[assembly levels]] of a '''compatible''' nanofactory or [[microcomponent recomposer device]] but if the exchange shall be done while the system is running or without disassembling the whole system mechanisms for transport of [[microcomponents]] must be present. '''Microcomponent maintainance units''' - small diamondoid AP products out of a single or multiple microcomponents - featuring [[legged mobility]] would be a possibility to provide this mobility. They could e.g. hold onto a simple cubic crystal lattice with eight arms and move from interstitial point to interstitial point by arm extension or shrinkage. Further manipulators would allow them to unlock remove and transport [[microcomponents]]. For high throughputs a fractal channel design will be necessary but for self repair of the usually low damage rates a simple cartesian channel system will suffice in most practical cases. Note that microcomponent maintainance units do not have to have such high "intelligence" (fluid dynamics emulation) like (''speculative'') [[utility fog]] has to have. Also they have no means for self replication like the outdated concept of [[technology level III|molecular assemblers]]. == Operation via a tree like access channels system == * This is likely ok [[self repair]] with [[microcomponent maintenance unit]]s. * This is a very bad design for advanced [[productive nanosystems]] thus [[gem-gum factories]] do not feature such topology. === Why a tree like access channels system is not good for the initial assembly of a product. === One naive (and bad) strategy for production would be to: * (1) Fill up a volume completely with nano to microscale production devices . * (2) Let the production devices produce the product that is thereby (a) displacing the production devices (b) forming a tree like channel system * (3) retract the displaced and now in-the-way production devices through the newly formed tree like channel system (branches to root) * (4) Note: In this approach resource supply also needs to pass through the tree structure (root to branches) This approach leads to a number of problems: <br> '''Molecular assembler scaffold (bad):''' <br> Filling up a volume completely with [[molecular assembler]]s makes an inefficient under-performant system. Mainly due to lack of specialization on standard part production. Such a system would run hot slow and would be more difficult to design than other alternatives. To have enough space for nanoscale factory like specialized assembly lines for standard parts we want to outsourcing the [[mechanosynthesis]] of [[crystolecule]]s onto a chip's surface. We have factored out a thin [[crystolecule]] pre-producing chip. '''Microcomponent assembler scaffold (bad):''' <br> If we are still completely filling up the hole volume above the with [[microcomponent maintenance unit]]s that performs assembly of these preproduced [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s (on second and third [[assembly level]]) then that would lead to a ridiculous over-performance. * (1) A volume completely filled with "efficient" nanomachinery would lead to exorbitant levels of nominal throughput <br> See: [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]]. <br> <small>Sidenote: "efficient" above means low energy turnover which excludes the fist assembly level with its [[mechanosynthesis]] that rips and froms almost every singe bond in the product.</small> "Ridiculous over-performance" may sound nice but that over-performance potential unfortunately cannot in the slightest be tapped into due to a massive bottleneck. * (2) Channels narrow down due to product buildup (eventually to zero if no channels are to be left) that leads to ... * (3) Dendridic channel structures are subject to the "[[fractal growth speedup limit]]". '''Summing it up:''' <br> So for an initial product assembly process we wants not only to: * outsource [[mechanosynthesis]] by [[molecular assembler]]s done in bulk volume to [[mechanosynthesis]] by [[mechanosynthesis core]]s in [[on-chip nanofactories]] but we also want to: * outsource the thereafter following assembly of [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s from being done in bulk volume to being done in [[on-chip nanofactories]] This leaves no more in place production in the volume at all. <br> All of the assembly happens on-chip. And the final product gets extruded rather than "grown" inside out from a scaffold. <br> All being on a chip also allows for [[convergent assembly layer]]s all the way up to the macroscale. === Why a tree like access channels system is ok for repair purposes === In the case of self repair the situation is a bit different though. <br> For most products the resupply and waste-removal turnover rates to expect are very very low. <br> That is: Many orders of magnitude lower than in a reasonably speedy initial product assembly. <br> Thus a tree like channel system is likely sufficient for this very slow paced self repair process. In case of rather high damage rates <br> (e.g. due to operation in a high radiation environment or operation at extreme temperature) <br> some other design needs to be chosen. == Related == A macroscopic device with the same restrictions on capabilities is the [[microcomponent recomposer device]]. <br> It also cannot do [[mechanosynthesis]]. But the much more space in the macroscopic device still gives the potential to greater capabilities. <br> Multidevice [[microcomponent recomposer device]] systems should come a little closer in capability the macroscopic microcomponent maintainence units. * [[Self repair]] * [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] * [[Legged mobility]] * [[Fractal growth speedup limit ]] {{wikitodo|Eventually split-off discussion of nanorobotic devices for testing for product functionality status.}} [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:site specific definitions]] 7xd70057y7jajoobszhdj4uvclmta4v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 949 9127 2021-05-23T10:51:08Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] to [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]: "unit" does not specify side oof the device "microbot" does #REDIRECT [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]] cptljjx9an6dv4wy1opal3pz2d8qcv2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 935 9030 2021-05-17T13:11:00Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponent recomposer]] to [[Microcomponent recomposer (disambiguation)]]: to avoid future confusion #REDIRECT [[Microcomponent recomposer (disambiguation)]] s97cfdgvlnvreo25ydq6w5mcqaclfn2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 912 9436 9334 2021-05-27T10:02:16Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: * [[Microcomponent subsystems]] = Disambiguation page = == Classification by size scale of the device == The term '''microcomponent recomposer''' may refer to: * [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]]s -- macroscopic devices * [[Microcomponent recomposer microbot]]s -- microscopic devices -- ([[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s) The latter featuring some sort of mobility (possibly [[legged mobility]]) <br> and maybe a little bit of autonomy. == Classification by throughput rate == * Use for very slow paced maintenance * High throughput for everyday usage. Meaning just a few seconds for everyday items like e.g. [[shoes]]. * [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]]. Might turn out astounding to scary. == Classification by what pushes out what == See: [[Producer product pushapart]] = Related = Microcomponent recomposers will likely be better in terms of '''[[recycling]]''' than <br> producing new stuff from scratch with [[gem-gum on-chip factories]]. Microcomponent recomposers may * either come as a sub-system of [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]] * or come as standalone devices ----- * [[Microcomponent subsystems]] ----- * [[Reasons for APM]] – There's a section about "Fast recycling" and how it leads to problem solving opportunities. b1n6p5ijkhr6p5ceswey5qdntzcd7nt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 934 9028 2021-05-17T13:07:40Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponent recomposer device]] to [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]]: making it more unmistakably that this is about a macroscopic device #REDIRECT [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] cy562jq4rm6aa56ruiwp0tr5z79c0wu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 802 8147 2021-03-21T11:06:36Z Apm 1 leaving out the "global" part should default to "global" - if local I'll need to mention it explicitely #REDIRECT [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] lqwd77dhj77psuy3lgoswft7g2sttsy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 75 9437 9435 2021-05-27T10:04:02Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect A good '''design goal''' is to aim to '''make systems of [[diamondoid]] - [[microcomponents]] mergable''' such that many kinds of [[diamondoid metamaterials]] can freely be interspersed and more complex ''microcomponent subsystems'' can be interwoven. As concrete example one can adjust the ratio between [[energy storage cells|energy storage]] and energy conversion microcomponents depending whether one prefers more energy storage density or more output power density. Microcomponent subsystems can be homogenous or heterogenous. Homogenous microcomponent subsystems are basically [[diamondoid metamaterials]]. If the identical and seperable base units are simple they can be rather small - way smaller than a typical microcomponent. Either one treats those base units individually or one groups them together to chunks that have the typical microcomponent size. This can be done by adding arbitrary marks or enforcing a certain assembly/disassembly order by an appropriate [[locking mechanisms|hirachical shape locking design]]. Examples for heterogenous subsystems are: * [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s * [[nanomechanical computing]] systems * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories|component router systems]] of advanced nanofactories * other logistic systems with tree topology == Related == * [[Microcomponent recomposer]] k4mkumxainb1sa2n9hgip3oxgnmpllw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 76 10198 6027 2021-06-11T18:07:04Z Apm 1 link to yet unwritten page: [[thermal stability]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} Contrary to small [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] [[diamondoid]] [[microcomponents]] can provide enough space to carry structures for their identification around. To keep it compact one may only include links to more information. Relevant informatios about microcomponents are e.g.: * types and compatibility informations - With this microcomponents that became shuffled somehow can be sorted and [[recycling|recycled]]. * absolute maximum ratings like: e.g. * allowed temperature range - see: "[[consistent design for external limiting factors]]" * predetermined ultimate strength of interfaces (nondestructive overload cleavage may be supported) A robust simple and easy to handle tag could be a grid of square or hexagonal areas indented to different depths on an outer surface (vaguely similar to QR codes). (Testing peg readout mechanisms ...) If desired one can additionally to a "normal" info tag even go as far as to give each and every microcomponent a unique identification number - without much effort. Other individual information would be e.g. the creation time. With rewritable data storage dynamic per microcomponent information can be stored like: * number of reuses in different products - one could even include [[clocks]] that can count for ridiculously long time in the small space of a single microcomponent * estimated damage of the microcomponent - relevant for [[self repairing systems]] * contamination: whether the component had contact to the external world and thus might have dirt sticking on it Adding more possibly rewritable data storage capability onto or into a microcomponent one ends up with a [[data storage cell]]. Diamondoid structures (in the sense of stiff rods) do not necessarily have the highest possible data densities but have high [[thermal stability]]. Finer AP structures like alternating passivation with hydrogen and fluorine or more advanced atomically precise [[semi diamondoid structure]]s might be used for maximum density data storage but will be more susceptible to data loss by damage. == Related == * [[Recycling]] == External Links == * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code QR code] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] [[Category:Information]] t50dnnqolo7lmq2ddq4mlvtqnfluteq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 113 1384 2014-04-01T16:27:04Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Microcomponents]] to [[Microcomponent]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Microcomponent]] defbpqccdq177are3ygqc06tvfkqhom wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1215 11319 11315 2021-07-06T13:38:33Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added links to microfabrica {{Stub}} Micromachinery manufactured by photolithographic methods (falling under [[non atomically precise manufacturing methods]]). <br> They typically are made from semiconductors. == Top-down bottom-up overlap == MEMS robotics eventually may be usable to grab pick and place <br> bottom up self assembled structures once they reach sufficient size. <br> To note is maybe that MEMS cannot be manufactured to as high a resolution as non mechanical electronic chips can. '''So there is still quite a stretch to scale up.''' <br> And at the point where self assembled stuff (self assemblying [[termination control|in a fully termination controlling way]] !!) <br> becomes of MEMS grippable size, at that point the nanosystems themselves might have an easy time to further scale up <br> without any external help from MEMS. Self assemblying stuff to MEMS grippable size without termination control has already been achieved <br> with [[structural DNA nanotechnology]]. But these are just repetitive structure flakes with an undefined non atomically precise fringe. <br> Similar to [[nanoscystals produced by thermodynamic means]]. == Stiction == MEMS suffer from a problem called "stiction". <br> The signal to noise ration in MEMS manufacturing makes quite rough surfaces. <br> Combine that with the [[Van der Waals force]] gaining in relevance and <br> you have a perfect recipe for wear. This is completely contrary to [[superlubricity]] of [[crystolecular element]] sleeve bearings. <bR> That have zero motion induced wear (other effects like radiation make damage). Related: [[Effects of current day experimental research limitations]] = Related = * [[Bridging the gaps]] - top down * [[Non atomically precise nanomanufacturing methods#Microscale]] * MEMS can work in conjunction with [[microfluidics]]. = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems Microelectromechanical systems] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromachinery Micromachinery] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiction Stiction] ---- Not MEMS but related – galvanoelectric microfabrication techniques: * https://microfabrica.com/ * https://microfabrica.com/technology.html mvlskw2sbmyo79qwqyhllxexisz0dsp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1217 11317 2021-07-06T13:35:27Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Microelectromechanic system]] #REDIRECT [[Microelectromechanic system]] mq39hqx2m4y21s2gf5i3fx8qd16qzg4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1213 11330 11318 2021-07-06T15:43:49Z Apm 1 /* Miniaturizability of critical sub-technologies */ {{stub}} = A microfluidic general purpose synthesizer (MGPS)? = Eventually an integrated general purpose system would be nice that <br> is both the size and the cost as early day consumer level computers. '''Use cases in the context of atomically precise manufacturing targeting [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s''' * This could greatly boost [[foldamer R&D]] including e.g. [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] and [[de-novo protein design]] * Eventually early chip like systems could be interated. See: [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] <br> and these could eventually evolve into [[gem-gum factories]]. == Components on an MGPS == This is a huge topic ... <br> {{wikitodo|add existing graphic, discuss it a bit, eventually factor out}} == Hurdles for an MGPS to be developed and widely adopted == The incentivisation structure is completely different to computers though. <br> No games, or other enticing visual media there. === Availability of basic standard ingredients === The prospect of making medical drugs locally may be an incentivising factor. <br> But some raw ingredients still need to be brought in. <br> They are not as simple as electricity for electronic computers. === Miniaturizability of critical sub-technologies === Some parts of the chemical processing chain (like separation and purification of proteins) may be inherently [[hard to miniaturize]]. Especially analytic technologies can be quite hard to miniaturize. <br> That is: Once something one has produced something one often needs to confirm <br> that the stuff produced is actually what was intended to be produced. <br> And even if miniaturizable things quickly can become very expensive. One fundamental physical problem is smaller measurement systems give higher noise. '''Examples (state 2021):''' Electron microscopy is a particular case that (as it stands) is utterly unminiaturizable. * Optical standing wave electron acceleration might allow a big miniaturization step - but this is very questionable (to investigate if even applicable) * Neutral matter helium wave microscopy might be better miniaturizable (no need of high energy acceleration) – But such technology with atomic resolution (!) does not exist yet. Big benefit of neutral matter microscopy is that it is completely nondestructive and is only imaging the surface. <br> The complete opposite of electron microscopy. Highly destructive and deeply penetrative. Big downside however is that even the low resolution actually existing prototypes are still highly experimental technology as of today. <br> See: [[Matter wave microscopy]] [[Scanning probe microscopy]] (imaging with a needle in various ways) can be made quite small. <br> Achieving atomic resolution with a very small desktop sized machine has only shown for scanning tunneling microscopy on very inert surfaces (Gold, [[HOPG]]) in air. Atomic resolution atomic force microscopy is more challenging even === Proprietaryness (institutional – profit) === Then there is the aspect of biotechnology still being a '''stronghold of proprietaryness''' <br> This is very much contrary to software where technology already arrived at in (2021), <br> where a lot of critical core infrastructure is already fully open source. Proprietaryness seems to be a direct result of the still tremendously high development cost of biotechnology. <br> Developing isntitutions want to and need to regain their development costs. '''Why could this perhaps be an opposing factor for MGPS?''' An MGPS could mean pirated recipes. We know the story from pirated software. <br> In the case of computers the interests of mainframe computer developers did not stop the rise of personal computers. <br> Comparability is questionable though. The use cases of PCs where drastically different to the use cases of mainframe computers. <br> We'll entually see how the use cases of biotech factories will differ from future MGPSs. <br> But the use cases seem to overlap more right from the get go, not boding well for MGPSs making them in a more direct competition. <br> <small>(offtopic: let's see how this turns out with quantum computers)</small> Software piracy (and maybe future MGPS recipe piracy), while not to condone, <br> may have put and may will put pressure on '''"proprietary overstay"'''. To elaborate: <br> A problem with any proprietary developed technology is that it seems hard to tell from the outside when the development costs have been amortized and some reasonable excess profit has been made. So some developers can (and will if they can) try to milk their cash cow ad infinitum. "Overstay their welcome" so to say. The issue with MGPS recipe privacy is that consequences could be much more severe because chemical substances can <br> be much more dangerous than software in at least three ways: drugs, poisons, and explosives. <br> Only the former two seem relevant as an opposing force against MGPSs. <br> Explosives need high quantities of mundane stuff and can be made already today with scarily little effort. <br> Ah yes and potentially bio-hazardous stuff can also me handled with microfluidics (viruses, bacteria, fungi, ...). <br> === Danger of recreational drugs and genetic manipulation (institutional regulatory) === People will (without fail in attempts) try to hack MGPS machines to make some <br> more or less nasty and more or less illegal recreational drugs. <br> There will be very big questions from a regulatory standpoint. To note is maybe that preventing something to be hacked, <br> when there is full physical access is even more difficult than preventing remote hacking. Genetic manipulation of life and especially of humans is obviously an extremely controversial topic. <br> And the existence of (hacked) MGPSs may make the execution of <br> potentially dangerous experiments of questionable ethics in secrecy much more likely. === Backlash of hype waves === See infamous story of "Theranos". <br> No further details here. = Related = * [[Chemical synthesis]] * [[Foldamer R&D]] * Microfluidics can make use of [[microelectromechanical systems]] (aka MEMS) = External links = == Specialised 3D printer == Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T122fzOEVYE&t=739s "New Tools, New Possibilities - 3D Printing for Lab-on-a-Chip | Greg Nordin | TEDxBYU"] by Greg Nordin (uploaded 2018-05-01) <br> This is about a custom high resolution resin 3D printer especially targeted at making microfluidic 3D circuits. <br> Results where quite promising (integrated micropomps) As the slides give aaway, the modelling software used was the free and open source programmatic CAD software: [https://openscad.org/ OpenSCAD] It is by far not as high resolution as [[two photon lithography]]. But that would be too small anyway because: * viscosity at that small scale would likely be way to big and * product throughput quantity would likely be way too small even with massive parallelism == Manually reconfigurable modular microfluidic system == {{wikitodo|Add links to papers about that peculiar modular LEGO like microfluidic resin 3D printed system}} 1pwvfp7wyaqc0z8o02mye186p1yo5ft wikitext text/x-wiki 0 842 8520 8519 2021-04-11T07:15:08Z Apm 1 {{stub}} Just a fancy way to say weightlessness. <br> Emphasizing that there are always some remnant accelerations (and tidal forces). == Related == * [[Microgravity locomotion suit]] combining a * [[Medium mover suit]] and a * [[Grappling gripper gun suit]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-g_environment Micro-g_environment] 5isvjih95zuke9hbucrpkwepf9r8r41 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 869 11801 10235 2021-08-10T10:28:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Mesogravity]] {{stub}} A suit for human locomotion in (air filled) microgravity environments. <br> A suit combining the functionaliteis of a * [[medium mover suit]] and a * [[grappling gripper gun suit]] It's one of many possible [[gem-gum suit]]. == Related == * '''[[Gem-gum suit]]''' * [[Medium mover suit]] * [[Grappling gripper gun suit]] * [[Mesogravity]] lv7sgwiztxxnutu85v6l5kvtchl19qt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 838 9153 8384 2021-05-23T12:19:43Z Apm 1 /* Related */ Atomically precise gemstone based components in the site range of 1mm. Regarding recomposition similar things hold than for [[mesocomponent]]s. == Origin and fate of Millimetre sized components == '''They could get assembled from:''' * either [[mesocomponent]]s * or directly from [[microcomponent]]s (skipping one assembly level below - slow) '''They could get assembled to:''' * either in place to the final product * or to [[32mm sized components]] basically playing dice size or a little bigger. Stiffness is already quite high at this size scale but <br> gravitative mass is still low so <br> assembly robotics can look quite filigree and <br> serial robotics (think robot arms) might be a good option. == Related == * For components at different size scales see: [[Components]] 8yqsp53qbd945wxrl51r4770coc6nqd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 89 6903 6871 2017-10-31T03:07:40Z Apm 1 Added: legacy waste mining bulletpoint and link to [[unknown matter claimer]] {{stub}} List of raw keywords: * [[atomically precise disassembly]] * lab on desktop [[bulk chemistry]]; [[refractory materials]] * improved mining tools * the whole [[recycling]] cycle including the [[hot gas phase recycling cycle]] Lessons learned here may be applicable to the [[hot gas phase recycling cycle]]. == Topics to elaborate == * Near future conventional tech deep sea mining (Manganese) * APM based "gentle mining" * Legacy waste mining == Related == * [[Underground working]] * [[Deep drilling]] * [[Unknown matter claimer]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] hvx5h5zx7wjnhm0p8386kbfege8fk8s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 748 7629 2018-08-25T11:41:52Z Apm 1 created a raw idea dump area Just some random thoughts / things / citations / ... that might become integratable in this wiki somehow in the future ... * The best way to get to the top of your field is to invent your own field. c1i6js9qg9u46dtspr0s2a9ibsp00jy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 237 2421 2015-02-09T14:07:38Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Misconceptions]] to [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]]: too generic #REDIRECT [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] bvcs2wd45p9knb3dd04ydlja663erp3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 534 8965 8964 2021-05-16T07:46:20Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[APM related terms]] {{stub}} Concepts around APM have at least as much difference as they have overlap with biological concepts. Using biological terms makes one see only the overlaps and overlook the differences. Biological analogies usually leads to a very flawed and twisted picture of APM systems. The following list below can be used as a starting point for a dictionary. If you think of the left you might want to use the right instead. * whomb -- building chamber / [[robotic mechanosyntesis core|mechanosynthetic core]] * reproduction -- [[self replication|replication]] * grow(th/ing) -- build(ing) up * seed of ... -- proto ... * ingestion / eating -- take in * excretion / (you can guess) - expulsion * metabolism -- resource management / material management / [[recycling]] * limbs / arms / legs -- manipulators / grippers / linkages / ... == Related == * [[APM related terms]] * [[Analogies and their dangers]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[APM related terms]] 4sh9ih2z0a42tsx6n2ushhpn6lvazig wikitext text/x-wiki 0 259 9601 8892 2021-05-30T11:13:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] {{stub}} [[File:Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png|thumb|CPK model of carbon dioxide]] Up: [[Carbon dioxide collector]] A carbon dioxide collector unit is an autonomous devices that can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Further it can navigate from and back to its home haven. Carbon dioxide collector units do only collect carbon dioxide and rearrange it to energy carrying [[acetylene]] molecules (employing solar energy) but do not use it for mechanosynthetic fabrication of products. That is they do not have a nanofactory on-board. It would be possible but also unnecessary and dangerous (see replication hexagon). The [[nanofactory]] or [[microcomponent recomposer device]] for production of more buoys is instead located at the home haven. Particularly they cant make copies of themselves they can't [[self replication|self replicate]]. * seaborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buyo]]s * airborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]s [carrying capacity; return frequency] == Related == * Seaborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]] * Airborne: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] Atmospheric carbon dioxide can also be gathered directly from a the nanofactory that is going to use the carbon. This method is slower but especially mobile devices could balance out excess energy from the feedstock molecules that way instead of just producing just an intense stream of hot air. This would be even more important for mobile devices in a vacuum (space) where excess heat can only be radiated away. ['''todo:''' how is the average energetics from crude oil to diamondoid products - can oil bound carbon be used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?] 9udzgpir5daekj5pm03vja7oa8ecrp8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 262 9378 5245 2021-05-25T22:46:35Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: * [[Climate crisis]] {{site specific definition}} [[file:CO2-harvesting-boya 845x480.png |thumb|600px|Concept art of boya for collection of atmospgheric CO₂. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/e/ec/CO2-harvesting-boya.svg SVG] - [[Carbon dioxide collector unit]]s ]] Navigation: * Up to the top: [[Carbon dioxide collector]] * Up one level: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector]] A carbon dioxide collector buoy is a swimming device that is able to remove the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide form the atmosphere and is able to autonomously navigate from its home haven to its operating area and backwards. A carbon dioxide collector buoy is a member of the more general class of [[carbon dioxide collector unit]]s which all are members of the even more general class of (partially malicious) '''[[mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]s'''. == Capabilities == * It spreads a solar cell foil carpet on the water surface to receive the necessary energy. * It filters the large amounts of air (e.g. with [[medium movers]]) and uses water to create [[ethyne|acetylene]] and oxygen. * [[Ethyne|Acetylene]] is the resource molecule of main interest for the mechanosynthesis of carbon structures because of its low hydrogen content. The solar carpet needs to be semitransparent or sparrse to leave enough light for marine life. It mus also be designed to prevent entanglement of bigger marine amimals. == External Links == * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration carbon sequestation] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal carbon dioxide removal] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifter_(floating_device) float] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] == Related == * Ozone layer replenishing (?) * [[Climate crisis]] 6d73qj3gcmu4omhpzk01rvl9qmosymd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 265 2730 2015-02-24T15:40:39Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buyo]] to [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]]: misspelling buyo -> buoy #REDIRECT [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]] qchjjlq2zp9nppk5rm1wlw5nbjo6vmg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 372 4110 4103 2015-09-26T17:45:32Z Apm 1 added link to overview page {{Template:Stub}} '''Up: [[Mobile robotic device]]s''' Unthetered devices violate the [[spill avoidance guideline]] (that is keeping microcomponents and the like in macroscopic machine phase blocks) - (see waste & [[recycling]]) == Malicious mobile robotic microscale devices == === Disassembly attack === Malicious parties could create airborne pollen sized ships (dozens of microns - needed for computing power to do some hacking) which try to find diamondoid atomically precise products and then try to disassemble their [[microcomponent]]s for whatever reason. This attack only works well if the attacked products are made out of [[microcomponent]]s that is they are non-monolothic. It would be bad if [[recycling|recyclability]] gets sacrificed only to defend against this. As we know from tree pollen, particles as big as several tens of micrometers can be highly mobile in air and today’s average houses let plenty of them leak in even if all windows and doors are closed. So one can't avoid such an attack by going indoors in conventionally built houses. Also usually one don't want to be forced to go through airlocks all the time and AP products shouldn’t be confined to indoor use only. One way to defend against such attacks may be to use [[shape locking|hierarchical locking]] that converges to some combination lock stones ([[locking mechanism]]s). The size of the protection code must be sufficiently big or else there must be very view such stones since in the size of such an attacking particle fits a pretty powerful diamondoid atomically precise computer thus a massively parallel brute force coordinated random trial attack may be possible if the concentration of attacking miniature-ships is big enough. Even with a [[self limitation for safety|physical enforced delay between unlocking tests]] a too weak protection may be broken quickly. To speed up their operation they may use air to self replicate (making them molecular assemblers of a bad kind) or use the victim structures micro-components for themselves if they fit or tap some energy that might be stored in the victim-structure. ['''todo:''' can this be used for spam?] nrfp0vsily4y4rimslfce2pdvki6uqu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 373 4104 2015-09-26T16:34:23Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Mobile mesoscale robotic devices]] to [[Mobile mesoscale robotic device]]: plural->singular #REDIRECT [[Mobile mesoscale robotic device]] lilwyme97uf0rclo0vxim2ymcbknwf8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 364 11683 11359 2021-07-16T19:45:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Molecular assembler]] {{template:stub}} '''Up: [[Mobile robotic device]]s''' There are a lot of types of mobile nanoscale robotic devices known by now. Most of them are often overlooked though since they are hidden behind the many terms used in SciFi '''(nanobots, nanites, nanocytes,...)''' that all '''vaguely refer to mutating and omnivorous [[molecular assembler]]s. Those where never even considered''' as productive nanosystems. What really was considered for a time - but is not any more - where '''non mutating and non omnivorous ("real") molecular assemblers. This early concept is now outdated!'''. Now [[nanofactory|nanofactories]] are targeted for the goal of advanced productive nanosystems. Most mobile nanorobotic devices (the ones that are going to be collected on this page) are not meant for manufacturing purposes and also share little commonality with "real" molecular assemblers. = Types = '''tethered -> probably unproblematic:''' * J. Storrs Hall's [[utility fog|"Utility foglets"]] * [[Emulated elasticity|Elasticity emulating microcomponents]] (specialised weaker form of utility foglets) * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot|Microscopic microcomponent maintenance devices]] <br> Devices for low throughput maintenance purposes in products. While the products are actively running they could e.g. exchange radiation damaged parts and keep the products (e.g. [[Motor-muscle|motor material]] inside infrastructure) functional for arbitrary long spans of time. In contrast to molecular assemblers they would be incapable of self replication or mechanosynthesis. '''untethered in water -> maybe problematic:''' * medical naorobotic devices (e.g. Robert Freita's "Respirocyte") (bloodstream) '''untethered in air / airborn -> probably more problematic:''' * radioactive cleanup devices - due to their target problem they may become worse than the radiation * diamondoid waste cleanup devices - macroscale devices will hopefully suffice '''truly problematic:''' * nanoscale devices which self replicate * nanoscale devices which self replicate and emulate mutation (in a the limited way in which this is possible) Note: such things will only become producible with advanced nano-factories and a lot of deliberate dedicated programming work. = About often taken incorrect assumptions = What advanced (non malicious) nanorobotic devices do not do and are not: * '''NO self replication:''' this capability is for all practical purposes unnecessary and difficult (but achievable) * '''NO mutations:''' they do mutate as much as the software on PC's does - not at all - emulation on a higher level is certainly possible - it is done today and is called evolutionary optimization. => Nanoscale robotic devices can not adapt other to new environments. (They can not adapt to changes in space or time. Redesign at the macro-scale is necessary. * '''NO "omnivores":''' they can not <strike>digest</strike> <u>process</u> a very wide variety of <strike>food</strike> <u>resources</u>. See: [[atomically precise disassembly]]. = Details about some types = == A note on molecular assemblers == Molecular assemblers are by now considered: * '''impractical''' (inefficient and harder to reach than nanofactories) * '''undesirable''' (because of real forms of grey goo - less crazy than the SciFi depictions but still bad) * but '''not fundamentally impossible''' (given sufficient effort advanced nanofactories should be programmable to build them) For more details please go to the [[molecular assembler|dedicated page]]. == A note on airborne nanoscale robotic devices == They could become problematic in great numbers. * Danger for lung breathing life forms Especially deviced made from diamond may cause problems for all lung breathing life on earth. Silicosis a kind of lung damage often observed in mining workers may occur. Biominerals should be a lot less problematic and act more like natural dust. In severe quantities they may create shadows hampering plant growth and even endanger planes. Related: Much bigger but still small airborne atomically precise devises. (pollen-size to mosquito-size) J. Storrs Hall introduces them as "Aerovores" a term drawing from biological analogy * [[the grey goo meme|self replicating aerovores]] (name coined by J. Storrs Hall) ... todo: note skysweepers If they extract carbon from the atmosphere and simply expel in form of graphite chips black graphite snow may fall that has effects remotely similar to oil spills. == Malicious mobile robotic nanoscale devices == === Air poisoning === Airborne devices may extract from the atmosphere [[the grey goo meme|solely for self replication]] act slowly so they do not get detected by their waste heat and at some point start to produce nasty gasses like cyanide (HCN) or nitrous gasses (NOx) and may release them suddenly and in huge amounts. '''Limiting effects:''' high altitude radiation, limit of available elements, low concentration of CO₂ (usage of beta carbon nitride makes nitrogen available as building material) ['''todo:''' find which calculations have been done on (UV unshielded) radiation damage check them and include them here] == Related == * [[No nanobots]] * [[Mobile robotic device]] * [[Mobile mesoscale robotic devices]] "microbots" * [[Spill of sub microscale objects]] * [[Molecular assembler]] fkp0nnrj7rxktfxw2cq6zb5nbblg4vx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 374 4105 2015-09-26T16:35:05Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] #Redirect [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] 5jfmh76wq9marx0bcm631l2et3os1n0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 365 4261 4081 2015-09-29T16:00:22Z Apm 1 spelling #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 375 9163 9048 2021-05-23T13:00:07Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect {{Stub}} This Page classifies advanced diamondoid atomically precise products that feature mobility in some way. <br> Earlier atomically precise products include e.g. medical nanomechanisms for drug delivery and such. Those are not treated here. If you look for those see [[Side_products_of_technology_level_0|here (earlier)]] or [[Side_products_of_technology_level_I|here (later)]]. == Classification based on size == * [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device|nano-scale]] - (e.g. [[nanomedical devices]], ...) * micro-scale - (e.g. [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s, ...) * [[Mobile mesoscale robotic device|meso-scale]] - around human eye visibility threshold (e.g. hacking devices, CO2 depleting replicators, ...) * macro-scale - (e.g. cars & other vehicles for transportation, space probes, ...) == Classification based on material processing capabilities == * microcomponents - (e.g. [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s) * feedstock molecules suitable best suitable for mechanosynthesis - (e.g. [[nanofactories]], ...) * normal air - see: [[air as a resource]] - (e.g. CO2 collector devices, CO2 depleting replicators, ...) * certain biological materials e.g. DNA - (e.g. [[nanomedical devices]], ...) * sugar - (e.g. [[nanomedical devices]], ...) == Classification based on mechanical interconnectedness == * free floating/flying/swimming - (e.g. [[nanomedical devices]], cleanup devices, ...) * tethered - (e.g. [[utility fog|utility foglets]], trains, ...) * barely mobile - (e.g. [[emulated elasticity|elasticity emulating microcomponents]], ...) The better the stuff is bond together the better this is for [[recycling]]. * [[Robotic mobility]] * [[Legged mobility]] == Classification based on degree of good will == * productive / useful - (e.g. [[nanomedical devices]], [[nanofactories]], computerglasses, ...) * grey zone - (e.g. cleanup devices, hacking devices, ...) * malicious - (e.g. atmosphere poisoners, CO2 depleting replicators, destructive weapons ...) == Related == * [[Cellular shape shifting tangible systems]] * Mobile robotic devices are not [[self replicating device]]s. They can be but it's the exception rather the norm. <br> That is: The edge "replicator mobility" in the [[reproduction hexagon]] (or the [[replication pentagon]]) does not need to be fulfilled for mobile robotic devices. * [[molecular assembler]] * [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s js00f2vb4mqb7w67tttc8hfivwcmd6n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 401 10566 9812 2021-06-17T11:20:55Z Apm 1 {{stub}} {{wikitodo|move definition over from recycling}} Up: [[Spill of sub microscale objects]] A guideline to prevent fine-grained spill of non degrading diamondid materials into the environment. * bones and sponge-luffa analogy Two topics are currently mixed on this page: {{wikitodo|separate pages}} * avoiding designing and handling [[gem-gum]] products such that they release/spill many small non-degradably potentially problematic particles * avoiding replicator mobility in the [[reproduction hexagon]] == Related == * [[Spill]] * [[Spill of sub microscale objects]] * [[Reproduction hexagon]] * [[Recycling]] - prevention of the pollution of the environment * [[Splinter prevention]] * [[Grey goo meme]] * [[Soil pollutants]] nnpiz3g4kcavm1d6dqi0qwmkvq2417u wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1049 11697 11696 2021-07-21T13:01:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s on an intermediate technology level. <br> Heavily making use of results of [[foldamer R&D]]. <br> ... This would be situated at: * End of [[Technology level 0]] * Mainly [[Technology level I]] * Beginning of [[Technology level II]] == Related == * [[Eric Drexler's blog partially dug up from the Internet Archive]] * [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s == External links == * 2008-11-10 from Eric Drexlers blog: '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329234818/http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/modular-molecular-composite-nanosystems/ Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems]''' tghfbdzyykpnbal82uzkwy5jg6o9sy1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1268 11632 2021-07-15T11:53:50Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] to [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] lku67e583nx26g3qdpcyrjkiyzqj427 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 852 8459 2021-04-09T11:08:01Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Molecule fragment]] #REDIRECT [[Molecule fragment]] jyqvrm2t7hze7thf2z247eve0fbsh4b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 391 4243 2015-09-29T09:19:20Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Moiety]] to [[Molecule fragment]]: easier comprehensible for most people #REDIRECT [[Molecule fragment]] jyqvrm2t7hze7thf2z247eve0fbsh4b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 770 11124 11123 2021-07-01T13:14:44Z Apm 1 ''In the future we will build with gemstones.'' [[File:Moissanite-semitransparent.jpg|thumb|400px|'''moissanite aka silicon carbide (SiC)'''. A [[gemstone-like compound]] (and [[diamondoid]]) material. Without impurities it would be colorless and fully transparent. The silicon makes this material fireproof in bulk blocks. But it also inhibits the possibility to intentionally burn it up completely to gasses since (applying extreme heat) it it just partly turns into a glassy [[slag]].]] Moissanite is the name for transparent silicon carbide (SiC) of gemstone quality. <br> It may be an especially interesting (if not ''the'' most interesting) [[base material]] for [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s in [[gem-gum products]] because of its set of peculiar properties. '''Basic properties:''' * Hardness: Mohs 9.25 * Melting point: 2730 °C (decomposes) * Does not form a macroscale surface oxidation layer at room temperature * Is stable in macroscale bulk under oxygen atmosphere at high temperatures * Is not water soluble * Crystal structure: [[diamondoid]] cubic or hexagonal (analog to [[diamond]] and [[lonsdaleite]]) and all mechanosynthesizable [[neo polymorph]]s * Density: ~3.22g/ccm (for comparison: diamond ~3.53g/ccm, silicon ~2.33g/ccm) * Optically fully colorlessly transparent in the visible range * Refractive index: n_ω=2.654 n_ε=2.967 (can be strongly birefringent) ---- * Heat conductivity: very high ... * Electrical conductivity: highly isolating ... == Resistance against heat == Compared to [[diamond]] and its polymorphs such as [[lonsdaleite]] moissanite has a much better resistance against high temperatures. <br> Diamond is only metastable at room temperature and converts to the lower energy state of graphite if it's heated up far enough. That is not the case with moissanite due to silicon not wanting to form graphite like sheets. == Resistance against larger scale fire == Compared to diamond moissanite is more resistant against oxidation and fire. Because it contains the nonvolatile (slack forming) element silicon. Moissanite is not a fully oxidized gemstone material (like e.g. quartz or leukosapphire is) thus it is not immune to oxidation an indeed gets its surface nanosctructure destroyed when contacting an oxygen containing atmosphere at somewhat elevated temperatures. But … * simple sealing against entry of atmosphere can prevent that * there is no oxidation on a larger scale because a protective slack layer out of quartz-glass is formed that prevents further oxidation and runaway fires. While diamond cracks splinters and burns under a strong flame moissanite just turns yellow and back to clear again when it cools again. == Neo polymorphic structure control == Natural moissanite and thermodynamically synthetic moissanite come with a rather random layer order (not ABAB hexagonal or ABCABC cubic but something in-between). When it's produced via [[mechanosynthesis]] instead this layer ordering can by precisely controlled. See [[neo-polymorph]]. Natural moissanite is: * neither cubic (layer order ABAB [[wurtzite structure]]) * nor hexagonal (layer order ABCABC [[zincblende structure]]) It's a more complex layer order. <br> Of course with [[mechanosynthesis]] this could be arbitrarily controlled. == Toughness – compared to diamond == Natural moissanite has higher toughness than '''natural''' diamond. <br> This is most likely because moissanite has a hard time choosing between <br> the cubic zincblende and the hexagonal wurzite structure and thus having more complex plane stacking orders <br> giving it some amorphous qualitues. With materials '''synthetically made''' by [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] though: * moisanite like stacking orders can be given to diamond/lonstaleite crossover materials – [[Dialondeite]] * in small [[crystolecules]], where there is not much space for plane stacking orders, there typically (on average) are no faults to begin with where cracks could start. So there should not be much difference due to cleaving planes. <br>See: [[Superelasticity]]. == Interplanetary applications (Venus) == Unlike [[diamond]] moissanite is a very good refractory material that has no problems with the harsh surface conditions of Venus (~500°C ~90bar). So it would be a useful [[base material]] to make ground mining equipment out of. To make moissanite one needs silicon but that is not present in the atmosphere since it is a nonvolatile element. At best there is some silicate dust and that predominantly in the lower parts of the atmosphere. So to make moissanite silicon needs to be minded from the surface. Silicon is extremely common on Venus, second only to oxygen. Just as on earth. So to get it one basically can haul up almost any random rock that lies around loosely. No serious ground mining (with drills or so) is required. The rocks can then be chemically processed at ~50km height where machines (and especially humans) can easier operate. (Picking mafic basaltic rocks gives some [[common metals]] as a bonus.) In short retrieving silicon (and other common non-volatile elements) from the harsh ground shouldn't be too difficult. [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] = Related = * [[Diamondoid]] – [[Diamond like compounds]] * [[Diamond]] * [[Lonsdaleite]] = External links = Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissanite Moissanite] j3hm6nhji7wa2v1utz0upjzd0x1ev15 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 219 11681 9021 2021-07-16T19:43:59Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[No nanobots]] [[File:Replicating-molecular-assemblers_screencap_BBC-Horizon_Nano-utopia_1995_480p_high-contrast.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Depicted: The (dated) concept of replicating diamondoid molecular assemblers. Here two ''free floating'' assemblers are in the process of copying themselves. Screencap from BBC Horizon doku "Nanoutopia" (1995)]] [[File:self-replicating-assembler-unit.png|thumb|Artistic depiction of a mobile assembler unit capable of self replication (linked to a "crystal" of assemblers and thus not ''free floating''). An outdated idea.]] '''Note: The concept of advanced molecular assemblers for [[diamondoid|diamondoid materials]] is outdated!'''<br> The current concept for advanced productive nanosystems of the "[[in-vacuum gem-gum technology]]" type are [[Nanofactory|atomically precise small scale factories]]. The three main problems with molecular assemblers are that they are: * inefficient * hard to reach * undesirable But molecular assemblers are: * not fundamentally impossible Molecular assemblers are member of the class of [[mobile naoscale robotic devices]] ("nanobots").<br> Molecular assemblers may emerge as products of advanced nanofactories (among other more useful "nanobots"). = The idea = The idea is/was to create a machine with side-lengths of a few hundred nanometers which packages all the functionality to produce useful products and also make copies of itself (directly with [[diamondoid]] [[mechanosynthesis]]). This way you get an exponential rate of replication and can produce macroscopic goods in reasonable amounts of time. == Reasons for the problems == '''inefficiency:'''<br> It turned out that packaging all the functionality into such a small package is a rather unbalanced and inefficient approach for [[in-vacuum gem-gum technology]]. This can be seen in the [[Nanofactory layers|nanofactory cross section image]] where it is visible that the bottommost assembly levels (there arranged as stacked coplanar layers) take the largest portion of the stack. In the small package of an assembler the bottommost layers would be highly underrepresented making it rather slow (and inefficient). '''difficulty to reach:''' <br> See page: "[[Direct path]]". '''reason for undesirability:''' <br> The [[grey goo horror fable]] toned waay down to realistic levels.<br> Still far down the road in the future (state 2017) and heavily limited by the requirements of the [[reproduction hexagon]]. == Assembler hype hiding progress to nanofactoies == The assembler concept was a natural and obvious [[bioanalogy]] to introduce initially. Continued refinement with [[exploratory engineering]] quickly led away from it though but this went almost unnoticed. The combination of their appearance (legs or other mechanisms to move about) with their very tightly packed capability of [[self replication]] in their vacuum "belly" that seem akin to a "whomb" led to the situation that the public started to perceive this technology as swarms of tiny life like nano-bugs that could potentially start uncontrollable and unstoppable self replication. Why this is a rather miss-informed opinion can be read up [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing#Nanobots - in most cases a very flawed image|here]] and [[the grey goo meme|here]]. * Dystopian SiFi fantasy anchored the idea of assemblers in the public perception (at least in USA and UK). * Nanofactories coming close to the newer detailed concepts remain yet to be seen in fiction. == Partial design aspects of molecular assemblers that remain applicable == '''Many considerations about assemblers are still relevant:''' * ''methods for movement'' e.g. for the transport of microcomponents and self repair by microcomponent replacement in the higher assembly levels of nanofactories. The ''[[legged mobility|legged block mobility]]'' design is also known from the concept of (''speculative'') [[utility fog]] but has other design priorities in a manufacturing context like more rigidity and less "intelligence". * ''methods for gas tight sealing and locking parts out'' * ''and many more ...'' * the design of [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]]s === Old assembler designs === Quite a bit of thought was put into the assembler model [Todo: link KSRM]. Either they where supposed to swim about in a solution or there was some form of movement mechanism in a machine phase scaffold crystal envisioned like: * sliding cubes [TODO add references] * legged blocks [TODO add references] = The ribosome and similar artificial biomimetic nano"machines" = These are also often called ''molecular assembler'' although they are: * non self replication * critically dependent on brownian movement * and can only assembles floppy linear chain molecules which again need brownian motion to fold into something useful = Block placing assembler linkage = Unlike diamondoid assemblers this idea is not outdated. Atomically precise building blocks from structural DNA nanotechnology that are pre-produced by self assembly could be assembled to passive block manipulator linkages by those same passive block manipulator linkages after a first one was put together manually. Actuation could be from a chips surface (see [[technology level I]]) and self replication could work in the form of [[exponential assembly]]. * [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] might become capable of more or less compact self replication with predelivered "vitamin" pasts from the [[mechanosynthesis core]]s. * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanking_replicator Clanking replicator]. A term to distinguish macroscale selfreplication from nanoscale selfreplication. But [[crystolecule]] level self replication is very similar to macroscale self replication. So the meaning can be dragged back. A '''clanking nano replicator''' so to say. (Sidenote: actual clanking "sounds" should be avoided. Sound emission = loss of energy = inefficient operation = need for waste heat removal) = Possible exceptions where somewhat molecular assemblers like designs may not yet be completely outdated = The only place where the slow and inefficient molecular assembler concept may be practically usable is for <br> self repair situations where the demand on product throughput rate is exceptionally low. <br> Like fixing low rates of damage from natural background radiation. <br> See: [[Self repairing system#In place self-repair]] But even there a multi part system is more practical and likely. <br> So it wold not operate alone but rather in conjunction with [[microcomponent maintenance unit]]s. = Microcomponent mainenance units ≠ Molecular assemblers = Main page: [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] Molecular assemblers are not to confuse with [[microcomponent maintenance unit]]s. <br> These are also relatively small and compact but they are incapable of [[mechanosynthesis]]. <br> More abstractly they have no manufacturing or demontage capabililities on the lowest [[assembly level]]. <br> Just like a [[microcomponent recomposer device]]. <br> But a [[microcomponent recomposer device]] is a macroscopic device whereas a [[microcomponent maintenance unit]] is a microscopic one. = Related = * [[No nanobots]] * [[Mobile robotic device]] * [[Fractal growth speedup limit]] * [[In place assembly]] and ''in place mechanosynthesis'' * The better alternative that is now instead targeted: [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] * Still quite compact but less compact self replication by adding one additional assembly level: [[Second assembly level self replication]] <br> This would likely be a system of more or less mobile components on a surface or chip. {{wikitodo|add image of dividing cells illustrating the analogy - use it on other related pages too - goo}} = External links = * [http://www.crnano.org/BD-Nanobots.htm "Nanobots Not Needed" - March 2005] [[Category: Technology level III]] hz8jrk35h09ma3r5w73vrt9v9guqlp7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 943 9064 2021-05-19T16:01:16Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Molecular assembler]] #REDIRECT [[Molecular assembler]] shr91tisksp50lrtw22g32nrbk1atx7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 695 9651 7054 2021-05-30T15:14:39Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Synthetic biology]] {{stub}} Molecular biology is about how life works in detail at the molecular scale. For an in depth definition of molecular biology please consult the wikipedia page about the topic and/or some other sources. This article is not about molecular biology in general (there is plentiful excellent introductory material out there already). It is about molecular biology specifically in the context of advanced atomically precise manufacturing (APM). == Utilizing life's machinery == === Why do so? === Making atomically precise structures is still pretty difficult with current technology (state 2017). Shoving atoms around with needle tips has a lot of problems. See main articles "[[direct path]]" and "[[scanning probe microscopy]]" for details. Using chemistry for making atomically precise structures suffers from specificity and scaling problems. It has the issue that the opening of new synthesis routes in many regards are more of a black art than a systematic engineering methodology. There are some interesting attempts to make some specific areas in the space of molecular structures more accessibly to systematic engineering though. {{wikitodo|discuss this in more detail elsewhere on this wiki}} Utilizing life's machinery for making atomically precise structures has the advantage that it is already there and working. It poses a very useful option for starting the bootstrapping process towards advanced APM ([[technology level III|gem-gum-tec]]). (See main article "[[incremental path]]".) Thus especially for early APM molecular biology might be highly relevant. === Why not? === While molecular biology is a very useful boosting tool at the early stages it is very different to the [[technology level III|target technology]]. So at some point utilizing life's nanomachinery must be shed. (Later even foldamer technology in favor to [[crystolecule]]s.) To get common trapdoors out of the way: * '''Using life's nanomachinery dose not always mean aiming at recreating something like life's nanomachinery.''' <br>(That would be [[synthetic biology]] not APM) * '''Using soft nanomachinery does not always mean aiming at soft nanomachinery.''' <br>(that would be the "[[brownian technology path]]" aka "soft machines" and not APM) * '''Self assembling foldamer systems do not crucially depend on life.''' <br>(there are several demonstrations that do without utilizing life's nanomachinery -- e.g. oglionucleotide DNA structures -- also the aforementioned engineering methodology chemistry is part of this) == Utilizing the molecular machinery of life to make shaped parts with atomic precision == Utilizing life's manufacturing systems is a standard technique by now (2017). In living organisms the shaped parts are the proteins (small proteins are called peptides). These are chains of amino acid molecules which form a set of basic building blocks. (In this regard all life is equal.) Note that there's a conflict of interest in the utilizing life's manufacturing machinery: * In medicine one often wants shapes complementary to natural proteins (which's structure already have been resolved). * In the context of bootstrapping for APM one is more interested in that the artificial parts mutually fit together in simple or more nontrivial ways. (E.g. similar to the self assembling capsid shells of virii). Since this wiki is about APM we'll assume one is aiming for the latter (a non-medical structural application potentially useful for bootstrapping advanced APM). In that case the process works roughly like follows: ---- * "Backward engineering:" Determine the required sequence of amino acids such that the amino acid chain curls up into the desired shape (however this shape is determined {{wikitodo|check specific papers}}). <br>(Related: "inverse folding problem" and "de-novo protein engineering") * Digital encoding: Encoding the amino acid sequence into DNA base-pairs. (A simple straightforward trivial step.) ---- * Physical encoding: Synthesize the computer-generated DNA sequence to specification. {{wikitodo|check details}} * Inserting: (This is the genetic engineering step.) Introduce the synthesized DNA into a host organism. There are several methods. One needs a "vector" to carry the (here fully man made) DNA past the organisms cells defense mechanisms. As organisms often some bacteria are chosen since they breed fast. (There are loads of details in this step e.g. knowledge about the various ways life and virii reproduce.) ---- * Breeding: Put the organisms in a nutrient solution and choose an optimal temperature. Naturally there are loads of things happening in the cells while growing and reproducing. Here is just the part that is most relevant for us. The part we are interested in most:<br>Transcription: translation of the protein encoding section of DNA (aka a gene) to messenger-RNA (mRNA). DNA is like the high security mass data storage of the cell while mRNA is like a short disposable working copy. <br>Translation: Assembly of A protein based on the information encoded in the messenger-RNA (mRNA) <br>Self-folding: Right after (or actually during) the synthesis of the protein it curls up and self folds to a shape. ---- * Extracting: Finally extract the desired protein out of the cells that made it and get them as pure as possible. ---- * Post processing: Control temperature over time in a precise manner to aid self assembly of (already self folded) proteins. <br>The intended product could e.g. be a 2D protein crystal. ---- * Analytics: Use various kind of (usually non optical) microscopes to check whether you actually made what you've intended to make. ---- Note that beside the core manufacturing of our desired protein there is also a much much longer string of other things going on. All the manufacturing for the reproduction of the organism and all the other subsystems of the organisms: energy, information, waste, ...) So this is quite a process and the throughput of this isn't very high. Thus synthetic proteins currently (2017) are massively more expensive than raw biological products like e.g. food. Far term outlook: A main goal of APM is (beside a switch to more stiff materials than bio-foldamers) to switch that around and make advanced [[gem-gum]] products at least as cheap as food (on a per mass basis). == Notes == Proteins (and foldamers in general) tend to have have weak bonds between folds thus they may only feature [[topological atomic precision]] especially on their outside. Some tightly packed proteins might feature [[positional atomic precision]] inside (e.g. ion channel proteins) {{todo|investigate this}}. == Related == * [[Foldamer R&D]] * [[Synthetic biology]] == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology Molecular_biology] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis Protein_biosynthesis] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_production Protein_production (biotechnological)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_protein_synthesis Cell-free_protein_synthesis] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesis Peptide_synthesis] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification Protein_purification] jppjg772kmnn4waxuf22vpngnhh0map wikitext text/x-wiki 0 774 7910 2020-08-20T12:27:21Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mechanosynthesis core]] #REDIRECT [[Mechanosynthesis core]] qkgq2qwered7owz1d4flx1e98vm0ced wikitext text/x-wiki 0 347 3859 2015-05-25T07:03:33Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Molecular power converter]] to [[Energy conversion]]: Title was too specific (nanoscale bond handling only) #REDIRECT [[Energy conversion]] hs7vpn5ytc4w9zvwxqaahudf98j69xw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 150 9154 8454 2021-05-23T12:21:05Z Apm 1 added link to [[components]] Molecule fragments also called '''moieties''' are the smallest building blocks handeded in the advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] of [[technology level III]] and [[technology level II|II]]. When a '''[[resource molecule|simple resource molecule]]''' is picked up with an empty tooltip one always ends up with a few atoms on the tooltip. Some bonds need to be broken open to make it a reactive radical ready for deposition. It is generally not necessary to prepare the picked up molecule down until only one atom is left. That is in most cases one does not put down single atoms but small moieties (always bond molecules). Most often unused bonds are left hydrogen capped and and only one or two bonds are actively used - the one to the tooltip and the one to the workpiece. Hydrogen and oxygen with one and two bonds respectively are subject for single atomic deposition. The heavier elements of the same groups - the halogenes calcogenes - too. == Related == * [[Tooltip chemistry]] * Etymology of "moiety" [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moiety (leave to wiktionary)] * [[Resource molecules]] * Molecule fragments could be called the smallest physically possible building components. <br>For components at different size scales see: [[Components]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] 5my53ofpi61d51wniggc7wdbzjs148x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1064 10080 2021-06-08T20:14:34Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Molecule fragment]] #REDIRECT [[Molecule fragment]] jyqvrm2t7hze7thf2z247eve0fbsh4b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 322 3372 2015-03-21T17:08:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Main Page]] #REDIRECT [[Main Page]] modmu9pqjk76od7mzb24xgw5a8qpfof wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1111 10382 10357 2021-06-13T20:21:48Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] {{stub}} A very versatile element especially when it comes to mechanical applications. <br> Unfortunately it is not too abundant in earth's crust. * [[Polyoxymetalates]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxometalate (wikipedia)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenide#Dichalcogenides Dichalcogenides] – MoS₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXenes MXenes] – Mo₂TiC₂, Mo₂Ti₂C₃ == Related == * [[Semi diamondoid structure]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] d4id6pem0wve4mjpakkyqtq01o58hbw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 998 9541 2021-05-29T19:49:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Most R&D construction sites for progress in APM]] to [[Most relevant R&D construction sites for progress in APM]] #REDIRECT [[Most relevant R&D construction sites for progress in APM]] dm398f5lp641h33mtxao4r1tztdnj5z wikitext text/x-wiki 0 997 9552 9544 2021-05-29T20:19:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added category [[Category:ContainsTodos]] despite not true - but useful link here {{Stub}} Here are just a few very relevant examples. There are plenty more. ----- * improving on atomically precise foldamer technology (like e.g. structural DNA technology, stiffer spiroligomers, ...) * improving on the already demonstrated convergent self-assembly method. Making it more scalable robust and usable. * creating standard sets of very simple moving foldamer machine elements (like hinges) * improving on data transmission into these foldamer systems * improving on already demonstrated higher speed electroscatic data (and force) transmission * introducing mechanical demultiplexing into foldamer systems ----- * isolating core processes of biomineralization and semi-artificially recreating them (not for superficial biomimicry for "short term" benefit trying to recreate desirable material properties like those of mica. This is already in process today 2018 and not too relevant for APM. But on a deeper less immediately useful level, very small de-novo-foldamers for very controlled deposition of mololithic flawlessly atomically precise singly crystal blocks. ----- * miniaturizing SPM systems without sacrificing their high resolution capabilities * building a (miniaturized) SPM framework for preliminary extremely low throughput tests for advanced to very advanced mechanosynthetic reactions. ----- * (not yet possible) mounting de-novo-biomineralization tooltips into foldamer frameworks ("tying the knot" in the forward backward gap) ----- * Improving perception of APM and [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]] for a [[target audience|wide audience]] (general technical and highly specialized). <br>(This is what is attempted with [[Main Page|this wiki here]].) == Related == The are plenty of blue todo notes strewn out through this wiki. <br> Some more some less relevant for progress. * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] – '''[[Incremental path]]''' and [[Direct path]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Expanding the kinematic loop]] [[Category:ContainsTodos]] 5wspzohtdpjnzb17iz620zps1s3tujz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 46 10561 8720 2021-06-17T11:03:56Z Apm 1 added * [[Cooling by heating]] {{Speculative}} (''Warning: this page contains highly speculative information.'') <br> previous: [[further improvement at technology level III]] Some things can fundamentally only be done in meso- to macroscopic size scales. Not at micro- or nanoscales. <br> Those things will also be improvable by APM but since complex products composed out of a multitude of advanced AP metamaterials are already speculative, <br> technologies based on their interplay are even more vague. Applications which make heavy use of electronic optic magnetic and other non mechanical physical properties will <br> require a lot of scientific investigation to make less vague predictions (see: [[Non mechanical technology path]]). == Some random mix of ideas == * diamondoid artificial ion channels (very likely possible) * self cooling cryogenic cells for e.g. synthesization of small non-diamondoid molecules * [[mining]] - advanced bulk preprocessing * generation of radio waves by mechanical rotation of charges * optomechanic applications * neutral molecule [[carriage particle accelerators]] * non biological [[multi limbed sensory equipped shells]] of all forms including humanoids * [[artificial brain|artificial brains]] that can accommodate human consciousness scanned from brains of deceased persons * use of APM for [[nuclear fusion]] * successful terraforming - see [[air using micro ships]] ----- * solid state [[earth core probes]] -- this one probably takes the cake from all the ludicrous ideas here ----- * Nanomedicine - A relevant book - [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=5898] ---- Even further ahead there might (or might not) lie a [[zero sum situation]] - again. {{speculativity warning}}. == Ultra large scale stuff == === Earth === [[geoengineering]] and <br> [[geoengineering mesh]]es including: * [[atmospheric mesh]] * [[hydrospheic mesh]] * [[lithospheric mesh]] * [[biospheric mesh]] (?) === Space === * novel [[space launch facilities]] - there are some crazy ideas there '''Regarding the gas (and ice) giants:''' * littering of gas giant atmospheres with [[permaflying fusion power planes]] that collectively beam unfathomable amounts of laser-power to receivers in high orbit * usage of [[gas giant atmospheres]] for something something ??? '''General:''' * complete conversion of matter of larger scale asteroids to something something ??? * Some large scale mass relocation projects for something something ??? == Just for fun == Finally and most importantly the cost for an turboencabulator ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboencabulator wikipedia]) will be brought down quite significantly. Here's a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLDgQg6bq7o video]. [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] == Related == * [[Cooling by heating]] 50i4lkpalm580wu8x6w3yc8n83cwj2s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 11 9894 7083 2021-06-03T09:11:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Fractals in gem-gum nanomachinery]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} [[file:Crystal molecule - redundant fractal design - 342x640.png |thumb|250px|Fractal structuring of metamaterials can avoid linear increase of actuation range loss due to e.g. [[radiation damage|radiation induced damage]]. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/a/a1/Crystal_muscle_-_redundant_fractal_design.svg SVG] ]] '''Artificial motor-muscles''' (suggestion: '''Mokels''') are actuators out of an active [[diamondoid metamaterial]] that '''can perform pull but also push action''' with '''high energy densities''' beyond the ones seen in biological muscles tissue and even beyond combustion engines [[power density|like it's typical '''[add ref]''' for all AP technologies]] of [[technology level III|technology level III]]. On the small scale they resemble some form of motors but on the large scale they seem sort of like a crystalline muscle thus the term ''motor-muscle''. The material consists out of many minimal sized active units. Each of them contains one or more [[electromechanical converter|electromechanical]] or [[Chemomechanical converters|chemomechanical]] motors that extend or shrink the units length. For fault tolerance a the units must be connected parallel and serial in a hierarchical fractal fashion '''[TODO add [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:404286 info-graphic]]'''. When a mokel metamaterial is actuated a volume changing extension or shrinkage takes place. This is in contrast to '''[[interfacial drive]]s''' (which are essentially [[infinitesimal bearing]]s with motor/generator cells included) where only a shear deformation is present which does not change the actuators volume. With motor-muscles built out of modular [[microcomponents]] beside [[electromechanical converters]] or [[chemomechanical converter]]s other microcomponents like [[energy storage cells]] could directly be incorporated (possibly in a choosable ratio) instead of feeding the energy in from an external source. This way one can trade efficiency (through lowering of power transport distance) for maximal force and power density. All the power-supply infrastructure for the motors must be incorporated making the design quite complex. Combining mokel with [[metamaterial]] [[emulated elasticity|elasticity]] in the directions normal to the pulling action (transversal directions) and making the mokel long and thin one gains some kind of '''active rope'''. Mokel would undoubtedly provide a boost for robotic engineering. Due to their high power density mokel can be distributed sparsely into active materials. Chemical energy storage in contrast has high volume but can be located far off sight since with AP technology [[energy transmission]] is easy. == Related == * [[Resilience boost by fractal design]] * [[Fractals in gem-gum nanomachinery]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] c2t68fis9dz0zbc9mmt91caxwz7yjdf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 684 6915 2017-11-01T07:42:38Z Apm 1 no dash version #REDIRECT [[Motor-muscle]] ai4zh4ro1nsjhpl7f0pqa9vukuektss wikitext text/x-wiki 0 618 11520 6368 2021-07-12T19:39:52Z Apm 1 {{stub}} A concept for a "file system" which allows to sort "folders" in multiple "super-folders" (no asymmetries) {{wikitodo|elaborate on the problems and opportunities}} = The bad = == The "solutions" that are none == File system links (soft and hard), Tags, Metadata, indexed search, ... are all hacks that only mend the symptoms of the core problem. === Link embedding vs data embedding === * {{wikitodo|use incscape and scribus as examples}} = The good = * same data in multiple projects – [[manumatic update distribution]] * Orthogonalized: locality management, importance management (backup degree), ... * reconstructability of lost paths to files {{wikitodo|elaborate on "backward hierarchical multi project image preview."}} == Wikis == Wikis come closest to a solution but: * they don't integrate media well - no spontaneous scribble & free drag-and-drop like in ''linear'' note taking software * they are not fine grained enough - not for files. * they are not low level enough. They do not form a file system ([[proliferation of abstraction layers]]). == related == * [[General software issues]] * [[Emergent concept detection]] * [[Manumatic update distribution]] * [[Backward button unscalability]] – (Example: The horror called "video editing") r0cvo3ei9jzasmeubjm1vzlv1qw10rj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 110 9393 7791 2021-05-25T23:38:52Z Apm 1 added related section with link ti: * [[Gem-gum balloon products]] By combining various [[diamondoid metamaterials]] one could create completely artificial counterparts to animal bodies (including humans). == Forms == === Humanoid === A "simple" copy of the human body. This is best suited for telepresence where an [[AP suit]] equipped with sensors (and actors) is used as the input device. === Environmentally adapted forms === * weightlessness / gravity adapted * under-water === Extended numbers of limbs === === Artistic === Fashions change. Certain stereotypical looks will probably oversaturate and thereby create new fashion branches. Being thin once was associated with undernourishment now it is considered beautiful. Wrinkles or just plain sub standard normal looks might become desired. == Applications / Uses / Misuses == === Telepresence === Like todays conventional robotics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robonaut] artificial bodies could be used to virtually and instantaneously teleport to a distant location. In combination with [[AP suit|force feedback suits]] this might feel like actually being there. Advanced [[AP suit]]s that are sufficiently equipped for telepresence share many traits with their robotic counterparts on the other end of the communication line. == Speculative Applications == {{speculativity warning}}<br> Development of the following systems is '''unrelated to the development of APM'''. Tampering with minds that potentially or certainly can experience feelings like humans raises serious ethical concerns. A better scientific understanding of the nature of feelings is desirable. Assuming emulated minds can experience pain and acting accordingly is a safe way to go. === Expert systems === Expert systems drawing information from web search engines like Google and knowledge databases like Wikipedia could be given a physical body and some "behavioral character module". To make them behave acceptably a lot of additional software will be needed. Those front ends may be mix and meshable like linux distributions. There arises the question: What are the dangers and opportunities of giving "the internet" a various set of bodies? === Human minds === Given sufficient understanding of the neuronal structure of body and brain architecture and suitable scanning technology it might become possible to scan frozen brains, plastinated brains or brains from recently deceased persons accurately enough to copy the mind in a working state into an artificial body. Volunteers should be aware of the potential horrors since future experimantators may not adhere to any ethical rules. * sensory richness ... (sufficient sensory perceptions) * stability ... Also there arise some seemingly paradox philosophical questions about continuity of perception like * How close must the copy resemble the original to experience something like "waking up"? * If multiple copies are "switched on" which one is the most likely to be "experienced"? * Is quantum random (not quantum computing!) involved in our thinking? Assuming Everett's multiple world interpretation of quantum mechanics is true we should probably make sure that our brains can take different paths in different "worlds" especially if there are several paths of decision that seem equally desirable. For some aspects robots for humanoid telepresence can be used to check in how far upward compatibility in senory perception is reached. Meaning a human consciousness doesn't get sensory deprived when connected to the environment through such a robot. === Artificial neuronal intelligences === This could be considered deliberately creating feeling life with all its ethical consequences. == Sensors == See page "[[Sensors]]" == The hollow baloon concept ([[Diamondoid balloon products|dedicated page]]) == A concept that J. Sorrs Hall presented in his book "Nanofuture" are robots (e.g. humanoid) built like ballons possessing a strength akin to that of human muscles. This should work because even very thin walls can be highly tear resistant and AP motors can have very high energy densities. What is less noted is that such thin shells pose very little resistance to bending and must not only be inflated to keep shape but also have some complex internal bracings (fractal structure?). This adds to the deflated "ballpoint pen volume". Approximating nice organic shapes is not easy. Shape shifting to the point of complete collapsability too (except a cloth like state is assumed that collapses rather disordered when deflated) Much programming effort will be neccesary to reach such a point. It's not a thing to expect early on. Note that thin highly tear resistant cloth like materials (a simple deflated state of such a robot) always pose some danger (think: hairs in mills or necklace in wheels). Explosion of such a balloon inflated to one to a few bar e.g. due to thermal influence could endanger the sense of hearing of nearby people there souldn't be any debris flying around. == Related == * [[Gem-gum balloon products]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] ewbqm4ugec5b2br48vhx8jyzzd31brf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1296 11862 11859 2021-08-21T15:02:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} In a first approximation [[convergent assembly]] every layer of a specific size needs only the height of one single cell. <br> See: [[Branching factor]] and [[Level throughput balancing]] == Stacking & keeping speeds constant => Downstream bottleneck at upper layers == Stacking more than one layer without also slowing down these layers relative to the bigger chambers above <br> leads to the the chambers above becoming a bottleneck. <br> Quantitatively stacking sub-layers to the thickness of super-layers leads to overproduction <br> by a factor of the [[branching factor]]. This is undesired. == Stacking & dropping speeds => Potentially less losses == Stacking is helpful though in case slowing down is desired in order to reduce friction and other losses. Especially at the lowest levels of convergent assembly [[molecular mills]] might benefit from that because of <br> inefficiencies in [[piezochemistry]] and [[chemomechanical conversion]] possibly far exceeding friction losses. == Assembly-motions vs transport-motions == While the assembly-motions in '''multilayer assembly layer''' can be dropped down the <br> transport-motions still need to stay fast. <br> This is due to the [[macroscale slowness bottleneck]]. But with higher [[branching factor]]s the ratio of assembly-motions to transport-motions (in terms of distance) <br> massively increases. {{todo|quantify this}} == Related == * [[Convergent assembly]] * [[Producer product pushapart]] * [[Producer resource dragin]] * [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] 3r1wdr7dud0jamgp9qz0vg1x2p9em6f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 817 8245 2021-03-28T07:04:47Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Motor-muscle]] #REDIRECT [[Motor-muscle]] ai4zh4ro1nsjhpl7f0pqa9vukuektss wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1278 11719 11714 2021-07-22T21:46:12Z Apm 1 /* Relation to APM */ added [[Sequence of zones]] As of time of writing (2021) few if any people seem to realize that naive groupings in 2D- or 3D- modelling software (with visual [[direct manipulation]] interface)<br> are essentially just heavily down-graded functions that: * only allow for taking geometry data and * only allow for applying some very limited set of operations to it <br>sometimes just linear transformations like translate, rotate, scale (including mirroring), and shear, <small>(... Lorentz boost?)</small>. <small>From the small set of people that model really complex systems (with complex physical geometries involved) most should have realized this at least in a subconscious way though.</smalL> __TOC__ [[File:GroupingsAsDumbedDownFunctions.png|800px|thumb|center|Groupings as dumbed down functions.]] == Effects of this constraint (abstract high level view) == This down graded functionality heavily limits us on what we can 3D model. <br> If it did never effect you the reader then be happy, you just where not ambitious enough in a complex systems kind of way. [[What we can X depends on what we can Y|What we can do depends on what we can say]]. Or rather on what we can express. <br> It's kind of Linguistic relativity (aka the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis) applied on <br> the "language" of human-computer 3D modelling interfaces. == Effects of this constraint (more concrete) – What is the difference when lifting it? == With lifting this limitation "proper groups" that are not dumbed down (let's call them pseudo-groups here) <br> can match the context they are plopped into in complex ways. Like e.g:<br> === Geometric constraint resolving === Resolving geometric constraints in a way that is not just "homogeneous scaling" of all the geometry that lies within the pseudo-group. <br> === Visualization of pseudo-groups === There may be options in improving the visualization of pseudo-grouping beyond <br> just highlighting the geometric elements that came from one pseudo-group. <br> But that can be done programmatically as the particular case demands (and as pseudo-groups allow for). === Neighbor pseudo-group dependence === Depending on the neighboring (that is: logically linked to) pseudo-groups pseudo-groups can change in complex ways * automatic adjustment of physical surface interdigitation to match up – See: [[Connection method]], [[Connection mechanism]] * automatic adjustment of internal makeup to match up in functionality === Lifting the constrain of geometric disjunctness === Different pseusdo-groups may even occupy pretty much the same volume in space <br> like two [[mechanical metamaterial]] functions occupying one and the same volume. === Beyond the geometric meaning all-together === Well, this becomes just a "normal" function for organizing things long before anything becomes actual geometry.<br> "Function" here is meant in the sense of a function in purely functional / denotative programming languages. <br> Languages that say "what is" not "what to do". That is needed in order for to mathematical substitution to work. '''If pseudo-groups are just functions then doesn't this make pseudo-groups pointless?''' <br> Well, no. The issue is that a lot of existing 2D- and 3D- modelling software provides us with <br> the "anti-feature" the "hard wall" of not allowing for more different arguments and operations on them. <small>(Related: [[Gaps in software]])</small> <br> While denotative functions (in the few cases we have them for programmatic 3D modelling) still come without [[direct manipulation]]. == What works, what doesn't? == Pretty much all mainstream visual [[point and click 3D modelling software]] fall foul of this limitation.<br> Side-note / suspicion: Typically closed source SW is not suitable for systems on the scale of [[gem-gum factories]] (as can be seen in most of our SW compilers being open source today). Even if closed source SW get ahead the short run, over the very long run it does not prevail. Depending too much on closed source for truly large scale systems that are developed over the course of many decades can lead to severe regressions. So be wary of new shiny toys. They may break easily just when you've started to really depend on them critically. [[Programmatic 3D modelling]] can avoid the limitation to "naive groups" to a large degree. <br> But it comes with the huge shortcoming of lacking [[direct manipulation]]. <br> (Example "[[OpenSCAD]]": pseudo-groups are called "modules" here – <small>they do not allow for taking functions as arguments though</small>.) '''There have been attempts in solving this dillemma.''' <br> See: [[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]] == Relation to [[APM]] == '''Q: What is the relation to [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s like:''' * earlier [[modular molecular composite nanosystem]]s and * later [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]? '''A: There is need for:''' * Chaining [[assembly levels]] (possibly in the form of stacking [[assembly layers]]) * Chaining [[zone]]s within the [[assembly levels]] – See: [[Sequence of zones]] Changing some aspects of the design should kick off a constraint solving propagation through <br> the rest of the system ideally with no "manual" intervention needed. '''All this pertains to:''' * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] and * Design of earlier precursor systems like [[modular molecular composite nanosystem]]s * Design of [[RepRec pick and place robots]] == On constraint solving == If propagation solving is supposed to be able to run in opposing directions with just one an the same code then <br> some sort of '''logic / relational programming''' seems to be the natural choice. <br> Logic constraint solving is notorious for hugely unpredictable run-times (time and space complexities) though. <br> So it might be desirable to limit this only to where it really turns out to be needed. <br> Experts in logic constraint solving may know more about eventual advances. '''Purely functional programming with lazy evaluation''' allows for <br> constraint solving propagation in one direction (chosen in advance) in an elegant way employing "infinite" lists. <br> Lazyness (deferred evaluation) is also notorious for leading to unpredictable run-times. <br> But maybe less so than relational constraint solving. <br> Notes: * both purely functional programming and relational programming is denotative * ... === Some semi random example cases === * Constraint solving on gears with involute (or cycloid) toothing. (Gears larger than atomic scale of course.) == Related == '''Software aspect:''' * [[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]] * [[Direct manipulation]] * [[Gaps in software]] – The "wall" of groups not being extendable could be seen as one of the gaps/barriers '''[[APM]] aspect:''' * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] 1uxrritsis04v43s1e1w3c35t6684u4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 937 9040 2021-05-17T17:56:07Z Apm 1 basic version of the page {{stub}} From today's perspective we can identify a [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]] only as an idealized target. The "naked core". <br> What we will actual end up with eventually after a lengthy development process won't be this "naked core".<br> It will rather be a [[legacy littered arrival result]]. == Legacy that cannot stay == In some contexts some legacy needs to be unconditionally slashed off though. <br> E.g. for high power density quite hot running nanosystems running <br> in drive engines for say rockets or something. <br> There foldamer legacy remnants in the nanosystem cannot be kept simply because <br> they could not deal with the high temperatures. <br> See: [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] == Legacy that can stay == In other contexts like e.g. nanomedicine the integrated legacy <br> of foldamer technology of [[Incremental path|former technology levels]] may come in handy. == Related == * The complement: [[legacy littered arrival result]] lpbhy8o7vtf06pg3tnnl7ozsrvbd36j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 367 4088 2015-09-26T09:52:25Z Apm 1 common term #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 368 4089 2015-09-26T09:53:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 366 4087 2015-09-26T09:51:52Z Apm 1 common term #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 700 7113 2018-07-11T15:52:11Z Apm 1 moved out as is from [[Common_misconceptions_about_atomically_precise_manufacturing]] == APM is like swarms of "nanobots" - wrong == The main body of AP systems and products will be bulk materials produced by [[nanofactory|nanofactories]]. Loose autonomous units [[molecular assembler|for productive purposes]] or only for applicative purposes (where loose means unconnected & floating in air or water or "crawling" on surfaces applicable e.g. in form of sprays) are unpractical in relation to nanofactories. All kinds of loose units out of diamond like materials may pose environmental problems since spill of non-dissolving non-rotting material into the biosphere can have detrimental effects on many organisms for a long period of time. Loose units should thus be used only in limited ways by non rouge actors where there are no other options. One such case are medical purposes. They are somewhat of an exception. Their bio-compatible products don't resemble the productive units themselves thus they can be made devoid of any self replication capability. Pretty advanced APM systems (way beyond basic advanced APM systems) make swarms of loose productive units undeniable possible but they are over- and most often misrepresented in current media. SciFi is regularly painting unrealistic pictures of the [[the grey goo meme|classic dystopia]]. 6dfgol7z9e8phcck3fjltrjgjiy2je9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 369 4090 2015-09-26T09:54:50Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 370 4091 2015-09-26T09:55:31Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 371 4092 2015-09-26T09:55:52Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] #REDIRECT [[Mobile nanoscale robotic device]] dw1fa44iffn0wvs8i5wa4586d3m7bxs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 321 6970 3919 2017-11-05T15:20:10Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Nanofabrik (wikipedia version)]] to [[Nanofabrik (potental version for german wikipedia)]]: to prevent misunderstanding that the page is actually on wikipedia already [[File:AP personal fabricator mock-up.JPG|thumb|right|x200px|Modell einer Nanofabrik die gerade ein 3D-Schild extrudiert. Praktischer währe z.B. ein Paar Schuhe.]] Eine Nanofabrik ist ein Gerät zur ''atomar präzisen Herstellung'' von physischen Gütern im greifbaren Alltagsmaßstab. Enthalten sind fix und unbeweglich verbaute Nanomanipulatoren die massiv parallel zusammenarbeiten. Ein wesentliches Charakteristikum von Nanofabriken ist die Extrusion ihrer Produkte durch mehrere Schritte von ''konvergenter Montage''. Der heutige Stand ist dass noch kein solches Produktionsgerät gebaut wurde. Die hier gewählte Definition ist etwas breiter formuliert als die Definition einer Nanofabrik auf der Nanofactory Collaboration Webseite <ref name="Nanofactory Collaborations definition"/> da hier auch die Ansichten anderer Experten (darunter Eric Drexler der oft als Vater der [[Wikipedia:de:Molekulare Nanotechnologie|molekularen Nanotechnologie]] bezeichnet wird) berücksichtigt werden sollen. Es werden auch nicht diamantartige Nanofabriken mit einbezogen. Nanofabriken zählen neben dem Konzept der mobilen selbst replizierenden [[Wikipedia:de:Assembler (Nanotechnologie)|molekularen Assemblern]], das von Experten heute als weder praktikabel noch erstrebenswert (aber nicht fundamental unmöglich) betrachtet wird <ref name="Drexler Fabriken statt Assembler"/> <ref name="old assembler conzept"/>, zu den produktiven Nanosystemen. ---- Es wird erwartet das Produktive Nanosysteme wie Nanofabriken großen Einfluss auf die menschliche Zivilisation haben werden. Zitat aus dem Buch "Radical Abundance" Seite xii: <blockquote>''Wo die digitale Revolution die Tür zu radikalem Überfluss an Informationsprodukten öffnete, wird die Revolution in atomar präziser Herstellung die Tür zu radikalem Überfluss an physischen Produkten öffnen, und damit eine zu einer Kaskade von transformativen Konsequenzen die wie die Geschichte zu zeigen scheint auf eine Version 2.0 der globalen Zivilisation hinauslaufen wird, einen Wandel so tiefgreifend wie die industrielle Revolution, jedoch ausbreitend mit Internet-Geschwindigkeiten.''</blockquote> = Klassifikation grobes Design von Nanofabriken = Es gibt in der einschlägigen Gemeinde zwei (nicht wirklich feindlich gesinnte) Lager. Das sind einerseits die, die den '''direkten Pfad''' zu Nanofabriken verfolgen und andererseits die, die den '''schrittweisen Pfad''' favorisieren. Ein Blogbeitrag Eric Drexlers (27-12-2008) <ref name="Drexler incremental path"/> und die zeitnahen Reaktion von Robert A. Freitas Jr. und Ralph C. Merkle (28-12-2008)<ref name="Nanofactory Collaboration direct path"/> machen diese Lagerspaltung konkret sichtbar. Erik Drexler distanziert sich hier von Ideen und Konzepten die ihm seiner Meinung nach fälschlicherweise zugeschrieben werden wobei Robert A. Freitas Jr. und Ralph C. Merkle danach klarstellen das sie durchaus diese Ideen und Konzepte verfolgen. Die folgenden Unterabschnitte sollten als eine implizite Definition der beiden Pfade ausreichen. == Inkrementeller Pfad zu Nanofabriken == Frühe Implementierungen von produktiven Nanosystemen auf dem ''inkrementellen Pfad'' erfordern keine atomar auflösende Manipulatoren um atomare Präzision in ihren Produkten zu erreichen. Das erreicht man durch die Nutzung von auf herkömmlichem Weg hergestellten atomar präzise molekularen Bauteilen. Herkömmlich heißt: chemische Synthese, biologische Synthese und/oder Selbstassemblierung anstatt der noch kaum zugänglichen pick & place Mechanosynthese. Mehrere hierarchische Schritte der Selbstassemblierung sind denkbar und wurden auch schon experimentell demonstriert. === Das Continuum von selbst assemblierungs zu pick & place Montage === Als ein Zwischenschritt hin zu der alltäglicheren aber im Nanokosmos ungewöhnlichen pick und place Metode können "brownschen Walker" verwendet werden. Diese können Bauteile langsam und halb zufällig Enlang von Pfaden transportieren und können den Bauteilen am Zielort einen gewissen Freiraum zur lokalen Selbstassemblierung geben. Anders gesehen halten die Walker die Bauteile "an der Leine". So kann man mit weniger in die Oberflächen der Bausteine encodierte Positionsdaten auskommen. Auch wenn der Baustein an anderer Stelle gnauso passen würde kann er den Radius der Leine nicht sprengen. Transport mit DNA walkern ist in gewisser weise ähnlich dem Transport von Zellbausteinen entlang von Microtubuli in Zellen. Auch wenn Biomoleküle wie z.B. DNA und Polypeptide zum Einsatz kommen sind diese Nanosysteme doch [[Wikipedia:de:abiotisch]] und sind in keiner Weise lebendig. Diese Systeme haben kaum Ähnlichkeit zu [[Wikipedia:de:Molekularbiologie]]. Langt man bei einer reinen pick & place Montage an so kann man auf eine Encodierung der Zielposition in der Oberfläche der Bauteile verzichten. Adijazent montierte Bauteile können können komplett idente Form aufweisen. Nun kann auch mechanische Kraft (beispielsweise elektrostatisch eingespeist) angewendet werden. Eine Grundvoraussetzung für Mechanosynthese. Die fertigen Blöcke könnten auch selbst zentrierend zusammengesetzt werden. Um zu skalieren kann man mit bereits zusammengebauten Teilen der Nanofabrik weitere Teile zusammenbauen. Wird dies mit pick & place getan so nennt sich diese Methode "exponentielle Montage" sie ist nicht zu verwechseln mit der Selbstreplikation von autonomen Einheiten wie Assemblern. Die nächsten Schritte währen der Wechsel zu steiferen Materialien und Aufbau von konvergenter Montage. === Früchte der molekularen Wissenschaften === Frühe produktive Nanosysteme des inkrementellen Pfades profitieren von Fortschritten in den ''molekularen Wissenschaften'' von denen es in jüngster Zeit deutliche gab. Fortschritte in diesem Bereich werden/wurden gern von denen die nach dem Begriff "Nanotechnologie" fahnden (Reporter, Blogger und andere Interessenten) übersehen. Ein heißer Kandidat für frühe Nanofabriken scheinen ''"modulare molekulare zusammengesetzte Nanosysteme"'' zu sein <ref name="MMCNs"/>. Selbstassemblierte Bauteile der ''strukturellen DNA Nanotechnologie'' könnten sich als Kernbestandteil erweisen. * Mit ''struktureller DNA Nanotechnologie'' wurden beispielsweise schon gezielt viele Mikrometer große atomar präzise Strukturen mit [[Wikipedia:de:Kartesisches Koordinatensystem|kartesischer Geometrie]] produziert <ref name="WYSS big DNA crystals"/> die als eine Art Steckbrett fungieren könnten. * Auch wurden minimale Versionen von funktionstüchtigen [[Wikipedia:de:Koppelgetriebe|Gestängen]] getestet die schon deutlich von biologisch inspirierten Nano"maschinen" abweichen. <ref name="ohio state university DNA linkage"/>. * Es wurde eine Methode erprobt mit dem die selbst assemblierten multi-DNA-schnippsel-Formteile hierarchisch in einem zweiten Schritt kontrolliert und vor allem reversibel zur selbstassemblierung gebracht werden können. Unter anderem wurden rechtwinkelige LEGO artige Bausteine sowie hexagonale Bausteine getestet. Diverse Software-Design-Tools zur Automatisierten Erstellung atomar präziser Molekularer Strukturen die für den Bau eines frühen produktiven Nanosystems relevant sein könnten sind in aktiver Entwicklung. Ein Beispiel ist "cadnano" <ref name="cadnano"/>. === Progression durch verschiedene typen von Baumaterialien === In einem weiteren Zwischenschritt zu fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken könnten möglicherweise steifere Biomineralien mit echter atomarer Auflösung in ihrer Robotik zum Einsatz kommen die aber immer noch kein Vakuum zu ihrer Synthese brauchen. So erwähnt im Anhang von Eric Drexlers neuestem populärwissenschaftlichen Buch "Radical Abundance" <ref name="radical abundance book"/>. Mit diesen steiferen und dichteren Baumaterialien könnten dann mikroskopische Vakuumkammern gebaut werden in denen man dann Diamant und anderen Materialien die ein Vakuum zur Synthese benötigen wechseln kann bauen kann. Womit man am Zielpunkt von diamondoiden Nanofabriken angelangt ist. ---- Selbst zentrierende Montage [[Wikipedia:de:Nanoelektromechanisches System|MEMS]] == Nanofabriken des direkten Pfades == Frühe Nanofabrikdesigns am direkten Pfad sind im wesentlichen einfach abgespeckte Versionen der [[#Fortgeschrittene Nanofabriken als ferne gemeinsame Zielvorgabe|fernen fortgeschrittener Nanofabriken]] die es erlauben soll ohne größeren Umweg über die molekularen Wissenschaften mittels manitulativer [[Wikipedia:de:Rastersondenmikroskopie]] zu einer minimalen funktionstüchtigen Form einer solchen diamantartigen Nanofabrik zu gelangen. Die Änderungen sind im Wesentlichen: * Verzicht auf Spezialisierung. D.h. nur ein großes und langsames general purpouse Nanomanimulator Design zur Mechanosynthese aller Bauteile. * Selbsteinschränkung die minimal nötigen Mechanosyntheseoperationen (z.B. nur Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff sollen verwendet werden) '''Chris Phoenix führte (2003) eine Analyse ([http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htm Design of a Primitive Nanofactory]) einer solchen abgespeckten Nanofabrik durch'''. Solche Betrachtungen sind weniger im Sinne von ''erkundendem Konstruktionswesen'' sondern eher im Sinne von ''kommerziellem Konstruktionswesen''. Es werden nicht so sehr die fundamentalen Grenzen des Machbaren abgetastet sondern sondern es wird mehr auch der Weg dorthin mitberücksichtigt. Forschung & Entwicklung in diesem Bereich wird gern mit "Tip based Nanofabrication" betitelt. Derzeitiger experimenteller Stand sind Anfänge in: * Patterned Layer Epitaxy * Massiv parallele Rastersondenmikroskopie mit Einzelatommanipulationsfähigkeit mittels Mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMS). Solche abgespeckte Nanofabriken ähneln ein wenig sehr vielen nebeneinander fix auf einen Chip "geklebten" diamondoiden molekularen Assemblern ähneln von denen auch die Verfolger des direkten Pfades abgesprungen sind. Wie man anhand der ''Nanofactory Collaboration'' sieht <ref name="Nanofactory Collaborations definition"/> Eric Drexler kritisierte den die Aspirationen des direkten Pfad als:''"untaugliche Zielvorgaben für die Forschung die viel zu viel Aufmerksamkeit erhielten"'' <ref name="Drexler incremental path"/> == Fortgeschrittene Nanofabriken als ferne gemeinsame Zielvorgabe == Fortgeschrittene Nanofabriken bestehen aus steifen diamantartigen Materialien und arbeiten mit ihnen. Sie betreiben Mechanosynthese von edelsteinartigen Materialien in einem nahezu perfekten Vakuum wobei die thermischen Vibrationen durch die Steifheit der Manipulatoren hinreichend unterdrückt werden, so dass atomare Auflösung gegeben ist. Wegen der großen wählbaren Sicherheitsmargen bei denen immer noch sehr gute Ergebnisse auftreten ist man heute in der ungewöhnlichen Situation Dinge analysieren und simulieren zu können die noch nicht gebaut werden können und das in ausreichender Genauigkeit um relativ sichere Aussagen über die Funktionstüchtigkeit machen zu können. Das kann einen sinnvollen Zielpunkt zur Orientierung der Entwicklung liefern. Heutige grobe und skizzenhafte Designs von fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken stellen eine ferne Zielvorgabe dar die sowohl für den inkrementellen Pfad als auch den direkten Pfad als sinnvolle Orientierungshilfe dienen kann. Vorsichtige Abschätzungen sind ein wesentlicher Teil von ''erkundendem Konstruktionswesen''. Dieses Grundprinzip wird im technischen Buch Nanosystems von Eric Drexler angewandt. (Eine Vorläuferversion frei verfügbar) [LINK] '''In diesem Buch wird eine fortgeschrittene Nanofabrik skizziert und Analysiert'''. [LINK] Das prominenteste Beispiel von Simulation noch nicht herstellbarer Produkte sind Molekulardynamiksimulationen (molekulare Feder Masse Modelle) von heute absolut nicht herstellbaren diamantagrtigen molekularen Maschinenelementen wie Gleitlagern Zahnrädern uvm. Hochgenaue quantenmechanische Rechnungen sind hier nicht notwendig da es sich nicht um hoch instabile Konfigurationen handelt wie z.B. in Proteinfaltungen. Trotzdem muss achtgegeben werden Dinge wie Elektronenmangelbindungen (Bor-Stickstoff) werden z.B. in Nanoengineer-1 (die Software die für solche Simulationen bisher hauptsächlich verwendet wurde) völlig falsch behandelt (Abstoßung statt Bindung). Zu erwähnen ist, dass die Stroboskop-Illusion in diesen Simulationen vermutlich zu gravierenden Fehleinschätzung der auftretenden Reibung geführt hat. Oft werden auch viel zu hohe Geschwindigkeiten simuliert (GHz statt MHz) um die Simulations-Rechenzeit kurz zu halten. ---- Es tauchen immer wieder Kritiken über die Machbarkeit auf bei denen sich bei näherer Betrachtung herausstellt dass falsche Annahmen über die vorgeschlagenen Systeme gemacht wurden. In anderen Worten diese entpuppen sich diese Kritiken als unbeabsichtigte Strohmann Argumente. * Kritik: "fette und klebrige Finger verunmöglichen Mechanosynthese von Diamant und Graphitstrukturen" <br> Es werden keine zangenartigen Strukturen verwendet um viel weiche Kettenmoleküle mit hunderten Freiheitsgraden gleichzeitig zu halten sondern es werden nur wenige Werkzeuge (für gewöhnlich zwei bis vier) mit einzelnen Atomen an ihren Spitzen verwendet die mit verschiedenen Bindungsstärken trixen (Ähnlich dem loswerden eines Klebestreifens am Finger. Es wurden genaue quantenmechanisch Simulationen durchgeführt die zeigen das Mechanosynthese von Diamant sogar bei Raumtemperatur möglich ist. Nebenbei wurde gezeigt das ein geschlossener Kreislauf von Wiederaufladbaren Werkzeugspitzen gebildet werden kann '''[Werkzeugspitzenpaper]'''. Die direkte Chemische Synthese der Werkzeugspitzen ist noch ausständig und währe sowohl für den direkten als auch für den indirekten Pfad von hoher Relevanz. * Kritik: "Oberflächen diffundieren oder rekonstruieren" <br> Ein Ausheizen wie in heutigen UHV anlagen ist nicht notwendig. Fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken arbeiten bei Raumtemperatur oder weit darunter. Die Oberflächendiffusion auf Diamant ist bei solchen Temperaturen astronomisch gering. * Kritik: "perfektes Vakuum kann nicht produziert werden" <br> Es werden keine großen Kammern aus Gasadsorbierenden Metallwänden verwendet (heutige UHV-Anlagen) sondern mikroskopische Diamantkammern mit perfekten Oberflächen. Diese dichten praktisch perfekt ab und können mit ausreichend hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit ein perfektes Vakuum "enthalten". * Kritik: "Brownscher Transport ist in seiner Effizienz nicht zu toppen" <br> Fortgeschrittene Nanofabriken arbeiten mit Bauteilen auf Schienen im Vakuum nicht in Flüssigkeit. Dort kann viel effizienter gearbeitet werden (100000 fach geringere Reibung). Energiesenken können mit Energiequellen ausballanciert werden anstatt für manche Loslass- oder Einfangoperationen ein volles molekulares Energiepacket verbrauchen zu müssen (ATP in Zellen). Die unumgänglich notwendige Entwertung eines thermischen Energiepackets >>k_BT zur Sicherstellung eines irreversiblen nur in eine Richtung laufenden Prozesses könnte prinzipiell durch die steife Nanomechanik im Hintergrund auf viele parallele Mechanosyntheseoperationen aufgeteilt werden (dies wurde noch nicht näher untersucht). = Verhältnis zu molekularen Assemblern = Nanofabriken extrudieren ihre Produkte. Im Gegensatz dazu sind Assembler die durch ihre kompakte general purpouse Natur langsamer und müssen das durch eine Füllung des gesamten Bauvolumens ausgleichen. Volumsfüllende Assemblerkristallen benötigen für Ressourcenzufuhr und Produktabfuhr komplexere (z.B. Fraktale) Systeme. * Der direkte Pfad führt zu Nanofabriken mit general purpouse Kernen die diamondoiden Assemblern durchaus ähneln abgespeckte fortgeschrittene Nanofabriken sind daher sehr langsam. * Der inkrementelle Pfad führt von frühen sehr fragilen mehr Assembler-artigen general purpouse Nanofabriken zu hochspezialisierten diamondoiden Nanofabriken. Klassische diamondoide Assembler werden dabei im technologischen Entwicklungsprozess niemals erreicht oder Durchschritten. == Grey goo Szenario in Bezug auf Nanofabriken == In Analogie zum zum Verbrennungsdreieck (Brennstoff,Sauerstoff,Hitze) gibt es zumindest sechs Voraussetzungen die gleichzeitig efüllt sein müssen so dass es zu einem großskaligen unkontrollierten Repliktionsausbruch kommen kann. Sechs Notwendigen Bedingungen für ein großskaligen Replikationsausbruch sind (ohne anspruch auf Vollständigkeit): * Replikationsfähigkeit * Bausteinverfübbarkeit * Bauplandatenmobilität * Energieversorgung * Mobilität * Adaptivität Frühe nicht auf diamantartigen Materialien basierende Nanofabriken erfüllen haben bestenfalls gute Energieversorgung und gute Bauplandatenmobilität über eine Computerverbindung. Fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken fehlt immer noch Mobilität und Adaptivität. Das macht Nanofabriken als angenehmen Nebeneffekt diesbezüglich sicherer im Betrieb als ineffizientere Assembler. ''Exponentielle Montage'' (nicht zu verwechseln mit konvergenter Montage) währe ein möglicher Weg zur herstellung einer ''proto Nanofabrik'' der auf die meißten Aspekte von Selbstreplikation verzichtet. = Physikalische Grundlagen von fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken = [[File:productive-nanosystems-video-snapshot.png|thumb|450px|Querschnitt durch eine Nanofabrik die nur aus den untersten drei unbedingt nötigen Montageschichten Besteht. Bild: Screenshot aus dem offiziellen "Productive Nanosystems" Video. Fließbandmontage macht hier die untersten schichten dicker als die Darüberliegenden. Weitere ab hier Skaleninvariante ''konvergente Montage'' könnte angeschlossen werden wobei die Schichten wieder dicker würden.]] [[File:0609factory700x681.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Querschnitt durch eine Desktop-Nanofabrik mit konvergenter Montage ganz hinauf bis zur größe der Gesamten Produktes. Das ist keine Notwendigkeit.]] '''Nanofabriken sind: 1)''' effizienter im Betrieb als molekulare Assembler. Der größere verfügbare Platz erlaubt bessere Spezialisierung auf Standardbauteile. Spezialisierte Fließbandsysteme erlauben höhere zeitliche und örtliche Dichte der Mechanosyntheseereignisse. Etwas Logistik und ("unten" nicht skaleninvariante) konvergente Montage erlauben den einfachen Transport von Bauteilen vom Produktions zum Einsatzort ohne massive Stützzstrukturen. '''Nanofabriken sind: 2)''' einfacher in Design und Herstellung als molekulare Assembler da * keine Notwendigkeit der Selbstreplikationsfähigkeit auf kleinstem Raum besteht. * keine Notwendigkeit einer Art Schwarmintelligenz zur Entfernung von gerüstbildenden Assemblern besteht. Frühe Nanofabriken: * nutzen wahrscheinlich vorproduzierte (in der Natur nicht auffindbare) molekulare Bauteile (z.B. Strukturelle DNA-Nanotechnologie) * nutzen möglicherweise "exponentielle Montage" ###### zum Bootstrapping dabei sind die einzelnen Manipulatoren völlig immobil. == Gründe für die Wahl eines geschichteten Designs und konvergenter Montage == Um einen Flaschenhals zu vermeiden muss die Durchsatzkapazität in einer Nanofabrik konstant sein oder monoton steigen. Es ist in erster Näherung natürlich die Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit auf allen Skalen gleich anzusetzen. Damit verdoppelt sich die Arbeitsfrequenz mit der Halbierung der Seitenlänge eines robotischen Manipulators. Angenommen die Montagezellen der Unterschicht haben die halbe Seitenlänge der betrachteten Schicht dann gibt es vier Unterschichtzellen mit je einem Achtel des Volumens die mit der doppelten Frequenz arbeiten. Das ergibt im gesamten einen identischen Materialdurchsatz (4/8*2=1). Angenommen die Montagezellen der Unterschicht haben ein viertel der Seitenlänge der betrachteten Schicht dann gibt es sechzehn Unterschichtzellen mit je einem Vierundsechzigstel des Volumens die mit der vierfachen Frequenz arbeite. Das ergibt im gesamten wieder identischen Materialdurchsatz (16/64*4=1). Das gilt auch für alle anderen Schrittgrößen. Egal wie man die Schrittgröße wählt Schichten sind die (unter Annahme konstanter Geschwindigkeit) natürliche Wahl. == Die Produktivitätsexplosion == Die unterste hauchdünne Schicht hat die selbe Produktivität wie riesige oberste Montagezelle. Würde man das gesamte Volumen der Nanofabrik mit Montagezellen der untersten Schicht auffüllen ergäben sich unvernünftig hohe Produktionsraten <ref name="Produktivitätsexplosion"/>. == Der Spezialfall der Bodenschichten == '''Abweichungen von der konstant angenommenen Geschwindigkeit''' gibt es vor allem in den Bodenschichten. Die hohe Produktivitätsdichte äußert sich in großer kumulativer Lagerfläche die trotz ausgezeichneter Schmiereigenschaften (bis zu 100000 mal besser als flüssig-gelagert) zum limitierenden Faktor werden kann. Die chemische Effizienz der mechanosynthese muss auch in Betracht gezogen werden. Um die zeitliche und örtliche Dichte der Mechanosynthesisereignisse zu erhöhen sind Fabriksartige Fließbandsysteme die auf häufig verwendete Bauteile (Lager, Federn, Keile, ...) spezialisiert sind gut geeignet. Geschwindigkeiten um wenige Millimeter pro Sekunde wurden als sinnvolle Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit der Bodenschichten erruiert <ref name="Nanosystems"/> == Weitere Abweichungen von konstanter Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit == * Bei Halbierung der Seitenlänge verdoppeln sich die Beschleunigungen und achtelt sich die Masse folglich vierteln sich die Beschleunigungskräfte. * In größeren Skalen können mehrschichtige Lager zum Einsatz kommen die die Reibung weiter reduzieren können. * Mechanischen Resonanzfrequenzbereichen muss aus dem Weg gegangen werden Fraktale Strukturen könnten für ein optimales Design nötig werden verkomplizieren aber das Design (keine einfache Skaleninvarianz). Bei monoton steigenden Produktionsraten in den Schritten der konvergenten Montage kann eine Reorganisation bereits hergestellter Bauteile schneller erfolgen. Das ist im speziellen relevant für das Recycling. == Einfluss der Schrittgröße auf den Durchsatz == == notwendige Hauptsysteme in einer Nanofabrik == * Kern Mechanosynthese * Energieversorgung * Wärmemanagement * Steuerung * Rohstoffversorgung * Vakuumsystem = Die zu erwartende Charakteristiken von Produkten fortgeschrittener Nanofabriken = Die Produkte fortgeschrittener Nanofabriken basieren auf den neuartigen Materialien die Herstellbar werden. Der Trick besteht darin die Materialeigenschaften nicht durch die Wahl der genutzten chemischen Elemente zu bestimmen sonder allein durch die Strukturierung nur einige wenige Materialien. Solche Materialien werden auch '''Metamaterialien''' genannt ein Kettenhemd ist ein Beispiel für ein heutiges makroskopisches Meta-material das mit Metall textil-artige Eigenschaften emuliert die ihm sonst nicht zugesprochen werden. Metamaterialien die ausschließlich mit reichlich verfügbaren Elementen auskommen machen uns unabhängiger von seltenen Elemente die teuer und Umwelt-zerstörend aus der Lithosphäre geholt werden müssen (z.B. Mangan). Diamondoide Metamaterialien bestehen genau betrachtet in der nano- bis Mikroskala aus edelsteinartigen (großteils bindungstopologisch defektfreien) Maschinenelementen mit passivierten (chemisch abgestoppelten) Oberflächen. [LINK] und doch können sie (gegeben ausreichender Designaufwand wird geleistet) voraussichtlich gummiartige Eigenschaften, knallige Farben, Transparenz und Leit-, Halbleit- oder Isolationsfähigkeit haben. Ein in gewissen Grenzen programmierbares ''Spannungs-Dehnunngs-Diagramm'' währe vielleicht möglich. Komplexere Produkte von Nanofabriken basieren auf diesen Metamaterialien. Hier nur ein kleiner Auszug von Beispielen: * alltemperatur allwetter Wärmeleitfähigkeitseinstellende Telepräsenz Kleidung "ein Raumschiff für eine Person" * Energiekonversions- und Speichersysteme die allen heutigen weit überlegen sind können systematisch entwickelt werden können anstatt mühsam erforscht werden zu müssen (z.B. Effiziente Mechanosynthetische Wasserspaltung). * Erweiterung bzw austausch der Straßeninfrastruktur (Solarzellenüberzug) Mehr beispiele im Buch Nanofuture. == Nahrung == Nanofabriken werden mit Sicherheit keine identische Kopie eines Steaks produzieren können (alleine schon aus Datenkompressionsgründen). Was möglich sein könnte ist das spezialisierte Syntheseeinheiten zur Synthese von speziellen flexiblen Biomolekülen wie z.B. Zucker entwickelt werden. Aus dem Werkzeugspitzen-Paper geht hervor dass an einem zwischen zwei Werkzeugspitzen gespannten flexiblen Kettenmolekül nahe der der spannenden Werkzeugspitzen Mechanosynthese betrieben werden kann die die Kette verlängert. Kühlen kann weiter helfen. Diese Moleküle müssten dann entweder ausgeschleust und sich selbst überlassen werden oder irgendwie kontrolliert in das sehr tief gekühlte Produkt eingebettet werden so dass die schwachen Van der Waals kräfte ausreichen das Produckt für den zeitraum der Produktion in Schach zu halten. Es wurden bis heute keine Analysen zur künstlichen Mechanosynthese von essbaren Molekülen durchgeführt. Nur als Nebenbemerkung: alle [[Wikipedia:de:Proteine]] in unserer Nahrung werden durch natürliche Mechanosynthese in den [[Wikipedia:de:Ribosomen]] gebildet. Bedenklich ist das solcherart produzierte Nahrung nicht unbedingt die Moleküle enthält von denen wir nicht wissen das sie für unsere Gesundheit wichtig sind. == Recycling == Fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken können voraussichtlich 100% abfallfrei betrieben werden. Was jedoch bis jetzt noch kaum untersucht wurde ist was mit den Produkten selbst passiert wenn sie obsolet oder defekt werden. Im Gegensatz zur zusammensetzenden Synthese von Diamant wurde ein mechanosynthetisches Auseinandernehmen von Diamant bisher nicht untersucht. Defekte Strukturen wie z.B. glasartig geschmolzenen Bereiche können nicht blind zerlegt werden da die Atompositionen unbekannt sind. Produkte aus wasserunlöslichen diamondoiden materialien verrotten auch nicht. Wenn große mengen Silizium oder Metalle in den Produkten enthalten sind wie zB Al,Ti,Fe,Mg,Zn, ... ist eine Verbrennung auch nicht möglich da sich glasartige schlacken bilden. (Ein Endpunkt da sich z.B. Aluminium nicht gut von Silikaten abtrennen lässt.) Exzessive Müllproduktion sollte sich zumindest drastisch vermindern lassen durch die Organisation der Produkte in in fromschlüssig reversibel zusammenbaubare wiederverwendbare Mikrokomponenten. == Nanofabrik als Produkt der Nanofabrik == * replikativität character überfluss = Abgrenzung zu Biologie = Produktionsmethoden die lebende Zellen benutzen sowie produkte der [[Synthetische Biologie]] werden (zumindest heute) nicht zu den Nanofabriken gezählt auch wenn Teilsysteme in Zellen manchmal entfernt robotischen Charakter zeigen. = Problematik der gewählten Bezeichnung = Da der Begriff "Nanofabrik" eher unspeziefisch und daher dehnbar ist scheint eine noch viel weiter reichende Annektierung des Begriffes wahrscheinlich analog zur Erweiterung und Wandelung der Bedeutung des Begriffes "Nanotechologie" im englischen Sprachraum <ref name="five kinds of nanotechnology"/>. Josh Hall schrieb in einem Beitrag auf der foresight Website <ref name="Josh Hall nanofactory"/> dass in den frühen Entwicklungsphasen vermutlich alles mögliche Nanofabrik genannt werden wird und zu dem Zeitpunkt an dem das technologische Level von fortgeschrittenen Nanofabriken erreicht ist sie so allgegenwärtig in unsere Umgebung integriert sein werden das es keinen Sinn mehr machen wird sie als alleinstehende Geräte zu betrachten. = Literatur = == Bücher == * Nanosystems * Radical Abundance * Nanofuture == Wissenschaftliche Publikationen == * DNA Kristall * DNA Gestänge * Werkzeugspitzen Paper * Analyse von Oberflächenrekonstruktion = Weblinks = <references> <ref name="Nanofactory Collaborations definition"> [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Was ist eine Nanofabrik? - Nanofactory Collaboration (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="Drexler Fabriken statt Assembler"> [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0326nonSelfRep.html Molekulare Herstellung ist basiert auf Fabriken nicht selbst-replizierenden Nanomaschinen - Eric K. Drexlers Homepage (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="old assembler conzept"> [http://metamodern.com/2009/03/07/i-hate-%E2%80%9Cnanobots%E2%80%9D/ Warum ich "Nanobots" Hasse - Eric K. Drexlers Blog (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="five kinds of nanotechnology"> [http://metamodern.com/2014/04/04/five-kinds-of-nanotechnology/ Fünf Arten der Nanotechnologie - Eric K. Drexlers Blog (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="Josh Hall nanofactory"> [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=3064 Limitierte teure Nanofabriken - Beitrag von Josh Hall auf der foresight Website (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="Drexler incremental path"> [http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ Warum Synthese von Diamant eine schlechte Zielsetzung ist - Eric K. Drexlers blog (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="Nanofactory Collaboration direct path"> [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/index.htm#Note28Dec08 "Wir verfechten das direkt-zu-Diamantsynthese herangehen" - Answer to Eric K. Drexlers blog entry by Robert A. Freitas Jr. und Ralph C. Merkle (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="MMCNs"> [http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/modular-molecular-composite-nanosystems/ modulare molekulare zusammengesetzte Nanosysteme - Eric K. Drexlers blog (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="WYSS big DNA crystals"> [http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/173/crystallizing-the-dna-nanotechnology-dream Kristallisieren des Traumes von DNA Nanotechnologie - Wyss Institute at Harvard (englisch)] Zugehöriges Paper (29MB): [http://yin.hms.harvard.edu/publications/2014.crystals.sup1.pdf] oder [http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v6/n11/extref/nchem.2083-s1.pdf] </ref> <ref name="ohio state university DNA linkage"> [http://news.osu.edu/news/2015/01/05/dna-origami-could-lead-to-nano-%E2%80%9Ctransformers%E2%80%9D-for-biomedical-applications/ DNA Gestänge - Ohio State University (englisch)] Zugehöriges Paper (nicht frei verfügbar): [http://www.pnas.org/content/112/3/713.abstract] </ref> <ref name="cadnano"> [http://cadnano.org/ Software für das Design von abiotischen DNA-Strukturen "cadnano" (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="radical abundance book"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bw6Zi17DBI Präsentation des Buches "Radical Abundance" vom Author Eric K. Drexler auf Youtube (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="Produktivitätsexplosion"> [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0505prodScaling.html - Eric K. Drexlers Homepage (englisch)] </ref> <ref name="niedrige Reibung"> [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html Phononenwiderstand in Gleitlagern can Größenordnungen kleiner sein als viskoser Wiederstand in Flüssigkeiten Eric K. Drexlers Homepage (englisch)] </ref> </references> kihqqvuvjl8tcj13ezaca1h0p6bz8rt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 691 6971 2017-11-05T15:20:11Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Nanofabrik (wikipedia version)]] to [[Nanofabrik (potental version for german wikipedia)]]: to prevent misunderstanding that the page is actually on wikipedia already #REDIRECT [[Nanofabrik (potental version for german wikipedia)]] s0cg114lu3tbccvr7l0mfj0qv9rqlkx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 376 8406 6349 2021-04-08T12:07:24Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #Redirect [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] on17441i8lzs8s2nsp41ym94suyg129 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 345 8405 6320 2021-04-08T12:06:58Z Apm 1 fixed redirect #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 613 6333 2017-08-26T13:39:11Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Nanofactory layers]] to [[Assembly layers]]: no "nano" #REDIRECT [[Assembly layers]] jdff7q5n4h55f5jhgd0xgmwbuvh22di wikitext text/x-wiki 0 921 8963 8961 2021-05-16T07:42:13Z Apm 1 added link to [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided]] {{stub}} In products and production devices of [[gem-gum tech|gemstome metamaterial technology]] most of the inside machinery will likely be well encapsulated and protected from the outside. * Protected against more or less aggressive gasses like oxygen and nitrogen respectively. * Protected against dirt and dust. * Protected against finger grease and whatnot. For once there is actually a quite good (and not too [[Misleading biological analogies that should be avoided|misleading]]) analogy in biology. <br> Plants and fruits harbor a lot of chemical compounds within them * that are critical for their proper function and * that must not be exposed to the oxygen in the air. This can be especially well seen in the case of fruits. <br> Cutting open apples or bananas and waiting a bit they quickly getting brown. The same holds for advanced gemstone metamaterial technology and its manufacturing devices. <br> So from that perspective even the less ideal [[pure metals and metal alloys]] can be used inside. <br> If other weaknesses like the metals tendency to atomic diffusion at low temperatures at surfaces and dislocations is taken account for that is. hbql7n1zdeub995ns9s5u3gl2omwxvr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 348 9287 9286 2021-05-24T18:41:51Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] A subset is: [[Nanomechanical computation]] = Systematic circuit design = How can methods from electronics be used to systematically design nanomechanic "circuits" ? <br> [[Diamondoid molecular element#Sets]] = Pulse with modulation = Main article: "[[Mechanical pulse width modulation]]" For the mechanical analogies to: * adjustable DC/DC converter * constant current source There are complex mechanical '''devices which cheat a bit''': * bicycle type gear transmission * clock escapement It should be possible to implement these functionalities in analogy to electric systems from components that are more basic in function (differentials, springs, flywheels, ... instead of solder-points, capacitors, inductors, ...) ['''Todo:''' design/create a mechanical construction set providing these elements] Both aforementioned electronic devices are based on pulse width modulation if they ought to be efficient / near lossless (which is paramount for nanomechanics). So this leads to the question how would '''purely mechanical pulse with modulation''' look like? The mechanical devices that cheat a bit might work better and will almost certainly be much more compact. Nontheless analysis of this might still lead to something of of educational value. == Replacing big masses with small springs? == Can inertial masses or flywheels be emulated by springs like inductances can be emulated by transistors with lossless gyrators (made from transconductors?) Transconductors seem to need need constant current sources that need inductors if they ought to be lossless. (circular dependency??) = Logic circuits in general = * Ternary logic: It is not so hard to implement mechanically - it seems that pros an cons pretty much balance each other out. ['''Todo:''' recheck a certain researchers work and put more detailed results here] * peadic numbers: IIRC There is a link to arbitrary precision computing IIRC * non naive multiplier networks are non trivial ['''Todo:''' check whether a mechanical demo model can be built from mechanical gates without too much effort] == Related == * [[Mechanical circuit element]] * [[The mechanoelectrical correspondence]] l82163nwz2odb9n218xjou6f3pcrm9m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 155 10900 6048 2021-06-24T15:09:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ Related topic: '''[[Nanomechanic circuits]]''' = Why nanomechanical logic = * It can be built smaller than nanoelectronics (bound atoms practically do not tunnel away like electrons) * It is easier to do [[exploratory engineering]] about nanomechanics than nanoelectronics. (See: [[non mechanical technology path]]). * nanomechanical manipulators are a necessity in APM systems anyway nanomechanical logic just defers electromechanical transduction step further to the top. = Basic elements = === Differentials === One of the most important things in any computer are wires and forks of them. The mechanical elements that correspond to simple electrical connections (solder points) are mechanical differentials (that includes planetary gear assemblies and linear versions of differentials transmitting reciprocative motion). The angular speed (corresponding to electrical current) distributes proportional to the loads ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_divider current divider]). A simple branch off from a gear-train via a contacting gear acts like fixed ratio DC/DC converter. A thing that can't be realized that simply in electronics. There you have either lossy load sensitive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider voltage divider]s or you need to use complex pulse width modulation systems. [Todo: add more electrical mechanical analogies] === Testing element (gate) === As in electronic computation a single [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_logic universal type of logical gate] is sufficient to create any logic function. 'programmable logic arrays' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Array (PLA)] work that way. See: disjunctive or conjunctive normal form ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunctive_normal_form DNF] / [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_normal_form CNF]) In a clocked gate the input moves a blocking part in the way of the output (or not). Both are spring loaded. (Instant chain logic gates work differently) === Sequencing mechanism === The analog power-source must somehow be converted in a digital sequence. Too harsh jumps in acceleration (jerks) may increase power-dissipation. Quantum dispersion through anharmonic potential (see: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_states coherent states]) is probably not to expect even at low temperatures [To investigate!]. A connected nanomechanical system will have a quite high mass in daltons. = Reversible mechanical logic = [[Reversible data processing|Reversible]] mechanics means: whenever an elastic element (a spring) is de-tensioned it must feed back its stored energy into the energy source. Testing a clocked reversible mechanical gate to check which state it is in is done via pulling pushing turning twisting or whatever against a potential steric hindrance obstacle that was put in place (or not) by the precedent gate . As long as the outputs are in use the inputs cannot be removed. If they would be removed all consecutive outputs would snap back - BAD. Thus the testing clock signal must rise like a bar graph display and one step at a time. This is best done till an appropriate computation result is reached that has way viewer bits than the intermediate computation steps that lead there. This result can then be copied into a storage register and the output deleted. Meaning a view testing springs snap back irreversible and release their energy into the background heat bath. ['''wrong?'''] Finally one let the bar graph clock signal stepwisely recede letting go of the testing gates in reverse order and pushing back the energy into the energy source (e.g. a flywheel). One could say one un-computes the intermediate data garbage. This hole process is called a '''retractile cascade''' The energy swings back and forth between the energy storage and the many logic gates. Tree like distributed though mechanical differenials. ['''Todo:''' other option?] If the negated bits are always computated in parallel the energy stored in the springs in the gates when in evaluated state is always the same. [can each rod pair made reversible independently?] Swing overshoot can be made minimal. ['''Todo:''' explain in more detail] ---- In a programmable logic array (PLA) first the gates in the AND-plane and then the gates in the OR-plane must be evaluated in sequence. The results may be fed back into other yet unevaluated parts of the PLA for a second and further rounds. === Drive for retractile cascade === Assuming rotative logic a possible method to generate the "bar graph display clock signal" may be like follows: A binary tree of differentials to a locked chain of gears (blocked gears or geneva drives may be usable). All gears are spring loaded and only the first one is unlocked. the torque propagates through the differential tree and turns the first gear till the endstop. This in turn unlocks the second gear. Then comes the third and so on and so forth. There are methods that don't use differential gears but still keep the driving force roughly constant. === local or global energy backswing for reversible circuits === Reversible (rod) logic: * can use local resonators that get continuously slightly replenished * or global ones The two methods can have different pros and cons. ['''Todo:''' add details] = Concrete implementations = == Various approaches / proposals == * reciprocative rod logic * rotative logic (lower maximum density of logic devices) * pure flexture/buckling logic * ... == Zuse's Z1 == The Z1 was the first and ony ever built truly mechanical computer with von Neumann architecture: [https://www.youmagine.com/design_ideas/reconstruction-of-the-z1 (link collection)] <br> It does four step pipelining to be able to deliver practical throughput but this seems to make it irreversible ['''Todo:''' investigate this] = Benefits of low friction = Mechanical logical gates can either be elements that form '''instantaneous chains''' or elements that must be evaluated by a '''testing clock signal'''. Due to the [[superlubrication|exceptionally low friction]] of nanomechanical bearings it should be no problem to make instantaneous chains quite long. Also Differential gear trees with log(n) depth shouldn't pose a problem out of this reason. = Usage as analogous devices = * differentials act as analog adders * gear ratios act as fixed ratio multiplication * there's a linkage mechanism for continuous multiplication These can be used in a digital fashion (much better) that is one enforces inputs and outputs to discrete values. These might be more compact tnan single bit representations (or might not). Conversion back and forth to single bit representation will take additional space. ['''Todo:''' link old video] = Logic circuits in general = * Ternary logic: It is not so hard to implement mechanically - it seems that pros an cons pretty much balance each other out. ['''Todo:''' recheck a certain researchers work and put more detailed results here] * non naive multiplier networks are non trivial ['''Todo:''' check whether a mechanical demo model can be built from mechanical gates without too much effort] * peadic numbers: IIRC There is a link to arbitrary precision computing IIRC = Related = * [[Mechanical computation]] * [[Nanomechanic circuits]] * [[Reversible data processing]] == The chain of reversibility up the levels of abstraction == There's a link * from reversible physical computing (including nanomechanic circuits) * over reversible assembly languages * over stateless functional programming (like Haskell) * to computer aided design embedded in an computer algebra system = External links = * [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/mechano.html Two Types of Mechanical Reversible Logic] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Technology level III]] 9uv65zo0acpkp82f0ixe1r1o6b6cdp0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 74 2005 865 2014-05-25T15:25:08Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} [Todo: explain why mechanical & not electrical; notes about reversibility; notes about structure type & size; ...] 3b06ks8bdm13mlvqcvjyfvhj50gabu4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 426 10922 10921 2021-06-25T11:19:42Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Quantum mechanics]] [[File:Quantum-cone-detailed.svg|600px|thumb|right|The three parameters that can be used to get something to behave quantum mechanically. {{wikitodo|Make the graphic less silly - no triangle frame - Boltzmann factor - ...}}]] This is just a rule of thumb estimation <br> to go get a very crude initial estimate. This page judges "quantummechanicalness" in the sense of <br> emerging quantizedness (stemming from the uncertainty relationship) <br> starting to show notable effects. There's also the topic of sufficient isolation of systems towards the environment (and possibly towards each other) <br> such that these systems can entangle relative to the environment (and possibly relative to each other). <br> That is: To allow for multiple classically inconsistent realities to "quantum exist" at the same time. <br> The right quantitative measure for "quantummechanicalness" in this regard is likely <br> '''the maximally possible decoherence time in relation to the typical timescale of the system'''. <br> Related: quantum decoherence, mixed states, density matrix, ... {{wikitodo|Find a similarly simple rule of thumb estimation for say decorerence time of levitated [[crystolecules]]}} = Math = Let us define "quantumness" as the ratio of * the energy quantisation (the minimum allowed energy steps) to * the average thermal energy in a single degree of freedom ---- '''The logarithm of the Boltzmann factor ("Quantumness"):''' <br> <math> Q = \frac{\Delta E_{Quantum}}{E_{Thermal}} </math> <br> == Thermal energy per degree of freedom (thermal "quantum") == First we'll need the thermal energy: <br> '''Equipartitioning:''' <br> <math> E_{Thermal} = \frac{1}{2}k_BT = \frac{1}{2 \beta} \quad</math> == Energy per quantum (quantum mechanical quantum) == The size of the energy quanta <math>\Delta E_{Quantum}</math> * depends on the system under consideration. <br> * falls out from the spacial restraints (linear or circular) that enforcing a minimum impulse and thus a minimum energy === Reciprocative linear motion === To see quantum behaviour (in position space) the system must be spatially bounded. Thus reciprocative motion (here in a 1D box) considered. The uncertainty relation: <math> \Delta x \Delta p \geq h \quad</math> <br> Kinetic energy: <math> \Delta E_{Quantum} = \frac{\Delta p^2}{2m} \quad</math> <br> Quantumness: <math> \color{red}{Q_{trans} = \frac{h^2}{k_B} \frac{1}{m \Delta x^2 T}} </math> === Reciprocative circular motion === Here alpha is the fraction of a full circle that is passed through in a rotative oszillation. <br> For a normal unidirectional rotation alpha must be set to 2pi. The uncertainty relation: <math> \Delta \alpha \Delta L \geq h \quad</math> <br> Kinetic energy: <math> \Delta E_{Quantum} = \frac{\Delta L^2}{2I} \quad</math> <br> Quantumness: <math> \color{red}{Q_{rot} = \frac{h^2}{k_B} \frac{1}{I \Delta \alpha^2 T}} </math> = Values = With the Boltzmann constant: <math> k_B = 1.38 \cdot 10^{-23} J/K </math> we get the <br> Average thermal energy per degree of freedom: <math> E_{T=300K} = 414 \cdot 10^{-23} J </math> <br> == rotative (full 360°) == <math> L_0 = \hbar = 1.054 \cdot 10^{-34} {kg m^2} / s </math> <br> <math> L_0 = I \omega_0 = 2 m r^2 \omega </math> <br> Nitrogen molecule N₂: <math> \quad \color{blue}{2r = 0.11 nm \quad m_N = 2.3 \cdot 10^{-26} kg} </math> <br> <math> \omega_0 = 2 \pi f = 7.5 \cdot 10^{11} s^{-1} </math> <br> <math> f_0 = 119GHz </math> <br> <math> E_0 = I \omega_0^2 /2 = L_0 \omega_0 /2 </math> <br> Size of energy quanta: <math> E_0 = 3.95 \cdot 10^{-23} J </math> <br> Quantumness: <math> \color{red}{Q_{rot} < 1/100} </math> <br> is rather small thus we have pretty classical behaviour (at room-temperature). Note that dinitrogen is a single free floating lightweight molecule. <br> In advanced nano-machinery there are axles made of thousands and thousands of atoms which <br> are in turn stiffly integrated in an axle system made out of millions of atoms. <br> This is making energy quantization imperceptibly low even at liquid helium temperatures. <br> '''That is why "Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics"'''. Getting quantum mechanically behaving nanomechanics would take deliberate efforts: * See: [[Quantum dispersed crystolecules]] and [[Trapped free particles]] * Nanocantilever: Also free mechanical oscillations of stiff nanostructures that are hard to excite thermally (lowest mode one degree of freedom) can behave quite quantum mechanically ... == linear == ... == general == Vibrations of individual molecules can behave quite quantummechanically even at room-temperature. This is the reason why the thermal capacity of gasses (needed energy per degree heated) can make crazy jumps even at relatively high temperatures. (Jumps with a factor significantly greater than one.) = Discussion = There are three parameters that can be changed to get something to behave more quantum mechanically. <br> The three options are: * (1) lowering temperature * (2) lowering inertia * (3) decreasing the degree of freedom = Related = * [[Estimation of nanomechanical quantisation]] * [[Trapped free particles]] * [[Pages with math]] * [[Quantum mechanics]] [[Category:Pages with math]] = External links = Qunatummechanicalness in terms of quantizedness: Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_beta Thermodynamic_beta] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution Boltzmann factor] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy Rotational_spectroscopy] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem Equipartition theorem] Quantummechanicalness in terms of decoherence time: Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence#Timescales Quantum_decoherence#Timescales] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state#Mixed_states Quantum_state#Mixed_states] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix Density matrix] [[Category:contains math]] ras4226so7lh6uv441pvtl0m8byua44 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 968 9663 9293 2021-05-30T15:39:23Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Books]] {{Stub}} == External links == * [http://nanomedicine.com/ Website for the books] * [https://foresight.org/Nanomedicine/ Coverage on the foresight institutes website] * [http://www.rfreitas.com/ Homepage of the author – Robert A. Freitas Jr. ] ----- * [https://foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respirocytes.html Respirocytes] [[Category:Books]] o1merp7skx5vhuf98b0baagyiv4ml31 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 390 11325 4246 2021-07-06T14:11:07Z Apm 1 == Common nanoparticles == Usually nanoparticles are '''not atomically precise''' and thus of little use for atomically precise manufacturing. For something to qualify as a "nanoparticle" the following criteria must be met: * it must be a pieces of matter in the solid state * it must have a size smaller than a micrometer (= 1000 nanometers) * it must not be too strongly bond to identical particles and it must not be too strongly bond to a substrate. <br> => among others (e.g. high surface area makes high reactivity) easy spilling due to unbondedness is a reason why toxicity considerations are so important for nanoparticles == Atomically precise nanoparticles == Often: * produced by chemical means * containing metals (e.g. gold) * crystalline (also called: "nano crystals") - otherwise they most likely get called otherwise. Atomically precise nanoparticles may be useful for in the [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|path]] to advanced [[productive nanosystems]]. == Related == * [[Thermodynamic nanocrystals]] == External Links == * Atomically precise gold nanocrystal molecules with surface plasmon resonance [http://www.pnas.org/content/109/3/696.full.pdf] - by Huifeng Qian, Yan Zhu, and Rongchao Jin - Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 * ['''Todo:''' Hunt for relevant work about atomically precise nanoparticles] gr0tluu6n7k36hayonrwjxu547289ti wikitext text/x-wiki 0 415 8818 4449 2021-04-25T10:18:54Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} == Simple non-bonded contact == At the nanoscale it is possible and highly useful to holding things together by making use of the [[Van der Waals force]]. E.g. there is no need to retain axles from slipping out a drive-chain (or hold axles in a drive-chain with friction). Freely frictionlessly sliding axles are "sucked in" energetically. Phenomenologically the VdW force is similar to the surface tension between liquids and solids when it acts attractively. The more surface is exposed and not in contact with other surface the higher the energy and the more undesirable the state. Just that in the case of [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale|gemstone based nanomachinery]] all surfaces are solid state. Combinded with the insignificance of gravity at the nanoscale. This can greatly simplify designs for assembly. And this is a factor that makes [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping|prototyping of nanoscale robotics at the macroscale]] such that there is minimal stuff that would be unnecessary at the nanoscale especially difficult. == Form closure == Interlocking stuff. <br> Main article: [[Form closure]] == Seamless covalent welding == This is irreversible. Main article: [[Seamless covalent welding]] mv2489d1qurc0tsbv9wkyxmhnoo7jv9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 872 8527 2021-04-12T10:01:10Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] #REDIRECT [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] 6xvem2k808yjyqa7ubx3zibwueqc6py wikitext text/x-wiki 0 856 11137 11136 2021-07-01T13:53:32Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Passivation layer mineral]] {{stub}} [[File:Pizza-5964476_640--Pixaby_MV-Fotos.jpg|320px|thumb|right|Hydrogen on diamond is like wheat on dough, preventing parts from fusing together.]] [[File:Universal-joint sideview hyrogen-passivated.gif|400px|thumb|right| Hydrogen atoms (with a typical [[bond order]] of one) on the surface of diamond acts like plugs in the [[construction kit analogy for the periodic table of elements]] – (like shown here on an flexing universal joint mechanism – designed by K. E. Drexler and R. C. Merkle)]] [[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg|300px|thumb|right| This very small [[crystolecule]] it partially left unpassivated. The bright red spots in groups of seven are open bonds. These can be [[seamless covalent welding|seamlessly covalently welded]] together with a matching pattern.]] Intuitively passivation is like the flour on the bread-dough that one adds such <br> that it does not stick together with itself and just about anything. Also it prevents material surfaces from oxidizing. More on that later. * Surfaces of [[crystolecule]]s that are supposed to come in contact with other surfaces need to be passivated in order to not fuse together irreversiby . * Surfaces of [[crystolecule]]s that are supposed to come in contact with air need passivation. <br><small>(well, first air contact may be used for passivation of non-sliding surfaces but the result may be somewhat random)</small> Up: [[Passivation (disambiguation)]] {{wikitodo|eventually merge in the old duplicate page [[Surface passivation]]}} == Protection against oxidation == This is not as important as it sounds. <br> Most of the materials that are especially suitable for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] ([[gemstone like compounds]]) <br> are already oxidic in nature, fully odidized, or highly inert towards air. The whole nanoscale parts ([[crystolecule]]s) are often made from the same material as a macroscopic (but thin) [[passivation layer mineral|passivation layer]] so to say. <br> Nanoscale passivation is mostly not meant to prevent oxidation but rather meant to: * prevent [[cold welding|irreversible stick together]] and * provide smooth sliding surfaces for [[superlubricity]]. Also only a very very small fraction of nano structures in [[gemstome metamaterial products]] are exposed to air. <br> Even less so for moving active nanomachinery. <br> Most nanostructures are well sealed inside the products. So the vast majority of nano structures that resides inside the products and nerver comes into contact with air <br> allows for a much bigger design space in choice of base material and eventual passivation. <br> Itnuiton: An apple or a babana does not get brown unless you cut them open. == passivation of diamond, lonsdaleite and other allotropes of carbon == Diamond and it's allotropes are best passivated with hydrogen. <br> This works very well and makes vers stable surfaces. We know that from hydrogarbon chains that make up <br> gasoline and all of our current day plastics. == Passivation of silicon containing gemstone like compounds == In the case of pure silicon the bigger size of silicon atoms already makes for more pronounced surface corrugations in case of a hydrogen passivation. <br> This makes designs for [[superlubricity|superlubricating surface interaction]] harder. <br> Increased corrugation already starts with moissanite (SiC) where only every second atom is a silicon. <br> A simple hydrogen passivation is less stable than in the case of carbon. <br> For silicon OH groups seem to be still quite stable. <br> As one can see from the highly stable Si-O bonds in polymer chains of current day available silicones. <br> The perhaps more stable hydroxy passivations are probably pretty bad for sliding interfaces because: * Hydroxy passivations (·OH) are big singly bonded protrusions prone to [[snapback]]. * With hydroxy passivations (·OH) being angled there is a unconstrained degree of freedom. <br>This may serve as an additional pathway for energy dissipation. Surface corrugation really becomes terrible when going to sparsely filled oxide minerals like quartz (SiO₂). <br> These have much bigger voids inside than more compact [[gemstone like compounds]]. <br> Plus they especially like hydroxy passivations. <br> Options for these more sparse materials: * use them just for structural purposes<br> * give them some sort of much smoother surface cover like graphene maybe. Question is: How to "tack" it on neatly and tightly? * look for similar less sparse materials [[stishovite]] instead of [[quartz]] (both polymorphs of [[Silicon dioxide]] SiO₂ == Passivations for transition metal monoxides == Maybe these could be covered with graphene? <br> See: [[Sandwich compound]] == Passivation by "graphene sheet lining" == It may be possible to passivate some base materials by tacking on graphene sheets onto the surface. <br> The bonds found in [[sandwich compound]] may be usable here. <br> Especially for materials that are otherwise hard to passivate this may be a possible option. [[Graphene sheet lining]] may be an option for bigger sized gears <br> where teet are no longer single atoms but teeth instead already approximate evolvent or cycloid profiles. Concerns: * Can the tack-on density by high enough such that between the tack-ons there is not too low of a stiffness? * Will a too dense tack-on pattern distort the graphenes electronic structure so much that it will become too reactive or even fully unstable? * How well does the graphene conform to the underlying material? * How much curvature is ok before localized kinks or too much change in electronic structure? * How well can the graphene smooth out steps below in the underlying material? * ... and so on and so forth ... == Related == * '''[[Chemical stability]]''' * '''[[Macroscale surface passivation]]''' – '''[[Passivation layer mineral]]''' * [[Passivation (disambiguation)]] * [[Passivation bending issue]] – [[crystolecule]] deformations (strains) induced by undesired stresses caused by passivations ----- * [[Passivation layer mineral]] – This is about macroscale passivation. At the nanoscale [[passivation layer mineral]]s still need passivation to not fuse together. * [[Seamless covalent welding]] smwpq5mie7c80hqk8opmaeauylocgie wikitext text/x-wiki 0 101 9679 8178 2021-05-30T17:00:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added two links __NOTOC__ [[File:Nanosystems-cover.jpg|frame|Nanosystems (1992) written by Eric K. Drexler - It covers the basics of atomically precise maufacturing and adheres to [[exploratory engineering]] to make reliable predictions about future technology]] "Nanosystems" <ref name="nasy">Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation - by K. Eric Drexler (1992)</ref> is the main technical reference book for the far term target of [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing]] which is [[crystolecule metamaterial technology]]. The book is for the most part: * an identification of a sensible far term target technology * a stringently conducted feasibility study of this target technology Only the very last chapter touches briefly and incompletely on eventual approaches that could be part of some pathways towards that target technology. = Only resource = Till day of last review of this text (2021) there is still no other book available that: * is covering the same topic and * is stringently applying [[exploratory engineering]] As the first and last book of its kind it leaves huge amount [[exploratory engineering]] of work that needs to be done. And as a book that does not focus on pathways it leaves even more there. = Things to note = '''In Nanosystems "Universal assemblers" are neither proposed nor even mentioned!''' In the brief section about pathways at the end the [[Main Page#Incremental pathway|incremental pathway]] to "nanofactories" is discussed prominently. The only topic that may be related to the [[direct path]]way is a discussion of pressure driven diamondoid actuators. <br> This wiki is written independently by third parties and does not necessarily accurately describe the ideas of the author of Nanosystems. = Related = * Other [[Books]] By Erik K. Drexler. * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] = External links = '''Eric Drexlers 1991 MIT dissertation''' is as he wrote <br> '''"a draft of Nanosystems"''' and was published by him for '''free to read'''. <br> Unfortunately his website is completely gone now (as of 2021-03). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160409095424/http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf (recovered via interent archive wayback machine archive)] * [https://www.umlib.com/brand/Velocity/category/Desktop/model/Vector%20HD25/document/1044024 Alternate link (faster)] * [http://metamodern.com/2009/09/26/mit-dissertation-nanosystems-draft-now-online/ "Original link - now broken :("] On K. Eric Drexlers website (recovered via [[internet archive]]): * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220214359/http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.html Detailed table of contents and sample chapters] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200225050927/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/04/0417nanosystemsDesc.html Nanosystems: what it’s about, how it's used, and where to read more] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190524012221/http://e-drexler.com/p/idx04/00/0411nanosystems.html Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation] = References = <references/> [[Category:Books]] [[Category:General]] lwp4y3rfwzbfedlki80d9bi41yotkfb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 107 1312 2014-03-04T07:31:50Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Nanoystems]] to [[Nanosystems]]: misspelled #REDIRECT [[Nanosystems]] 5ojuokrirhx8k0yb3s1exdaig63sb7y wikitext text/x-wiki 0 760 7871 7870 2020-06-21T12:52:02Z Apm 1 /* transparent inherited look from the gemstone base material */ added link to yet unwritten page [[Moissanite]]. An interesting question is about how products out of [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s will look like when no additional efforts are taken in order to change the visual appearance of the material. == transparent inherited look from the gemstone base material == [[File:640px-Neonsalmler_Paracheirodon_innesi.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Complex nanostructures can be transparent at the macroscale. This goes for both biological structures (like parts of this neon tetra fish) and for [[gemstone based metamaterial]] structures equally.]] If all of the internal structure * is below the wavelength of visible light and * is highly regular then the material will most likely be completely transparent. <br> [[Moissanite]] based materials will likely inherit its high color dispersion (splitting wight light particularly strongly up into its rainbow of colors). [[Moissanite]] (SiC) or [[rutile]] (TiO₂) based materials will likely inherit the very high refractive index (near 3.0 rather than near 1.5 for quartz or its very hard [[stishovite]] polymorph). Ordered internal structures may cause prominent birefringence and influence the polarization of light. Complex irregular internal nano-structures do not necessarily contradict transparent appearance even on larger scales like many centimeters. This can be seen in many deep sea fish, jellifish and e.g. the very popular neon tetra fish. Water and tissue materials having a similar refractive index plays a role too but is nit the main factor here. As a reminder: The analogies between soft biological nanosystems and much stiffer [[gemstone based metamaterial]] nanosystems do hold up only to a very limited degree. Beyond that they can cause confusion and misinterpretation (see [[biological analogies]]). == iridescent CD/DVD like look from ordered sub-micron structures == [[File:480px-CD-ROM.png|200px|thumb|right|Sub-micron-structures with some regularity may cause an iridescent appearance. Either on the outside like on this CD or more subtle and deeper inside transparent materials]] In case of regular structures near the wavelenth of light iridescent looks like on CDs and DVDs may occur. == pitch black obsidian like look from accidental color-centers that over-dope == [[File:640px-Obsidian.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A few color centres may give the material some color, but more likely there are either so few color centers that it remains completely colorless or so many that it appears pitch black (but still specular reflective) in appearance - similar to the piece obsidian depicted here]] If there are (due to structural or other but not optical reasons) metal atom color-centres in the parts (like what gives natural gemstones their color -- see [[color emulation]]), then the parts may be colored. But since doping has a strong effect even with beginning even with very low concentrations it's likely that the accidentally resulting color is so dark that the material appears black (similar to obsidian). == albino animal like look in case of bigger and/ore more irregular internal micro-structures == [[File:360px-Hedgehog_with_Albinism.jpg|200px|thumb|right|complex microscale structures may cause subsurface scattering giving things a ore or less translucent white appearance similar to what one can see in animals with albinism]] If there are larger micro-structures within the material at (and slightly above) the wavelength of visible light, and these micro-structures are irregular and at least pseudo-statistical in nature, then there will be scattering of light. This may lead to a look of the products akin to what one can observe with animals that feature albinism. There is white subsurface subsurface of various intensity. This may range from barely recognizable (the part is still mostly transparent) over slightly smokey like Areogel looks like over decently strong (only sharp edged are kind of ghostly see-through) to a solid white bright paper like appearance. == specular reflective look on surfaces and rounded edges == Given atomically precise perfectly flat surfaces there will be quite a bit of secular reflection. So one may see the environment reflected on the parts surfaces. Just as with a shiny computer screen, but with the difference that the color below is white. Thus the reflection will be more hard to make out. Given all sharp corners being rounded to radii of about halve a millimetre or so for save handling of the parts without cutting oneself in the fingers, small disk light sources (like the sun) will cause short bright line reflections on these edges. == (golden) mirror look in case of UV vulnerable internal structures == If there are structures inside products that would be vulnerable to natural UV light then these products will (if properly designed) have near the surface a layer that is sufficiently electrically conductive in the high frequency range of the impinging UV light that it behaves metallic (related: plasma frequency, evanescent wave) and reflacts back that dangerous potentially chemical bond braking UV light before it can penetrate to the inside of the product where the UV vulnearble nanostructures reside. While this pseudo-metallic layer not necessarily may be made from metals (conductive carbon nanotubes may work too) this layer may very well make the parts look metallic. Actually it would suffice to filter out just the aggressive UV light, but the filtering may stetch haveway over the visible range giving the products a gold reflectivity (like the gold plated mylar foils - thin PET foils - seen on many spacecraft) to dark reddish reflectivity. Or when stretching fully over the visible spectrum then it will simply become like a mirror. If the UV protective layer is not at the topmost surface (likely) then its even more like a mirror that has been metallized from behind. == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_tetra * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_scattering * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation i7o37rna2ecv3zgm6rqn6wufmgs64w2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 661 8084 7226 2021-03-12T19:18:51Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page [[Evolution]] Nature in its smallest scales (molecular biology) does not use [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale|cog-and gear nanomechanics]] like [[technology level III|advanced APM (gem-gum technology)]] does (/will). Not uncommon beliefs are: * "Advanced productive nanosystems must look similar to molecular biology." * "If advanced APM with hard nanomachinery where possible nature/evolution would have done it." * "The results of evolution show that advanced APM is not possible." * "There are no cogs and gears in cells so artificial systems can't have them either." Or more specific with mention of [[thermal motion]]: * "Restraining instead of using thermal motion is refusal to learn from nature." "It shows inability to accept reality." * "Since molecular biology uses [[diffusion transport]] to do work, factory style transport does not work at the nanoscale." * "One must use thermal motion to transport nano-stuff." But all these these are '''deeply flawed'''. To give a crude analogy this is similar to saying: "We must learn from nature thus planes must look like birds." <br> The core flaw here is the assumption that: "Natures solutions cannot be exceeded thus we must imitate nature pretty closely." or short "Biomimetism is compulsory." == Technology can, has and will still continue to exceed specific performance aspects of natures solutions == Technology already has shown countless of times that it can go where [[evolution]] couldn't. (There are many examples. See: [[Nature vs technology]]) There simply was/is no continuous path of small incremental steps towards [[technology level III|this kind of technology]] that molecular biology could have followed. It takes humans to do this (See: [[Diffusion transport]]; [[Friction]]). == Learning from nature the right way – from far below its surface == Yes, we need to learn from nature. In the end everything we ever have known and will know originally came from nature in some way or another. But the things we need to learn from nature sometimes do not lie on her surface ('''too superficial'''). These things often lie much deeper (fundamental physical principles). Especially for far term goals it turns out that ''following natures examples superficially is not sensible''. For the far term goal of [[Nanofactory|gem-gum nanofactories]] lots of natures high level examples need to be shunned. So much in fact that one ends up at systems that are '''very''' different from natural ones. Even natures example of its utilization of thermal [[diffusion transport]] turns out to be too superficial. Restraining instead of biomimetically utilizing [[thermal motion]] is probably the most obvious difference that pops up when learning from nature at a deeper level. Supression of thermal motion can raise other deeper level concerns beside the vague notion of exceeding natures high level examples. These are discussed on the [[common misconceptions]] page. == Using soft nanomachines does not mean NOT aiming for hard nanomachines! == The perhaps more promising paths towards advanced APM is [[incremental path|incemental]]. Since this approach has significant overlap with soft nanomachinery, people trying to advance APM in this incremental-path-direction are sometimes faced with comments like:<br> "But look while claiming cog-and-gear nanomachinery is possible what you actually do is soft nanomachinery." This overlooks: * that it seems to be a good strategy to be: '''"Using soft nanomachines to the fullest to get away from them ASAP."''' * that if we where already at the goal of hard nanomachinery we wouldn't need to get there. The fact that biomimetism is a good starting point does not mean that it is a good far term goal. It's just a starting point that is probably easier than the [[direct path]] for now. === Veering away – The first signs where soft nanomachines slowly start to "harden" === Recent developments (2017) in [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] show clear signs of veering away into the direction of stiff linkages (and nano-robotic cogs and gears). Exactly the direction that has received and still receives such harsh criticism from people working in similar fields. == Molecular biology is not a feasibility proof for advanced APM - There are others that are. == Molecular biology does not provide a feasibility proof for the advanced "end" of APM. (It does proof the existence of a starting point for development though.) This is not a problem. There's no need for a proof of the possibility of advanced APM from molecular biology since there are others like e.g.: * theoretical investigation ([[exploratory engineering|EE]] in [[Nanosystems]]) * successfully demonstrated single atom manipulation [[experimental mechanosynthesis]] on silicon (albeit still slow and very limited) Developments in the [[direct path]] while not showing great progress (as of 2017) do clearly show the feasibility of siliconoid [[mechanosynthesis]] (which is not too different from diamondoid mechanosynthesis where complementary theoretical analysis has been performed.) == Misc == === TODO move this to scaling laws page === * "Makro scale style machinery is not suitable for nano scale devices at all." Reasons why this is wrong:<br>[http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM/6.3.7.htm KSRM 6.3.7 Macroscale-Inspired Machinery Will Not Work at the Nanoscale] <br> == Related == * [[Common misconceptions]] * [[Nature vs technology]] * [[Stiffness]]; [[Machine phase]] * [[Evolution]] oljxdayekkwzhjj3osq2n6j8uwjek2j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 705 9693 9691 2021-05-30T17:44:53Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added two links = APM in the near term and APM in the far term = == Today and near term == '''Pick and place assembly of single atoms (or molecule fragments) is not at all a necessity for early forms of APM.'''<br> In fact pick and place assembly is not needed at all for early forms of APM. [[Thermally driven assembly|Assembly driven by the "vigorous" thermal motion at the nanoscale]] (slightly misleading tech-term: "self assembly") can do the job. * This [[Thermally driven assembly]] is not present in macroscale manufacturing. Therefore it is not present in our (knowledge and) intuition (unless we study the nanoscale in detail). Advanced APM is sometimes claimed to be impossible due to the effects of thermal motion. Which is clearly wrong for all the points that have been pointed at ([[mechanosynthesis]], [[superlubrication|friction]], ...). What is the case is that some proponents of advanced APM may lack knowledge (and intuition) regarding thermal motion. * [[Thermally driven assembly]] puts thing together in faulty configurations quite often (high error rates). But its just enough such that one can start climbing the "[[incremental path|stiffness ladder]]" introducing more and more restrained and forced motion leading to advanced APM. It may come somewhat unexpected but '''in early APM systems there is no need for the atoms to stay in place.''' No, that does not contradict the introduction earlier. The atoms still need to keep their nearest neighbors they are strongly bonded to. What needs to be preserved such that is counts as atomically precise ([[topological atomic precision|in the weak (topological) sense]]) is just "what links to what" (tech-term: "bond topology"). In the early atomically precise systems of today the atoms tend to be bonded together in polymer chains. The whole chains constantly deform since the (zig-zag going) bonds in these polymer chains can (and very much do) rotate and flex. Thereby atoms can be displaced much more than their own diameter. Polymer chains with (mutually puzzle piece like matching) "side groups" that cause these chains to [[Thermally driven folding|fold up]] into compact lumps (such chains are called: "[[Foldamer R&D|foldamers]]") restrict this unwanted freedom of motion far enough to give the folded lumps a ([[De-novo protein engineering|more]] or less) predictable shape. But the location of the individual atoms may (and usually will) still wiggle around way beyond the diameter of the individual atoms. In some sense even chemistry (the deterministic parts of it) could be counted as the earliest form of APM. (This is very much excluding macromolecular polymer chemistry with statistical cross-linking.) Important to note is that a major aspect of APM is that it specifically focuses on scaling up APM capabilities to bigger sizes. Chemistry is on the very bottom and does not scale up well. ---- In advanced atomically precise systems the atomically precise lumps are no longer made from folded up chains. Instead of chains the chemical bonds form tight meshes. Tiny [[crystolecule|crystals with molecule character]]. This tight mesh of bonds prevents the bonds from rotating, excessive stretching and bending. It is [[stiffness|stiff]]. Here the location of the individual atoms can finally be restrained below the diameter of the individual atoms. This is atomically precise ([[positional atomic precision|in the strong (positional) sense]]). It allows [[mechanosynthesis| advanced force applying mechanosynthesis]]. ---- In summary: While APM systems must always be [[topological atomic precision|topologically precise]] [[positional atomic precision|positional precision]] is reserved for the more advanced forms of APM. == Towards the far term == There are '''two core ideas''' that determine what the R&D direction from early forms of APM to advanced forms of APM actually is. This wiki will refer to those two ideas with the shorthand '''"gem-gum"'''. Further reading on the page: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]. == Related == * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Pathways]] 7efup5wckm17164droiy5sf4vb6eiu5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 781 9404 9403 2021-05-26T19:19:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ In [[superlubricity|suberlubricating]] strained shell sleeve bearings when the gap between the axle and the sleeve is gradually increased in size by deliberate design changes, then it can get to the point where the axle and the sleeve go from mutually repelling each other (akin to a macroscale press fit) to mutually attracting each other. And that well before the situation becomes unstable and the axle snaps to one side of the sleeve. Effectively there is a negative pressure between axle and sleeve: * pulling the surface of the axle outward in all directions to the sleeve and * pulling the surface of the sleeve inward to the axle Maximizing of gap size leads to maximization of negative pressure and mimimization of potential waviness. <br> This leads to the following open questions: * Does the maximally stable gap size correspond to minimal power dissipation? This would be a natural design goal for ultra low dissipation bearings for low loads but high speeds. * Or is the gap size of minimal dissipation closer to the zero pressure point? Is there a notable speed dependence? * How big is the gap typically just before the situation gets unstable? {{Todo|Answer above questions.}} {{wikitodo|add a sketch to illustrate the situation}} <br> {{wikitodo|illustrate the range between where negative pressure starts and where the situation becones unstable via lennard jones potential and its first and second derivatives}} == Range of presence and stability == The effect has its onset at the minimum of the [[Lennard Jones potential]] and at the zero of its first derivative (the force) where it flips from repulsive to attractive. The effect becomes unstable once the gap crosses the inflection point of the [[Lennard Jones potential]] which is the maximum of attractive (or minimum of repulsive) force and the zero of the second dreivative (of stiffness), where one goes from positive stiffness to negative stiffness. Negative stiffness means when you pull the counter-force gets weaker, you have a runaway process, the situation becomes unstable. For related infos check out the page: [[Energy, force, and stiffness]]. == Related == * [[Superlubrication]]: Minimal friction [[superlubricity]] may lie in the negative pressure regieme. {{todo|invetsigate this}} * Stretching interpretation a bit negative pressure bearings maybe could be counted to the methods for [[levitation]] at the nanoscale. * [[Nonbonded interactions]] * [[Gemstone-like molecular element#Strained shell structures]] '''Going the opposite way:''' * [[High pressure]] -- [[Dissipative friction elements]] * [[Design of Crystolecules#avoid too high interface pressure in sleeve bearings]] Macroscale engineering terms like "press fit" may not be too well usable for strained shell bearings. Even slightly undersized undersized press fits might still suck axles in due to VdW force maximizung surface contact area. gub7qx41d1ew8f9kbotf6iqs6od9qk8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 418 11750 11749 2021-07-25T10:45:59Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{site specific term}} A '''neo-polymorphic compound''' (or neo-isomorphic compound) is a highly stable non equilibrium polymorph of a material with a certain fixed stoichiometry that is exclusively accessible through [[mechanosynthesis]]. This includes patterns where specifically ordered states are thermodynamically not more attractive than disordered (or in other undesired form ordered) states but where a (sufficiently) high activation energy lies between the ordered and unordered states. The patterns can be: * different atom types (elements) ... specific example: A crossover gemstone between Rutile (polymorph of TiO₂) and stishovite (polymorph of SiO₂). The pattern making elements are Ti & Si. Oxygen atoms stay at their places. * different stacking geometry or ... specific example: A crossover between Diamond (cubic stacking) and lonsdaleite (hexagonal stacking). (When pointing up a tetrapod of carbon bonds there are two ways one can orient the up facing three bonds in a six direction hexagon). * ... Patterns: * ABABBABBBBAABABAABAA – unwanted unordered state – may be the only one that is thermodynamically accessible * ABABABABABABABABABAB – unwanted ordered state – may be the only one that is thermodynamically accessible * AABBAABBAABBAABBAABB – '''neo-polymorph''' – wanted peculiarly ordered state – not thermodynamically accessible - but accessible via [[mechanosynthesis]] Of course arbitrary many elements/layertypes/... are allowed. A,B,C,D,... Note: '''Thermodynamic accessibility''' refers to all the crude processes available today (2020) that only allow to handle matter in statistical quantities: melting, mixing, cooling, pressurizing, irradiating, ... This explicitly excludes advanced [[mechanosynthesis]]. == Examples == See: [[pseudo phase diagrams]] for more details on this. '''The rutile stishovite (TiO₂ to strong SiO₂) neopolymorphic transition:''' <br> The common mineral [[rutile]] and the rare mineral [[stishovite]] (made out of the two most common elements in earth crust) share the same crystal structure. The rutile structure. Albeit rutile not drawing silicon into its structure naturally (meaning it's thermodynamically unfavourable) (as can be seen with rutile occuring embedded in quartz https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rutile@quartz.jpg) a forced substitution (at least to some degree) may very well be possible via [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosyntheic]] means and the resulting product [[base material]] may very well be highly (meta) stable at room temperature. '''The quartz to "carbexplosoquartz" (SiO₂ to solid CO₂) neopolymorphic transition''' <br> Obviously CO₂ very much likes to be a gas (small atomic radii => sp orbitals sticking far out => orbitals hybridize and form double bonds) so if pure CO is even mechanosynthsizable it would be a very delicate and thus dangerous high explosive. A little bit of substitution of Si with C may be safely forcable via mechanosynthetic means though, despite that substitution is not naturally happening due to unvafourable thermodynamics. Maybe even as much as 50% of the silicon could be substituted with carbon without getting to something unstable and useless? Who knows. '''The SiO₂ to GeO₂ and SnO₂ neopolymorphic transition''' <br> Si has a bit more dissimilarity to the element above (C) than the elements below (Ge,Sn) with the exception of (Pb). Like less relative difference in diameter, less difference in their dislike to form double bonds, less difference in their metallicity, ... . So these elements may be substitutable in higher quantities. Though Ge and Sn are to rare to be of use as large volume structural base material. Also Ge and Sn form rutile structure (argutite and cassiereite respectively), so they may instead be able to tie into the aforementioned rutile stishovite neopolymorphic transition. Lead (Pb) may very well already be way too different to Si to even be force substitutable making the resulting structures unstable at room temperature or even below. Lead and tin are (and where) used in the floating glass production process because they don't like to mix too much (on their own volition). Still a lot of unwettability and immiscibility may be possible to overcome via mechanosynthetic forcing. Also there is lead glass ({{TODO| find out how lead integrates in glass in the case of lead glass}}) * '''The Si₃N₄ to beta carbon nitride C₃N₄ neopolymorphic transition''' <br> Both are high performance materials but [[beta carbon nitride]] is highly exotic even in its pure form today (2020). [[Beta carbon nitride]] may be of especial interest since when drawing solid building material form thin air alone The concentration of CO₂ is the limiting factor and given more than halve of C₃N₄ is nitrogen and thus material may be drawable more than double the speed. * '''The BN to AlN neopolymorphic transition''' <br> Pure AlN hydrolyzes with water, so when going far with the forced substitutuion the parts must be perfectly sealed against humidity. * '''The leukosapphire to diboron trioxide (Al₂O₃ to B₂O₃) neopolymorphic transition''' <br> Pure B₂O₃ is slightly water soluble and toxic, so when going far with the forced substitutuion the parts must be perfectly sealed against humidity. == Related == * [[pseudo phase diagram]] - mapping out neo-polymorphs * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] - browse there as a starting point ----- * [[diamondoid compound]] * [[binary diamondoid compound]] ---- * [[Kaehler bracket]]s == External links == Wikipedia pages: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science) Polymorphism (materials science)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphs_of_silicon_carbide Polymorphs of silicon carbide] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer isomer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomerism stereoisomer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism conformational isomer] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure_(condensed_matter) Superstructure (condensed matter)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism_(crystallography) Isomorphism_(crystallography)] ---- * Isotype: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/isotyp?lang=de (de)] Translated citation: "Minerals of the same structural type are called isotypes. They crystallize in the same class of crystals and form similar crystal forms. " * Isotype: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotyp (wikipedia de) Isotyp] ---- * [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/ www.mineralienatlas.de] <br>lists minerals with equal or similar structures for any given mineral <br> so thhis can serve as a possible starting point to find potential neo-polymorphs c5z2g2ngt7mw5nh57vdbv1ll8sc3dm8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1152 10830 2021-06-23T09:14:36Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Neo-polymorph]] #REDIRECT [[Neo-polymorph]] 485qwp7gj9wzshp5j9wrfs9vihmwbro wikitext text/x-wiki 0 882 8577 2021-04-12T20:26:13Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Neo-polymorph]] #REDIRECT [[Neo-polymorph]] 485qwp7gj9wzshp5j9wrfs9vihmwbro wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1151 10819 2021-06-23T08:48:02Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Neo-polymorph]] #REDIRECT [[Neo-polymorph]] 485qwp7gj9wzshp5j9wrfs9vihmwbro wikitext text/x-wiki 0 522 5781 5780 2017-06-28T16:37:17Z Apm 1 seen -> taken This wiki features many pages with newly invented terms. <br> The convention on this wiki is to mark such pages with the following notification banner: {{site specific term}} == Reasons for introduction of new terms == In short: Establishing a basis for exploration and discussion. Usually one explains topics by building upon the knowledge of the reader(/listener). One draws analogies. When trying to understand new stuff readers(/listeners) want to associate the new information with their pre-existing knowledge. Some topics though (including advanced atomically precise manufacturing) do not have abundant connections to pre-existing knowledge of the average reader. That does not mean the few existing connections that do link from the readers pre-existing knowledge to the target are not strong. If they where not strong we would talk about concepts that do not properly link to reality aka pure fantasies. But at least with APM advanced atomically precise manufacturing the [[exploratory engineering|few links we have are known to be very strong]]. Passerby readers might jump right into the middle of the topic. When the do so they likely feel lost "floating in empty mental space" trying to grab something to link onto. And what they grab onto is most often a very predictable wrong thing. One gets faulty mental classifications and misunderstandings. (See: [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] and [[History]]) While having passerby readers randomly jumping right into the middle of the topic is hard to avoid. At least when actively explaining one can influence the order of exposure a bit. There's a dilemma though. As explained jumping right into the middle (to the juicy more speculative stuff that gets people hooked) readers are prone to loose suspense of disbelieve and do one of the following: * decide to not further investigate the matter * propel only the disconnected more speculative stuff without understanding of the theoretical basis -> drift-off to fantasy. * or even aggressively fight the idea based on faulty naive completions that are either self-knitted or taken from the former party. Alternatively starting the explanations at the beginning going through the more dry reliably predictable stuff first one looses the majority of readers early on. (New good graphical illustrations for the more technical parts - a goal for this wiki - may help a bit.) Media presence of a degree capable of influencing career decisions of young people is unlikely. To have a meaningful discussion one has to have a common language first. Since only the most rudimentary unrefined bits of this language are in place yet exploration requires term refinement and invention. With new terms making new concepts more concrete one does not need to start at square zero every time anew. Which wouldn't lead very far. (This is precisely the reason why here the wiki-format was chosen for this website instead of a linear format like a blog or book with every article/chapter redundantly repeating and redefining the basics.) Very much like in programming languages defining new terms allows to define complex concepts in term of simple ones. In detail new terms are useful furthermore for: * refining concepts - constructive buildup - more requirements to fulfill - logical inclusion in Venn-diagram * resolving overlaps: when terms are not fine-grained enough and mush things together new terms can detangle the problem. * ... There are novel terms in the highly predictable areas and novel terms in the speculative areas of APM. The latter may be more numerous on this site due to the enormous range of possibilities opened up by the concepts described by the former. == Related == * [[APM related terms]] * [[History]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism Neologism] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology Terminology] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature Nomenclature] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau Portmanteau] msz0w7tudyhf8sfigmy8bp09jcka8yd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1256 11535 11518 2021-07-12T22:07:09Z Apm 1 added [[The problem with current day programming and its causes]] {{Stub}} {{wikitodo|Discuss this}} == Related == * [[Gaps in software]] * [[The problem with current day programming and its causes]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Software]] == External links == [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_crisis Software crisis] ... <br> The wikipedia article is mainly about the "old fist crisis" ist seems. <br> A lot of new severe large scale problems/challenges have arisen since then. 65cd0lw11ooqcbsps17pe66o30uypob wikitext text/x-wiki 0 465 10363 6215 2021-06-13T20:09:37Z Apm 1 added * [[Chemical element]] {{stub}} Nickel (similar to [[iron]]) is one of the most common elements.<br> Just like iron nickel prefers to react with sulfur instead of oxygen. The resulting compounds are of mid level hardness (around Mohs 5). While on earth a large part of the nickel is inaccessibly locked up in earth's core, metallic asteroids (which are essentially broken up proto-planetary cores) allow direct access to all this nickel.<br> There nickel is the second most common metal right after iron. Concentrations of nickel in metallic asteroids can go up beyond two digit percents values.<br> Due to it's abundance nickel will thus likely find vast application in space technology. == Stochiometry & Diffusion == There seem to be very view nickel minerals with a clear stoichiometry. This may speak for lots of vacancies that provide pathways for diffusion Mechanosynthesized structures (which are practically faultless) though should be sufficient for suppression of such possible diffusion pathways. One nickel compound which as a clear stoichiometry even as natural minearl is bunsenite (NiO). == Oxides == * Bunsenite NiO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsenite] (Mohs hardness 5.5) == Sulfides == * TODO {{todo|Investigate further to find the best nickel based abundant element gemstones.}} == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] kr828xae3z7gyk5n2euc1sd9gew0437 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 597 11181 11113 2021-07-01T21:48:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px| Nitrogen is the most common gas in Earths atmosphere. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] == Nitrides == Very valuable gemstone like compounds. * '''BN boron nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_nitride] * '''AlN aluminium nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride] (note: the phosporus analogon is highly toxic) * GaN gallium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_nitride] (gallium is rare) * InN indium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_nitride] (indium is very rare) ---- * BCN Heterodiamond [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodiamond] ---- '''Carbon Group:''' * '''β-C₃N₄ beta carbon nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride] * '''Si₃N₄ silicon nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride]<br> [[pseudo phase diagram]] towards SiO₂ is filled by silicon_oxynitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_oxynitride] -- mineral: Si₂N₂O sinoite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoite] * Ge₃N₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium_nitride] (Ge is rare) * Sn₃N₄ * no lead nitrides? ---- '''Nonmetallic:''' (mid level abundance elements) * Cu₃N copper(I)-nitride (de: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer(I)-nitrid]) despite the metal excess nonmetallic -- (and Ag₃N silver nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitride]) * Zn₃N₂ zinc nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_nitride] ---- * Na₃N [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitride] (reacts with water, exotic structure) and Li₃N lithium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nitride] (lithium is not too abundant) * Mg₃N₂ magnesium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitride] (reacts with water) and Be3N2 beryllium nitride [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumnitrid] (Be is rare and poisonous) * Ca₃N₂ calcium nitride [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumnitrid] (reacts with water) * potassium nitride? ---- '''Metallic:''' * '''TiN titanium nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_nitride] and '''ZrN zirconium nitride''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_nitride] and YN yttrium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium_nitride] * VN vanadium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_nitride] and NbN niobium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_nitride] and TaN tantalum nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_nitride] (vanadium, niobium and tantal range from rare to very rare) * CrN chromium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_nitride] (chromium is not too abundant) and WN tungsten nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_nitride] (tungsten is rare - compound susceptible to water) * Fe₂N (Fe₃N) Fe₄N Fe₇N₃ Fe₁₆N₂ -- diverse iron nitrides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_nitride] ---- '''Molecular solids (not really suitable as structural materials):''' * Volatile molecular solid: S₂N₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride] * molecular solid: α,γ,δ P₃N₅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphosphorus_pentanitride] * Tellurium_nitride? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium_nitride] (Te is very rare) Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitride Nitride] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitrides Category:Nitrides] == Explosive == Since nitrogen likes to form strong triple bonds with low energy (N₂ gas) many nitrogen compounds are explosive. == Nitrates == The salts of the nitrogen acids are usually rather water soluble. Even the earth alkali salts.<br> Since they are also rather soft even isolated against environment they seem unsuitable as structural materials. * NaNO₃ sodium nitrate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrate] (common name: soda) mineral: nitratine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratine] Mohs 1.5-2 * KNO₃ potassium nitrate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate] (common name: salpeter) mineral: niter [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niter] Mohs 2 * Mg(NO₃)₂ magnesium nitrate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate] (as hexahydrate: nitromagnesite) * Ca(NO₃)₂ (as tehrahydrate: nitrocalcite) [[Sodium]] is the cationic counterpart that makes salts maximally water soluble. Related: [[Salts of oxoacids]] == Misc == * Nitrogen can (in form of the ammonium ion) take the place of a electro-positive metal in a salt. This is very unusual for a nonmetal. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium#Ammonium_salts (Wikipedia: Ammonium_salts)] * By dissolving sodium in ammonia one can solvate free electrons. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated_electron (Wikipedia: Solvated_electron)] == Abundances in space == * On [[Venus]] there is a dinirogen partial pressure of 3.22bar at fround level (3.5% of 92 bar) * On [[Mars]] of the already thin atmosphere (~6mbar), nitrogen makes only a small fraction. It's much more than nothing though. * [[Titan]] has a thick nitrogen atmosphere (that is not much about liquification temperature) * [[Pluto]] seems to have parts of his crust made out of a giant convecting glacier that is mostly frozen nitrogen ---- * The [[Ice moons]] might have harbor large amounts of ammonia (liquid or frozen) – might have a sterilizing effect ---- * [[Mercury]], Earths [[Moon]], [[Io]] might be scarce of nitrogen, but we have not dug there yet. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] * [[Oxygen]] * [[Simple metal containing carbides and nitrides]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_nitrogen#Cubic_gauche cubic gauche solid nitrogen (cg-N)]<br>This is the explosive with highest known energy density. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen Isotopes of nitrogen] <br>– 99.6% ¹⁴N – unusual whole numbered spin <br>– 0.4% ¹⁵N – used for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen-15_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen-15_tracing nitrogen-15 tracing] 46j12cqy6w00r4tc55vb7cmvntbdrxe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 709 11682 11680 2021-07-16T19:44:38Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Mobile robotic device]] == No self-replicating ones == '''This is not about nanobots''' (especially not the self replicating type). While self replication nanobots (aka molecular assemblers) where an early idea that naturally suggested itself (it was originally presented in the book "Engines of Creation" 1986) slightly less old (and much less known) methodical work ("Nanosystems" 1992 - same author) strongly points to nanofactories as a much better target. * '''The self-replicating molecular assembler concept is outdated. <br>It was superseded by Nanofactories since before 1992!''' (Details: [[Molecular assembler]]) Nanobots have traits associated with them that have nothing to do with current concepts for advanced productive APM systems. Most notably: * [[nanobot swarms|swarms]] * living & evolving * insatiable, "metabolize" just about anything -- (see: [[Omnivorous nanobots]]) * super dangerous - [[grey goo meme|''the'' accident]] is unavoidable and cataclysmic == Few non-self-replicating ones == Non self-replicating medical nanobots, [[utility fog]] and similar concepts are still not outdated but: * As especially difficult to design systems advanced mobile nanobots (the of the diamondoid kind) lie even beyond the far term target of Nanofactories. And the development of Nanofactories is more of a main focus here on this wiki than things that lie out even further beyond them. * They make up only a very tiny part of the possible product space. Most products will be devices made from arrangements of highly specialized mechanical electrical and otherwise [[metamaterial]]s. Just like computers do not consist out of "[[computronium]]" advanced products will not consist out of "nanofogonium". <br>Advanced products out of complexly intertwined metamaterials rarely (if at all) make it into popular fiction probably because: <br>(a) the concept is barely known and <br>(b) it would require in depth explanations. <br>And Explanations in an area where even many "experts" (experts in fields that are topically near to APM) are not aware that ''there is stuff that already can be known with high confidence'' (see: [[exploratory engineering]]). With SiFi producers totally lacking awareness over this void of as of yet (2018) they never treated mechanical metamaterials. There's not even motivation for them to fill this void with complete nonsense. Which is probably a good thing. == Related == * [[Evolution]] * [[Nanobot]] * [[Molecular assembler]] * [[Mobile robotic device]] imobffsys7ikvjqelcbwsgcr0c8o4eo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 822 8685 8287 2021-04-14T16:07:55Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] 4jez68yxfj0j20yr9i8eoccfqpl59fm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1084 11268 10185 2021-07-06T07:22:18Z Apm 1 added [[Microfluidics]] and [[Chemical synthesis]] {{stub}} * classical top down photololithography for micromachinery ([[Microelectromechanic system|MEMS]]) * vapor deposition processes * galvanic production methods * two photon nanolithography * implosion nanofabrication – {{wikitodo|add discussion of that paper}} == Microscale == Resin 3D printinting for non atomically precise [[microfluidics]]. <br> Related: [[Chemical synthesis]] == Related == * [[Top-down manufacturing]] * [[Bootstrapping]] * [[MEMS]] * Maybe slightly off-topic: [[Feynman path]] 5q1o83ee9vade7ijplft9mfyblqa2zx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 77 11098 10651 2021-07-01T09:36:06Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Electronic transitions]] {{Template:Site specific definition}} In advanced nanofactories electric systems will probably be used. Electric systems though can't yet be integrated into plans for nanofactories because of a lack of a set of well understood near ideal components. (For more information see: [[Nanosystems]] Section 1.3.4.b No nanoelectronic devices.) One reason why mechanical aspects are easier to predict and estimate than electrical aspects is that: [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]]. Applications that strongly depend on non mechanical base technologies can be fond at at the "[[most speculative potential applications]]" page. == Avoiding overestimation of capabilities == By mostly (but not exclusively!) focusing on the easier to predict mechanical aspects and not relying on difficult to predict non mechanical things or even hoping for [[still fully unpredictable scientific breakthroughs]] in these areas one finds what is '''at least''' possible. If some results from the '''non mechanical technology path''' prove useful that just means more will be possible than [[exploratory engineering| the things currently reliably predictable]]. == Difficulties == Molecular electronics in [[technology level I]] behave rather non digital (neither diode nor resistor behavior) In small (or big and very cold) [[positional atomic precision|AP]] repetitive structures electrons move as Bloch-waves without being scattered. One also speaks of ballistic electron movement because in the wave picture (sharp impulse, infinitely long wave in space) the electrons move like billiard balls. Electrons can encounter problems flowing around sharp conductor bends since they do not collide with each other but only with the conductors walls. This is essentially the same effect as the limited gas conduction due to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_molecular_flow free molecular flow] in vacuum systems. At higher temperatures the unavoidable electron phonon scattering becomes stronger [Todo: check how much electrons can easier flow around bends then] Very small conductors can constrain electrons so much that the electron wave function loose all their nodes in the directions normal to the conductor surfaces (lowest mode excitation - similar to the situation in an optical single mode wave guide) This situation is called low dimensional electron gas [Todo: check wether tighter bends can be made in this case?] A severe limit of downscaling for nanoelectronics is the fact that electrons readily tunnel through isolating layers if they become too thin. Depending on the voltage 3 to 5 nm can be the limit. [''todo: add more info here''] Nanoelectronics can by far compensate their lack of compactness by their higher speed compared to nanomechanic logic. '''to check:''' Are extremely fast signals on a nanoscale conductor distinguishable from light on an ultra-thin wave-guide or is it essentially the same? == Some kinds of electronics == Restricting oneself to pure hydrocarbons like the "direct approach" motivates one can use graphene ribbons, nanotubes or other graphitic/polyaromatic structures like graphene ribbons as conductors and semiconductors and vacuum (,air) or diamond as isolator. Note that while pyrolythic graphite is a resistive material nanotubes can conduct current between one and two orders of magnitude better than copper. Electronic properties may be heavily influenced by: * Statically included (or dynamically applicable) high mechanical strain * the borders of the graphitic structure - closed, hydrogen terminated, chucked between two slabs of diamond electric contacts between parts moving relative to one another can be either made flexible for reciprocative movement or via tunneling between two combs of graphitic sheets. For low resistance the contacts need to be way bigger than the conductors [Todo:quantify] If one allows some nonmetals one can create diamond checkerboard doped with nitrogen very similar to today's nanoelectronics. == Magnetism == Magnetism plays little role in nanofactories. Scaling laws make electrostatic motors and generators preferable. Magnetism could be used for [[levitation]] of macroscopic objects like in a thermal vacuum isolation vessel (dewar). Carbon atoms have long been thought to be completely non-magnetic. It has been found that specific radical structures can exhibit strong magnetism [Todo: verify, check which structures, note which kind of magnetism and how strong] Spin flips in tooltips can be influenced by nearby massive atoms with high spin orbit coupling (Nanosystems 8.4.3.b '''[[Radical coupling and inter system crossing]]''') this has some relevance for [[mechanosynthesis]]. === Magnetic carbon === In a recent (when?) discovery carbon was found capable of producing rather strong localized patches of ferromagnetism. This came very unexpected since it doesn't fit well in the current models of magnetism. It's not yet clear whether a really strong macroscopic magnet can be built. Although magnetism is not of prime interest for APM this will certainly be interesting for some specialized applications. AP motors won't need magnetism at all so magnetic carbon is not needed to end the dependency on not too abundant rare earth metals. Some external links: [http://www.ferrocarbon.it/ Ferrocarbon EU Project] | [http://www.materialstoday.com/carbon/news/magnetic-carbon/ magnetic carbon] | [http://arstechnica.com/science/2008/10/tunable-magnetic-properties-demonstrated-in-carbon/ tunable magnetic properties demonstrated in carbon] == Superconductivity == High temperature [[superconductors|superconductivity]] is not yet clearly understood and subject of research. AP technology will probably make this research easier. Superconductors made from not too scarce elements like YBCO superconductors might find some use in coils for tokamak [[nuclear fusion|fusion reactors]]. == Other == Photochemistry is rather non-local (big optical wavelength of UV light) and thus not of central importance for [[mechanosynthesis]]. See [[Nanosystems]] 8.3.3.d. Localized electrochemistry, "photochemistry." == Quantum computation == Quantum computation is obviously not a necessity for APM systems. APM systems and quantum computers may mutually boost each other though. * It's very questionable whether pure hydrocarbon quantum computers can be built. <br> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen-vacancy_center Nitrogen vacancy center]s are currently (2014) investigated and will with APM systems be distributable to exact atomic locations. * Searching for an optimal configuration of system components in a nanofactory relative to some chosen metric (playing a puzzle game) is essentially a search problem on which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm Grovers algorithm] could be applied always providing a quadratic speedup. Special cases may be exponentially accellerable. While probably looking like a great artwork the downside is that those found solutions are something like "convoluted projection from some high dimensional space, or the result of an execution of some dubious program" where one can not understand how the solution was found just by looking at it and even hardly by in depth analysis. Like ''heat dissipation free computation'' quantum computation needs [[reversible data processing]] as prerequisite. == Related == * [[Optical effects]] * [[Fun with spins]] * [[Electronic transitions]] ---- * [[The usual suspects]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] (section about superconductors at the end) ---- * [[Electric metamaterial]] * [[Electrically conductive gem-like compounds]] ---- * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[Quasiparticle]]s == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics Spintronics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulator Topological insulator] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Technology level I]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 3m0hc6ij1v063ys3n8o0d2vs8uynqzy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1121 10482 10481 2021-06-16T07:10:14Z Apm 1 added notes on definition {{stub}} This page is about scaling laws for other possible other parameters beside size. <br> For scaling laws over size scales see: [[Scaling law]] – or: [[Scaling law (disambiguation)]]. This more general treatment kinda seems to blur into just about any physical laws. <br> Well; Especially worth being called a scaling law are laws that seem * laws that are quite simple * laws that are polynomial * laws with a relationship between two quantities that stands out especially <br>(when it is sensible to keep all other involved quantities constant) == Examples == === Scaling laws over temperature === * Stefan Boltzmann law. Thermal radiation rises to the fourth power with temperature. – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law (wikipedia)] * ... === Scaling laws over pressure === * Quantity of viscous flow of a liquid through a pipe of constant diameter and constant length depending on pressure. <br> * ... 7aabpzhlh6wldmzybylmqo3m4a2y62o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 744 9408 9407 2021-05-26T19:23:52Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Mass and spring molecular modelling]] {{Stub}} = The forces = '''The repulsive forces:''' * overlap repulsion a.k.a. exchange force a.k.a. steric repulsion (a.k.a. hard-core,Born) ... (pauli repulsion, degeneracy pressure?) Characteristics: * always repulsive * can get very strong * sort range, exponetial decay (approximately) => only nearby atoms contribute ----- '''The attractive forces:''' (The [[Van der Waals force]] which split up into three): * London dispersion force (mutually induced dipole force), * Debye force (dipole - induced dipole force) * Keesom force (dipole - dipole force) Characteristics: * always attractive * relatively weak * longer range => many atoms can contribute => forces add up ---- Since attractive forces add up but repulsive ones do not the bigger contacting surface areas get the smaller equilibrium separations get, (down to some point). Nanosystems: The term "Van der Waals forces" is usually used for the attractive components alone by physicists.<br> {{wikitodo|The wikipedia page about [[superlubricity]] (here: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlubricity] 2018-08) mentiones repulsive VdW forces (negative Hamaker constant). Find out if that is just due to a mix-in of overlap repulsion (likely?) or a genuine effect?}} = Models = According to [[Nanosystems]] 3.3.2.e. :<br> In computational chemistry it is common that polar interactions are treated separately but overlap repulsion is included == MM2 == === exp-6 potential === As specific example in the MM2 model used is the ''Buckingham'' (or ''exp-6'') potential.<br> A rough estimation for pairwise interactions. In MM2 corrected parameters are used to get better results. E.g. for C to H nonbonded interaction forces. {{wikitodo|Add the math of the model & legend.}} === Corrections tweaks "hacks" === Atoms in for gem-gum technology relevant materials are strongly bond to other atoms which can more or less significantly shift electron density distributions away from high symmetry. This is not captured by the simple model and thus calls for corrections. * In case of the electron density shifts in the nonbonded interaction between nitrogen oxygen (both sp³ – their lone pairs are contacting) this is solved by the introduction of lone pair pseudoatoms for calculations. {{wikitodo|What does that mean exactly?}}) * Covalently surface passivating hydrogen atoms have their electrons move to the passivated surface a bit. This is solved by the hack of shifting the position of the atom inward for calculations. By 0.915 in case of the MM2 model.) = Related = * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Negative pressure bearings]] * [[Energy, force, and stiffness]] * [[Mass and spring molecular modelling]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force intermolecular force] cq1r1xezbktyw942nrpou1zp1hj6cni wikitext text/x-wiki 0 896 8691 8682 2021-04-14T16:13:19Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] 4jez68yxfj0j20yr9i8eoccfqpl59fm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 887 8690 8684 2021-04-14T16:13:01Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] 4jez68yxfj0j20yr9i8eoccfqpl59fm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 108 7066 7065 2018-05-08T14:20:43Z Apm 1 slight cleanups {{speculative}} This is one of the [[most speculative potential applications]] for APM.<br> The unreliability of the speculations presented herein must not be confused with the [[exploratory engineering|solid foundations]] of APM. = Types of fusion = Things we would desire for fusion energy productiona re among others: * envirounmental friendliness * low cost * relatively small size and low weight In how far may atomically precise technology be able to help in these regards? == Magnetic enclosure == For a basic introduction please consult the Wikipedia article about "magnetic confinement fusion" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion] === Field strength and plant size === The limit in achievable magnetic field strength has led to the construction giant prototype plants (see ITER). But tokamak devices can be scaled down greatly by raising the magnetic field that confines the plasma. Newer magnet technology (high temperature super conductors HTSLs) is promising some degree of notable size reduction (see company "Tokamak Energy"). It is yet unknown what kind of fields will be achievable once advanced APM gives us much more control over matter and lets us mechanosynthesize super-exotic thermodynamically metastable superconductor compounds. It may not be unreasonable to assume that large margins for improvements are still possible but at this point this is highly speculative since it still critically depends on fundamentally unpredictable discoveries in science. It's hard to project how the performance of superconductors will further increase. This limits the range of possible serious predictions severely. (See: [[non mechanical technology path]]). ------ The penetrative power of some kinds of radiation may pose limits on attempts to scale down magnetic confinement fusion devices. See section "radiation damage" for more details. === Power fluxes === * APT is great at dealing with very high levels of power density (see: [[Thermal energy transport]]). <br> High thermal power densities require [[refractory material]]s. With high magnetic fields and high plasma densities power fluxes become very high. (Potentially higher than atmospheric reentry of a space-shuttle) On the other hand smaller devices feature much more wall surface area per enclosed volume. Note that a significant amount of energy does not get deposited directly onto the chamber walls but into the volume behind mainly due to neutron radiation. === Mechanical stability === Extremely high magnetic fields cause extremely high mechanical forces. Both structural frame parts and structural superconductor carrier strips need to be very sturdy. (Structural superconductor carrier strips: Note that most of the cables do not carry the current but provide the necessary mechanical strength) Wile even with the next generation of HTSL high field tokamaks steel can provide sufficient strength with even higher fields this might not be the case anymore. Abundant elemental metals on the other hand are by far not strong enough. There are exotic metal alloys that are a quite a bit stronger than what is used now but they contain elements that are rather rare and thus way too expensive to use in excessive quantities. Thus one will want to go to cheap metamaterials that are based on strong gemstones like e.g. diamond (C), moissanite (SiC), colorless sapphire (Al₂O₂), ...<br> Those are hopefully strong enough. For all we know at the moment there cannot be anything much stronger than those. By switching we incur a pretty severe problem though. Gemstones are much more susceptible to ionizing radiation than metals. Broken covalent bonds in gemstones are not always self healing like the electron-gas of metals can be. There may be a workaround. See section "radiation damage" for more details. One can speculate whether or not one could reduce the overall weight of a reactor far enough to make it suitable for application in spaceships. (investigation needed) Currently (2016...2018) it still pretty impossible to reach anything near light enough. === Radiation damage === APT is bad at dealing with radiation. (See: [[radiation damage]]) And some parts of the radiation (especially neutron radiation) are very hard to shield. Radiation threatens the structural integrity of the frame and perhaps more critically it could lead to a breakdown of super-conduction (quenching) due to an accumulation of faults in the superconductor material. One could try to treat the cause or the symptoms. '''Treating the cause:''' One could try to target fusion reactions that do produce almost no neutrons (are mostly aneutronic). But it probably will be really desirable to archive the capability to run solely on the most abundant hydrogen isotope (protium ¹H) (and other exotic fuel combinations). Shielding is only possible in a limited sense. It cannot be influenced too much by the choice of materials. '''Treating the symptoms''' A solution to the rapid material degradation problem may be continuous active repair. A system that is continuously exchanging degraded structural [[microcomponents]] with new ones. Very unlike the normal use case where you want to avoid putting things together atom by atom every time anew and do [[microcomponent]] [[recycling]] instead. Here the massive inefficiency really is necessary and overcompensated by the reactors energy output anyway. Designing such a pretty complex self repairing system would pose massive design effort. It should not be expected as one of the first products producable by advanced APM. ------- Without applying at least one of the two approaches the inherent penetrative strength of neutron radiation may pose a fundamental hindrance for scale-down. The requirement to absorb most of the neutron radiation before it reaches coils and cryo-system then creates a natural lower end size limit for magnetic enclosure fusion. But in many cases this might be ok for non mobile power plants, where ease of long term operation is of more importance than size and mass. Albeit non atomically precise in nature molten salt blankets are probably a pretty good idea since the crystal structures of liquids do not incur any radiation damage since they have none. For the the vessels they are confined in its probably desirable to use gemstone based metamaterials. They may not carry high mechanical loads but unlike metals they do not corrode. == Inertial fusion == {{wikitodo|treat the following topics in more detail}} * macroscopic vibration damping * neutral particle carriage acceleration * highly symmetric enclosement (thermal and quantum mechanical uncertainty) * low reflectivity of hydrogen - minimal isolating plasma shell thickness (severe!) * fast cavity cleanout * fast radiation seals * [[carriage particle accelerators]] * small scale Laser particle accelerators == Cold fusion == Sadly this does not work. Assuming a naive press-together-approach here. When pressing together two atoms with large mechanical force (possible with advanced mechanisms for [[mechanosynthesis]]) long before the nuclei get anywhere near** each other one of the strong covalent bonds breaks. One of the chemical bonds that holds in place the atoms with the to-fuse-nuclei within. => Fail. (**"near" in a relative sense -- nucleus-size to nucleus-to-nucleus-distance) Not to mention that the due to the spacial confinement to the tip atom the zero-point-energy of the nucleus is so big that even near absolute zero of temperature its quantum delocalization is much bigger than its own size. So even if you could overcome the electrostatic repulsion with a pick and place approach (which is impossible as explained above) you would not get the nuclei to contact directly but only have a low density probability cloud overlap. == Highly speculative one try one hit fusion == {{speculativity warning}} * [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/10-electrostatic-focusing-on-the-atomic-scale/ forum discussion] = General notes = * Thermal throughput bottleneck [[thermal energy transmission]] * self repair of thermal and [[radiation damage]] * [[isotope separation|isotope sorting]] (e.g. tuning fork method) & closed loop nuclear waste recycling * usage for spacecraft propulsion possible? - earth or space only? * Implications of [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_%28Hamiltonian%29 Liouville's theorem] or "why nuclear mechanosynthesis don't work" - detour over thermal step unavoidable * surface power/(heat flor) density limit - capsule based [[thermal energy transport]] (asymmetric figure eight loop in tokamaks?) may move it further down to more tacklable values. * consistent high temperature stable designs SiC (H-passivation?) = Related = * [[APM and nuclear technology]] * [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] * [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/10-electrostatic-focusing-on-the-atomic-scale/ sci-nanotech.com forum: Highly speculative discussion about "shoot-and-hit" fusion] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] cwuhvn7muc04np1n02fzs1q110duu49 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1139 10713 10712 2021-06-21T10:32:06Z Apm 1 /* In the by the sun "baked out" inner solar system */ == List of anorganic and metal free (odd) gemstone compounds == * BN [[Boron nitride]] – likely incombustible * BP [[Boron phosphide]] – incombustible === Adding sulfur in high quantity – this time it works – well, somewhat, without total decomposition into liquids or gasses === Unlike with [[organic gemstone-like compound]]s <br> in the case of metal free gemstones without a lot of carbon (and nitrogen) inside, adding sulfur to the mix this time works (well, somewhat). <br> The resulting compounds do not become high explosives that yearn to become gasses or liquids acommpanied with a high release of energy. Adding a sulfur into the mix in high ratio does not make the metal and carbon free gemstones unstable (decomposing to gasses) immediately <br> but does instead lead some [[oddball compound|quite exotic stuff]] crossing over to polymeric nature:''' <br> Boron sulfides: * B₂S₃ Boron sulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_sulfide (wikipedia)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_sulfide Phosphorus sulfides] from many stable stiff highly cross-linked molecules. E.g.: * P₄S₁₀ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide Phosphorus pentasulfide] – interrestingly this has diamondoid structure but it's limited to one molecule * P₄S₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide Phosphorus sesquisulfide] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_nitride Sulfur nitrides] from many (somewhat) stable structures. E.g.: * S₄N₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride Tetrasulfur_tetranitride] (shock sensitive) * (SN)_x [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythiazyl Polythiazyl] Elemental sulfur: * (S)_x Elemantal sulfur in form of long chains [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfane polysulfane]s == In the by the sun "baked out" inner solar system == Places in the inner solar system like our Moon and planet Mercury might be quite devoid in volatile elements. <br> Including first and foremost carbon and nitrogen. What's down in their depths is still quite a mystery though. <br> If carbon and nitrogen really turn out to be very scarce there then these odd compounds listed here may be the only option to make non gemstone like polymeric substances. Of course there is always the option to do get elastic materials by just [[Emulated elasticity|emulating elasticity]]. <br> But the capacity of polymers to take up and release microstates in a controlled manner (for [[entropomechanical converters]] – entropic elasticity and entropic energy storage) cannot be emulated this way. == Related == * Top: [[gemstone-like compound]] * Superclass: [[Metal free gemstone-like compound]] * [[Oddball compound]]s – (Not limited to [[gemstone-like compound]], also listing molecular fluids and gasses) * [[semi gemstone-like]] gemstone like sheets and * [[non gemstone-like material]] m4zm806258qh6nqtj6ap9qhfjgnb3y3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 336 11142 11109 2021-07-01T15:48:38Z Apm 1 /* Other compounds with unusual properties */ some cleanup == Special polymers == Polymeres are not the main interest in advanced atomically precise manufacturing since they are not stiff and [[diamondoid]]. Some of them may be useful in the early stages of the path to [[Main Page|APM]]. They may play some role in some products of advanced atomically precise technology though like in [[entropomechanical converter|entropomechanical]] energy converters. Introducing polymers into advanced AP systems (that are mainly [[crystolecule]] based) means introducing weak spots. Radiation and heat have a higher chance to break a long chain than a solid crystolecule brick. See: [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] * Inorganic polymers: Usually not found in nature. They can have some unusual properties * Conductive polymers: Common polymers are usually electrically isolating. Conductive polymers might be useful in early stages of [[bootstrapping]] of APM (e.g. for electrostatic actuation) * Artificial foldamers (the name implies their defining [[self folding]] property): beside common biological foldamers artificial foldamers are very likely to play a major role in the [[incremental path|development]] of advanced APM (gem gum technology). * Polymers with combinations of the precedingly described properties. == Unusual transition element oxides == Transparent volatile liquid metal oxides (/rusts). Note that those are highly toxic. * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide Despite an excess of metal atoms to oxygen atoms the compound is non-metallic and transparent: * (ratio 2:1) Cuprite Cu₂O https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprite == Unusual transition element sulfides == Most metal sulfides are metallic and non transparent. <br> Think: Pyrite FeS (cubic), Galena PbS, Troilite FeS (hexagonal), …<br> Exceptions: * Wurtzite ZnS being transparent as a clean single crystal == Rather inert compounds with fluorine == * SF₆ Sulfur hexafluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride] – so unreactive that it can be breathed in without harm (not to recooment though) * NF₃ Nitrogen trifluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride] – somewhat reactive but way less than what may be expected * CF₄ Carbon tetrafluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrafluoride] (more commonly known as tetrafluormethane) – pretty darn inert * And all the perfluorocarbons: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon (PFCs)] This flips quick to highly reactive and toxic though: * OF₂ oxygen difluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride] * PF₃ phosphorus trifluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride] * SiF₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride] hydrolyzing to F₆H₂Si [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid] – (a salt: Na₂[SiF₆] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate]) Interestingly in the chalcogen group it's flipped the heavier element makes the (by far) more stable compound. <br> In the other cases the lighter elements make the more stable compounds. == Other compounds with unusual properties == * CS₂ Carbon disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_disulfide (wikipedia)] * CSe₂ Carbon diselenide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_diselenide (wikipedia)] ---- * P₂H₂ Diphosphane {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphosphane}} * P(CH₃)₃ Trimethylphosphine {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylphosphine}} * CaC₂ Calcium carbide {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylphosphine}} – released [[acetylene]] on contact with water ---- * Carbon suboxide {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_suboxide}} Carbon suboxide has a low energy state in earth’s oxidative environment and can be polymerized to a solid that could easily be stored by today’s means. When [[chemomechanical converters]] will become available there most likely will be better storage methods for depleted energy available though. So its just a curiosity. '''Note:''' Somewhat unintuitively the compound C₂O₂ (ethylene dione) is very unstable. It has a short lifetime even at low temperatures. This is one of the more subtel instances where one can see that the "[[Periodic table of elements|periodic table as construction kit]]" metaphor must often be taken with a grain of salt. == High oxides == Highly oxidizing acid anhydrides: * Dichlorine hexoxide Cl₂O₆ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide] * Iodine pentoxide I₂O₅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide] ----- * Some other pentoxides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoxide] == Compounds dominantly containing nitrogen == Those are usually quite unstable to explosive. * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_azide * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrazene * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrite == Others == '''Grey α-tin:''' Tin has a fully nonmetallic form that takes on the more sparse crystal structure of silicon due to covalent bond coordination. Replacing some silicon atoms in a silicon oxide (quartz) or silicon carbide crystal with tin is likely to lead to stable structures with maybe desirable properties. Or reversely how much modification by substitution does α-tin need to become more stable, that is to loose its self decompositional properties on thermal cycling? Maybe [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] crystalline α-tin is even stable as long as it's not molten up?<br> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_pest '''Xenon dioxide:''' Under high pressure xenon supposedly can replace silicon in quartz. It is believed that the theoretically predicted amount of Xenon that is missing in our atmosphere is trapped this way inside the earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_dioxide Highly localized pressure (strained structures) can make (single or multiple substitutions of silicon with xenon) stable at macroscopic ambient pressures. Xenon is not too abundant so large scale structural applications (whatever they are) are not likely to become widespread. == Misc == 1,3,5-Trithiane – Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3,5-Trithiane]<br> A six membered carbon sulfur alternating heterocycle. Only slightly soluble in water. Slightly toxic. <br> Maybe a candidate for [[resource molecule]]s but there are probably better ones. ----- Carbon monoxide privatizations on metals aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_carbonyl metal carbonyls]. <br> Like e.g. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl nickel tetracarbonyl]. This one is particularly toxic and problematic. == Related == * '''[[Odd gemstone-like compound]]''' both anorganic (no carbon) and metal free * The uncharted territory of [[organic anorganic gemstone interface]]s * The stuff listed here is just interesting because it's unusual<br> Good for building stuff are: [[Gemstone like compounds]], <br>and especially [[Base materials with high potential]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_polymer Wikipedia: Inorganic polymers] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_polymer Wikipedia: Conductive polymers] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldamer Wikipedia: Foldamer] * Wiki about unusual chemical bonds: [http://dipc.ehu.es/bondslam/index.php/CB2017%27s_Bond_Slam CB2017's Bond Slam] 1hplkxd13oupwrk7hrl3cgp40btssqq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1066 10088 2021-06-08T21:35:30Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Oddball compounds]] to [[Oddball compound]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Oddball compound]] p5tqd1qsf7vkdl8lgp3fnpt9e8nmxru wikitext text/x-wiki 0 342 9183 4417 2021-05-23T13:49:26Z Apm 1 added 6 new ones == Recursive lines == * perception of the limits of your own perception * learn to learn * the concept of a concept * the compression of the compression method * the etymology of "etymology" * the context of "context" * to do what you do * teach to teach * AI detecting AI ----- * Is there another word for thesaurus? — Well maybe. To check for that look into a Thesaurus. * The worst thing about censorship is BEEEEP. * Here is wikipedias disabiguation page for "Disambiguation": — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disambiguation_(disambiguation) * I very much appreciate your appreciation * About correct spelling: if it is "it is" then it's it's * DE: Report aus der Filterblase der Filterblasencommunity == For a shirt == * shameless makes happy * my only deadline is my death r983ene47w4mpjuu81thbls0b2vzdig wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1101 10298 10297 2021-06-13T15:59:17Z Apm 1 details [[File:Pallasite_slice-of-Esquel-meteorite.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A type of stony-iron meterorite called "pallasite". The green parts are olivine. This is believed to be a material that can be found in large quantities at the core mantle boundary of larger rocky planets.]] '''Basic properties:''' * Mohs 6.5 to 7.0 * Orthorhombic – (Nesosilicate like [[topaz]]) * (Nontrivial base cell?) '''Two end members:''' * iron-olivine: Fe₂SiO₄ * magnesium-olivine: Mg₂SiO₄ ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] Fe₂SiO₄ (Mohs 6.5-7) <br> High pressure crystal structure γ-Fe₂SiO₄ is called '''Ahrensite''' – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Ahrensit] – (nice cubic unit cell – Mohs 6 – 4.26g/ccm) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg₂SiO₄ (Mohs 7) <br> Mid pressure crystal structure is called: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsleyite Wadsleyite] – (orthrombic – Mohs ? – 3.84g/ccm)<br> High pressure crystal structure is called: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite '''Ringwoodite'''] – (nice cubic unit cell – Mohs ? – 3.9g/ccm) Suitability of these compounds as [[gemstone-like compound|base materials]] for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] seems quite good. == Some Trivia == Olivine is an extremely common mineral. <br> It is believed that there are large quantities of this stuff down at the core mantle boundary of Earth and above. <br> We know that from stony–iron meteorites called "pallasites" (very pretty to look at). <br> The asteroid [[psyche (asteroid)|psyche]] is believed to be the biggest arteroid in the asteroid belt that is mainly made out of [[pallasite]]. '''Artificially mechanosynthesized ultra pure and flawless olivine would likely be colorless not green.''' == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine Olivine] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallasite Pallasite] * [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Olivine on www.mineralienatlas.de] ---- * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Psyche * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft) * https://www.nasa.gov/psyche == Related == * [[Colonization of the solar system]] * [[Iron]] pdq3jmaaith2zetafhusrsbm3cmep0w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 701 7114 2018-07-11T15:57:19Z Apm 1 moved out as is from [[Common_misconceptions_about_atomically_precise_manufacturing]] == Those "nanobots" can "eat" just about anything - wrong == Main article: [[atomically precise disassembly]] It is often thought that the capability of taking things apart atom by atom would become available just when one starts to be able to put things together atom by atom. This is far from true. Taking things apart atom by atom is a much harder problem in many cases. Beside other factors the inability to consume just about anything harshly limits the aforementioned [[the grey goo meme|grey goo scenario]]. No disassembly. 8sbwgte4lqojc8xmrv48y7lw0ozpn4q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 950 9129 2021-05-23T10:54:02Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] #REDIRECT [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] cy562jq4rm6aa56ruiwp0tr5z79c0wu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1149 10797 2021-06-22T20:31:58Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 947 9107 2021-05-21T10:03:29Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 71 9333 9166 2021-05-25T14:47:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Reasons for APM]] {{site specific term}} An on-chip microcomponent recomposer is a production device that constitutes a standalone sub part of a [[nanofactory]]. It is something like an incomplete [[nanofactory]]. An on-chip microcomponent recomposer only contains the upper [[assembly levels]] beginning with microcomponent assembly (level III or IIb). An on-chip microcomponent recomposer can handle bigger parts that can be taken apart again - that is: * [[Product fragment]]s out of many [[microcomponent]]s And in contrast to a full nanofactory an on-chip microcomponent recomposer can't handle smaller parts that often can't be taken apart again - these are: * The many [[crystolecule]]s in microcomponents <br> (Note: After assembly microcomponents often can't be disassembled to their constituting crystolecules because of irreversible fusion of dense [[surface interface]]s. Also the possibly necessary vacuum lock in is much more difficult than vacuum lockout.) * The many atoms / [[molecule fragment]]s in crystolecules <br> (Note: [[atomically precise disassembly|mechanosynthetic disassembly]] is more difficult than mere normal forward [[mechanosynthesis]]) As a consequence (unlike full nanofactories) everything that on-chip microcomponent recomposers can build they can take apart to the building blocks they made them out. Thus '''on-chip microcomponent recomposers are excellent recycling machines'''. They shuffle existing that is prefabricated [[microcomponents]] into new configurations to create new different products from old ones (or from virgin microcomponents of an macroscopically ''external'' nanofactory). == Misc == More general purpouse [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s may do the same job as an on-chip microcomponent recomposer but less efficient. = Global microcomponent redistribiution network = Ob-chip microcomponent recomposers become especially effective when connected to a ''global microcomponent redistribution system''. <br> Main article: [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] == Mobile == When in locations without access to a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] then <br> one could lug around around a cartridge of the most often used [[microcomponent]]s. <br> This is somehow comparable to a computer cache with the most often used dater nearest to the ALU. = Integration into normal everyday experience = == Thing source and thing drain == Instead of packing on-chip microcomponent recomposer functionality into each and every surface of our environment it is probably more sensible to put them where we expect them. Physical locations are usually associated with functions. No one wants the ''immediate delete'' button right next to the ''save'' button. E.g. '''The good old dustbin'''. It may be replaced with a microcomponent recomposer that is set to disassemble its contents when "a button is pushed". Note: The other direction - general purpose ''production'' devices (e.g. the size of a laserprinter are probably more likely to integrate the full nanofactory functionality. ([[Regulations]]?...) == The fridge and the freezer == The fridge and the freezer are further physical locations associated with a special use. <br> Especially at those locations full on-chip nanofactories are needed instead of just on-chip microcomponent recomposers. What one usually expects to be in a freezer is food and medicine. Since they Food and medical drugs (at least the non serious ones) absolutely need to be synthesizable locally. Otherwise they need to be be carried in from afar which makes little sense - see below. '''Food''' (made directly in the fridge) may contain nonpoisonous digestible microcomponents (made exclusively from e.g. periclase, calicte, appatite, DNA-meshworks, de novo proteins ...) but certainly not as a main component. Food is not made to be disassembled - its made to be eaten by humans or other forms of life. The same holds for medical drugs (that may be temperature sensitive) '''Medicine''' will often come in the form of advanced medical nanodevices. those nanodevices may be standalone microcomponents (slowly degrading or nonderading but well egestable) - there's no need for a recomposer. '''Why microcomponent recycling involving transport:''' (Main article: [[Recycling]]) <br> It boils down to that everything that biodegradates quickly is not worth the effort of transporting in from afar. The point of paying the cost of transport for microcomponents is: not to create even more non degrading waste which is more costly to get rid of. Critical drugs will very probably be subject to intense regulations - thus no local synthesis. Related: [[Synthesis of food]] = Thermal bunching = {{wikitodo|Write about this very important aspect}} = Related = * Disambiguation page: [[Microcomponent recomposer]] A compact microscopic version of an on-chip microcomponent recomposer is a [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]. <br> It would have some similarities with a [[molecular assembler]]. Main difference being the lack of [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic capabilities]] * [[Technology level III]] * [[Recycling]] * [[Thermal bunching]] * [[Second assembly level self replication]] * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] * [[Reasons for APM]] – There's a section about "Fast recycling" and how it leads to problem solving opportunities. = External links = * [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recomposition wiktionary: recomposition] [[Category:Technology level III]] ltzxd5n8pwkz1bsd6ug47qenlmgy3ic wikitext text/x-wiki 0 992 10246 9560 2021-06-13T12:47:04Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[On the commonness of earth like life in the multiverse]] to [[On the commonness of Earth like life in the multiverse]] {{speculativity warning}} = Deriving a framework from sensible seeming claims = == Arrow of time as an absolute minimum basis for life == Sensible seeming claims: * All life bearing universes need an arrow of time. Otherwise perception and information processing would not be possible. So [[Emergence of the arrow of time|we have time]]. * Most universes that contain life will have a long time stable construction kit capable of forming structures akin to our periodic table of elements. Particles that can form and retain complex geometric patterns. == 3D space and periodic table construction kit == Assuming the [[big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] that minimizes complexity for life bearing universes (to get that arrow of time): * Universes that contain life may (big may) come by far most common with a flat 3D space * 3D Universes that contain life will be most common with a periodic table of elements of minimal but sufficient complexity. As few as possible but just as much as necessary chemical elements. Ours is about 100 elements long. Maybe it's an exceptionally tight squeeze and almost all live bearing universes have a periodic table that looks almost exactly like ours. == Gravity == A force (at least phenomenological) (akin to our gravity) at a vastly larger scale than the scale of the construction kits forces seems to be necessary for local spacial aggregation of the construction kit. Extreme sparseness seems to be a recurring theme in this world. * Concrete implementations of a possibility for a big number of construction kit particles space are always unfathomably sparse * Math is unfathomably sparse and very deceptively so (We know the least numbers of the numbers that are the most common. The uncountable reals numbers minus the countable rationals (if you accept the real numbers as "real" that is – some mathematicians question this), and math has is full of holes * In 3D graphic computer game simulation there always this island of geometry floating around very close to the origin surrounded by a humongous void of virtual black. Yes this is not really physical space like a vacuum ([[hyperisolation chamber|that is never really truly empty]]) but just floating point numbers in the computer that happen to not exploit their representative capabilities near their borders of their representative capabilities because of several reasons that might lead off-topic ... The sparseness that gravity locally counteracts is in physical space rather than combinatorial space. <br> A pint to ponder about maybe. = Features of Earh like life that may be common in the multiverse = == Two eyedness == Assuming the above motivated commonness of live bearing universes comong with a 3D space Two eyedness for stereoscopic vision seems also common. Especially for larger multiverse-animals == Quadrupedalism, Bipedalism == A small scale construction kit in 3D space plus gravity gives planets. So for larger multiverse-animals quadrupedal seems sensible. A similar evolution to the human one to bipedalism for hands as tools use seems thinkable. == Skin == Skin is a natural solution to optimization problems when one makes ore complex structures with various delicacies and performanced. <br> See: [[Passivation (disambiguation)]]. <br> What kinds of skins seems rather unclear. We have lots of examples on Earth there very likely are much more options. == Limits of predictability and unknowable surprises == Of course we fundamentally can't exclude completely different solutions for conscious life bearing universes that we can't even begin to imagine ... These need to be similar in likelihood (big bang demixing entropy) to our example though. * If too unlikely then they can't contribute to both the commonness of earthy like and anything very different in the multiverse. * If too likely then we would most likely be there instead of here. So if very different life bearing universes with a similar commonness/likelyhood do "multiverse-pseudoexist" then it seems necessayry that there mist be a lot of them To phrase it maybe more comprehensibly: If there would only be a few vastly different alternatives to conscious life bearing universes, then it would be very unlikely that their commonness/likelyhood very closely matches the commonness/likelyhood of our example. And note that it must lie very very close. Since every single added bit in demixing information halves the likelihood of the generated universe ([[simulation hypothesis]] perspective). == Related == * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] * [[Philosophical topics]] [[Category:Philosophical]] k2xes4ujmuhxw7wxvviuiav5b14pjg1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1091 10247 2021-06-13T12:47:04Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[On the commonness of earth like life in the multiverse]] to [[On the commonness of Earth like life in the multiverse]] #REDIRECT [[On the commonness of Earth like life in the multiverse]] 8jt0k807o075lok748jrfssx6e0vd8v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 994 9516 2021-05-29T14:51:05Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[On the particle wave dualism]] to [[On the particle wave duality]]: wikipedia says it's duality not dualism #REDIRECT [[On the particle wave duality]] fs01bwg94htl0vryftatut0rz0fe4i4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 993 10058 9525 2021-06-08T13:06:27Z Apm 1 /* A problem with infinitely small particles */ = Intro = == A problem with infinitely small (non virtual) particles == Particles definitely cannot be points with truly infinite small size and truly infinite density since infinite singularities always point to a breakdown of a mathematical model that is trying to describe reality. Also infinitely small points would need to have infinite impulse and thus infinite energy energy due to the Heisenberg principle (unless they are [[virtual particles]]). Before even that they would form a microscopic black hole. == Wave packages in 3D space cannot help explaining (shapeless) particle quantizations == '''What if the wave-particle duality is not about particles as in "point like particles in space" in the first place?''' <br> While an interpretation of particles as almost arbitrarily (down to Planck scales) compact wave packages naively and superficially may seem as a solution at first it does not explain particle quantization which is the actual essence of the wave-particle duality. Particle quantization (like quantization of photon energies and the indivisibility of electrons) can not be explained by interpreting wave packages as point like particles. Wave packets in space are an inapplicable tool even. One rather needs second quantization to explain these qunatized particle like properties. == A conflation of concepts that complicates discussion == A problem with "wave-particle duality" may be that it conflates: * particles in the sense of quantizedness * particles in the sense of straight ray like behavior And neither of both is about point like particles. <br>Which makes a massively confusing mess. = Examples = == Waves as (quantized shapeless) particles == In case of the photoelectric effect the quantization of light into particles is independent of the shape of the wave function that describes the light. Well, more accurately a photon particle with it's very specific sharply defined energy (E = h * nu) and thus sharply defined impulse would need to be maximally de-localized in space. That means it would need to be a plane wave with infinite size. <small> '''Side-note to the photoelectric effect''' <br> The photoelectric effect says that when the energy of individual photons is not sufficient then, no matter how much one cranks up the lights intensity (intensity means the number of photons per time and area), there still won't be dislodged any electrons form the metals surface. (Assuming no secondary effects like thermal heat-up reducing the work function) There is an exception to this rule though. If intensity gets so high that two photons arrive at the same time (this is really very high typically only reachable by pulsed lasers) then their energies can add up. These are two photon processes lifting bond electrons to higher energy levels and these are used for * [[optical superresolution microscopy]] and * optical superresolution nanoscale 3D printing It should work for lifting electrons out of metals too. Related: The "UV catastrophe". <br> The realization that photon quantization is necessary to explain non-divergent black body radiation spectra. </small> == (Quantized shapeless) particles as waves == === No regurgitation here === Discussion of the particle.wave duality usually starts with the double slit experiment. There's an endless amount of discussion of that on the web already so let's go in a bit of a different direction here: (If the reader is unfamiliar wit the concept they are advised to read up on it elsewhere.) In the classical double slit experiment electrons need to be shot onto the double slit * as sufficiently widely de-localized locally planar waves * at low enough energies === The indivisible quanta of charge and mass being the true "particles" and they have no shape === There are two transitions in the double slit experiment. <br> * "waveification": Shooting one electron after another to proof they can do self-interference. * "particelification": Detecting electrons at the sensor (at a quantum random position) makes their wave function collapse into localized whole electrons again. There are no fractional charges distributed over the detector sensor. Note that cooling and isolating the detector (and the immediate data post processing) sufficiently from the environment hypothetically could retain quantum superposition of detection within the detector. Final evaluation outside the well isolated detection and data preprocessing part of the experiment could then be done in such a way that the detection of an electrons position on the detector is not narrowed down to one single pixel but instead is narrowed down to a just sub area of the detector. This does not mean that we don't know which pixel the electron was detected. The electron really passed through quantum parallelly though the whole subarea of the detector. == (Ray like acting shapeless) particles as waves == === Why particle-ray like behavior is following from maximally wave like character === If an electron is shot onto the double slit with one specific very high speed <br> (that would be a "maser" – a matter laser – not happening by accident) then: * (1) The electron has a one specific wavelength that is much shorter than the slits wideness and there will be no interference pattern. A very macroscale point particle like behavior. * (2) The electron necessarily has a big non point like extension in space. It has the shape of a wave front that is spacially wide extended. A very wave like property. This is due to the Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. === Why matter wave packets (in free space) make no good particle-ray like behavior === If an electrons is shot onto the double slit as a strongly localized wave package (not happening by accident), then (due to the Heisenberg principle) it necessarily has a wide distribution of impulses, speeds and corresponding wavelengths. the low frequency parts will act like a wave the high frequency parts like a solid macroscale sand grain particle. = Misc = == Waves as rays == Given the wavelength of photons or electrons is short enough compared to features of a shadowing screen, there will be cast a straight-ray-shadow that matches to what would expect from point like particles. The "particles" here can be highly doe-localized waves here though. Approximating point like particles with highly localized wave packets one necessarily gets widely distributed impulse. For matter waves where different impulses mean different speeds the "particle" will run apart the faster the more localized it started out. While there are high frequency parts in the impulse spectrum that act particle-ray like there are also low frequency parts in the spectrum that act more wave like. == Second quantization rather than spacial localization == Note that in the first two examples above we call quantized chunks of matter or light particles despite this having noting whatsoever to do with a localization in space. Wave packages in space do not help to explain these non-spacial quantizations. Where else does the quantization come from then? <br> Quantization is always comes out of waves with imposed boundary conditions. But these boundary conditions do not necessarily lie in 3D space. This leads to second quantization. Second quantization meaning that the boundary conditions do not lie in 3D space but instead in the dimensions that carry fields (to check). The association of "wave-particle duality" with "spacial point particles" is probably mostly due to history and choice of naming. What about better alternatives names? * "wave quantum duality" ... seems bad due to very likely incomprehension due to confusion with first quantization * "wave chunk duality" ... could work === Differences for quantization into particles === Quantization of photons and electrons as individual particles is very different. <br> Quantization of energy levels of electrons in the sells of atoms is even more different (first quantization). * Electrons only come in one size of charge and mass. * Photons can come with any energy desired. = Related = * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[On the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics]] r7fr2qetu0wu1gj0jxfrceyj2sj41p3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 990 9501 9497 2021-05-29T09:37:50Z Apm 1 added link to page [[Quantum mechanics]] == The irreducible see saw between size and speed == Electrons density clouds in atoms (atomic orbitals – electrons in stable states belonging to the atom) can not be smaller than the innermost electron shell. If electrons in atoms would be smaller than the innermost electron shell (in a non virtual sense - more on that later) then they would need to have so much impulse (and kinetic energy) that they would leave the atom promptly. Why? Because electrons clouds in atoms have the smallest possible product of blurriness in space and blurriness in mass-motion (proper term: impulse). Squeezing the cloud any further down in space blows up the electron cloud in an abstract but very useful mass-motion space (proper term: impulse space). A "space" which describes a distribution over motion directions and speeds. This smallest possible product of blurriness in space and blurriness in impulse is called the "plank constant". The seesaw effect that: * makes tightly constrained electrons move more vigorously and that * makes electrons with a very precise temperature (very cold is easiest) very big is called the "Heisenberg uncertainty relationship". == Electrons as density clouds == A decent intuitive picture for atoms are soft/blurry clouds that are (in a certain mathematical sense) as smooth as possible and can exert soft forces on other of these clouds in case they come close. There are no hard surfaces and certainly no sharp planet like orbits. These clouds are made of so called "electron density". Atoms basically are electrons (determining all volume an chemistry). The electrons in atoms (especially the outermost ones) not just have the size of atoms they literally are the atoms. There are the earlier mentioned "virtual energy fluctuations" of electrons (not to confuse with the related virtual matter antimatter particle pairs arising from vacuum) which "exist" in the sense that they lead to measurable effects (forces). They do not "exist" though in the sense that they can be directly measured / observed. The electron cloud size that would correspond to these fluctuations can be much smaller than atoms (how small open is an question - but infinitely small points are a sure sign of a model breakdown). == Probability interpretation likely motivated by results of scattering experiments == Collision experiments can strongly mislead one to believe that one can catch a snapshot of the electron when it was orbiting the nucleus in a classical way, since with a collision one can force an atomic orbital electron cloud to "collapse" to a much smaller size than the atom. There are two reasons why this is problematic: "hidden variables" and "delayed choice". An elaboration follows. Such a collision experiment could look roughly like so (largely simplified to be suitable as thought experiment): One shoots e.g. a second electron (a free electron) at a stable atomic orbital electron cloud in a hydrogen atom. This other "projectile" electron is best pictures as a wave package in the shape of cloudy disk much thinner than the atom. The diameter of the disk is of no particular importance it can be much bigger than the diameter of the atom. (Side-note: An actual experiment would have more of a fat disk / stream / dispersed wave front, with many electrons hitting many atoms.) In the probabilistic view (Copenhagen interpretation of QM) one gets some collision probabilities from the overlap of the two electron clouds that occurs when the disk shaped projectile electron cloud passes through the electron that constitutes the majority of hydrogen atoms volume. In case a collision is detected the location of this collision and thus the location of the electron of the atom can (theoretically) be resolved much finer than the size of the atom. "Virtual" just means "not outside of a quantum entanglement" and thus us not knowing where it is dies not imply a lack of knowledge. From this perspective the electron really isn't in virtual Heisenberg relation violating spot. I guess one can discuss that to death. As long as the math works out the same it really makes no difference. From a non particle physics perspective nanotechnology perspective the electron density cloud interpretation just seems nicer. === A problem with the probability interpretation === When measuring a high energy electron-electron collision the result will tell us that the electron in the atom was in a smaller space than the whole atom. But the electron was actually definitely not (in a non virtual sense) in a smaller space than the whole atom just before the collision. Well one still can define virtual electron states that violate Heisenbergs principle as "real". In a sense they are real since they cause real forces. But there's a second problem even when accepting virtual particles as real. Assuming the electron was (in a virtual sense) already in this overly localized spot before the collision occurred would be equilalent to assuming hidden local variables, which we now are not real from the bell experiments that proved that quantum entanglement is more than just a lack of knowledge in form of a real statistical difference. <br> Well one still can maybe ponder about global hidden variables maybe (pilot wave interpretation of QM). === Wave collapse at the latest possible time === Assuming the electron was in the measured freshly kicked out strongly localized state right after the collision is also inconsistent with quantum mechanics. Actually it is more like all possible collisions occur in a quantum parallel fashion (superposition of many freshly kicked out states) and the wave collapse only happens when the scattered electrons hit the detector (multi world interpretation of QM) or even later when you feed the measurement results without detour into a quantum computer. (One could say that parallel worlds "exist" in the sense that they can do useful work in form of quantum-parallel-computation and have measurable effects. Parallel worlds don't "exist" in the sense that they can't provide as much power as actual parallel computation - not that it could be implemented, and they don't "exist" in the sense that they can't be checked one after another exhaustively.) == Related == * [[Quantum mechanics]] p3c1fkxbzbzd8bth21k9n3yxtfqzbee wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1301 11879 11877 2021-08-24T06:29:30Z Apm 1 /* Why to surveil the assembly process tactilely (and go beyond open loop control) */ added section: == Development & Final systems == {{stub}} Open loop control is control without feedback The robot is not capable or equipped to "see" or otherwise detect <br> when its actions do not lead to desired/expected/nominal results. <br> Instead it just keeps on going doing what is does. <br> Totally oblivious and in total denial of what is going on. <br> Failures may lead up to self destruction of the robotic system <br> or sometimes to more or less spectacular and miraculous recoveries. {{wikitodo|add illustrations, two 3D printing failure modes, this is fine meme, ...}} == Why not to surveil the assembly process ("visually") == Unlike in the macroscale one cannot just add cameras to detect and react on errors. * Visible light has a way too long wavelength. * Short enough wavelength light (X-rays) have way too much energy mostly penetrating not reflected and destructive. Additionally the necessary computing power to "visually" surveil all assembly stations is not really possible. Other means of imaging without direct physical include electron microscopy and advanced [[neutral matter wave microscopy]]. <br> Electron microscopy is sharing the destructiveness problem of X-rays. In all cases, both light and matter-wave visual imaging, <br> both the generation and the detection seems not very miniaturizable. <br> At least not down to scales similar to the nanoscale assembly chambers to surveil. === One-off debugging campaigns === Gentle observation with advanced [[neutral matter wave microscopy]] should indeed be possible for <br> a singled out area of nano- to micro-machinery. Even if strongly miniaturized (way smaller than room sized) such microscopes <br> will most likely always remain macroscopic in their size. br> So there's no way to observe ALL of the internal nanomachinery "visually" in this level of detail during nominal operation. One can only pick out an some areas of interest as statistical sample in the course of a debugging campaign. The system musts be specially prepared to be open-space-accessible. <br> Like an open [[gem-gum factory]] cross section. <br> But still sealed to [[PPV]] vacuum quality. <br> Transparent windows are not possible for advanced [[neutral matter wave microscopy]]. == Why to surveil the assembly process tactilely (and go beyond open loop control) == === Fully integrated error detection beyond open loop control === When going beyond open loop control at the nanoscale <br> the most feasible error detection method is simple '''probing by touching.''' (testing for steric obstruction). <br> Is there part there where and when as it should be or not? What to do if exceptions are not met. Repeated equivalent testing for steric obstruction can increase reliability exponentially. <br> {{wikitodo|Refer to Nanosystems section on that topic.}} This is obviously continuously extendable to a raster touch probing <br> eventually giving height-map images. Especially at larger scales (higher [[assembly levels]]) <br> it becomes increasingly possible to raster probing like imaging permanently into production systems. Not just for testing and debugging campaigns. == Development & Final systems == Development necessarily needs to go beyond open loop control. <br> One needs to somehow "see" if the advanced [[productive nanosystems]] one builds actually do what they are intended to do. Later unnecessary systems for observation can be stripped off again. Related: [[Naked core]] and [[Legacy littered arrival result]] == Related == * [[Machine phase]] * [[Tracing trajectories of component in machine phase]] * [[Physical debugging]] / Analytics ---- * [[Physical debugging]] * [[Neutral matter wave microscopy]] * [[Analytics]] ---- '''3D printers:''' * Spaghetti failure mode * Lost steps terrace failure mode == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_controller Open-loop controller] jv8pn0ghrmnafrew6n6dshvbwr69uzf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 44 7235 7090 2018-07-18T15:29:21Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Reasons for APM]] This page is about the opportunity [[technology level III|advanced APM technology]] will give us to solve the most severe civilization problems of our current time (2017). Without advanced APM many of those problems that may not be solvable fast enough or may not be solvable at all. = Problems that will be not too hard to solve with [[further improvement at technology level III|AP Technology]] are: = == Energy related == * removal of carbon dioxide to stop and reverse climate change ([[mobile carbon dioxide collector buyo]]s, [[mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]s, [[geoengineering]]) * resolving [[energy storage problem]]s with [[energy storage cells]] and [[chemomechanical converters]] * beside radical improvements in [[energy storage cell|storing energy]] also significant improvements in [[energy extraction|gaining energy]] and [[energy efficiency|efficient usage of energy]] * ending energy scarcity e.g. via [[solar street pavings]] using [[diamondoid solar cells]] & other energy harvesting methods like e.g. [[geothermal energy]] via improved [[deep drilling]] capabilities. * near 100% reduction of the enegry necessary for heating indoor living spaces through highly effective [[thermal isolation]] metamaterials ([[architectural engineering]]) == Material related == * stopping dependence on scarce elements via usage of [[metamaterial]]s based upon [[diamondoid]]s comprised out of [[abundant elements]]. (no more mining the deep sea) * better alternatives to PET drinking bottles and plastic shopping bags - [[spill]] * avoidance of release of toxic chemicals into the environment (e.g. metamaterial rubbers do not need plasticizers) * avoidance of poison leaching food packaging (possible source of allergies) == Environment related == * Ending the clear-cutting & giving back agricultural area to nature. To some extent reducing the excessive space usage of agriculture (cheap glass houses) * capture of seaborne plastic waste: great pacific garbage patch * [[repair of dead zones]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_%28ecology%29 wikipedia]) in our oceans by removing excessive nutrients and adding oxygen. ([[geoengineering]]) == Society related == * stopping [[Human overpopulation|population boom]] via rising and equilibrating global wealth. * better accommodation for the homeless ([[AP suit]], minimal temporary housing) * mending the lack of good global freshwater supply due to cheap energy easy desalination and improved transport ([[filters]]) * making our advanced civilization a great deal more [[disaster proof]] - for recovery from when things gone horribly wrong == Infrastructure related == * major improvement of public transport and general transport infrastructure ([[upgraded street infrastructure]]) * fast silent and dust free big scale construction zones without cranes * replacement of concrete and asphalt - [[Architectural engineering]] * material delivery possibly through a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] akin to a high-tech tube mail * much safer gas pipes - solid state micro encapsulated - no more gas leaks - no more explosion accidents * prevention of failure of large scale structures (e.g. bridges) through interspersion of materials with sensing elements - exactly defined breakage pattern in the worst case * protection against some of the natural disasters that are easier to handle * alleviating traffic congestions * better access to space and the deep sea = Luxury related = * richer and more colorful environment - (e.g. [[techno plants]]) * cumulative fashion design - [[clothing]], [[jewelry]] = Problems that will be hard to tackle even with AP Technology: = These fall mostly under category of issues with waste: * cleanup of highly dispersed radioactive contaminations in the ground * cleanup of old landfills that are remnants of today's technology * dealing with the new [[dangers]] of AP technology e.g. waste management (and avoidance of landfills or similar) * cleaning up of [[space debris]] (maybe?) Others are: * social and financial stability and well being in the time of most rapid change and thereafter * protection against some natural disasters that are more difficult to handle (e.g. volcanoes & earthquakes) The worst of all maybe: * [[General software issues]]. Referring more to fundamentally broken legacy software architecture than to malicious software. Who wants round softwood wheels when one can incrementally improve the square hardwood wheels to square steel wheels? That's the situation in an ultra-compressed over-caricatured [[analogy|allegory]]. <br>(Note: the similarity of this allegory with the incremental material stiffness improvement in the [[incremental path]] is totally accidental. The path towards advanced APM, being it [[direct path|direct]] or [[incremental path|incremental]], is actually one of the rare cases where we actually move towards a more "round wheel".) = Further Notes = More concrete applications can be found on the "[[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]]" page. [TODO: add explanatory chapters for each of them] = Related = * [[Reasons for APM]] * [[Dangers]] = External links = * [http://www.foresight.org/challenges/index.html Foresight institutes challenges] [[Category:Technology level III]] 94d17c5sxcnctkd5b1ara8ny56ddnat wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1132 11102 11100 2021-07-01T09:40:03Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Photonics]] = The mechanical to optical and back conversion challenge = == Difference in size-scales == Even rather short optical wavelengths (300nm – near UV) are huge compared to carbon atoms ~0.2nm. <br> That would make an optical diamond fiber with a radius (or side length if square) of ~1500 carbon atoms. Assembling such bigger structures would be straightforward with [[convergent assembly]] though. <br> Size scale of optical fibers for visible and far beyond is somewhere between * [[crystolecular element]]s ~64nm * [[Microcomponent]]s ~2µm * [[Mesocomponent]]s ~64µm == Difference in time-scales == Moving charges mechanically back and forth or in circles only suffices for generating and receiving radio frequencies.<br> See: [[mechanoradio and radiomechanical conversion]]. This to have a bridge between the mechanical world of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] and the optical world <br> other conversionmechanisms are needed. * (1) [[optomechanical conversion]] where a fast optical electronic excitation eventually causes a slow mechanical conformation change * (2) [[mechanooptical conversion]] where a machanical manipulation excites an electronic state that eventually emits a photon. (1) is well known today (2) is pretty exotic. == Wild "photonic steampunk" implementation idea (light generation) == One idea would be to have a dead end of an optical fiber and pass by with an attachment chain (over some stretch) electronically excited material in such a way that the dradgging by catalyses a radiation emitting electronic de-excitation. (could probably be combined with laser like stimulated emission). At an other location along the attachment chain the material is electronically re-excited. Electronically re-excited either by mechanical means, electronic means or in any other suitable way. Note that this approach with a chain only makes sense if in-place-re-excitation is a bottleneck. <br> (Kinda hope so, transporting metastable electronic excitations on an nanoscale attachment chain sounds kinda cool.) '''Long enough phosphorescent decay time needed''': <br> The phosphorescent transition will need to have a long enough decay time to be mechanically transportable from excitation-site to (catalyzed) de-excitation-site. <br> Maybe with advanced atomically precise manufacturing capabilities (and fine tunable unusaually large intermolecular forces) a lot bigger range of <br> phosphorescent systems will be acessible/developable. {{todo|Investigate design of phosphorescent centers assuming advanced [[gem-gum technology]] is available.}} '''No photo-bleaching''': <br> Having the photoactive molecules in machine phase may make it possible to avoid "photobleaching" (photoactive molecules taking damage) entirely. == Direct electromagnetic wave to mechanical conversions (light reception) == This may be: * to receive data * to recuperate power (likely more challenging) Photoinduced conformational changes are likely typically fast and weak. <br> This seems to call for: * a photonically induced buildup of tension with many very fast very small increments * a collective mechanical release of big accumulated tension in a single slow step {{todo|Investigate almost direct optical to mechanical energy conversion in more detail}} <br> = Related = * [[Photonics]] * '''[[Fun with spins]]''' * '''[[Electronic transitions]]''' * [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] – tuning of energy gaps discussed there ---- * [[Energy conversion]] – the conversions that have optical on one side * [[mechanooptical conversion]] – '''this is very new''' – exciting elecronic stated by force applying mechanic manipulation on bound molecules * [[optomechanical conversion]] – '''basically photochemistry''' – causing a conformational change through electronic structure change through optical ---- * [[Mechanically stable electronically excited states]] ---- * Tailored absorption spectra (aka taylored color), fluorescence, and phosphorescence in: <br>Polyaromatic pigments, F-centers in gemstones, ... * photochromic effects – (like in self-darkening sunglasses) * thermochromic effects – (like in color changeing paints) ---- * '''[[Color emulation]]''' – this page also treats structural color * Optical particle accelerators * [[teraherz gap]] * [[non mechanical technology path]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoexcitation Photoexcitation] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photochemistry Category:Photochemistry] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotrian_diagram Grotrian_diagram] – visualizing the energy levels to see possible transitions and sizes * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram Molecular orbital diagram] – visualizing how energy levels change (split up) when bonds (in molecules) are formed * Ligand field diagram (or scheme) – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_field_theory Ligand field theory] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet Ultraviolet] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum Visible spectrum] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_infrared Far infrared] rrdgjts9y0o9kb66ejb0ah22l5krwne wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1183 11135 11041 2021-07-01T13:51:03Z Apm 1 added a minimal intro {{Stub}} '''On chip laser driven particle accelerator – optical metamaterial''' Optical particle accelerators may potentially provide the same amount of acceleration as <br> accelerators using superconductive radio frequency cavities (SRF accelerators) <br> but in only 1/10000th of the distance! <br> Needed optical structures are big compared to atomic scale. <br> Still they are hard to manufacture with today's technology. <br> Advanced atomically precise manufacturing will surely help here. {{wikitodo|discuss in the context of future [[gem-gum technology]] in more detail}} == Related == * [[Particle acceleration of crystolecules]] == External links == * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgitpwOUDpo] "'Particle Accelerator on an Integrated Photonic Chip' - Prof. Vuckovic invited talk OSA FiO + LS" by "Nanoscale and Quantum Photonics Lab at Stanford" 2020-09-16 Related: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_radio_frequency Superconducting radio frequency] – SRF cavity accelerators * Brief Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mu4m7wSnpD0] "Accelerator Science: Why RF?" by Fermilab 2016-12-21 * Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPYmM3LPSeU] "Introduction to superconducting RF acceleration by Prof. Matthias Liepe 2017" by Center for Bright Beams 2017-10-03 Offtopic: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_acceleration Plasma acceleration] (wake field accelerators) * Video:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZbXGDxMRCw] "Wakefield Accelerators: The Future of Particle Colliders? - Deep Dive 1" by The Thought Emporium 2018-02-26 d5ma428ouurxzf4tlphkj7ypa8apqf2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 916 10755 10754 2021-06-21T16:28:54Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} == What is an "organic gemstone" even? == See main page: [[Organic gemstone-like compound]] There are very few "organic gemstone" (as to this wikis definition of them) these include: * [[Diamond]] (and it's somewhat symmetry changed varieties including [[lonsdaleite]]). <br> * Carbon nitrides (like β-C₃N₄ [[beta carbon nitride]]), carbon phosphides, carbon borides There are also [[Metal free gemstone-like compound|metal-free gemstones]] with at least 50% carbon like e.g. [[moissanite]]. <br> These could be called a semi organic gemstone, but including the semi-metal silicon is really stretching it. == How to fuse them together with "normal gemstoes"? == The question here is how to fuse these organic gemstones together with all the other possible gemstones. <br> The main difference here is the atomic diameter. Metal atoms are quite big when compared to carbon atoms. <br> Furthermore metal atoms often have high bond order due to their d-valence-orbitals and like to for coordinate bonds (aka dative bonds) and <br> (taking one step further to the left in the periodic table) metals are sometimes are quite ionic. Inspiration for the desired gemstone coupling could be taken from: * Teeth and geometry of chelating agents. -- See [[Coordinate bond]] * Bonds in metalorganic compounds. * Bonds in [[sandwich compound]]s. The spacial context for fusing gemstones is much different though <br> with a dense stiff policyclic gemstome like bond framework on each sides behind. == Related == Bonding to organic graphene onto gemstones (organic or not). <br> E.g. maybe to do surface passivation of larger gears. <br> Possibly with bonds similar to the ones found in [[sandwich compound]]s. * [[Seamless covalent welding]] * [[diamond like compounds]] * [[Sandwich compound]] * [[Semi organic gemstone-like compounds]] ---- [[Nanosystems]] Chapter 8 Mechanosynthesis <br> => 8.5. Forcible mechanochemical processes <br> => 8.5.10. Transition-metal reactions <br> => 8.5.10.b. Ligands suitable for mechanochemistry <br> => Illustration 8.44 – A [[cobalt]] atom bond by nitrogen lone pairs in a [[diamondoid]] cage <br> Related: [[Fun with spins]] ---- * [[Fun with spins]] * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Gemstone-like compound]] grwgh55ssg0fdmjciepvh16js4qqb2d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1137 11141 10750 2021-07-01T15:41:53Z Apm 1 {{site specific term}} '''Organic gemstones''' shall include all gemstones that ... * ... do not contain metals but only light non-metallic elements * ... do contain carbon '''Organic gemstones''' typically ... * ... contain [[volatile elements]] (carbon, nitrogen) * ... are combustible. * ... become unstable if too much oxygen (or sulfur) is mechanosynthetically added == List of organic gemstone compounds (attempting exhaustiveness) == The options are rather limited so it seems here (for once) one quickly can arrive at a quite exhaustive list of the most basic possible structures. <br> As always on this wiki: The heavier more scarce elements (Arsenic, Selenium, ...) are excluded for materials for eventual large scale structural use. * C [[Diamond]] * C [[Lonsdaleite]] * β-C₃N₄ [[Beta carbon nitride]] – (possibly a fire hazard) * C_?P_? Likely some carbon phosphides (at least sheets) – eventual health hazard due to direct carbon phosphorus bonds (common in toxins) ---- Perhaps over(?)stretching it a bit: <br> * SiC Silicon carbide aka [[moissanite]] And [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_carbides boron carbides] like: * B₄C [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_carbide Terraboron monocarbide] ---- * '''Metal carbides are NOT included here.''' <br>So e.g. titanium carbide (TiC) is NOT counted as organic gemstone-like compound here. <br> For these see: [[Simple metal containing carbides and nitrides]] === Why adding oxygen or sulfur only works for trace amounts === * Adding oxygen in high quanity leads to carbon dioxide CO₂ which is (as one should now) not stable as a covalently cross-linked solid * Adding sulfur in huge quantity leads to carbon disulfide CS₂ wich is an (interesting) liquid in its thermodynamic stable form * Nitrogen just wants to mind it's own business and wants to get back to its molecular di-nitrogen from with its strong tripple bond (usually a quite exoergic reaction) Metastable solid state forms (not referring to being frozen) may be possible (especially at low temperatures) but activation energies are low making these compounds into dangerous high energy explosives. == Related == * Superclass: [[Metal free gemstone-like compound]]s == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound Inorganic compound] – the exact definition is field dependents, so taking a bit of liberty here should be ok. com58s1kqkkvuekxmrr2a5gwrgcqays wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1144 10928 10812 2021-06-26T00:37:55Z Apm 1 /* Related */ == Organic linkers between metal ions forming a stiff framework == One idea here is to bridge the gap between positive metal ions (cations) * not by simple negative counterions or * not by negative oxoacid anions * but with small organic structures (as negtive counterions). The resulting structure should ge quite stron and stiff. <br> Otherwise it won't fill the requirements for being a [[gemstone like compound]]. The organic linking elements between the metal ions * need nor be (but can be) stiff on their own. * are bit like chelating agents but need to bridge between at least four metal ions to be able make a stiff 3D network Especially with (poly) aromatic structures involved in the linking elements interesting electronic and optical properties can be present. == Metal ions integrated in a stiff organic gemstone framework – Allowing for Energy gap tuning, color tuning, and magnetic property tuning == Another idea here is to integrate metal ions in an otherwise organic gemstone framework, such <br> that high forces (both positive and negative possible) are permanently exerted on the metal ions which <br> thereby massively change gaps between occupied and unoccupied elecronic levels in a quite precisely controllable way. <br> This would allow (among other things) for tuning of the visible color of the material. Given the the effect of optically active metal ions (F-centers) can be huge, <br> having them integrated relatively sparsely can still lead to a big effect. <br> The benefit of sparse integration is that pressures on ions can be fine tuned especially well. <br> Given enough space fine tuning of statically applied forces could be done with [[Kaehler bracket]] like structures. A mechanooptical [[low level metamaterial]]<br> Or even with dynamic structures that can be actuated, making the material into a higher level mechanooptical [[metamaterial]]. An inorganic background framework for applying forces would also be possible as long as it itself is not optically active in a similar spectral range. <br> Most [[classical gemstone-like compounds]] are colorless in the visible range. === Unpressurized base energy gap (and base color) === The basic energy gaps can be set by the choice of the ligands and ions via the '''spectrochemical series''' for ligands and metal ions. The following fine tuning then can be done by tuning the applied pressure in huge range Ligands attached to a stiff (organic) gemstone-like framework in the back might behave a bit different than the well studied small free molecule ligands. === Magnetic properties === Magnetic properties might me somewhat pressure-tuneable too. * enegry gap lower than electron pairing energy => electron does not pair up and goes into higher energy level – high spin centers – (paramagnetic) * energy gap higher than electron pairing energy => electron does pair up and goes into same energy level – low spin – (potentially diamagnetic – if all spins pair up) By applying actuated pressure it might be possible to go across these two spin situations in an actively controlled way. [[Mechanomagnetic conversion]]? With low density of integrated metal ions more scarce elements can be used. Like the (not terribly rare but also not terribly abundant) rare earth elements (with f orbitals). The f orbilals are big have low pairing energy and thus like to make low spin centers The low concentrations under discussion here most likely won't suffice for high level ferromagnetism at room temperature and above. == Related == * '''[[Gemstone-like compound]]''' * [[Color emulation]] & [[passive color gemstone display]] * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Sandwich compound]] * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] * [[Salts of oxoacids]] – a subclass in the wider sense * [[Fun with spins]] * [[Optical effects]] * [[Coordinate bond]] == External links == * Ligand field theory (crystal field theory is insufficient here) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrochemical_series Spectrochemical series] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation chelation] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand Ligand] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_compound Metal-organic compound] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_cluster_compound Metal cluster compound] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex Coordination complex] – for [[machine phase]] a stiff background framework need to be added at least for one bonding direction * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_symmetry Molecular symmetry] ----- Transition from molecules to carbides (and nitrides): * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocarbohedryne Metallocarbohedryne] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_carbido_complex Metal carbido complex] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_nitrido_complex Metal nitrido complex] Direct Bridges between metals: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_oxo_complex Transition metal oxo complex] most commonly a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_ligand Bridging ligand] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_carbene_complex Transition metal carbene complex] – carbon bridge two open bonds (?) * ... Metals held by long pins (might deteriorate stiffness quite a bit): <br> (Carbides [:C≡C:]2–, [::C::]4–, [:C=C=C:]4– Cyanides [:C≡N:]– Cyanates [:O-C≡N:]– Thiocyanates [:S-C≡N:]– Fulminates [:C≡N-O:]– Isothiocyanates [:C≡N-S:]–) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrile_complexes Transition metal nitrile complex] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_isocyanide_complexes Transition metal isocyanide complexes] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanometalate Cyanometalate] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_carbonyl Metal carbonyl] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal carbonyl cluster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_carbyne_complex Transition metal carbyne complex] Bond capping halides: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_chloride_complex Transition metal chloride complex] – eventually useful for at least mechanically stable passivation? * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_hydride Transition metal hydride] – very weak bonds Metals held by ... * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dithiophosphate_complex Transition metal dithiophosphate complex] – metal held by two phosphorus beared sulphurs * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dithiocarbamate_complexes Transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes] – metal held by two carbon beared sulfurs * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_dithiolene_complex Metal dithiolene complex] – metal held by two ethene beared sulfurs * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_carboxylate_complex Transition_metal_carboxylate_complex] – metal held by carbon acid groups * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_aldehydes_and_ketones Transition_metal_complexes_of_aldehydes_and_ketones] * ... there are many more (eventually add some more) – allyl, alkyne, alkene, alkyl, arene, amino acid, acyl, ammine, aquo, ... Going into the direction of [Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dinitrogen_complex Transition metal dinitrogen complex] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_carbon_dioxide_complex Metal carbon dioxide complex] Misc: * 1,3,5,7-Hexamethylenetetramine | C6H12N4 – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine (wikipedia)] – maybe usable as a [[diamondoid]] stiff linker molecule * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_pincer_complex Transition metal pincer complex] – stiff due to small loops but planar gdq7og6k8uy512ot3le92wwthg2la9v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 206 7095 6477 2018-06-19T15:36:36Z Apm 1 penelitian {{Stub}} Structures plagiarized from origami techniques especially ones with bellow like behaviour may be useful as motives in advanced [[metamaterial]]s that is [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. == External Links == * Blog: Space Symmetry Structure - [https://spacesymmetrystructure.wordpress.com/2009/03/24/origami-electromagnetism/ some periodic folding patterns] * Youtube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A_jPky3jRY Reconfigurable Materials] * Paper: [https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10929 A three-dimensional actuated origami-inspired transformable metamaterial with multiple degrees of freedom] Youtube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgl_mdzumZE demo] Source: Penelitian [http://www.laporanpenelitian.com/2016/03/76.html] 6af8b9vuuexj5usw6iuxyfxt8d55cga wikitext text/x-wiki 0 862 8488 2021-04-10T12:21:12Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mechanical circuit element]] #REDIRECT [[Mechanical circuit element]] kgrn930j1tuty79n0yji6etqerbcw4m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1119 10462 10461 2021-06-15T11:02:35Z Apm 1 Osmium is a rather rare and accordingly expensive element. <br> Thus it is of no real interest for macrostructural applications. Interesting trivia: * Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element (22.59 g/ccm). – See: [[Ultimate limits]] * It's oxide is a (rather toxic) transparent liquid. <br>[[Ruthenium]] (same group) and [[Rhenium]] (to the left) do that too. – See: [[Oddball compounds]] Osmiums group members are: * [[Ruthenium]] – also a rather rare and expensive element * [[Iron]] – [[abundant elements|tremendously abundant]] much less noble * Hassium – The artificial element highly radioactive element (longest half live time 110s) <br>See: [[Artificial short lived elements]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium Osmium] pjyfssmkhytqysvyjoyut5t6505gbcf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 351 7134 7133 2018-07-14T09:58:03Z Apm 1 /* Core people */ formatting == Active forums with '''exclusive focus''' on atomically precise manufacturing == * [http://www.sci-nanotech.com/ www.sci-nanotech.com] * No others in existence - state: 2015-09 ... 2018-07 == Institutions / Organisations / ... == * [http://www.foresight.org Foresight institute] * [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Nanofactory collaboration] [http://www.molecularassembler.com/] * [http://www.imm.org/ Institute for molecular manufacturing] ---- * [http://wise-nano.org/w/Main_Page crnano] * '''wise-nano''' (no meaningful activity since 30 September 2008 -- died some-when after 2014-12-30 [http://wise-nano.org/w/Main_Page dead link])<br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141230003613/http://nano-wise.org/w/Main_Page Waybackmachine 2014-12-30]; [https://archive.org/details/wiki-nano_wiseorg_w wiki in archived form] == Core people == * [http://e-drexler.com/ Eric Drexlers webpages] * [http://metamodern.com/ Eric Drexlers blog] ...<br>(high quality content but unfortunately large parts of the database seem to be broken) <br>([[Eric Drexler's blog partially dug up from the Internet Archive]]) * [http://www.rfreitas.com/ Robert Freitas] * [http://www.merkle.com/ Ralph Merkle] == Further People == * [http://www.xenophilia.org/ Chris Phoenix] * [http://autogeny.org/ J. Storrs (Josh) Hall] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Storrs_Hall Wikipedia entry] * [http://machine-phase.blogspot.co.at/ machine phase blog] * [http://www.somewhereville.com Damian G. Allis] * [http://dslweb.nwnexus.com/nanojbl/ James B. Lewis] == Companies == * [http://www.zyvex.com/ zyvex] r201lwoobcpzukk1br0w5vza6ixd4tz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 504 11115 11114 2021-07-01T12:30:59Z Apm 1 added image [[file:Atmosphere-composition-639x470.png|thumb|425px|Oxygen is the second most common gas in Earths atmosphere. [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/9/93/Atmosphere-composition.svg SVG] <br> (variable atmospheric humidity omitted) ]] = Oxides = {{todo|discuss major ones here}} == Carbon group / group IV / group 14 oxides == * CO₂ normally the well known gas but highly explosive when in solid sp3 form (analog to quartz) * SiO₂ quartz and its various known polymorphs (~Mohs 7) * GeO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argutite argutite] Mohs 6-7 -- [[germanium]] is a rather rare element! * SnO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite cassierite] Mohs 6-7 * PbO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_dioxide] -- alpha-PbO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrutinyite scrutinyite] -- beta-PbO₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattnerite plattnerite] {{todo|find out Mohs hardness of PbO₂ minerals}} (All those have [[rutile structure]]. See page about [[silicon]].)<br> {{todo|Here maybe some [[pseudo phase diagram]]s can be made.}} = Related = * Oxygen is the most [[abundant element]] on Earth (crust on surface). It's roughly on par with iron when looking at the whole Earh including the inaccessible interior. (The whole earth average may be a good representation of the elements distribution in the better accessible asteroid belt). * [[Salts of oxoacids]] * [[Hydroxide]]s * [[Binary diamondoid compound]]s = Peculiarities of oxygen = == Towards an intuitive understanding of the O₂ bond == The situation is as follows: <br> There are two to pi-bond molecular orbitals (sp2-hybridization overlap). Each of these pi-bonds is filed with a pair of antiparallel spin paired electrons. This part is just as what one would naively expected. But in O₂ the anti-binding modes of these two pi-bond molecular orbitals also are partially filled. Which is effectively energetically sabotaging the pi-bonds bonds a bit. This loss of bond strength is compensated by a third bond. An sp3-hybridized sigma molecular orbital bond. Naive representations of bonds can be quite misleading in the formation of an intuitive mostly correct intuition for the O₂ double bond. * ball and stick model bond representation: The sigma bond part is usually not shown and the anti-bonding parts of the pi bonds is hard to show. * Bohr model bond representation: The often shown naive representation with electrons paired up is quite wrong. There are attempts to a more accurate depiction in this representation which fair a bit better. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_oxygen Most elucidating to the situation may be the term diagram overlayed with the shape of the molecular orbitals that are associated with these terms. {{todo|add illustrative material here}} == Diradical in triplet state == Oxygen in its molecular form (aka dioxygen) is a diradical in triplet state. But what does that mean? * "diradical" means it has two remaining lone electrons. It does '''not''' mean that there are two dangling bonds in the sense of empty binding orbitals. Instead the two unpaired electrons are actually in the anti-binding pi-orbitals. * "triplet state" means that the remaining electrons have parallel spin. In the case of oxygen this increases the activation energy barrier. {{todo|look into how in the case of oxygen the unpaired spins lead to strongly reduced reaction rates -- I'd suspect "forbidden" transitions due to parity conservation -- requiring a third reaction partner … or so …}} = Related = * [[Chemical element]] * [[Nitrogen]] * [[Carbon dioxide]] [[Category:Chemical element]] = External links = * Unstable oxygen chain polymers: Hydrogen polyoxides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide (Wikipedia)] * Maybe of relevance: Surface properties of transition metal oxides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_properties_of_transition_metal_oxides (Wikipedia)] ---- * Normal molecular oxygen in its tirplet state [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_oxygen (Wikipedia)] * Highly reactive oxygen in singlet state [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen (Wikipedia)] ---- * Diradical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diradical (Wikipedia)] * Term diagram [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotrian_diagram (Wikipedia)] ---- * Antibonding molecular orbital [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibonding_molecular_orbital (Wikipedia)] [[Category:Chemical element]] l6xksnhf7ns0h354514wwss9t6q4umq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 944 9065 2021-05-19T16:03:43Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Practically perfect vacuum]] #REDIRECT [[Practically perfect vacuum]] n7niiuod3gnvq4z42vnnu669r19io6r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1080 10164 2021-06-10T15:43:23Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Pages with math]] #REDIRECT [[Pages with math]] 1i07jy7b82gjnwshv3bb40o9bjwdgjc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 985 9459 2021-05-27T11:14:27Z Apm 1 minimalistic page for now {{Stub}} Go to the category page for now. [[Category:Pages with math]] ewyzreg4uwoxhrw6fm4og8j20f19o35 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 750 9189 7723 2021-05-23T14:35:03Z Apm 1 fix #REDIRECT [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factory]] jmkdy83wt1mrqxphn4u0lne1malempn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 980 9557 9556 2021-05-29T20:43:44Z Apm 1 {{stub}} [[File:PartStreamingAssemblyProductiveNanosystemsVideoScreencap.jpg|400px|thumb|right|part streaming assembly]] This is about sreaming parts along a mobile shape changing path to a manipuators end effector where the streamed parts are finally assembled. * The path can be made out of stiff and rigid sections (micro-, meso-, and macroscale) * The path can be soft curved shaped (meso-, and macroscale) – Related: [[Emulated elasticity]] == Delineation == If there is also assembly happening along the way of the transport then we have: <br> [[Part streaming assembly with integrated assembly line]] == Notes == * {{wikitodo|add image of part streaming from productive nanosystems video}} * {{wikitodo|add image of of sketch of part streaming macroscale tentacle style manipulator}} == Related == * [[Assembly lines in gem-gum factories]] – '''[[Bottom scale assembly lines in gem-gum factories]]''' * [[Part streaming assembly with integrated assembly line]] ii4yscqqlk6br3pcgc1qan5j37q7gsf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1182 11040 2021-06-29T14:32:02Z Apm 1 basic page The idea here basically is to give [[crystolecule]]s a charge [[levitation|levitate]] them <br> and then accelerate them to to very high speeds. <br> Basically a particle accelerator that accelerates small crystolecules. Levitating crystolecules weakly constraint * makes them leave the [[machine phase]] and eventually may * make them start to [[Quantum dispersed crystolecules|quantum disperse]]) Reminder: A main goal in [[atomically precise manufacturing]] is to gain and retain <br> control over position and orientation of atoms and molecules. Usually not to deliberately let go of it. <br> See: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] == Motivation == '''Why would one want to do this?''' <br> Good question. <br> Just because you can? <br> Curiosity, research, ..., <br> Exploiting some special effects that are yet to discover? === Nanoparticle rocket engine? === It could be just simple packages for some heavy cheap element like say iron <br> making the accelerator into a reaction drive rocket engine. <br> The inherent limits (listed below) may make this infeasible though. {{speculativity warning}} <br> Accelerating connected chains continuously (for whatever reason one might want to do so) <br> needs to somehow deal with the stretching effect. ... (starting with a chain folded up on a chain levitating chain drum spooling off sideways??) <br> This seems more sensible for larger scales and slower speeds where there is no need for weakly constraining ultra low friction levitation. <br> See: [[Grappling gripper gun suit]] == Limits == Charge to mass ratio is rather limited. * Too much negative charge and electrons will just fly off * Too much positive charge and the chemical bonds in the [[crystolecule]] will become unstable. Atoms fly off. Getting near light-speed will likely be tough for all but the smallest crystolecules. To investigate. <br> Changing speeds (as they do under acceleration when much below the speed of light) makes acceleration more difficult. <br> Either distances or frequencies must sweep. == Related == * [[Quantum dispersed crystolecules]] * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[Electromagnetic metamaterial]] – '''[[Optical particle accelerators]]''' g9ugfwwhg2y4tgyghzrrtp1ibmie0y0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 863 8493 2021-04-10T12:54:45Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Passivation]] to [[Nanoscale surface passivation]]: more precise - "macroscale surface passivation" is something different #REDIRECT [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] 6xvem2k808yjyqa7ubx3zibwueqc6py wikitext text/x-wiki 0 864 10238 8956 2021-06-11T22:52:02Z Apm 1 {{stub}} * [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] (old yet unmerged page [[Surface passivation]]) – For prevention of [[cold welding]] and creation of surfaces that are good for [[superlubricity]]. * [[Macroscale surface passivation]] – Passivating oxidation layers on macroscopic pieces of various metals. See: [[Passivation layer mineral]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry) Passivation (chemistry)] iscp4t81ts1b0chc7vxwzrzcjcoxrlc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 23 2186 1773 2014-06-02T14:36:04Z Apm 1 All [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] need to have a passivated surface. This means they must not have any open bonds. To archive this one usually resorts to the nonmetals of the fifth to seventh main group of the periodic table counting hydrogen to the seventh. With the elements of the seventh group passivation is in most cases as easy as plugging every open bond wit a single hydrogen or halogenide atom. What makes this method undisirable in many cases is that those single bonds aren't very stiff to shearing forces. When two such surfaces [[superlubrication|slide along each other]] there is unnecessarily high dissipation meaning friction. For sliding surfaces it is optimal when sixth row elements (Oxygen Sulphur) are used in such a way that the sliding direction lies in the plane spanned from the two bonds. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogens Elements from group 15] (nitrogen, phosphorus) will work reasonably well. The problem (or good thing) now is that atoms aren't perfect building bricks. If they "have" different numbrers of bonds they have different sizes. When a surface is passivated with [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_16 group 16 elements] (oxygen, sulfur) over a whole lengthe in the bonding plane direction it begins quite strongly to bend (distantly akin to a bimetal stripe). '''To investigate:''' Could the elastic energy stored in strained structures reach dangerous levels? (fire / explosion hazard) == inner passivation of channels == Passivation bending can be troublesome when designing linear channels for sliding rails. To compensate the effect one can passivate the coplanar surface on the opposing side of a sheet of e.g. diamond exactly the same way. Alternatively to mend the effect one can alternate the surface passivation method (e.g oxygen/sulfur) in an regular or irregular pattern. In channels passivations with two valenced atoms the bond planes can be oriented normal to the channel axis. There is designed a multi DME machine for ethine filtering from feedstock solution. It includes very tight channels <br> ['''Todo:''' analyze and discuss those] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] t2rk6onr2h98ts7co7nnwmz2d1fygqu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 507 11140 10680 2021-07-01T14:07:18Z Apm 1 /* Passivation layer minerals of today's industrial metals */ = Passivation layer minerals of today's industrial metals = We do have daily skin contact with these minerals without even realizing it. <br> Often these minerals are naturally present as ores from which the metals are extracted. * Al aluminum - Al2O3 - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxide aluminum oxide] - '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum corundum] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby ruby] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire sapphire]''' * Ti titanium - TiO2 - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide titanium dioxide] - '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile rutile] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase anatase] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite brookite]''' * related: ZnS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite sphalerite] Mohs 3.5-4 * Zn zinc - ... - ZnO - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide zinc oxide] - '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincite zincite]''' * Sn tin - SnO2 - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_dioxide tin dioxide] - '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite cassiterite]''' * Cu copper - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina patina] ... See: [[Salts of oxoacids#Carbonate minerals]] – Malachite & Aurite – also copper sulfate CuSO₄(H₂O)_x * Ni nickel - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_fluoride nickel fluoride] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_oxide nickel oxides] - '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsenite busenite]''' Nickel minerals can cause allergies through prolonged skin contact. * Cr chromium ... * V vanadium, Nb niobium ... * Fe iron - Fe3O4 - wikipedia: '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite magnetite]''' ... just rust wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry) passivation in general] ---- * PbS Galena [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena] Mohs 2.5-3 (soft) == Passivation of passivation layer minerals == Here an interesting problem occurs. To prevent two atomically precisely flat blocks from fusing seamlessly together on contact their surfaces must look differently than their insides. Specifically it is often a good idea to cover the whole surface with lone pairs of electrons. But further oxidation of an already oxidized material will probably not work or be rather unstable ['''to investigate for every specific situation''']. What should be doable almost always is hydrogen passivation. (Such passivation may cause higher friction due to high lateral spacing between the small hydrogen atoms sitting atop larger atoms and the low lateral stiffness of the single bonded hydrogen atoms) It may be necessary to find a special solution for each indivitual material - nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur may often be useful for plugging surfaces closed. (See: [[Surface passivation]]) == Notes == * {{wikitodo|Add everyday metal and corresponding gemstone pic-pairs -- for optically pleasing illustration}} == Related == * [[Surface passivation]] * [[Common stones]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry) Passivation_(chemistry)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion Corrosion] Passivation layer minerals can be found in ... * electrolytically anodized surfaces. They are micro-crystalline porous and monolithic though. Wkidedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing Anodizing] * heat tinting aka temer(ing) color. Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy) Tempering] (de: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlauffarbe Anlauffarbe]) – (Related: "[[Color emulation]]") * patinas created by [[weathering]]. Wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina Patina] 1dgjlmvb0ko8v5ni1e1p2oi7dhr6frw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1146 10757 2021-06-21T16:41:49Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} There are many ways how this could be done. == Active F-center tuning == Dynamically tuning gemstone F-centers by applying and tuning forces or even switching out ligands. <br> For how this could work see: [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] == Structural color == Actuating comb like structures like the ones found on butterfly wings. == Switching color mechanically == Rotating wheels chains (or whatever) with different colors on different sides <br> structures need to be gig enough to have optical effect == Improving other existing passive display technologies by the far more advanced capabilities of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] == == Mechanical properties == Combining this with [[emulated elasticity should be possible]]. <br> Will be an interesting challenge. This should be way mode durable kink and and scratch resistant compared to the polymer based flex displays of today (2021). == Related == * [[Color emulation]] * [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Active color gemstone display]] sbja2skucb53bxv4tar8uzk5s3el2zh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 269 7269 7268 2018-07-23T16:22:53Z Apm 1 /* The direct path nanofactory paradox */ {{stub}} {{todo|Add intro.}} = Communication = == Article on Erik K. Drexlers blog "metamodern" == Title: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015611/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ E.Drexlers Blog: Toward Advanced Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials (1) ... why diamond synthesis is a bad objective] (state 2016-03) <br> Due to "Error establishing a database connection" on target site (state 2016-11) a waybackmachine link is used here. [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ (all archived versions)] [http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ (old broken link)] In summary what E. Drexler roughly states there is the following: * Promotion of the [[direct path|direct pathway]] to [[technology level III|advanced APM systems]] is falsely attributed to him. * Actually he always heavily advocated development starting from [[technology level I|bio-molecular nanosystems]]. * There’s a huge difference between a '''practical, near-term objective''' and an '''attractive but distant aim point'''. * Some ideas about [[mechanosynthesis|diamond synthesis]] (e.g. that it's a a '''necessary first step''') are impractical research objectives that have received far too much attention and seem absurd to most scientists. '''At the current stage of research''', diamond synthesis is both difficult and unnecessary. It's a particularly difficult test-case for the application of advanced mechanosynthesis to high-performance materials. * Those ideas spread unproportionlally. Despite the original meaning of the term "[[mechanosynthesis]]" which he says is "molecular synthesis directed by mechanical means" it became very much equated to diamond synthesis. * Mis-conceptional ideas like this have and may continue to impede progress. (See: APM R&D [[History]]) == '''Response''' form "Nanofactory Collaboration" == The response on the [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Nanofactory Collaboration homepage] (state 2016-11)<br> On the [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/index.htm#Note28Dec08 bottom of the Nanofactory Collaboration page] they explicitly state that they try to tread the direct pathway. === '''Citation''' (block format) === Toward Advanced Nanosystems, 28 December 2008: There appears to be some confusion as to who is advocating the direct-to-DMS approach to molecular manufacturing. We are. Our assessment is that diamondoid mechanosynthesis (DMS), including <br> highly-parallelized atomically-precise diamondoid fabrication, is <br> the quickest currently feasible route to a mature molecular nanotechnology, including nanofactories. We do not think that DMS is a '''“necessary first step”''' for molecular manufacturing, and <br> we wish the best of luck to those pursuing other paths. However, we do think <br> DMS is a highly desirable first step, since it offers a much faster route to mature nanosystems than competing approaches. <br> We disagree with the statement that “diamond synthesis seems almost irrelevant to progress toward advanced nanosystems.” <br> We have a favorable view of the feasibility of the direct-to-DMS approach – a favorable view supported by <br> hundreds of pages of detailed analysis in recently-published peer-reviewed technical journal papers and by <br> gradually-evolving mainstream opinion. === '''Citation''' (normal fromat + links) === The same in easier to read formatting and with reconstructed links: '''Toward Advanced Nanosystems, 28 December 2008:''' There appears to be some [http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ confusion] as to who is advocating the direct-to-DMS approach to molecular manufacturing. We are. Our assessment is that diamondoid mechanosynthesis ([http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/DMS.htm DMS]), including highly-parallelized atomically-precise diamondoid fabrication, is the quickest currently feasible route to a mature molecular nanotechnology, including nanofactories. We do not think that [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/DMS.htm DMS] is a “necessary first step” for molecular manufacturing, and we wish the best of luck to those pursuing other paths. However, we do think DMS is a highly desirable first step, since it offers a much faster route to mature nanosystems than competing approaches. We disagree with the statement that “[http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ diamond synthesis seems almost irrelevant to progress toward advanced nanosystems.]” We have a favorable view of the feasibility of the direct-to-DMS approach – a favorable view supported by hundreds of pages of [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/AnnBibDMS.htm detailed analysis in recently-published peer-reviewed technical journal papers] and by [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/Media/PressReleaseAug08.htm gradually-evolving mainstream opinion]. = Analysis of this communication and the general situation = {{todo|It seems there was some miscommunication here - more carefully analysis is needed here}} It seems the nanofactory collaboration's response may unintentionally have been more targeted at how people reading E.Drexlers blog entry could interpret it rather than what E.Drexler actually wanted to convey. ---- We disagree with the statement that “[http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ diamond synthesis seems almost irrelevant to progress toward advanced nanosystems.]” What E. Drexler actually wrote '''with context''' was:<br> (Important part highlightet afterwards) Contrary to popular opinion, diamond synthesis seems almost irrelevant to progress toward advanced nanosystems. '''At the current stage of research''', it is both difficult and unnecessary. Also with "diamond synthesis" here he may have, being it consciously or not, referred to to aiming directly at doing it at a scale sufficient for full on bootstrapping towards diamondoid nanofactories - without taking any advantage from bottom up incremental path technology. That is: Maybe he was not referring to the mere core process here, where greater speed and parallelism are not really necessary for a good proof of principle. The nanofactory collaboration seems pretty heavily focused on the direct path.<br> So when replying to E. Drexlers blogpost the aforementioned subtle differences where not recognized and reproduced. == The direct path nanofactory paradox == Note that a strong focus (like in the nanofactory collaboration) on the direct path naturally leads to systems that have more of the character of molecular assemblers than nanofactories**. By now the core experts in atomically precise manufacturing have all switched to the nanofactory concept {{todo|add links}} but there's also strong attachment to the direct path. Especially in Chris Phoenix's direct path diamondoid nanofactory outline (2003)** (See: [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]]) one may start to wonder in how far the core units that do the mechanosynthesis in this nanofactory differ from molecular assemblers (beside being locked in place). = Notes = This communication seems to be the only instance were the situation was put to "paper". = Related = * This is strongly related to: [[History]] * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] * [[Diamond]] = External links = * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015611/http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ Waybackmachine: K. Eric Drexlers metamdern website: "Why diamond synthesis is a bad objective"] (meant when seen as a near term main focus!) ah73cgb1lmrqooguluj1jyatuw5lbe0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 718 7248 2018-07-23T14:53:48Z Apm 1 just a shorthand #REDIRECT [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] 6autztv2olqoywcsp678y8lhxow0loa wikitext text/x-wiki 0 270 11332 8725 2021-07-06T15:46:52Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Where to start targeted development]] {{stub}} [[File:Rock_climber_on_the_Main_Wall_Trowbarrow.jpg|400px|thumb|right|the steep direct path]] [[File:Stone_path_on_Fan_Brycheiniog.jpg|400px|thumb|right|the long incremental path]] * The [[Incremental path]] * The [[Direct path]] * The historic [[Feynman path]] * The paths that aren't paths: [[Brownian Path]] => [[Accidental Path]] [[Category:General]] [[Category:Disquisition]] {{wikitodo|Needs a basic introduction.}} Its not a binary either or question whether the direct or the incremental path will be taken its more that the two represent extreme ends of a spectrum of possible development progressions. Both types of paths will likely heavily borrow from the [[non mechanical technology path]]. There seems to be a peaceful internal conflict. <br> See also: [[Pathway controversy]]. == Views of the paths from the proponents of different viewpoints == Critiques: * incremental path (Ralph Merkle & co): slow and aimless little targeted effort ...<br> {{wikitodo|collect their arguments}} * direct path (E.Drexler & co): too hard to access experimentally, slow experimental progress, little research motivation (funds) == Relation to speed of introduction of advanced productive nanosystems == It seems any bets are off here. It is worth to note that the usual association of the direct path with sudden and rapid changes and the indirect path with slow and progressive changes might be not incorrect. * {{wikitodo|treat benefits and risks of fast vs slow changes}} == Related == * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Pathway controversy]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] * '''Up: [[Where to start targeted development]]''' == External links == Citation from the article "[http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2006/09/from_here_to_na.html From Here to Nanofactories]" (crnano blog – Posted on September 24, 2006): <br> "..., advances in one dimension will synergize with advances in other dimensions, so it may be more efficient to go straight to a new technology that makes bigger leaps forward in several dimensions at once. But if such a technology can't be found for a particular leap, it can be done in a series of incremental steps. ..." 5mk7teagbj5srzk9v22zjg3rsygyrio wikitext text/x-wiki 0 483 8733 7015 2021-04-15T07:11:45Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added: * [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] {{stub}} == Hydrogen Depassivation Lithography (HDL) == === Removing material === In "Hydrogen Depassivation Lithography" (HDL) hydrogen atoms that seal (aka passivate) a surface are selectively removed / broken off from a (flat) workpiece surface by "injecting" electrons into the bonds between the hydrogen atoms and the underlying surface. <small>(Full electron shell H^- ions repulsed away ?).</small> The electrons are injected via a (briefly cranked up) [[tunneling]] current that originates from the "needle like" tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. In high performance HDL the stripping off of hydrogen atoms (aka depassivation) can be done one at a time with [[positional atomic precision|atomic precision]]. This allows the creation of precise digital patterns. The depassivated surface atoms have open broken bonds (dangling bonds) sticking out. Such dangling bonds (aka chemical radicals) are extremely reactive. They "itch" to react and bond with any colliding molecule or atom that is not extremely uncreative (which is all of air except argon and other noble gasses). Thus HDL needs to be performed under a very good vacuum (today in big expensive [[UHV system]]s only found in dedicated labs). === Adding material === By injecting (in a controlled manner) pure gases of a single species of molecule these molecules collide, stick and bind to the previously depassivated pattern. This is a statistical thermodynamic gas phase process. Molecules are added at random spots inside the depassivated area. Once bound, the molecules repassivate the spots they landed on. Thus after a while exactly one mono-layer is added (exponential saturation). This way atomic precision gets restored again despite having a statistical process involved. HDL with atomic precision has been demonstrated experimentally on silicon surfaces. Here the molecule species added are silane molecules (the silicon analogons to hydrocarbons) Other molecule species (e.g. phospine) can be used to (sparsely) include these other elements; (atomically precise doping). (Side-note: these compounds are usually highly toxic - a lab safety concern) === Notes === High performance HDL with atomic precision (one specifically selected hydrogen atom at a time) is necessarily rather slow. It is possible to crank up the STM tunneling current even further and have a more crude strewing depassivation tool. This can be used to quickly carve out large areas that shall be fully depassivated. The sharp corners need to be done more slowly and carefully. With HDL there is no way to hydrogen-'''RE'''passivate an accidentally depassivated spot. If the hydrogen atoms gone thats it, theres no way back. (One can repassivate all depassivated areas at once with hydrogen). '''Limitations of HDL (state 2017):''' * no overhangs * no structures with strained bonds * only demonstrated with silicon surfaces (?) * still a quite high error rate * almost 2D -- not very high structures (yet) -- a general STM limitation (likely tip sample crash due to slow feedback loop) {{todo|Is there work on trying HDL on diamond instead of silicon (or other surfaces entirely)?}} '''Related:''' [[Site activation assembly]] in foldamer based systems == Related == * [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] * [[Scanning probe microscopy]] * [[Direct path]] == External links == * A method for Atomically precise nanofabrication in three dimensions with using just a beam and live observation of the changes instead of interaction with solid tips: <br> [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.6b02489?journalCode=ancac3 Directing Matter: Toward Atomic-Scale 3D Nanofabrication] -- [http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=43527.php press article about this] * Australian National University -- (2017-12-08) <br>Home » News & events » Events » [https://cecs.anu.edu.au/events/control-stm-h-depassivation-lithography Control of STM for H-Depassivation Lithography - <small>Paving the Way for Atomically Precise Manufacturing</small>]<br> External speaker: Reza Moheimani, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas * Patent on "Patterned atomic layer epitaxy": [https://www.google.com/patents/US7326293] * Non free information material: [https://www.jove.com/video/52900/atomically-traceable-nanostructure-fabrication atomically-traceable-nanostructure-fabrication] 0nsu4leojbitu1dmkill7lepmv8vpj1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1277 11675 11674 2021-07-16T14:49:31Z Apm 1 added ext links {{Stub}} * [[Technological percolation limit]] – when sub-technologies reach a critical point from which on where everything comes together quite fast * [[Mental percolation limit]] – when amassed knowledge reaches a critical point from which on if fuses quite fast for a while giving a jump in wisdom == Related == * [[APM:License]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation Percolation] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold Percolation threshold] jzc29nn687ofa3ameo0on5xi4ofq45q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 738 7539 7538 2018-08-22T15:38:18Z Apm 1 short circuit redirect chain #REDIRECT [[Seamless covalent welding]] gz0hagd6pzsx3yogoxzuoap2jr2xq3n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 832 10813 10811 2021-06-23T08:30:38Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Base materials with high potential]] Periclase (MgO) is a material with good properties that offers <br> slow but present degradability when spilled into nature. <br> It degrades faster than quartz. '''Advantages:''' * High crystal structure symmetry - '''simple cubic [[rock salt structure]]''' * degradability * Magnesium is a very common element * Magnesium and its compounds are highly nontoxic environment and health friendly '''Disadvantages:''' * not the highest material strenght but decent * degradability * maybe questionable [[passivatability]]? '''Basic properties:''' * Crystal structure: simple cubic – like rock salt NaCl * Hardness: Mohs 6 * Density: 3.58g/ccm * Melting point: 2800 C° * Water solubility: barely soluble but still measurably soluble => not suitable for externally water exposed nanomachinery <br> {{wikitodo|find quantitative numbers}} == Related == * [[Base materials with high potential]] MgF₂ (different crystal structure) is also a magnesium based compound that is quite a bit more but still limitedly water soluble. <br> But fluorine is not terribly abundant and a health risk in too high concentrations. == External links == * As the mineral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclase periclase] * As the chemical substance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide magnesium oxide] ---- * MgF₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride Magnesium fluoride] mineral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellaite sellaite] – Mohs 5.0 to 5.5 – 3.15g/ccm – very slightly soluble in water (0.13g/liter) – [[rutile structure]] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] aaknul4nmhl6iyx1psjqg908c92s7rd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 239 5934 5932 2017-07-06T18:07:46Z Apm 1 more links to "[[Limits of construction kit analogy]]" {{stub}} ''the ultimate construction toy'' Note that there are [[limits of construction kit analogy|severe limits to the construction kit alalogy]]. But those can be easily avoided. == Atoms as building blocks for engineering == The great things about atoms from an engineering prespective are: * atoms do not wear ever (well disregarding exotic things like proton decay) * atoms have no tolerances - they are completely indistinguishable (same isotope) * interatomic bonds are compliant (low stiffness) - assemblies can be bent a lot * interatomic bonds are strong (high force) - materials can be very strong One could say that these properties of atoms makes the periodic table like the ultimate construction toy. == The PToE as a construction kit - applicability and limitations to this interpretation == See main article: "[[Limits of construction kit analogy]]" == Which elements are best to use == Metals on their own tend to form non-directed metallic bonds making it easy for thermal vibration to slide around metal atoms on metal surfaces. The atoms wander (diffuse) away. Even if one places the atoms with atomically precision in a sufficiently cooled state once the product warms up to everyday temperatures all the atomically precise structure gets scrambled up. Also most metals on their own are likely to oxidize when they come in contact with electronegative nonmetal elements making them swelling up (e.g. oxidizing / rusting) In contrast nonmetals tend to form strong directed covalent bonds that do not diffuse at room temperature. Out of this reason metals on their own aren't suitable for atomically precise nanosystems. Specifically life does not use metals on their own and even barely at all as building blocks. The main exception is Calcium in bones and teeth. But Natrium which is always free floating solvated and just serve electric signalling purposes is not counted here (Same with iron and other transition element metals). The preference of life for nonmetals can be seen by comparing the map of the nonmetals to the map of dietary elements. {{todo|add illustration}} In the context of semi advanced to fairly advanced artificial atomically precise nanosystems metals can be used if they are paired with electronegative nonmetals in very very roughly 1:1 .. 1:2 ratio. Then the bonds become more covalent in character and immobile. Many common gemstones fall in this category best known is sapphire the oxide of aluminum. Most of the gemstones we find in mountains are not synthesized by any lifeforms. Advanced atomically precise manufacturing makes accessible not only a super-set of both bio-minerals and mountain-gemstones but also gemstones completely out of nonmetals but in structures that life is not able to generate. The most prominent and commonly known example of such a gemstone out of dietary elements but that life is unable to synthesize is diamond (but there are more). Life is probably unable to generate those special gemstones because they can only be mechanosynthesized in practically perfect vacuum and there pretty much certainly exists no continuous evolutionary path toward the necessary advanced atomically precise systems that provide this practically perfect vacuum. It needs us humans to take this step and overcome this complexity barrier. Other criteria for the choice of element to be used are: * The abundance of the element in context of the place where it's going to be used or rather it's economic accessibility. See: [[Colonization of the solar system]]. * The mechanical strength compounds including this element to a great percentage can have. * The [[toxicity]] compounds containing this element usually have. * Special physical properties that the element provides that cannot be emulated by metamaterials (e.g. the very high density of osmium) == Philosophical observations == The periodic table of elements is probably out of good reason (minimal complexity?) not much bigger than it needs to be to allow the emergence of life in our universe. The minimalistic and general nature of our set of chemical elements allows us to use it like a construction toy in other more straight forward ways than life does. == Related == * [[limits of construction kit analogy]] * [[abundant elements]] * [[superlubrication]] * [[diamondoid molecular element]] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element dietary elements] strongly overlapping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal nonmetals] * A video of the diffusion of metal atoms on the surface of a nanoparticle: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjLTqZfxXyQ the sound of atoms] ['''todo:''' add an image of the periodic table with highlighted elements of interest] * [[Chemical element]] * [[Abundant elements]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements List of oxidation states of the elements] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state Oxidation state (in general)] cxkcrrak33ox82i1zpo4qqkbau0bmwv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1173 11174 10994 2021-07-01T20:02:26Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Salts of oxoacids]] Crystal structure: Cubic or ortorhombic near cubic '''Earth alkali titanate perovskites:''' * '''CaTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite Perovskite]''' – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_titanate Calcium titanate] – ~4.0g/ccm – Mohs 5.5 – [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413052308/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/catio3.html (coordinates)] * BaTiO₃ – 6.0g/ccm – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&mineral=Barioperovskite (de)] * SrTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium_titanate Strontium titanate] (mineral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausonite Tausonite]) – cubic – Mohs 6.0-6.5 – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Tausonite (de)] – '''Eu doped used as a strong green phosphorescent (glow powder)''' ---- * ZrTiO₃ ?? * PbTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_titanat Lead_titanate] – toxic & water soluble, bad combination * – ZrTiO₃ to PbTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate Lead zirconium titanate] – '''strongly piezoelectric''' == Exotic == Not stable under low pressure (need [[small scale ultra high pressure encapsulation]]) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_perovskite * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-perovskite == Related == * [[Salts of oxoacids]] – See: "Salts of titanic acid" * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_(structure) Perovskite (structure)] * Related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiperovskite Antiperovskite] – cation and anion positions swapped s1l584onn7kyn3itzxfprvxkuajoijc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 405 11467 11466 2021-07-11T10:19:41Z Apm 1 /* Misc */ some minor additions {{speculative}} '''Warning:''' Wild philosophizing ahead. <br> Take all this with a mountain of salt. <br> You have been warned. * [[The source of new axiomatic wisdom]] * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] * [[Simulation hypothesis]] * [[The "something"]] currently containing: <br> The chance for an alternate retry <br> The accessibility of perception thread * [[A true but useless theory of everything]] or (same page) [[The program that constructs and executes all possible programs]] * [[Continuity of perception]] * [[The limits and guesses in math]] * [[Pseudo random number generators]]: How they hide most of reality from us.<br> Related: cognitive bias, pattern recognition snapping to what we want to see, emergence of meaning (and beauty) trough (design) restrictions * [[Randomness as a relative property]] -- [[Relativity of complexity]] * [[More than one past for the present]] ---- * [[Foundations of mathematics]] ---- * [[On the commonness of earth like life in the multiverse]] ---- * [[The purpose of dreams]] – ([[Lucid dreaming]]) * [[Emergent concept detection]] * A failure mode for concept pattern matching ---- * [[Activation energy as a loose analog to evolutionary obstacles]] {{wikitodo|add woven asymmetric tree illustration}} == Misc == * side-effect free (aka pure) functions as prerequisite of [[reversible computation]] as prerequisite for quantum computation as (one) basis of physics ----- * "no true randomness" perspective or equivalently * "everything is a PRNG" perspective (potentially non-local) or equivalently * "all perceived randomness as just the lack of knowledge of how a complex situation came to be" perspective * physics: giant quantum random unknown origin gap ----- * math/coding: very simple code can create very complex patterns (decompression/corecursion) <br> (algorithm for irrational numbers like sqrt(2), game of life, penrose tiles, fractals and chaotic systems, ...) * physics: very complex patterns can be reverse engineered to very simple (declarative timeless) code (that generated these patterns) <br> (Declarative timeless "code" like: Maxwell equations, Dirac equation, general relativity, ...) ----- * looking deeper and deeper: maybe never-ending exceptions to the simple physical rules * looking to deep it seems to get complex again (particle zoo) ----- * (the analogy between computational concurrency graphs and the light cone of special relativity) * how local crop-out of the code execution dependency graph that aren't big enough to cut through the most compressed locations <br> turn very stateful and TRNG like in character. * fractal character of code execution dependency graph? ----- * identification of cosmic spacetime horizons with most effectively compressed data funnel-throuh points of the (in effect equivalent) codes generating the universe * on the "impossibility" of bridging/crossing some high compression funnel gaps (e.g. quantum random gap) in the scope of the limits of existence of some observing entity * gravity as entropic force, and even other forces back-traceable to purely entropic origins (all a matter of viewpoint?) relation to [[dissipation sharing]] and backshootup. ----- * whats spanning the gap between math and physics * math and physics -- arguments why one is more fundamental than the other and vice versa == Related == * [[How APM links to philosophical topics]] ----- * [[Simulation hypothesis]] == External Links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_(philosophy) Wikipedia: Razor_(philosophy)] * Very good philosophical discussions can be found here: <br>[https://www.pbs.org/show/pbs-space-time/ PBS spacetime (web)] – [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g PBS spacetime (youtube channel)] [[Category:Philosophical]] 2bsvilt2s53a2ll0lgyt3fhc7di3o7u wikitext text/x-wiki 0 470 10378 7813 2021-06-13T20:19:20Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Chemical element]] {{stub}} == Phosphorus + carbon = bad == Phosphorus is common in the human body. It links together our DNA and transports all of our energy (ATP). Phosphorus in the human body is usually found surrounded by oxygen forming phosphate [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate]] ions. Phosphorus is capable of forming strong covalent bonds to carbon atoms. Nontheless these bonds usually are not/seldomly implemented within the human body (Just like it is with [[chlorine]]). Many of the compounds which contain direct covanent phosphor to carbon bonds are highly to extremely toxic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound]. {{todo|investigate inhowfar they are produced in combustion}} == Atomically precise technology products can trap phosphorus == Thus as with [[chlorine]] mixing carbon and phosphorus in products of atomically precise technology without enough silicon and metals to make it incombustible and non-outgassing at destructive temperatures might be a bad idea. == Usability of phosphorus in atomically precise manufacturing and technology == * In earlier atomically precise manufacturing appatite (calcium phosphate) may plax an important role since it can be handled in an aqueous environment which is shown by biomineralisation. A good starting point may be: * the phosphate minerals: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphate_minerals] * the phosphide minerals: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphide_minerals] <br> Fe₃P Ni₃P Rhabdite/Schreibersite endmembers [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreibersite] <br> Fe₃P Ni₃P Allabogdnite endmembers [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allabogdanite] * the artificial phosphides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphides] <br> BP [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_phosphide] <br> TiP [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(III)_phosphide] <br> Zn₃P₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_phosphide] (highly toxic - stay away) * the artificial phosphates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphates] * other phosphor compounds [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphorus_compounds] == Related == * [[Salts of oxoacids#Phosphate minerals]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] nghixgufh2kfjnire6cbbp4tv5rws8o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 289 11878 9162 2021-08-24T06:21:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added back-link to: * [[Open loop control]] {{Template:Stub}} The inherent massive parallelism of macroscopic atomically precise products gives an opportunity to quickly check for basic design faults (weak spots). == Enrichment of damaged parts == If damage can be detected (e.g. suck movement, unresponsive, erronous responsive, ... ) with simple low level in place analytics one can "purify/enrich" the failing [[microcomponent]]s for either their disposal or their analysis. To do so one can take the whole product apart with a [[nanofactory]] or with a [[microcomponent recomposer device]] and possibly put it together again afterwards with the failed parts replaced. Alternatively [[microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s can be used to extract the damaged microcomponens in an in place [[self repairing system|self repair]]ing system (hot swapping). == Intermixed radiation damage == In a macroscopic product damage from ambient radiation is quickly ocurring. This doesnt bother a well designet product with integrated [[redundancy]]. It might be tricky to seperate radiation damage from other damage which is needed unless one is interested in the effects of radiation damage. = High level "laboratory" analytics = == Visualisation with electron microscopy == Microcomponents could be stretched out in a single layer for imaging in an transmission electron microscope. They are quite thick and may be rather heterogeneous inside though so one wouldn't see much. Microcomponents may be designed to be further disassemblable - at this point it is ok if this is irreversible since the part is already broken. = Related = * [[General software issues]] * Cryo-electron tomography: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryo-electron_tomography (leave to wikipedia)] * testing for functionality * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s * [[Open loop control]] [[Category:Information]] e2la8pep41k7q81uw7ko1tuags6mavl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 848 11278 11263 2021-07-06T09:43:19Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to new page [[Chemical synthesis]] [[File:Mol-Mill-color.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A single [[hydrogen]] atom is deposited onto a cylindrical [[crystolecule]] under construction. The tooltip used here is the '''HDon tool that has been theoretically analyzed in the paper: "A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis"'''. See [[tooltip chemistry]] ]] [[File:Reversible_mechanosynthesis_annotated.svg|400px|thumb|right|By smartly crafting the temporal trajectory of the potential wells for tool-tip and work-piece-surface mechanosynthesis can be made vastly more efficient than "normal chemistry".]] Piezochemical mechanosynthesis (shorthands: piezomechanosynthesis or just piezosynthesis) is the high force, torque, and bending moment applying pick-and-place-assembly of single atoms and minimal molecule fragments (aka [[moieties]]) into larger structures. Target structures are typically highly polycyclic molecules out of [[stiffness|stiff]] [[gemstone like compounds]]. What here is called [[crystolecules]]. Crystolecules do not occur in nature and cannot yet be produced via today's (2021 …) [[thermodynamic means]] of producton. Conditions for piezichemical mechanosynthesis: * (1) trajectories of atoms and molecule fragments is fully positionally constrained (down to acceptable thermal vibration amplitudes) * (2) it applies (high) forces, torques, and bending moments Full positional constraint (1) is a prerequisite for applicability of forces, torques, and bending moments (2). = Context = Piezosynthesis is an especially promising far term target of the bigger class of all types of [[mechanosynthesis]]. <br> The bigger class of [[mechamosynthesis]] just requires some (preferably higher) degree of positional constraint (1).<br> [[Mechanosynthesis]] in the wider sense does not require high forces. Assembly processes with only weak external forces or pretty much no external forces involved are also included. <br> If the requirement on positional constraint is weakened too much, then it's just [[semi mechanosynthetic assembly]]. <br> That is essentially what natural anabolic enzymes do. <small>("Anabolic" means building up. Enzymes are proteins that form or break bonds [[catalysis|catalytically]].)</small> <br> If the requirement on positional constraint is pretty much removed all together than the assembly process is some form of the many forms of [[self assembly]]. <br> = Unnaturality of the process = Force applying mechanosynthesis is a rather unnatural process. [[Unnatural chemistry]] so to say. <br> Some natural enzymes may be able to provide sufficient positional constraint such <br> that some small forces and torques are involved in bond reconfigurations.<br> But anything there is minute compared to the magnitude of forces and torques that <br> will be involved in piezochemical mechanosynthesis. = Where force applying mechanosynthesis will be performed = This would be performed in the [[molecular mills]] of future [[gem-gum factories]]. For: * [[Picking molecules up into machine phase]] * [[Tooltip preparation]] in a [[tooltip preparation cycle]]. Making molecules into reactive [[moieties]]. * Final deposition of [[moieties]] onto the [[crystolecules]] under assembly (under synthesis). = Factors influencing expectable throughput = '''Factors that increase throughput:''' * The forces and torques allow to massively speed up chemical reactions. * The forces and torques make almost all attempts for reaction succeed unlike normal chemistry where its often more the reverse. '''Factors that decrease throughput:''' <br> * Unavoidably [[Fat finger problem|fat fingers]] reduce the number of reaction sides per volume compared to [[natural chemistry]]. * Slow down of machinery speeds at the smallest scales to reduce dynamic friction in the many [[superlubricating]] nanoscale bearings. == How this influences [[gem-gum factory]] design == While decreased spacial reaction site density cancels out with the increased temporal reaction frequency quite a bit <br> it is still important to keep the individual assembly cells (as in: volume per active reaction site) as small as possible. <br> This design constraint leads to the optimal solution (natural choice) being such that it includes <br> many groups of factory lines. Each group piezosynthesizing one specialized standard part with no (or only small) variations. <br> The lines can be spatially compact in cross section due to each line being mostly hard-coded (think: spacer wedges) <br> There's no need for (necessarily much bigger) general purpose robotics that can make each part completely differently. <br> At least for the the lowest [[assembly level]] where the [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] happens. <br> Higher up in the hierarchy of [[convergent assembly]] increasingly more general purpouse assembly robotics can be integrated. Related: [[Mechanosynthesis core]] <br> A possible "exception confirming to the rule": [[Piezosynthesis tuning core]]. = Research and development (R&D) = == Sate of experimental results == There have been successful experiments with silicon, and hydrogen on silicon. <br> Albeit this was done with non atomically precise tips. And thus still very crude. See: [[Experimental demonstrations of single atom manipulation]] == Sate of theoretical modelling == Compared to the simulation of [[crystolecular element|molecular machine elements]] where <br> often much simpler and more scalable molecular dynamics simulations suffice. <br> More advanced quantum mechanically accurate simulations are needed for theoretical analysis of piezosynthesis. Such more advanced simulations have been performed extensivly on mechanosynthesis of diamond and related pure carbon compounds (allotropes). <br> See: [[Tooltip chemistry]] and "[[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]]" = Surprising facts = This is about aspects of (force applying) mechanosynthesis that may come unexpected. When mechanosynthesis is designed to minimize energy dissipation '''high reliability and near reversibility can be archived at the same time'''. To do this the reactant moiety must on encounter '''favor the initial structure''' and must then be '''smoothly transformed''' into a configuration that sufficiently '''favors the product structure'''. Multiple retries ('''conditional repetition''') can further lower power dissipation by a good chunk. <br> ''See [[Nanosystems]] 13.3.6. Error rates and fail-stop systems b. Energy dissipation caused by chemical transformations.'' If e.g. ethyne is used as resource material (that is the carbon is not drawn from atmospheric CO₂) and the excess hydrogen is recombined to water diamondoid mechanosynthesis is exoergic. [Todo: check balance when storing compressed hydrogen?] <br> ''See [[Nanosystems]] 14.4.8 Energy output and dissipation'' '''The excess energy of mechanosynthesis can be used to drive mechanosynthesis'''. A '''pre-organized polarized local atomic environment can''' create a very high local electric field at the mechanosynthesis site lowering the transition state energy and '''increasing reaction rate'''. This effect can surpass the one a polar solvent can have. <br> ''See [[Nanosystems]] 8.3.3. Basic capabilities provided by mechanosynthesis b. Eutactic "solvation."'' '''When spins are misaligned (parallel, unpaired, triplet sate) then pressing the reactants together to fast can slow down the reaction instead of speeding it up'''. Spin flips in tool-tips (to create an anti-parallel, paired, singlet state) can be influenced by nearby massive atoms with high spin orbit coupling. <br> ''See [[Nanosystems]] 8.4.4.b Radical coupling and inter system crossing'' (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing| Intersystem crossing]) <br> Related: '''[[Inter system crossing]]''', [[Fun with spins]] Short sloppy (that is non-[[diamondoid]]) hydrocarbon chains can be made by tensioning the already produced part and doing manipulations near one of the two tips with a third one.<br> See: [[Mechanosynthesis of chain molecules]]. = Suggestive memorization help for the concept of piezochemical mechanosynthesis = * '''Stiffness''' combined with … <br> * … '''forceful and skillfull repeated reziprocative interaction''' on … <br> * … '''tightly bond partners''' is the key to … <br> * … '''reliable success''' when trying '''to reach the desired reaction'''. <br> (More of this: "[[Accidentally suggestive]]") = Why forces (and torques) between atoms are rarely mentioned in chemistry and physics = Precisely because this is very difficult to do experimentally. <br> Usually one talks about energies which are much more easily measurable via various forms of spectroscopy. Even with our current day macroscopic [[scanning probe microscopy]] which <br> provides a direct means for probing such forces this is quite difficult. * Bond forces can be derived from the changes of energy with bond distance (first spacial derivative) <br> * Bond Stiffnesses can be derived from the changes of force with bond distance (second spacial derivative) From the equilibrium bond energy alone (as found in bond dissociation energy tables) bond forces can not be derived. There are quite good classical (non quantum mechanical) approximation models for forces and torques between atoms. <br> These are used in [[molecular dynamics simulations]]. = Related = * [[Raw materials]] * An alternate mean for atomically precise production is good old [[chemical synthesis]]. But is severely limited in product size. == Analysis, theory, and ideas == * [[Tooltip cycle paper]] - concrete theoretical analysis * [[Nanosystems]] Chapter 8 Mechanosynthesis => 8.5. Forcible mechanochemical processes === The basic duo === * '''[[Lattice scaled stiffness]]''' * '''[[Effective concentration]]''' === The surprising tricks === * '''[[Inter system crossing]]''' - related theory * '''[[Dissipation sharing]]''' - related idea == Types of chemistry == * [[Piezochemistry]] * [[Unnatural chemistry]] * [[Tooltip chemistry]] == Places for unnatural tooltip piezochemistry == * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Tooltip preparation zone]] == Superclasifications == * '''[[Mechanosynthesis]] in wider generality''' * [[The various forms of Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond-dissociation_energy Bond-dissociation_energy] cx3oylzfy5cbffx3xo2v0n53v60axa9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1185 11051 2021-06-30T10:21:23Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] #REDIRECT [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] dw5h0hgixfgiqcsoiy2err5zdyalryb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 955 9194 9193 2021-05-23T14:54:43Z Apm 1 basic version of the page {{stub}} Of especial interest in the context of [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] is highly anisotropic (and highly localized) pressure in [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. By current day means in most cases what is investigated in the context of piezochemistry is the effect of extreme isotropic compression in [[diamond anvil cells]]]. g. to figue out what is happening in planets interiors. == Related == * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] * [[High pressure]] * [[High pressure modifications]] * [[Stiffness]] == External links == * [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piezochemistry piezochemistry (wiktionary)] * [https://world_en.en-academic.com/55995/piezochemistry piezochemistry (minimal definition)] – "the branch of chemistry dealing with the effects of high pressure on chemical reactions" * A mention of piezochemistry can be found here: <br>[http://crnano.org/Paper%20-%20MMWhatWhyandHow.pdf Molecular Manufacturing: What, Why and How – by Chris Phoenix – pdf] md6ngr7r8vsb63cpm6qp8oj1ncwa8wk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1058 10030 2021-06-07T13:09:07Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] #REDIRECT [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] rv5cwc3evq6q6cvhgnshsb0t36yj6od wikitext text/x-wiki 0 598 8539 8538 2021-04-12T11:01:07Z Apm 1 /* Light elements that come both in unproblematic and in highly toxic forms */ One problem with advanced productive nanosystems is that it seems plausible that it'll become extremely simple to produce potent poisons in high quantities from extremely abundant and accessible raw materials. This includes even plain air. <br> Here's the obvious synthesis-path from plain air to cyanide (and ozone): <br> (H₂O + 2CO₂ + N₂ → [[mechanosynthesis|(MeSy)]] → 2HCN + O₃ + O₂). == Why it's likely not as bad as it may sound initially == === reducing the likeliness part of the risk === * High levels of mutual symmetric surveillance. A nicer term for that is high levels of "transparency" and trust. (Balancing surveillance with "sousveillance".) Technical complexity alone will likely be enough deterrent for the large reservoir of "script kiddies". === reducing the severeness part of the risk === * No development in isolation. With the rise of these dangerous capabilities countermeasures will rise too. Poison sensors, various means for detoxification, even airspace compartmentalisation. == Countermeasures that likely won't work and instead may even backfire == * DRM like lock of functionality * streaming (maybe even with "untappable" quantum communication) Why won't these work? * No permanent safety against hacking (by smart humans & AI) * Direct access to hardware where the untappable must be converted back to something tappable * Way too easy reimplementability. Not from zero - that's the very hard problem of [[bootstrapping]] we have now - but from other advanced systems. == Correlations between: element, rarity and toxicity == There seem to be correlations: * between specific elements and poisonousness (mostly independent on compound) * between rarity of element in the biosphere and poisonousness To get rid of foreign compounds living systems break them down. In case of the breakdown organic molecules (mostly hydrocarbons) containing only benign elements one always ends up with similar simple small compounds where the organism knows how to deal with it. That is the organism knows how to quickly guide it out of the organism without damaging itself (a good example is urea aka carbamide). When some troublesome element is included in the ingested compound the degradation will still often lead reproducibly to a simple small remnant compound containing this element that is terminally unmetabolizable. But the compound will cause problems roughly like this: * overall_damage = damage_per_time '''times''' time_to_excreteion '''times''' concentration Note: The preceding metabolization steps can be problematic too: * overall_damage_additional = damage_per_time '''times''' time_to_metabolization '''times''' concentration But in case of poisonous elements the last one is of special importance. Normally putting the same chemical elements in different chemical compounds (being it molecular or crystalline) leads to vastly different properties. This is less so the case for poisonousness/toxicity. So the property of toxicity reaches over a whole class of compounds containing one specific element instead of just specific molecules. The breakdown of a vast spectrum of compounds to a small set of compounds may be the reason for this circumstance. Except from the rule are compounds that are so incredibly stable that * the compound does not interact/react with any of the cellular machinery * the organism cant break it down to something problematic (which would potentially be in there) Examples are: SF₆, Teflon (CF₂)_N, molecular nitrogen (if not too concentrated - diving illness) With elements rare in the biosphere (not overall on earth) life was never forced to learn how to cope with compounds containing these. Organisms just process these with their cellular machinery not fit for the problem. == Problematic light elements == The light elements of special concern are (some more some less) * Li Lithium, Be Beryllium, B Boron, F Fluorine, Al Aluminum '''Beryllium (Be)''' is pretty rare on earth both in the lithosphere and the biosphere. The stories about it's toxicity are rather frightening. '''Fluorine (F)''': Due to its capability to form very strong bonds and thus higly unreactive compounds not all '''Aluminium (Al)''': While extremely abundant in rocks has salts of such low solubility that there are no natural pathways bringing large amounts of these into the biosphere.<br> The situation with the heavy element lead (Pb) might be somewhat similar. {{todo|check that}}<br> Aluminium salts are far from highly toxic but the exact effect of high concentration of aluminium salts on the human body is poorly understood. == Rather unproblematic light elements == Ingestible in quite high quantities without causing too much trouble (not recommented or suggested!!): * The benign four alkali and earth alkali metals: Na, K, Mg, Ca They just need to be packaged in a compound that makes them non caustic. <br> Carbonates, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates. == Light elements that come both in unproblematic and in highly toxic forms == The three third row nonmetals P, S, Cl are rather unproblematic <br> as long as they come pachaged in the right compounds. Despite their high abundance phosphorus and chlorine can <br> form many compounds that are highly toxic. '''Unproblematic forms:''' * Clorine is consumed in enormous quantities in the form of table salt (not very healthy in over-consumption) * Phosphoric acid has been mixed in soft drinks in quite high quantity (bad practice, not very healthy long term) These two elements come with a poisonous twist though ... '''Highly toxic forms:''' * phosgene (as seen in the burning of PVC plastics) * (polychlorinated) dioxines * phosphine * organophosphor compounds (similar to those used for fighting pests) * H₂S * ... == Toxic combustion products == Fortunately * Many [[gemstone like compuntds]] are inherentyl incombustible. <br> * [[Crystolecules]] and product made out of them [[products of gem-gum technology|prpoducts]] have low [[low hydrogen content]], and this hydrogen is what primarily could be replaced by more problematic halogen elements like Chlorine Fluorine Bromine and Iodine. == Iron == Due to it's extreme abundance both overall and in the biosphere it's highly '''non'''toxic albeit being a heavy metal. (It's abundant enough to deserve its own section here.) == Problematic heavy elements == Most of the elements of the higher periods are rare in the biosphere as direct consequence of there overall rarity.<br> In fact many of them are so rare that their high toxicity is of no practical concern. Highlights ranking in toxicity are: * well known: Arsenic (As), Thallium (Tl), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), ... * well known: Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), ... * lesser known since very rare: Osmium (Os), Rhenium (Re), Ruthenium (Ru), ... Osmium "rust" is a highly toxic transparent liquid (same with Rhenium and Ruthenium "rust") - See: [[Oddball compounds]]<br> Nickel although abundant in space is not so abundant in earth's crust. Nickel is allergenic in skin contact in pure bulk metallic form and can form some highly toxic compounds.<br> {{todo|is Ni less toxic than Cd? AFAIK the switch from NiCd batteries to NiMH batteries is considered an improvement in environmental impact.}} Noble metals in sufficiently bulk form (even gold flakes count as bulk) are safe. * well known: Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt), Iridium (Ir) * lesser known: Indium (In) In salt form noble metals are (if at all stable) actually especially unstable. A lack of acids capable of dissolving a metal well directly translates into a lack of soluble salts of the metal and a low stability of the salts. Silver (Ag) is a good example for this situation. Silver salts can cause a strange condition of dying your skin blue/purple. === Unproblematic (mostly) === * Copper (Cu), Zinc(Zn), Tin (Sn), ... == Very high toxicity but simple, small and out of abundant elements – some examples == * HCN cyanide * H₃CNCO [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate Methyl_isocyanate] * COCl₂ phosgene [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene] * AlP aluminum phosphide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide] -- Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide_poisoning Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning (AAlPP)] * Ni(CO)₄ Nickel tetracarbonyl [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl] * Fe₃P iron phosphide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_phosphide] * Dioxines [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin]. An especially poisonous one being [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin TCDD] (already a slightly bigger molecule) == Toxicity of proteins (and foldamers in general) == These are substances natures molecular biology has developed in the course of evolution for defense against predators. Toxicity here is usually based on shape and not on the included element(s). These toxins are not small molecules but rather big irregular blobs (complexly folded up chains of amino acids). Once toxic proteins are degraded (not merely blocked by a counterpart matching in shape) their toxicity is totally and permanently gone. Artificially creating a toxic protein (or foldamer) by mere chance (e.g. in the course of de-novo protein design) is very unlikely due to the ginormous space of possibilities of shapes. If it where likely to create toxic proteins by chance we would not cook our food because the heat scrambles up all the proteins in the food a lot. In short heating things would make them highly poisonous. Actually thermal treatment (sufficient heating) works very effectively for degrading toxic proteins but it's obviously not applicable once the toxin is inside an organism. * {{todo|Discuss how cells deal with it - blocking - digesting - ...}} * {{todo|Discuss benefits (medical drugs) and problems (weapons) of intentional foldamer toxin development}} == Related == * [[Dangers]] (including [[explosives]]) * [[Soil pollutants]] * [[Recycling]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk#Quantitative_analysis Risk#Quantitative_analysis] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)#Essential_chemical_elements_for_humans Essential_chemical_elements_for_humans] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body#Essential_elements_on_the_periodic_table Essential_elements_on_the_periodic_table] The complement of these contains the toxic ones. ---- * Wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousveillance Sousveillance] czgnupe2vvh8o4p0r55t9g6wxog5ewa wikitext text/x-wiki 0 599 6242 2017-08-15T18:05:16Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Poisons]] to [[Poison]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Poison]] m4qvnuj65cyqph8oc5d2auwm8g6tst8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 901 8797 8760 2021-04-25T07:41:08Z Apm 1 added link to page: [[Neo-polymorphs]] {{Stub}} __NOTOC__ == More commonly known SiO₂ gemstones == * Common [[Quartz]] * amorphous forms (properties similar to: chalcedon, opal, obsidian, ...) <br>[[mechanosynthesis]] would allow for synthesis of '''pseudo amorphous configurations''' <br> [[Neo-polymorph]]s == Especially interesting since unusually hard and dense == * [[Stishovite]] –– may be transitionable into other gemstomes with the same [[rutile structure]] forming [[pseudo phase diagram]]s * [[Seifertite]] –– (scrutinyte structure) Both are metastable very hard and very dense. <br> They may not be very resilient against high temperatures. == Other polymorphs of SiO₂ == * {{wikitodo|add some known ones}} == Related == * [[Silicon]], [[Oxygen]] * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Neo-polymorphs]] qx09um2rqi23ylchrxm2iagh0dlwhcn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1106 10344 10330 2021-06-13T19:04:43Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{stub}} * [[Molybdenum]] oxides capable of forming insetting complex structures * [[Tungsten]] oxides (not for large scale structural applications due to tungsten's scarcity) == Related == * [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] * [[Technology level II]] * [[Biominerals]] – [[Biomineralization]] * [[In solvent synthesizable gemstones]] == External links == [[Eric Drexler's blog partially dug up from the Internet Archive]] * 2011-05-03 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530155830/http://metamodern.com/2011/05/03/polyoxometalate-papers/ Polyoxometalate papers] * 2010-01-13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153052/http://metamodern.com/2010/01/13/templates-for-atomically-precise-metal-oxide-nanostructures/ Templates for atomically precise metal-oxide nanostructures] * 2009-03-29 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530160258/http://metamodern.com/2009/03/29/polyoxometalate-nanostructures/ Polyoxometalate Nanostructures] ---- * [https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/cronin/media/papers/Long2006ChemEurJ.pdf "Towards Polyoxometalate-Integrated Nanosystems" (pdf)] * [https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2008/CC/b715502f#!divAbstract Functionalization of polyoxometalates: towards advanced applications in catalysis and materials science] * [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/327/5961/72.abstract Unveiling the Transient Template in the Self-Assembly of a Molecular Oxide Nanowheel] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxometalate Polyoxometalate] 9kgo8gpk7u0441cmngex0vp5vla2w7h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1075 11078 11012 2021-06-30T22:45:36Z Apm 1 Polyyne rods are linear chains of carbon with alternating single and triple bonds. Like a lot of [[ethyne]] molecules linked together in series. <br> This makes for the physically thinnest possible rod for pushing and pulling. Polyyne rods might be usable for: * [[Rod logic]] – Related: [[reversible computing]] * [[Sorting rotors]] like e.g. in the [[Acetylene sorting pump]] * ... ? '''Possible downsides:''' <br> * Quite a bit higher susceptibility to [[radiation damage]] than bulk [[gemstone-like compound]]s * Higher difficulty in manufacturing (unclear, might not be the case) There's a bit of etyne rod manipulation in the [[tooltip chemistry]] for the [[mechanosynthesis of diamond]] <br> as outlined in the [[tooltip cycle paper]]. == Related == * [[Semi gemstone-like structure]] * [[Ethyne]] These are proposed to serve a function in * '''[[acetylene sorting pump]]s''' * mechanical [[rod logic]] * [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] of diamond. See: [[Tooltip cycle paper]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne Polyyne] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulene Cumulene] <= double bonds instead of triple bonds p3asjfkpj74iz6u6wqvebds8z4v8g0b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 823 9941 8665 2021-06-05T07:35:57Z Apm 1 added new section == Relation to mechanosynthesis and piezochemistry == {{stub}} Positional assembly: * is the complement to all forms of [[Self assembly]] * does not need thermal motion to work such as most forms of [[self assembly]] (except [[Selfassembly without thermal motion]]) * does need to sufficiently control thermal motion to prevent placement errors * does not require the parts that are supposed to be assembled to encode their target position into their structure. <br>Thus added parts can be smaller (molecule fragment moieties or sometimes single atoms in the limit) <br>Thus stiffer (better) materials can be assembled * can be combined with self assembly. <br>Like e.g. in the [[site activation method]] and in [[tether assisted self assembly]]. If [[thermally driven assembly]] is still partly involved than it is [[semi positional assembly]]. == Relation to mechanosynthesis and piezochemistry == * (1) Both [[positional assembly]] and ([[positional assembly]] combined with [[piezochemistry]]) all counts to the more general concept of [[mechanosynthesis]] * (2) [[Positional assembly]] combined with [[piezochemistry]] is [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] – (desired target capability) (1) In other words: <br> [[Mechanosynthesis]] ... * ... is at least positional assembly. * ... does not need to be capable of applying high mechanical forces. * ... can be capable of applying high mechanical forces (a highly desired skill) <br>if it is capable of applying high mechanical forces then it is [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. == Related == * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] * [[Introduction of total positional control]] * [[Lattice scaled stiffness]] kqq70lwgx1nnoe8npkxmd5lclus5q6e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 96 11637 6170 2021-07-15T12:26:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{site specific term}} Up: [[Precision]] Up: [[Atomic precision]] '''"Positional atomic precision" (PAP)''' is a refinement to '''"atomic precision" (AP)''' in general. When mentioning atomic precision (or atomically preciseness) in some cases it's important to distinguish between mere precision in bond topology and a stronger form: positional precision in space. In case of mere precision in bond topology atoms may still [[thermal motion|wiggle around]] much more than their own size, but which atoms are connected to which other ones can still be [[precision|precisely]] specified. It's about reproducibly created bond topology/connectivity (that stays well preserved). In case of precision in position/space atoms must not [[thermal motion|wiggle around]] more than their own size. This is especially important in [[mechanosynthesis]] of [[diamondoid compound|gemstones]]. There the wiggling must be restrained enough to make placement errors sufficiently unlikely such that it becomes practically possible to build up larger functional structures. So a nano-manipulator with positional atomically precise capability can position work-pieces at sub Ångström distances. Note: due to a confusion of "resolution" and "positional preciseness" by the wiki's author (sorry) some pages linking here might still use the wrong interpretation of "resolution". Repair work is in progress. The term "positional atomic precise _" can be extended with terms like: manufacturing, technology, capability, ....<br> Corresponding short-hands respectively: '''PAPM, PAPT, PAPC, ...''' == Relation to material stiffness == Positional atomic precision positioning capability is enabled by [[stiffness|high stiffness materials]] and [[stiffness|high stiffness materials]] allow [[mechanosynthesis]] with positional atomically precise capability. So those two go hand in hand. Atomically precise positioning: * is akin to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch printing resolution] {{todo|Why called resolution and not precision?}} * must not be confused with [[atomically precise topology]] * makes direct [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] fabrication of AP structures like one H atom or moiety at a time possible * makes design and reasoning easier * makes the creation of structures with higher performance and similar or higher efficiency ([http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html diffusion transport has free energy cost]) than biological systems display possible ([[superlubrication|superlubricating]] interfaces). == Effect of (random) thermal drift and bending on positioning == Thermal expansion or bending through external forces can spoil correct positioning in 3D space over greater distances. Depending whether this is considered a (slow moving) random variable or a systematic offset error this might be considered an error in [[precision]] or [[accuracy]] respectively. Thermal drift is a well known phenomenon by people working with scanning probe microscopes. Thermal drift isn't a problem in [[gem-gum factory|gem-gum factories]] though where relative distances between (sturdy) AP workpieces and (sturdy) AP tooltips are microscopic. Equally rough handling of a gem-gum factory (slight bending) when in operation may proof not to be too serious. == Related == * [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Atomic precision]] * [[Topological atomic precision]] * [[Stiffness]] * [[Precision]] ... a general definition [[Category:General]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] ov9yilfbp6yeczyhual9mmrcij37et6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 437 6875 6712 2017-10-30T19:12:26Z Apm 1 added up-link {{stub}} This page is about: * the major positive characteristics of [[technology level III|the technology]], * from which technicalities they originate and * what consequences they entail. (focusing on the positive sides) = The characters of advanced atomically precise production economy = * good resource availability * good energy availability * improved transport * good distributability * high system stability through material deglobalisation == Good resource availability == {{todo|Add several graphics: element abundance, graphic}} * element abundance on earth * (normal) mode of operation * atmospheric composition * water content of atmosphere (add illustrative ballonpop condensation image) * air usage mode of operation + math == Good energy availability == * CO2 collector buoys + image of research buoy today == Improved transport (among others: freshwater) == === upgraded street infrastructure === Main article: "[[Upgraded street infrastructure]]" * solar paving * hydrogen micro-capsule energy line * infinitesimal bearings * gas water === Capsule transport === Main article: "[[Capsule transport]]" Medium accelerator / pushers. '''Diverse new means for transport:''' * microcomponents * chemical energy carrier ** * mechanical removal of snow and ice in small pieces, * alternatives for water and gas lines * bigger pipe mail like transport for non atomically precise goods * heat pump capsules * resource gas capsules Upgraded rails and or wheels for trains. === Power transmission === Main article: "[[Energy transmission]]" '''mechanicity''' as an analog to electricity <br> Chemical lines buried in the ground instead of electrical lines overhead. {{todo|add image}} Solid body no leaks - entropic storage - cooling on accident. === Replacement of big industry cheap materials through hightech metamaterials === * Asphalt -> multifunction streets * Concrete -> dust free quickly changeable hyper-isolating ultralight construction * Steel tracks -> "traintrack-warp-drive"? * Car and plane aluminum -> scratch- and dent-free metamaterials * Wood -> feel well metamaterials * plastics -> metamaterials that are: long time stable (UV), non poisonous, recyclable without quality loss == High productivity & potentially excellent product recycling == * Global microcomponent redistribution system - (connecting to its assembly level) * new recycling cycles * microcomponent recomposition mode of operatiopn * edgy splinters and floating stuff {{todo|add image of washed round glass}} == Good distributability == * due to sum of aforementioned points == High system stability through material deglobalisation == * [[disaster proof]] * [[Synthesis of food|no food]] {{todo|add location in the exploratory engineering map}} = Misc = == Clothing == Main article: [[Gem gum suit]] * A suite that is a house for one person like a spacesuit that is a spaceship for one person - being houseless does not mean major discomfort anymore it decouples from being homeless. * thermal switching metamaterial * telepresence = Related = * [[modes of operation]] + some possible formats (keychainpendant size, phablet size, laserprinter size, ...) * Benefits / [[Opportunities]] * list of [[products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] rdhzsh5127mwuoa6rqzhrf57c2dut4i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 652 7338 7335 2018-08-13T18:25:59Z Apm 1 /* Related */ matching link to page renaming {{stub}} [[File:Possibility_space_overview_-_original_size.svg|750px|thumb|center|Main article: "[[possibility space]]"; (1) R&D with (1a) untargeted research discovering more surprising pathway entry points (1b) targeted engineering marching forward on identified pathway entry points; (2) [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|path]], especially [[incremental path]] with three technology levels ([[Technology level I|2a]],[[Technology level II|2b]],[[Technology level III|2c]]); (3) target backward [[preparatory design]] (4) far off target: [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factory]]; (5a) [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s, (5b) [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing|advanced products]] and (5c) more abstract consequences ([[Opportunities|good]] and [[Dangers|bad]]) hard to quantify and blurring into speculation -- (green areas) [[Exploratory engineering]]. (dark green) known today.]] == Related == * [[Knowledge matrix]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency Pareto optimum & Pareto frontier] lp4wtspuwat671qcdrpppruh2pxp42c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1143 10733 2021-06-21T12:44:19Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Power density]] #REDIRECT [[Power density]] ic2gzujwjdhxi5n2h8a4mebzhl3rglc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 299 10478 9313 2021-06-16T06:45:25Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Energy density]] {{Template:Stub}} {{wikitodo|Add reference to relevant Nanosystems section}} There are two kinds of power densities * aerial power density * volumetric power density {{todo|In how far can they be made comparable? And is there a way to get an intuitive grasp on them?}} The power densities mentioned in [[Nanosystems]] seem to exceed the maximum what seems possibly of force times speed in [[mechanical energy transmission cables]]. <br> {{todo| Resolve this mystery}} == Related == * [[Energy conversion]] – especially high max power in [[electromechanical converters]] (to check) * [[Energy density]] High power [[energy transmission]] as a combination of: * [[Chemical energy transmission]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission]] * [[Entropic energy transmission]] * [[Thermal energy transmission]] – other quite different constraints here ----- * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] cw1n3v4ib27e2juuydp00dxy9zu6p87 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 280 2928 2015-02-28T06:54:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Energy extraction]] #REDIRECT [[Energy extraction]] 6ib9fsper67u74vj3b33yat1c8gxnnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 282 2930 2015-02-28T06:57:35Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Energy extraction]] #REDIRECT [[Energy extraction]] 6ib9fsper67u74vj3b33yat1c8gxnnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 813 8202 8201 2021-03-26T15:49:56Z Apm 1 /* Chicken egg problem */ added linebreak A practically perfect vacuum (PPV) is needed by [[gem-gum technology]] since the the force applying [[mechanosynthesis]] that is synthesizing the [[crystolecules]] that form the basis of [[gem-gum technology]] needs it. == Currently impossible because ... == With current day technology (2021) it is not at all possible to reach a prefect vacuum. Limiting factors are: * gasses (like water vapour) adsorb onto surfaces when vented (and spoil the vacuum later) * gasses diffuse into material (especially at grain boundaries) * only large vessel sizes are possible == Becoming possible because ... == In [[gem-gum technology]] all these limitations are lifted. * very small vessel sized are possible (statistically ore likely that there is not a single atom in one vessel) * flawless single crystal walls in those nanoscale chambers have no grain boundaries * hydrogen passivated diamond chamber walls do not adsorb gasses well Additionally strong open radical bond free gas molecule getter surfaces can be integrated. {{wikitodo|add a sketch about how small vessel size makes PPV in a vessel more likely}} == Chicken egg problem == That leaves the problem of cyclic dependency: [[Gem-gum technology]]: * is capable of creating PPV but it also * needs PPV to in its [[nanofactory]] manufacturing devices Related: [[bootstrapping]] == Related == * [[Vacuum handling]] * [[Clean room lockout]] == Interesting off-topic question == Can a part of the probability density of a fullyquantum mechanically delocalized gas molecule be transported away by atomically tight positive displacement mechanisms? How much decoherence is there by interaction with walls at room temperature? 9iier31vdp7rojadmuctg934qauz2ml wikitext text/x-wiki 0 595 6205 6204 2017-08-11T16:17:19Z Apm 1 added links to the two main sub pages on top {{stub}} See also: * [[Topological atomic precision]] * [[Positional atomic precision]] == Precision in the context of manipulation with actuators == {{todo|elaborate}} == Precision in the context of measurements with sensors == '''Precision:'''<br> * The narrowness (linguistic use) or wideness (math use) of the random distribution in the (nowadays digital and discrete) measurement readout. <br>Usually expressed in standard deviation, FWHM or similar. * Not(!) the possibly present random distribution in the "real" value.<br> (Note the problem pf drawing the line betwene noise in the "real" value and noise in the measurement system!) * inverse of random measurement deviation * The unit of precision (when used in the linguistic sense) is the inverse of the measurement quantity <br>("more precise" <=> higher value of inverse standard deviation) * Precision (of single measurements**) can never exceed (be finer than) resolution. Precision sits on top of resolution! '''Resolution:''' * The size of the steps of the measurement readout (no further sub-steps). * In case precision is far lower than resolution a one step difference is pretty meaningless. * The unit of resolution is: readable steps per unit of measurement quantity * Resolution is always higher than Precision (of single measurements**) When precision closes in on resolution discretization error joins the party complicating things. '''Accuracy:''' (trueness) * how near the expectation value comes to a reference value ("true" value) - (a qualitative term?) * inverse of the systematic measurement deviation If accuracy is low highly precise measurements are consistently wrong.<br> An error that can be potentially compensated. === Lowering bandwidth to increase resolution and precision === By taking many measurements and averaging them out precision can be improved**. Measuring this way takes more time so the maximum frequency of measurements (bandwidth) gets lower. This is why noise in measurement readouts falls/(rises) with falling/(rising) bandwidth. In case of manual averaging over many sub measurements at some point precision hits the resolution limit. Quite a bit before that happens one should start to store the averaged values with a higher resolution. While the new precision must still be higher than the new resolution (fundamental fact), the new higher precision (harbored in the new higher resolution) '''can''' exceed the old resolution. '''The continuum:'''<br> Even a single measurement takes finite time. So it can be seen as an average over many much shorter sub measurements with much lower precision each. Higher bandwidth <=> more noise. This is related to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.<br> Note that in mechanical nanosystems at room temperature quantum "noise" can be significantly overpowered by thermal noise. == External links == === Wikipedia === * en: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision Accuracy_and_precision] => '''validity''' ~ seldom: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactness Exactness] <br>(accuracy ~ seldom: correctness ~ ISO: trueness)<br> de: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richtigkeit Richtigkeit] & [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4zision Präzision] => [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genauigkeit Genauigkeit] ~ selten: '''Exaktheit''' ~ selten: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validit%C3%A4t Validität]<br>(Richtigkeit ~ selten: Akkuratheit) * Random and systematic errors:<br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error Observational_error]; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals Errors_and_residuals];<br> de: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuf%C3%A4llige_Abweichung Zufällige Abweichung] & [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematische_Abweichung Systematische_Abweichung] => [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messabweichung Messabweichung] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution Image_resolution] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution Resolution (in various contexts)]; de: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufl%C3%B6sung Auflösung] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision Precision (in various contexts)] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures Significant_figures] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_precision False_precision] * noise; standard deviation; bandwith * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretization_error Discretization_error] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing Aliasing] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing Anti-aliasing] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing Spatial_anti-aliasing] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern Moiré_pattern] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology Metrology] qievoq2hd934ybfg3nrd2bg3gz7c63r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 794 8082 8081 2021-03-12T19:16:41Z Apm 1 /* Theoretical overhang */ This goes both ways: * [[Theoretical overhang]] * [[Experimental overhang]] == Theoretical overhang == Having already pre-solved a huge swath of theoretical stuff that suddenly gets applicable all at once stuff since some critical [[technological percolation limit]] limit point has been crossed on the practical experimental side. <br> * This can potentially lead to an unexpected boost in development speed. See main article: [[theoretical overhang]] <br> * This is more likely when more [[future-backward development]] work is done rather than [[present-forward development]]. <br> Obviously without any [[present-forward development]] nothing happens at all. == Experimental overhang == That's basically the case when a lot of experiments have been done with satisfactory outcome but one does not really understand the theory behind it and thus has a hard time expanding on it. Black magic experimental systems. In this situation it's basically necessary to so some research to catch ones understanding to the state of experiments. * This can potentially lead to an unexpected drag on development speed. <br> * This is more likely when more [[present-forward development]] work is done rather than [[future-backward development]]. 9m7io3521s2k1ub6nxjp9d3wfebkarf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 789 8132 8125 2021-03-15T23:25:54Z Apm 1 crude addition - needs improvement - or split-off to own page Up: [[Bridging the gaps]] <br> Complementary: [[Future-backward development]] Here counting to "future-forward development" will be everything that is already investigatable by experimental means that are accessible today (more or less widely/costly). '''There are basically two fields that need pushing:''' * Improving on various foldamer technologies (self-assembling and self-folding) * Prototyping of very early forms of force applying [[mechanosynthesis]] '''And looking maybe a bit into the future:''' * Manipulating (and assembling!) self-assembled foldamers bricks with scanning probe tips * Integrating the learned mechanosynthetic capabilities into the learned foldamer capabilities (likely in solvent first) = Areas = == Foldamer Technology == '''Needed is:''' * Development of new and * improvement on existing foldamers technologies '''With a particular focus on:''' * [[stiffness]] * modular reusability * separation of concerns * eventual integration of mechanosynthetic aspects (more or less direct) '''To give concrete targets:''' <br> (1) Getting to prismatic or otherwise larger scale highly geometric construction bricks that can be be connected in a programmable fashion by self assembly. Or later eventually by guided self assembly or even .... process. (2) Eventual integration of mechanosynthetic tips for the other development path. '''There are foldamer technologies with different degrees of stiffness.''' * Low stiffness (most scaleable it seems) * mid stiffness * high stiffness (least scaleable is seems) It may be possible to combine these (insetting the stiffer in the less stiff ones) and the fastest progress combining the best of all worlds. Or one of the stiffer technologies unexpectedly starts scaling better. === Low stiffness foldamer technologies === Of main interest here may be the Structural DNA nanotechnologies (SDN). <br> Especially the DNA-brick kind of SDN. That is: Cuboid blocks from many short DNA oligimer staples.<br> Main page: [[Structural DNA nanotechnology]] '''Main limitations are:''' * not stiff enough for atomically precise placement of anything (with an asterisk). * programmable attachment points are spaced apart quite far. * there are pretty big error rates (there is no cell machinery that is helping selfassembly along) * rapidly dropping yields when going to bigger structure sizes. '''Main strengths:''' It is the foldamer tech … * … with the largest number of shape-addressable individual sites in an assembly * … with the most control beyond infinite translatory or rotatory symmetries '''The asterisk:''' Atomically precise placement via SDN actually '''has''' been demonstrated. But only in a time averaged way. Isn't that completely useless? Actually not. As known from statistics one can switch out a temporal average for an spacial average. But how can that be done in an engineering setting? By integration of a smaller piece of stiffer foldamers (like de-novo proteins) foldamers into a larger piece of the SDN structure (less stiff foldamers) one can average out spacially over all interface attachment points. That is easier said than done tough. In fact this is probably extremely difficult and necessitates great advances on both involved foldamer technologies. The surrounding and the inserted one. To have sufficient spacial averaging over thermal vibrations the interface surface needs to be large and stiff enough. Why not just use the stiffer foldamer technology (e.g. de-novo proteins) to begin with? Because it may be (and looks like so) that the stiffer foldamer technologies are more difficult to scale to a necessary size, that it is to couple it so a less stiff but more scalable different foldamer technology. So in summary: <br> SDN may be usable as low stiffness very large scale backbone structure for higher stiffness large insets that then do the actual small scale atomically precise holding. {{wikitodo|add a sketch of that idea here}} <br> === Mid stiffness foldamer technologies === '''Of main interest here may be de-novo protein engineering.''' <br> In particular packed alpha helix bundles and beta sheets are of special interest because of: * their higher stiffness * their higher geometry * their higher folding predictability === High stiffness foldamer technologies === '''One promising candidate here may be Spiroligomers.''' <br> These have their individual monomers (base building blocks) linked together by '''not just one but by two inter-atomic bonds'''. This prevents free rotation around single sigma-bonds. Thus: * the structures are likely notably stiffer than proteins. * there is no folding foldamer folding involved (actually these are not exactly foldamers anymore) The shape is pretty much uniquely given by sequence of monomers that where linked together. Limits to increased stiffness: * intentional bi-stable snap flips or such may be possible to include on purpose. * long chains might bend a lot to the point of self-entanglement * side-stacking issues Side-stacking: Since there is no folding present to archive volumetric structures it is necessary to stack these spiroligomers sidewards/sideways by some different post processing method. Final structure stiffness may largely depend on how tight one can stack them sideways. The higher stiffness along the chain might even be counterproductive here. That is reduce the sidewards stiffness. (Note that this is somewhat speculative. The author has never worked with Spiroligomers.) == Fat fingers == Here's a motivational/economic problem: There are two factors that space out the [[thermal motion overpowering holding sites]] stongly: * separation of concerns by geometric brick modularization * the afore described approach of stiffer-foldamer in less-stiff foldamer insets This spacing … * … is not exactly a problem for far term applications. See [[fat finger problem]]. <br> * … is a problem for near term applications - elaboration follows === spacing caused by pushing for modularization === Take a typical proteins(enzymes) active site (the pocket where molecules get bound and manipulated). When one switches out just one single side-chain "finger" with an other one that has a slightly different shape, then everything else may change with it. Change the shape of one finger slightly and this shape-change propagates to many other (more or less adjacent) ones in highly unpredictable ways. Through tight packing of the side-chains all the (alone floppy) fingers provide all the other ones mutual support against too big thermal vibrations and against fatal displacements through free rotations. Changing the structure of "fingers" enough <br> (e.g. by switching them out through stiff artificial interlinked side-chains packs or spiroligomer packs), <br> such that they can keep their position sufficiently precisely without the need for "mutual support sideward packing" makes them so big/fat that only very few fingers can reach in on specific point on a target molecule. Certainly not enough to pick out a molecule based on shape. This is a problem for near term applications. <br> This would be a-ok for advanced mechanosynthesis where … * … molecules to synthesize start out and stay in machine-phase - nothing big and complex needs to be catched from solvent * … chain polymers can eventually be syntesized by holding them in a "two point stretched out" fashion * … there is a focus on just a few base simple materials for metamaterials -- and moreover these are crystalline * … === Effects of very big spacing through foldamer in foldamer insets (pushing for stiffness) === Really far apart spacing like in the case of the proposed foldamer in foldamer insert also comes with another effect. Whatever these stiff-fingers/tips do they do it slower because there are fewer of them around per fixed volume. This eventually can be compensated through added active motion and applied mechanical forces like: * higher reaction success rate nearing one -- instead of like e.g. 1 in 1000 reacts on any given attempt * increased reaction speeds during the reaction -- if this is was a limiting factor * increased reloading speed -- this may be limited as long as operations are conducted in a solvent rather than a vacuum See [[Mechanochemistry]] === Loss of combinatorial power while gains are not yet harvest-able === The capability of easily trying a huge number of random mutations is a powerful tool for many of today's medical applications. Like e.g. detection of small molecules. Fighting against conflation of concerns and for modularization for the sake of getting to more advanced forms of APM ASAP requires stiffening the sidechains/fingers/tips. This in turn requires spreading out the fingers. The fingers that are now spaced apart much more become unable to collaborate in huge number on the same local section of a small molecule. So the power for near term application in this regard is lost. == Experimentally accessible very early forms of force applying mechanosynthesis == This has been done on silicon. {{wikitodo|add details here}} == Prototyping of self replicating robotics == This is borderline present forward. <br> While prototyping of self replicating robotics is indeed already experimentally accessible (has been since ages) it is not possible yet to do such prototyping at the final target scale the nanoscale. Doing prototyping at a scale different than the target scale needs one to always keep strong eye on the different physics at the nanoscale. <br> See: [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] <br> See: [[RepRec pick and place robots]] This is probably the most accessible area of present forward development for low level funding private independent agent work. = Equipment, accessibility, cost = Here is a hugely incomplete list of some of the most relevant experimental equipment. <br> Plus notes on its accessibility and cost of usage. <br> For who can afford what see: [[Funding contexts and their degree of viability]] {{wikitodo|each of these following technologies deserves its own main article}} == Foldamer synthesis == * There are already services that provide basic foldamers. * There are already services that provide assembly services. <br>In the case of DNA e.g. https://www.tilibit.com/ Prices for limited amounts can be surprisingly cheap. But this can quickly rise with when a lot of combinatoric variants are needed. Also more advanced (stiffer/smaller) foldamer technologies are typically more expensive and less accessible. <br> Proteins seem somewhat less accessible than structural DNA nanotech. <br> There are no spiroligomer synthesis services as of today (2021 to check) == Scanning probe microscopes == There are three major price levels: * Full on DIY scannig probe microscopes (mostly STMs barely AFMs) * Small relatively cheap commercial scanning probe microscopes * Big expensive commercial systems Most well known are electrically operaating STMs and mechanically operating AFMs * STMs reach atomic resolution most easily (due to the highly nonlinear behaviour of the tunnelling current) * STMs are limited to electrically conductive surfaces * AFMs reach atomic resolution harder - especially for cheap DIY approaches this has not be demonstrated * AFMs made some of the highest resolution images of flat polyaromatic hydrocarbon molecules by 2021 though. {{wikitodo|investigate there and add insights here}} Generally there are many more types of scanning probe microscop. <br> Each defined by whnat physical quantity they probe. Magnetic, Optic, ... There is one particular versatile technology that combines the best of several technologies. == Transmission electron microscopy == Very expensive. * Especially of interest is Tomographic Cryo-EM. * One severe limitation is that for really high resolution there is an average over many identical parts involved * Highly recommendable are the introductory videos by Grant Jensen (Caltech) Associated technology: Plunge freezing * hard to miniaturize * hard to automatize * limited degree of parallelizability == X-ray structural analysis == Rather expensive to very expensive. * desktop (cathode ray tube) devices * accelerator beam lines * free electron lasers == Magnetic resonance structural analysis == * Access to synthetic equi * Access to analytic equipment = Related = * [[Foldamer R&D]] * R&D in constructive/additive use of [[Scanning probe microscopy]] * [[Funding contexts and their degree of viability]] rlc5x23a8d1jk6rndv4s1h6s2ueqagz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 706 7139 2018-07-14T10:53:42Z Apm 1 moved over almost as is from [[Sandbox]] for linking from the main page __NOTOC__ = A Myth A Concept and An Idea = === Miraculous Nanobots – <span style="color:#A00000; background:#FFAFAF">A Widespread Myth<span> === {| style="margin-left: 10px; float:right; clear:right" |[[File:Prey-cover.jpg|x120px|thumb|right|book cover<br>–]] |[[File:the-smooze-engulfes-the-castle_my-little-pony.jpg|x120px|thumb|right|Screencap: My Little Pony: The Smooze]] |} A viral idea that spread in the public consciousness. <b> Its about swarms of<br> "living" nanobots (nanobugs)<br> which spread uncontrolledly like pests. </b> Hoorofable: Grey Goo<br> "the unavoidable total apocalypse"<br> such a thing always sells well === Gem-Gum Pants-Pockets Factories – <span style="color:#009000; background:#DFDFFF">The Current Concept</span> === {| style="margin-left: 10px; float:right; clear:right" |[[File:Nanosystems-cover.jpg|x120px|thumb|right|book cover]] |[[File:Productive Nanosystems screencap-collage cutopen.svg|x120px|thumb|right|Composition of screencaps from the video: "Productive Nanosystems"]] |} A reliably predictable but hard to reach far term goal (since 1992) that is barely known. <b>In contrast to the mythology such a device can: * not "crawl away / buzz away" * not "devour" everything * not "mutate" </b> === Molecular Assemblers – <span style="color:#A00000; background:#FFFF6F">A Dated Idea</span> === {| style="margin-left: 10px; float:right; clear:right" |[[File:Engines_of_Creation.jpg|x120px|thumb|right|book cover<br>—]] |[[File:Replicating-molecular-assemblers_screencap_BBC-Horizon_Nano-utopia_1995_480p_high-contrast.jpg|x120px|thumb|right|Screencap: BBC Horizon: "Nanoutopia" (1995)]] |} An obvious bio-analogy (1986) from which the "Nanobug-Mythology" emerged. '''The idea is dated since it turned out that assemblers''' * '''are significantly more difficult to reach''' – (but not fundamentally impossible) * '''would be pretty inefficient''' – (due to missing space inside for specialization) * '''are not desirable''' – (because of forms of grey goo that are toned down to more realistic levels) nbs1y6dxq34skg77xwofe4au3ewcbno wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1316 12071 12055 2021-09-26T08:35:33Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] = Problems = == Likely the most major problems == Some (not all) older systems do not even allow for grouping functions into bigger ones. <br> Given no means of function composition that should't even be called a programming language. So let's ignore those. === Meaning of boxes and wires === Typically: * wires are values and boxes are functions * wires can't carry functions - because values are implemented to be distinct from functions * functions are not "first class citizens") * higher order functions (functions that can take functions as arguments) are not supported === Lack of visual continuity despite being all about visual continuity === When showing the inside of a function the exterior context is typically fully hidden away. <br> Sometimes a dependency tree mini-map is given, but not the actual code context. == Minor issues - not necessarily bad == * There is no constraint on spacial placement of wires and boxes – introducing an element of additional arbitrary data (that needs to be stored and managed) * On screen information density is significantly lower than in purely textual programming. <br>Really bad when it becomes the reason for not showing code context. == Effects to investigate (possibly major effects) == Code abstractions (~input ports) and code applications (~connections to the input ports) are visually conflated. <br> Hard to explain. See: [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] for an example where this is not the case. = Solution attempts = == "Flipped graphical programming" == There are experimental systems that flip the role of boxes and wires. <br> So that wires are functions and boxes are values. <br> This has it's own problems though. {{wikitodo|add discussion}} '''Example experiment PANE (by Joshia Horowitz):''' * http://joshuahhh.com/projects/pane/ * https://youtu.be/fIEcXAHy6bU — PANE: Programming with visible data — Joshia Horowitz ---- Designs that flip the role of boxes and wires are a little closer to spreadsheets. <br> One gets spreadsheets when changing a few things like so: * hide the function wires fully * organize the data boxes in a rigid inflexible grid * add live data preview * When editing one specific data box then show the function generating this output. But only for this single box. Related: [[Problems with classical spreadsheets]] == Abstracting over the meaning of boxes and lines == Having higher order functions (and typeclasses / traits / ...) <br> One can use things like '''applicative functors and/or monads''' to '''add implicit functionality to the meaning of lines'''. <br> This is e.g. attempted in the non-classical visual programming language enso (formerly luna). <br> {{wikitodo|Add specific example enso language and discussion.}} == Reducing boxes to mere annotations of lines by adding more rules on the lines (top down interpretation) == Or rather "bottom up": <br> Visualize the three basic elements of a fundamental programming language calculus ([[lambda calculus]]) <br> as three distinct types of lines and see what happens. <br> * Boxes become mere annotations of lines. * Freedom of placement of lines become strongly restricted because orientation and placement carries meqaning. * Meaning of lines can become overloaded via applicative functors and/or monads See: [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] = Related = * [[Problems with classical spreadsheets]] [[Category:Programming]] f6c90n6vsdqjm3c5gmn3ei14xhf62y7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1317 12070 12051 2021-09-26T08:35:18Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{stub}} * Cells can't contain "function as values" – no support for higher order functions * No lambda expressions (changed with newest version of MS Excel it seems) * Recursion from circular dependencies conflated to the same layer of cells * ... ---- * Anonymous/unnamed cell-name-variables as default ---- * limitation to (multiple) semi pseudo-infinite 2D grids * limitation to total orders {{Wikitodo|Still a lot missing here.}} == Related == * [[Problems with classical graphical programming]] [[Category:Programming]] e5n8v6bkkaynp1sgfcepswao0aq6j9o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 959 11860 11858 2021-08-21T15:00:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} In any kind of [[productive nanosystem]] that manufactures a prosuct bottom up from the nanoscale to the macroscale, the the producer and the product need to be pushed apart in some ways in order for them to not mutually obstruct them during the manufacturing process. = Which way? = Two modes are thinkable: * The static non-moving producer pushes out and away the product during its production * The the producing machinery gets somehow out of the way to make space for the static in place sitting non-transported product. == Producer pushes out the product == * [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] * [[On-chip microcomponent recomposer]]s * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s – when used for on chip style production == Producer gets out of the way of the growing product == Main article: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]] * [[Molecular assembler]]s – Outdated concept! * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s – when used for volume scaffold assembler style production = Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition = To reap the benefits of the [[scaling law]] of [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]] the pushapart at larger size-scales needs to go way above the scale natural speeds. This means taking turns becomes a no-go. What's needed are straight expulsion channels. Maybe lined with [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] [[stratified shear bearing]]s. * This may be feasible for [[microcomponent]] recomposition due to low energy turnover and high efficiency requiring manageable cooling * This may not be feasible for [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] due to high energy turnover and lower efficiency requiring much more cooling === Which way? === Two options: * The microcomponents are shot out at brutally high speed from the product under assembly through straight channels that may more or less narrow down. <br>The [[fractal growth speedup limit]] applies. So for a solid nonporous product there will be some slowdown towards the end. * The product is shot out at brutally high speed from straight channels in a overly thick [[on-chip microcomponent recomposer]]. More of a thick a slab than a thin chip. == Related == * Complementary facing similar issues: [[Producer supply dragin]] or [[Producer resource dragin]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] * [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] * [[Level throughput balancing]] * [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] * [[Multilayer assembly layers]] ---- Transporting products out from some [[zone]] with [[local overproduction]] <br> requires speeds exceeding the one that [[scale natural frequencies]] would imply. rjfxp5eg2dbweubtnhbbpqp1uah5ro8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1038 9890 2021-06-03T08:41:43Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Mesocomponent]] #REDIRECT [[Mesocomponent]] 7mecba9h0nweuidphtdst1675warxg7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1003 11016 11015 2021-06-28T19:55:40Z Apm 1 /* Assembly line positioning stage */ added image {{stub}} [[File:ProductiveNanosystemsMainScreencap.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Screen capture from the concept animation video: "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" – '''Shown are several processing stages highly compressed into just one image'''. Visible is (1) [[ethyne]] purification stages (2a & 2b) final transfer of ethyne out of liquid or gas phase and into [[machine phase]] (3) loading of ethyne onto tooltips (4) Abstraction of a pair of hydrogen atoms (5) deposition of a pair of carbon atoms onto a cube shaped [[crystolecule]] under construction (6) transport of along the assembly line. A real design: (A) would have these processing stages much more spaced apart (B) would have the tool tips running on chains too (C) would have the [[molecule sorting stages]] and [[final transfer to machine phase]] worked out in much more detail]] [[File:ProductiveNanosystemsUnusedSceneToolsOnChain.jpeg|400px|thumb|right|Here is an alternate scene that did not make it into the animation video. The tips are on belts for longer tip-tip encounter time. It seem to suffers from being a too compact design though leading to a few issues like: The polygonal wheels may cause Van der Waals force spikes, the hinge flexing graphene sheet connections seems questionable and the axles are cramped. {{wikitodo|figure out what mechanosynthetic reaction is supposed to be demonstrated here}}]] This page is about the the conceptual animation video "Productive nanosystems: From molecules to superproducts". <br> '''Watch it here: [https://archive.org/details/NanoFactory Productive nanosystems: From molecules to superproducts (InternetArchive link)]''' <br> To address the common immediate concerns see: [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] For proposals for [[gem-gum factory]] designs other than what is presented in this here discussed concept animation video check out: "[[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]]". {{wikitodo|add screen captures to the detailed discussions}} = Goals = == Suspected goals of the concept animation video == The goals of this animation presumably where a balance of: * accurate depiction of concepts outlined in the book "[[Nanosystems]]" and [[tooltip chemistry]] papers * comprehensible depiction of concepts <br>(not over designed over complicated – just giving a hint that there are plenty ways to do it) * keeping design effort manageable * show the most critical components worked out in most detail => <br> '''less critical components are worked out in much less detail''' <br> they are mostly shown to give a whole system context == Goals of this discussion page == This page is about * a brief listing of the sequence of things shown in the video followed by * a bit more detailed in context discussion of the processing stations will then be given in dedicated subsections. Eventually illustrated with corresponding screen captures. Discussion of processing stations that get to long will be factored out into dedicated pages that will discuss these ideas mostly outside the context of this concept animation video. = Brief listings = == List of shown things in the first half (zoom-in) == Shown wile zooming in continuously: * Macroscale [[resource cartridges]] * [[Cooling channels]] * [[Assembly layers]] Shown while zooming out is a list of processing stations. == List of shown stations (zoom-out) == '''Stations dealing with molecules and [[molecule fragments]]:''' * [[Sorting rotors]] – specifically here: [[Acetylene sorting pump]] – [[Nanosystems]] pages 374, 378, 379 * [[Final transfer into machine phase]] – this may split up into sub processes – Related:[[Machine phase]] * [[Tooltip loading]] * [[Tooltip preparation]] * [[Carbon deposition]] – specifically here: di-carbon deposition – [[Tooltip unloading]] '''Stations dealing with [[crystolecules]] and bigger structures:''' * [[Assembly line positioning stage]] – pallets (adapter pallets) * '''NOT SHOWN IN PUBLISHED VERSION''' – attachment chains for the tool-tips and back-pressure rails * '''NOT SHOWN''' – tooltip positioning stage * '''NOT SHOWN''' – switch of attachment chain type * '''NOT SHOWN''' – chain speed transition * '''NOT SHOWN''' – early stage [[vacuum lockout]] * [[Routing station]] (Distribution junction and merging junction) * Mixed part type stream transport to the next [[assembly level]] (here next assembly [[layer]]) * Stream pickup mechanism * First programmable assembly robot – details largely omitted * '''NOT SHOWN''' – second vacuum lockout – eventual second speed change * [[Part streaming assembly]] – this splits up into three sub processes – gantry robotics involved * Final lockout at the macroscale = More in depth discussion = == List of shown things in the first half (zoom-in) == The continuous zoom-in is nice. Attempting to give a sense for scale. <br> For even better ways to do this see: * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] * [[Magnification theme-park]] * and maybe [[The speed of atoms]] === Macroscale [[resource cartridges]] === Yes, could be done that way, yes, but a power-bank form-factor might be more convenient. <br> (Or a plug to the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]].) <br> Also the lab setting is kinda funny. <br> One major point of this technology is that people would have these devices in their living-rooms or working-rooms (like photocopiers) <br> and in their backpacks like laptops. <br> See: [[Form factor of gem-gum factories]] === [[Cooling channels]] === Not much to say here I guess. Could and would be implemented by more advanced means then just passive tubes for cooling fluid. <br> See: [[diamondoid heat pipe]] and [[diamondoid heat pump]] <br> That (not being limited by viscosity) could and would integrate more into the [[assembly layers]] above. <br> Nothing of that is shown though. Just as energy and data systems are not shown at all. === [[Assembly layers]] === Maybe this is interpreting to much into how much thought went into this concept animation but <br> The thickest layer being the one with the smallest nanomachinery and further up layers with bigger nanomachinery getting thinner matches up perfectly with "[[deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]]" something we probably want to implement to keep waste heat from [[friction]] in check and something we should be able to implement mainly thanks to "[[higher productivity of smaller machinery]]". == List of shown stations (zoom-out) == {{wikitodo|add discussions of stations and associated screencaps}} === Sorting rotors === [[File:Pns-fmtsp - one of a series of sorting rotors.png|275px|thumb|right|A series of '''sorting rotors''' like this one purifying [[resource molecules]]. Here [[ethyne]] is concentrated and benzene is shown to be rejected.]] "[[Sorting rotors]]" is the name used in [[Nanosystems]]. '''Possible critique points of what's shown in the animation:''' Possible critique (1): '''"This has not been worked out in enough detail." – (not applicable when looking at additional work)''' <br> Well. Given this is a processing step of core importance there actually has been done more detailed work on this peculiar design problem. The results juts did not make it into the animation. Either for reasons-of-clarity or it may have been designed only after publication of that video. Specifically an atomistic model of an [[acetylene sorting pump]] with the software [[Nanoengineer-1]] was being designed. <br> See: [[Acetylene sorting pump]] – This was the biggest and most complex modeled [[diamondoid molecular machine element]] designed till 2021 (and going). Possible critique (2): '''Potential critique points due to the integrated [[polyine rods]]:''' * possibly higher [[radiation damage]] sensitivity. * the component parts are possibly quite a bit more difficult to synthesize Are there maybe alternative solutions that can do without [[polyine rods]]? <br> See discussion on the page: [[resource molecule sorting system]] === Final transfer into machine phase === [[File:Pns-fmtsp - final transfer to machine phase.png|279px|thumb|right|Wheel turns clockwise. [[Ethyne]] molecule gets captured bottom center. It will no longer get released into liquid or gas phase. This is the final transfer to [[machine phase]]. (This part seems like an especially crude and conceptual sketch).]] This is not shown in a way that is well worked out at all. <br> A system quite similar system to the [[sorting rotors]] (like [[acetylene pumps]]) might be the intention here. An issue here might be that * on the fluid/gas phase side temperature must be high to prevent freezing. * on the [[machine phase side]] temperature may need to be cryogenic to prevent the not yet covalently bond molecules to come loose and poison the [[practically perfect vacuum]]. If that indeed is an issue then a thermal difference may motivate stetching out that mast wheel to a chain over a macroscopic distances though a thermal isolation barrier. This wold be a quite different design approach. For the preceding [[resource molecule sorting system]] similar alternate approaches might make sense too. === Tooltip loading, Tooltip preparation, Carbon deposition (Tooltip unloading) === Here basically some results of these paper are presented: * [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] * {{wikitodo|add reference to paper about the DC10c tooltip}} ---- * The featured tool for di-carbon deposition is likely DC10c. * {{wikitodo|find out which tool was demonstrated doing the hydrogen abstraction}} See also: * [[Tooltip chemistry]] * [[List of proposed tooltips for diamond mechanosynthesis]] === Assembly line positioning stage === [[File:AssemblylinePositioningStage.png|200px|thumb|right|Positioning stages on a conveyor chain.]] See main article: [[Assembly line positioning stage]] This is a positioning stage that is attached to each attachment chain link of the crystolecule mechamosynthesis assembly line. These stages allows for individual x,y,z positioning in a quite ingenious and minimalistic way. This design is exploiting [[scaling law|the peculiar physics of the nanoscale]] quite a bit. A lot of stuff is held together only by the [[Van der Waals force]]. The very same design at the macroscale would just fall apart to (thousands/millions/whatever) pieces (except all pieces where strongly magnetic in convenient directions – impractical) This is a case where there is quite a bit of deviation of [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]. But few notice. In fact the positioning stages themselves can be easily miss one's attention since they are not explicitly mentioned in the animation videos narrative. === Omitted non-shown details === '''Attachment chains for the tool-tips and back-pressure rails:''' <br> A version that did not make it into the final video had these. <br> See second screen capture. '''Tooltip positioning stage:''' <br> Designing rotational degrees of freedom causes some head-scratching. <br> Plus the preceding point was ditched. That may be the reason for why it is not shown. <br> {{todo|have a go at designing positioning stages for rotational degrees of freedom}} '''Switch of attachment chain type:''' <br> There is a switch from one attachment chain type to another attachment chain type. <br> From the one with assembly line positioning stages to a plain one. <br> This is not narrated and easily missed. <br> There must be a mechanism doing that transfer. '''Change of attachment chain speed:''' <br> Given this wikis assumption of [[deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]] is correct, <br> then going up the [[assembly level]]s we need to speed up (in terms of distance per time not in terms of frequency). <br> This speedup step could be ... * ... combined with the preceding chain type switching step. * ... done separately. * ... combined with the later routing step. – But it is done so here in the later shown routing design. It does not change speed. '''Early stage vacuum lockout:''' A pretty critical omission. The bigger the volume the harder it gets to maintain a good [[PPV]] vacuum. One could argue that [[seamless covalent welding]] is still not done so a lockout this early is pointless. Later in the video there is no second stage vacuum lockout (after [[seamless covalent welding]]) shown either though. Only macroscale vacuum lockout is shown at the very end of the video. Possibly a good design idea was missing at the time of creation. The perfectly sealing two piston vacuum lockout design design presented on this wiki may be an original. See: [[vacuum lockout]]. === Routing station === This super-crude conceptual sketch is glaring too wasteful with space. <br> Although "there is plenty of room at the bottom" (as [[Richard Feynman]] said), this is a chip like context. <br> A real design would want to design things compcatly and cramp things together. Furthermore gemstone nanoscale [[superelasticity]] is (braggingly) visually featured in the pickup mechanism (but not mentioned in the narrative). <br> Making use only of [[Van der Waals force]] (as doen in the positioning stage) would probably be sufficient (and smaller). Given the speeds here might still be quite a bit under of the speeds that would result from [[scale natural frequencies]], it might be acceptable to have quite small turn radii. <br> Slamming parts without slowdown into walls at much higher speeds would cause energy dissipation by thermalization into phonons. {{todo|Have a go at desingning a somewhat more realistic smaller routing station}} Although this seems like one single mechanism it can be conceptually separated in pick-up and place-down. <br> Distribution-junction and merging-junction respectively. <br> This is a good place to add [[redundancy]] into the system ([[Nanosystems]] page 420 Figure 14.7.). <br> It's not mentioned in the videos narrative. === Mixed part type stream transport to the next assembly level (here next assembly layer) === This might go for quite a stretch given it needs to get out of the thick stack of the bottommost assembly level. <br> This being a long stretch is not shown in the video. <br> Splitup from many streams to one is also not shown. === Stream pickup mechanism ([[crystolecule presenter]]) === This really simple one degree of freedom mechanism is probably here in order <br> for the larger scale assembly mechanism to not to need to match up <br> its motion to the motion of the continuously running attachment chain. '''Why does it not pick the parts via the (red colored) adapter palettes??''' <br> This means more one-off adapter designs. Something we really don't want. <br> * shown adapter palette design would require part turnaround * shown adapter palette design does not allow for part handover {{todo|Have a go on a better adapter palette design}} === First programmable assembly robot === There are many many ways to do it. So all the details where entirely omitted. <br> Just look at the wild variety of RepRap 3D printers out there to get the variety. <br> High stiffness parralel type robotics are to prefer at this size scale though. There is the same questin as before though: '''Why does it not pick the parts via the (red colored) adapter palettes??''' === NOT SHOWN second lockout and speed-change === Here after [[covalent welding]] is (mostly?) done may be the ideal place for perfectly sealing a vacuum lockout step. <br> Also another speed change may be in order. === Part streaming assembly === The shown design might help * in overhangs * different assembyl speeds at different locations ?? * ?? The shown process splits up into three sub processes * streaming part presenter mill wheel * length extendable transport chain * final gantry robotics placement mechanisms The conceptual polygonal wheels are likely a bad idea <br> due to [[Van der Waals force]] need in to rip off for every turn of a facet. === Final lockout at the macroscale === As mentioned before: There should be lockout steps before this late in the game. <br> Even worse there is no airlock shown. A macroscale perfectly sealing [[PPV airlock]] sounds challenging to say the least. Without airlock every time the [[gem-gum factory]] is opened up it would fully flood with air (and dust/dirt) all the way into the tiniest nanoscale nooks and crannies. That would be a nightmare to get out again. Pumpout doen to to [[PPV]] vacuum (and even to in comparison crude UHV vacuum) is not a matter of just pumping at the top. That is due to free molecular flow behaving like a ballistic billard. Air molecules only hitting the walls not other gas molecules. = Notes = The page on this wiki that is associated is: [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] <br> The page "[[Advanced productive nanosystems]]" is more generally about all kinds of proposed advanced manufacturing systems (more and less feasible) that go into the direction of [[gem-gum]] technology. = Related = * [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs|Discussion of other proposed nanofactory designs]] * [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] ---- * [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s – Disambiguation page * More generally: [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s = External links = * '''Watch it here: [https://archive.org/details/NanoFactory Productive nanosystems: From molecules to superproducts (InternetArchive link)]''' <br> * {{wikitodo|Add a link to a version with English and German soft-subs, such that it can be played w.o. sound.}} jkqr0w1ytx8y0ngn49w9a65uhu3ld0e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1016 9655 2021-05-30T15:18:28Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Productive nanosystem]] to [[Productive nanosystem (disambiguation)]] #REDIRECT [[Productive nanosystem (disambiguation)]] 7bcwx3gxmxrbboul75sy7uubw5i2ar7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 551 9658 9657 2021-05-30T15:25:10Z Apm 1 improvements '''This may refer to:''' * The book "[[Nanosystems]] – Molecular Manufacturing, Machinery, and Computation" * The "Productive Nanosystems" concept video: "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" * More and less feasible proposals for [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s including <br>the current main target [[Atomically precise small scale factory|atomically precise small scale factories]] * Early productive nanosystems <br> (even including low throughput small scale product producing systems that widely go unnoticed by public perception) <br> – [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] (MMCNs)<br> – [[Foldamer printer]]s * Natural productive nanosystems. Also known as [[molecular biology]]. * Alternate targets technologies like [[synthetic biology]. flnkb52kdc8gz0nk7o27u6kmrbs2g7t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 555 5794 2017-06-29T14:05:33Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Productive nanosystems]] to [[Productive nanosystem]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Productive nanosystem]] fh2c7jhir8mth0zfdi4jt7hzvj8jkcu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 783 8253 7993 2021-03-28T07:20:46Z Apm 1 removed indirection #REDIRECT [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] ca9b29oz59zfqro9g6fbyjahgw4x0r0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1264 11585 2021-07-13T13:18:26Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] #REDIRECT [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] ewc06tt57rm23ba9gyukeodyne2mb86 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 810 8180 2021-03-26T13:53:40Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] to [[Products of gem-gum-tec]]: "advanced atomically precise manufacturing" is too long and indirect a description #REDIRECT [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] ewc06tt57rm23ba9gyukeodyne2mb86 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 10 11595 11594 2021-07-13T14:35:15Z Apm 1 /* Some disclaimers and notes */ {{speculative}} [[File:Box_full_of_future_technology.jpg|400px|thumb|right|This box is full of things made with future technology. While we can see some rough things most details remain censored.]] This page is about what products could become a reality once [[crystolecule metamaterial technology]] has been reached. = Some disclaimers and notes = The potential applications listed here * should '''only''' be taken '''as motivation''' for targeted development towards [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] and * should '''not''' be taken '''too seriously''' since this collection of examples will be very incomplete and in parts probably quite wrong. Beware of intermixing: * the questionable feasibility of the here presented example application ideas with * the rather sound feasibility of [[gemstone metamaterial technology|crystolecule metamaterial technology]]. Smart combinations of the [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s are the basis for all the prospective technologies presented here. Once basic [[gemstone based metamaterial]] manufacturing capabilities are reached, development into the vast space of possible products will actually only be at its very beginning. <br> [[A lot more programming work]] will be necessary ''after'' [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] have arrived. = List of potential applications = In depth discussion of individual technologies can be found on the hyperlinked dedicated pages. <br> Some things may be found on the [[general discussion]] page. Note: the levels of likelihood are perceived rather subjective and blurry.<br> This is a bit problematic but there seems to be a need for classification. == Mobile == * See: [[Mobile robotic device]]s == Industrial == === very high likelyhood === * fully automatic (and dirt cheap) miniature greenhouses -&gt; reduction of land usage * metal free means of transport – (no molybdenum containing car frames needed; [[mossanite]] based mechanical metamaterial instead) * supercomputers in glasses and contact lenses – or rather these devices connecting to low power hyper-computers in smartphone format * dynamically adjustable glasses and gratis hearing aids * better alternative to open macroscale chains on bikes and motorcycles - (see: [[mechanical energy transmission cables]]) * extremely good [[thermal isolation]] for houses (thermos flask level)<br> * a lot better prosthetics – pretty much indistinguishably from actual body-parts (if so desired) * very high density data storage – reliable for geological time scales * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_block gauge blocks] with lengths known down to the atom (thermal expansion ...) – well cosmic rays may spoil it over some time * gauge masses known to the single atom (good video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMByI4s-D-Y]) - [[isotope separation]] needs to be done * digital replacement for paper (equally thin and similar in look and feel) that gets widely adopted – highly crease resistant; bright passive color * excessively (digitally) adjustable tables, cupboards, shelfs, chairs, ... * nice cutlery - self resharpening – transparent blades (maybe with [[endorsements|moving colorful iridescent marble like endorsements]] inside. * safer gas pipes - gas transported in microcapsules - (or energy transported via entropical storage solutions that freeze rather than go BOOM in case of big damage) * [[robust metamaterial balloons|balloons]] that work without helium or hydrogen as lifting gas – a vaccum supported by filligree (bendable but not breakable) internal structures – the math for this works out it seems === high likelyhood === '''Infrastructure as encountered everyday:''' * open source AP 3D printer in many sizes like key tag format, size of a smart phone, laser printer, cupboard, garage or bigger <br>See: [[Form factors of gem-gum factories]] * [[upgraded street infrastructure]] including (roofs with [[diamondoid solar cells|solar cells]], [[Mechanical energy transmission cables|energy transport]], [[Global microcomponent redistribution system|microcomponent redistribution]], ...) * maybe a lot more mid sized private wind-wheels; if it gets out of hand them legal constraints may be to expect (?) * other styles of wind-wheels – [[medium movers]] sail type?? * extremely high buildings - whatever they may be for (just because we can?, space pier?, ??) '''Cryogenics at home:''' * non electrical [[diamondoid heat pump system|quasi solid state heat pumps]] capable to generate cryogenic temperatures easily anytime anywhere (NOT referring to ulltra-low temperatures like the milli-kelvin range). Well ecapsuled for safety. <br>That eventually could allow for small portable optical quantum computers. And certainly allows doing something with for supercoductors. '''[[Gem gum suit]]s for people:''' * very comfortable suits with passive thermo-regulation over a wide range of ambient temperature * skintight [[AP suit|adaptive isolation clothing]] like a second skin possibly with remote tactile feedback and body cleaning function – (note [[design levels|functional composition limitation]]) * slightly thicker suits to survive in all types of weather Earth to offer over prolonged periods of time. Even after our CO₂ escalation. '''Equipment for survival in the wilderness:''' * [[minimal survival pack]]: a super-isolating tent as housing, water, and raw sugar – all synthesized from "thin" air and sunlight. <br> – (maybe more types of food than just sugar, see: [[synthesis of food]]) '''Mining and recycling:''' * local waste water treatment in your own basement – likely to be done but not easy to do (See: [[Atomically precise disassembly]]) * semi miniaturized oil refinement - likely to be done but not easy to do '''Nuclear:''' * [[isotope separation|seperation]] of isotopes by mass – testing by frequency-tuning / spinning / (shooting & deflecting ?) <br>– (Prospect of people becoming capable making nukes in their garage from some raw ore is not so nice ... Prospect of getting rid of nuclear waste 100% by re-feeding to transmutation is nice ...) * small scale laser based particle accelerators – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG1kVIIy2Ok (video)] – See: [[Optical_particle_accelerators]] === medium likelihood === * cheap dynamically changeable buildings and rooms - completely modular housing => dust free construction ([[architectural engineering]]) * almost inaudible planes - see: [[medium movers]] * really big flood and tsunami stopper that always are retracted (except tests) and do not obstruct the view to the sea – (defense against the forces of nature) * a giant number of solar energy collecting and CO2 reducing [[mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]]s or [[mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]s * significantly improved transportation network -&gt; strong cultural mixing * rapid expansion of spaceflight - asteroids - space sports - interplanetary spaceflight * a quite extensive private laboratory becoming affordable for everyone who desires one * a new art-form of [[techno plants|techno-plants]] * a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[chemical energy transmission]] slowly but surely replacing our current electric network (See also: [[mechanical energy transmission cables]]) * [[rocket engines and AP technology|rocket engines]] made out of of or upgraded to [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] * a compact [[high culture re-spawning pack]]. Basically a small chip left in some geocache that allows re-spawning a good part of technology even if all else gets destroyed. A computer game like "save point" just for the entirety of real human technology. See: [[Disaster proof]] * the simpler forms of injectable robotic medical devices - (e.g. the "respirocyte" - an oxygen tanker) === questionable === * super fast vacuum trains (needs to run straight for global scale distances -> legal issues) * [[utility fog|Utility fog]] as: furniture, crash-cushions, malleable computer interface, wheelchair cloud, ... (specialized solutions may be preferred) * sliding windows to other places in the walls by drag-n-drop – quite interesting but maybe not too useful in most cases * '''[[most speculative potential applications]]''' * the more complex forms of injectable robotic medical devices (results of [[non mechanical technology path]] need to be mixed in) * and many more ... == Medical == {{Template: Biased}} Developments in medicine tend to require more scientific discoveries (e.g. the understanding of the interaction of the bodies proteins) often making [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_engineering exploratory engineering]] over longer stretches into the future impossible. Technology Level 0 and I will also advance in a direction of biosystem improvement ([[technology path µ]]). Whether and how T.Level III machines will wield those more bio-mimetic tools is an question that will remain open for quite some time since this question it in essence goes backward the technology levels into the yet unknown gap. * respirocytes<br> * ... ---- To see how applications can be used to solve pressing problems of our time go to the [[opportunities]] page. <br> Can one or more potential [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_application killer apps] be identified? = Navigation = * previous: [[technology level III]] * pre-products: [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s * next: [[most speculative potential applications]] = Related = * [[The look of our environment]] - {{speculativity warning}} * [[Effects on our daily lives]] - {{speculativity warning}} [[Category:Technology level III]] pdp4iktjbk2cqe3q3g1lf1eyolq1kx1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 490 12079 12066 2021-09-26T08:40:05Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] In a future world with [[Main Page|gem-gum technology]] where all the manipulation of matter in the large scale industry (like building of housings streets and means of transport) is done by software. The quality of programming languages is of paramount importance. Programming languages must become so easy to learn and use that they are learned by accident. <br> Obviously there are many problems with high inherent complexity where great knowledge is needed to solve them. But current mainstream programming languages (state 2016) make problems with very little inherent complexity so hard that they become practically impossible for the majority of (by now computer using) humanity. The gap between users and developers is not a fundamental law. It is there because of the weakness of our current programming systems. This is hard to believe for todays users since there are no mainstream systems yet that show otherwise. This is even harder to believe for todays programmers who where always walking just one step back to look at some other mainstream programming languages and came to the conclusion that misery is conserved by some hidden law. What we all fight is side effects. We want predictability but what we increasingly often get is some seemingly random behavior. Few programmers get the luxury to walk out of the forest of mainstream programming languages (metaphorically speaking) to check out the wide planes of '''purely''' functional languages (like e.g. Haskell). Those languages build upon some very different elegant and powerful stuff in their very cores. Those programmers who look carefully from there on out through all the weaknesses in this still very young world should see tremendous potential. Bridging the gap between users and developers would make everyone a "'''deveuser'''". In lack of an existing world I'll continue to use this freshly invented neologism here. With better tools everyone gets much more power to bring their inner ideas to reality for others to see. Someone named Bret Victor is trying to get that message out with impressive demonstrations: <br> See: http://worrydream.com/ = Promising innovative new programming languages = There are several things future modern programming languages must have. * They must feature guaranteed isolation against side effects. * They must be ''representation agnostic''. That means that the program code data can be displayed in multiple ways. E.g. what best fits the problem at hand. Or what best suits the "deveusers" taste. == unison == A representation agnostic language. It's focus is on tearing down historically grown barriers in computer systems by extending the principle of immutability beyond the core of the programming language. Very similar to the principle the Nix package mangerger uses The language tackles the problem of "code plumbing" (serialisation and deserialisation). The language is function name agnostic that is it uses hashes of the actual implementations for function identification. * http://unisonweb.org/ == enso (formerly luna) == A representation agnostic language. The developers call it: * a category oriented programming language -- a pure programing language -- it features immutable objects <br> {{todo|find out in what relation they stand to typeclasses}} * a hybrid visual textual programming language * https://github.com/enso-org/enso '''Links to old sites:''' <br> Associated are the tools "Nodelab" a general graphical editor for luna and "Flowbox FX" a specialized editor for media processing. While the core language is open sourced both of the editors are unfortunately not planned to be made open source. * https://enso.org/ (formerly http://www.luna-lang.org/) * http://flowbox.io/ - Video: [https://air.mozilla.org/flowbox-io-luna/ Demonstration of Flowbox FX] - Broken :( * (http://nodelab.io/ - [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523145843/http://nodelab.io/ archive]) = Interesting programming language experiments = == lamdu == A representation agnostic language. It uses named arguments making it argument order agnostic. It features row and column polymorphism. * http://www.lamdu.org/ * Demo video: [https://vimeo.com/97648370 source 1] [https://vimeo.com/97713439 source 2] == eve == A novel relational language (near logic programming) on top of a functional core language (as it seems) {{wikitodo|read up some details}}. <br> The language is going for a Wiki like interface (for the moment). <br> The language is a result of the culmination of many experiments involving a lot of bootstrapping. == subtext == Semantic tables. This language factors out branching, pattern matching operations and automates boolean refactoring * http://www.subtext-lang.org/ ---- Especially interesting videos: * 2016 "No ifs, ands, or buts" — https://vimeo.com/140738254 * 2017 "Reifying Programming (LIVE’17 submission)" — https://vimeo.com/228372549 * 2018 "Direct Programming" — https://vimeo.com/274771188 == other == * isomorf: https://isomorf.io/ == Related == * [[General software issues]] * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] * [[Problems with classical graphical programming]] * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] – [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] – [[Lambda diagram]]s * [[Software]] ---- * '''[[Structural editors]]''' ---- * [[Problems with classical graphical programming]] * [[Problems with classical spreadsheets]] == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLG7lwFsqKHb8kVuLDRP8SynHC85Q_ExLz Collected list of relevant videos] ---- '''Programming language experiments / research prototypes (also see: [[Projectional editors]]):''' * List of "Projectional programming" experiments (on reddit) https://www.reddit.com/r/nosyntax/wiki/projects Missing in above's list: * PANE - a live, functional programming environment built around data-visibility. [http://joshuahhh.com/projects/pane/ (site)] [https://youtu.be/fIEcXAHy6bU (video)] ---- '''Bridging the gap between programming languages and graphics modeling (2D&3D):''' * 2D: Sketch-n-Sketch [https://ravichugh.github.io/sketch-n-sketch/ web-page] & associated [https://www.youtube.com/user/Ravichugh/videos youtube-channel] * 2D: Apparatus http://aprt.us/ – a reimplementation of what Bret Victor presented in his Talk: "Drawing dynamic visualizations" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef2jpjTEB5U (youtube)] [https://vimeo.com/66085662 (vimeo)] * ... [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Programming]] 030b6krxhe03bc23u1u3sd8r45as3u4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1255 11553 11517 2021-07-12T22:50:24Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Stub}} Progressive disclosure is absence of the "walling off" of "end users" from more advanced features <br> without overwhelming these "end users" with loads of unnecessary complexity right away. <br> That is accomplished by providing ways to incrementally disclose more complexity. <br> <small>Like e.g. tiny "+" buttons, or something entirely else. </small> Good progressive disclosure allows to disclose the relevant additional complexity <br> without much detour over disclosure of irrelevant complexity. In fact being walled off from control over your machine <br> <small>(by more or less conscious software design choices of the developers)</small> <br> is what effectively makes you an (discriminates you as an) "end users". '''Hypothesis:''' <br> Given good and deep enough reaching progressive disclosure: * the concept of "end user" falls apart. * the "end users" are elevated in status to something that is more like a "deveuser" – mending the growing user-vs-developer rift Progressive disclosure is not just some just some random design pattern among many others of similar relevancy. <br> No. It is ''the'' absolutely essential basement for enjoyable and productive human-computer interaction. <br> Without very big improvements in progressive disclosure the [[new software crisis]] will only increase in severity. Truly good progressive disclosure can be recognized on that <br> the [[GUI vs command-line rift]] is pretty much gone. <br> It's still a long long way till there. <br> And many will claim that this is impossible, will never happen, <br> or even that efforts in this direction will attack their productivity. <br> <small>(which might not be entirely wrong – intermediate quite severe regressions in software are unfortunately a thing)</small> Good progressive disclosure (crossing the visual textual rift) will eventually win out though. <br> Just by being much more enjoyable to use in the end. <br> That won't be anytime soon though. (It's 2021 at time of writing). '''Wikipedias current definition''' for progressive disclosure is rather disagreeable. It's rather missing the point. It says: <br> "Progressive disclosure is an interaction design pattern often used to make applications easier to learn and less error-prone. <br> It does this by deferring some advanced or rarely used features to a secondary screen. ..." == Side-notes == "End users" can be interpreted in a relative sense. That is: Programmers can sometimes be treated as "end users" by the integrated development environment that they use IDEs. The worse the IDE the more the users are treated as "end users". == Related == * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] – [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] – [[Syngraphic sugar]] * [[Software]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_disclosure Progressive disclosure] * Not to confuse with: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_therapy Progressive exposure (exposure therapy)] t6yl0hx40yl4jj99geb2elwjv97dycd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1261 12072 12058 2021-09-26T08:35:52Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{Stub}} == Projects aiming to become at a practically usable programming language soon == * unison – https://www.unisonweb.org/ – fist implemented code-projection is '''projection into plain text-files''' * enso (former luna) – https://enso.org/ == Experimental toy/research projects == * fructure – Andrew Bilnn – [https://fructure-editor.tumblr.com/ fructure editor (website)] – [https://youtu.be/CnbVCNIh1NA (ninth RacketCon): Andrew Blinn – Fructure: A Structured Editing Engine in Racket] – upload 2019-07-19 <br>– there is a focus on [[typing normally]] – interesting aspect: algebra for the curser * hazel – https://hazel.org/ * lambdu – http://www.lamdu.org/ * ( isomorf – https://isomorf.io/#!/ ) ---- By the author so called "'''tile-based editing'''": * https://tylr.fun/ – [https://twitter.com/dm_0ney/status/1414742742530498566?s=09 (some info in twitter)] – single line structural editing interactive demo – focus on [[typing normally]] == Related == * '''[[Programming languages]]''' * [[Software]] * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] and [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] – also a code projection * [[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_editor Structure editor] * [https://www.reddit.com/r/nosyntax/wiki/projects collection of structured editor projects] [[Category:Programming]] kavp493elm9mme6q7kaw654f5ecm3gb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 243 8817 8816 2021-04-25T09:49:14Z Apm 1 tweaking intro {{site specific term}} {{todo|add image}} '''Pseudo phase diagrams''' are phase diagrams for the visualisation of advanced [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] materials. <br> '''Pseudo phase diagrams map out spaces of [[neo-polymorphs]]'''. Isotype islands of structuretypes. Due to the very different character of mechanosynthesis compared to [[thermodynamic synthesis routes]] pseudo phase diagrams have a very different character than conventional phase diagrams and break many rules (which often are normally assumed to be unbreakable). The "pseudo" prefix is added here since the structure of the material at a specific point in the diagram is not defined by the thermodynamic history of the material but by the way it was mechanosynthesized. There are lots of special positions in the diagram that arise due to the specific chosen crystal structure and checkerboard pattern. == Differences between conventional and pseudo phase-diagrams == In conventional phase diagrams there are regions of configurations that are reachable via thermodynamic processes and regions which are not. The accessible regions often are continuous. This becomes visible in stoichiometies that contain decimal marks - this is called a mixing series. In '''pseudo phase diagrams''' for the visualization of mechanoysnthesized materials only a few of the simplest stoichiometric fractions are of concern leaving only a few dots in the phase diagram. Many of those dots may be in regions that are in the thermodynamically forbidden areas! Please recall that diamondoid materials by definition do (for all practical purposes) not diffuse at their usage temperature. A good example may be lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond) which is hard to access thermodynamically (almost forbidden area) and would like to change to graphite. But it can't since it is deeply frozen at room temperature. By purely thermodynamic processes it is also often not possible to exactly hit the simple-fraction-stoichiomtey-points in the allowed regions when looking at a small enough randomly cropped out test-volume. (Note that a small test-volume requires a high degree of order to meet the fraction). This is the especially the case when very similar elements (or isotopes) are included. == Applicability on binary compounds == '''Pseudo phase diagrams''' are good for orientation what kind of low level [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterials]] can be built with [[binary diamondoid compound]]s. An example of such an pseudo phase diagram would be a square with CO2 (upper left) SiO2 (upper right) beta-C3N4 (lower left) Si3N4 (lower right) as their "end members". (solid CO2 is likely to be explosive but with a sufficient number of C atoms substituted with Si atoms it will be stable - it may be possible to draft a forbidden zone around the solid CO2 corner). In this specific diagram from top to bottom from oxides to nitrides the crystal structure must change significantly (due to the changing valence number) making a less continuous transition. ['''todo:''' add existing images of such diagrams] == Examples == === The C B N triangle === One example for a 3D pseudo phase diagram would be the triangle created by the corner elements carbon C boron B and nitrogen N. Instead of the usual phase regions and miscibility gaps in a conventional thermodynamic phase diagram one finds a lot of dots where some of them often can sit in "forbidden" areas. In these cases cold mechanosynthesis places some atoms into for them inconvenient places but afterwards they never (for all practical purposes never) get the thermal energy to leave their places towards more equilibrium phase. Beside the pure element corners there are for example: * BN, BNC, BNC₂, B₂N₂C Pseudo phase diagrams that have lots of compounds that are highly stable at the highest expectable usage temperature (e.g. at least the boiling point of water) are of especial interest. There are lots of these. Compounds that needs to be permanently cooled after mechanosynthesis (like many metal alloys and molecular solids) is likely to only gain niche applications. The triangle can be extended to a tetrahedron with as additional corner element that is from the third row of the periodic table and thus slightly bigger than carbon. * SiC, SiC₂, Si₂C, SiC₃, Si₂C₃, Si₃C₂, Si₃C, * BNSi, BNSi₂, B₂N₂Si, ... === The Si C B Al - oxides nitrides cube === This one contains some of the most interesting materials for advanced atomically precise gem-gum-technology. * carbon-dioxide silicon-dioxide diboron-trioxide and dialuminium-trioxide form a square base. * beta-tricarbon-tetranitride trisilicon-tetranitride boron-nitride and aluminium nitride form a square top. Note that there are axes (cube edges) where the generalized stoichiometry and crystal structure remains unchanged and others where this is not the case. The sets of compound stoichiometry points with different stoichiometry and or crystal structure may well overlap. Albeit the symmetry in the periodic table phosphorus is left out here since phosphides are not very stable and not very healthy. A bad combination. As a side note on the other hand some phosphates (the salts of oxygen rich phosphoric acid E338) are not unhealthy in small doses and reasonably stable. They should be an interesting building material. === Transition metal mono "nonmetallides" === Many feature the simple NaCl and allow a wide flexibility of elemental replacements. Possibly the still quite metallic nature allows for excess electrons to be sucked up into the free electron gas? There are some exceptions on the right side of the transition metal elements. Cu and Zn having more electronegativity and less metallic character leading to CuO and ZnO to being more covalent and nonmetallic in nature. * (no ScO?) ... maybe too electropositive forming ionic covalent Sc₂=₃ * TiC, TiN, TiO * VC, VN, VO ... (VN Uakitite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uakitite]) * (no CrC?), CrN, CrO ... (there are several chromium carbides of other stoichiometries) (CrN carlsbergite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbergite]) * (MnC??), (MnN??), MnO * FeC, (no FeN?), FeO ... (there are several iron nitrides of other stoichiometries) * CoO ... (carbides and oxides not mentioned in wikipedia - state 2018) * NiO ... (carbides and oxides not mentioned in wikipedia - state 2018) * {{wikitodo|add more examples and maybe add links}} == Related == * [[Neo-polymorph]]s * [[Isostructural bending]] aievkjfb6mlwkzw9unj7saixpl4pzer wikitext text/x-wiki 0 244 2508 2015-02-14T06:36:25Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Pseudo phase diagrams]] to [[Pseudo phase diagram]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Pseudo phase diagram]] 0faukb5uyl1h1uytv4kckmxwdx95cek wikitext text/x-wiki 0 459 4971 2016-06-22T18:24:39Z Apm 1 basic page {{speculative}} Pseudo random number generators can hide most of reality from us. Just take some "freely" chosen 2D block based computer game with a few dozen or so types of blocks (e.g. solid walk-through enemies goodies ...) and a grid of at least few thousand cells. * Calculating the number of possible play-field board configurations is easily possible. * Listing them all is beyond the capability of our universe. To get at least a little chance for really every possible board configuration to show up before our eyes we try to use randomness. Usually on computers pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) are used for randomness. {{todo|add details or link}} The portion of board configurations that these PRNG numbers are capable of revealing to you in relation to all the possible board configurations is just an infinitesimally small speck. This is because the number of possible random seeds (usually system time) times the number of following computing steps is much much much smaller than the full number of all the combinatoric possibilities. They PRNG numbers basically never hit a truly random number. Since this applies not only to games but also to art and research usage of PRNGs is leaving almost all of the truely hidden secrets of our world never to be revealed. == Why PRNGs are used so much == In spite of this horrid shortcoming of PRNG numbers they are still used because these numbers may be empirically well distributed. That is they can be convincingly random for a game or sufficiently well distributed to not produce detrimental artifacts in scientific endeavors. Computers where and in most cases still are notoriously bad at accessing good random numbers. Maybe surprisingly for some humans too are very bad at producing random numbers right from their head without tools (no coin flipping allowed) {{todo|add test yourself link}}. What certainly has separated humans form computers is that humans (with their non computer tools) are a more open information system with boundaries of perception that are more gentle less obviously present and obviously expandable to unknowable extent. Computers from our perspective where closed information systems. Looking from third person view computers always were open systems through us humans as intermediate step. As artificial independent advanced sensors wielding systems become more prevalent (automated research into the limits of the current physical knowledge) humans will loose this special position of finding / suggesting and testing new axioms for practicability. == True random number generators TRNGs == Interestingly even if we use coin-flips or quantum random to decide the layout of the example grid no can proof that every in principle possible configuration had truly a chance to come up - This is just our gut feeling that seems to make sense. 1vpz3b3alg3p24ktfasi1h038nhnrz8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 913 8969 8960 2021-05-16T08:06:40Z Apm 1 added == Diffusion == headline {{stub}} Pure metals and (checkerboard pattern mechanosynthesized) metal alloys <br> may often not be suitable for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. That is due to: * surface diffusion at room temperature and * limits on [[passivation|passivatability]]. * strong tendency to oxidation (not relevant if [[nanomachinery encapsulation|well encapsulated]] - most of nanomachinery will be well encapsulated and in [[PPV]]) == Diffusion == '''Actually it depends:''' <br> With no grain boundaries and no internal vacancies or interstitial defects <br> many metals will likely feature no internal diffusion at room temperature. If surfaces are completely flat all the way to full crystallographic plane turns <br> with no crystallographic steps on the planes, then there usually won't be any diffusion on the surfaces too. Accumulated defects from radiation may start to diffuse around though. <br> Also mechanical overload may lead to introduction of defects that start to diffuse <br> instead of staying pinned down or causing a "clean" break right away, like in the case of the more covalently bonded typical gemstones. '''Some metals have quite covalent character:''' * Tungsten (it's very rare though so not very interestig as a structural material) * Tin in its covalent "grey tin" phase where it crystallizes into a sparsely filled high volume crystal structure like silicon and diamond (elements of the same group) <br> Mechanical properties of solid ([[mechanosynthesis|mechanosyntesized]]) grey tin are as of yet unknown. <br>We only know it as a powder originating from an usually undesired phase transition. * Copper needs only to be put into a 2:1 ratio with oxygen (Cu₂O) and it already becomes a transparent nonmetallic gemstone called cuprite. Quite [[oddball compounds|odd]]. <br>It seems it's nobleness (few available hull electrons to give away to form bonds) puts it near to nonmetallicness. <br>It's not mechanically brittle on it's own though (like tungsten and alpha tin). <br>Quite the opposite actually. == Oxidation == If used as nanoscale functional elements pure metals or alloys must be kept in [[PPV]]. <br> Otherwise by contact with oxygen they would be very quickly destroyed by formation of an <br> macroscale oxide layer (possibly porous) that would grow thicker than the part itself. <br> Thereby blowing it up in volume distorting maybe cracking it and whatnot. <br> See: [[macroscale surface passivation]] An exception to this is gold which is nonreactive enough to mostly ignore exposure to gaseous oxygen. <br> But it is to scarce soft and heavy for larger scale structural applications. == Related == * [[Nanomachinery encapsulation]] and [[Practically perfect vacuum]] * [[Passivation (disambiguation)]] qhk0ojmlh05pz2hnqmdnfoqgy118y68 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 757 12074 8118 2021-09-26T08:37:03Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] Purely functional programming (PFP) seems to be of high relevance in the context of APM. <br> For reasons why that is see the main page: [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] This page is about the very basics of PFP. <br> For diving deeper into the topic the author advises to consult material specifically dedicated to the topic of which there exists a huge amount. = Basics = == Pureness == Basic (mutually self implying) properties: * forbidden: updating variables aka destructive assignments -- E.g. x := x+1 * required: "referential transparency" -- f(x) = y -- same x in f's domain leads to same y in f's range -- no matter where in code and when in execution. * allowed: "mathematical reasoning" -- E.g. substitution or the reverse: a=b ∧ b=c ⇔ a=c -- code order does not matter <small>For people coming from "normal" (imperative) programming at first it can be quite flabbergasting how one could possible program without being allowed to ever overwrite a thing. (And without loops).</small> '''Purity means that there are areas of the code where these properties are a mathematical GUARANTEED fact.''' <br> There are several ways to get that kind of isolation (or to not need it in the first place): * pure Haskell uses monads for 100% tight isolation (always tying entry and exit point together) * pure Microsoft Excel (and open clones) do not face that problem of needing isolation having all state visible all the time * pure OpenSCAD does not face the problem because it does batch processing only. * pure functional reactive programming (FRP) libraries manage to do this without monads and they managed to overcome PFP's "batch processing only" stigma. '''Purity demotes debugging from an art to technique.''' <small>(Just like the difference in difficulty between integration and differentiation).</small> Narrowing down on an error always leads to the error. == Functionalness == It's about treating functions just as regular values <small>(one says as "first class citizens")</small> and thus allowing for functions to be passed as arguments to other functions. This is a powerful abstraction tool. Note that functionalness in neither a necessary nor a sufficient property for purity. <small>(As a name "pure and functional" would be better than the historic accident: "purely functional")</small> <br> There are languages that are pure but not functional and vice versa. == Pureness and functionalness combined == There are no loops. One uses recursion instead. Usually in an implicit and meaningful form. Preferrably recursion hidden in functions that take functions as arguments (aka higher order functions). That gives: maps, folds, scans, zips, .... So loops fall out as a consequence. They get replaced by more descriptive names. "Mystery loops" go the way of the "goto". Extinct. Preferrably tail recursion. To avoid to overflow the stack. In case this is not possible so called "trampolines" can help. A bit of an issue is that current HW (the Von Neumann architecture) is not optimized for PFP languages. There where some interesting experiments. {{wikitodo|add references}} = Costs of purely functional programming = If PFP is better than classical imperative programming then why didn't it go mainstream? It may just have been ahead of its time (and it may still be a bit). Concurrency has become a major pain point just recently. "Recently" in terms of programming language design timescales which are very long for the digital space. There are several old problems that have become ingrained in that collective consciousness of the programmer / developer part of global society. Many of them so deeply that they pertinaciously stay albeit technology has moved on in solving many of these old problems. The perceptual problem may have some similarities with [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing|the one that APM faces]]. == The batch processing stigma == A naive look suggests that IO necessarily and unavoidably breaks purity. Leaving PFP forever in an isolated non-interactive space of "pure thinking" and batch-processing. This manifested in the half joke: "purely functional programming is poorly functional". [[Functional reactive programming]] (FRP) has made great progress in this area. == The general inferiority stigma == Especially in the early days there was a huge lack of purely functional data-structures and the belief that it was not doable at all. By now there are a lot of purely functional data-structures available, some of which formerly thought to be impossible. On a close look at a lower level one can indeed actually proof that PFP is fundamentally weaker than non-pure programming. That is because purity has as a prerequisite reversibility. And if reversible programming would be just as powerful as irreversible programming, then one could crack all asymmetric problems (which are the basis for cryptography) {{wikitodo|this needs more elaboration & add reference}}. But this does not seem to be a notable constraint for practical problems. To gain more safety some programmers are willing to accept a lot more self constraint by giving up on even Turing-completeness. (See: "total programming"). Even things that on a first glance seem only doable imperatively (like e.g. generation of mazes) have turned out to be very doable in PFPs and are even elegant and comprehensible at that. == The statical typing stigma == * Early forms of static typing gave more pain than benefit and left a very bad and lasting after-taste. * Type inference made things a lot better. (Still much room for improvement e.g. in terms of error message comprehensibility) Static typing promises all kinds of automated refactoring without having the IDE needing to reverse engineer the code first. See: [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] '''Statical typing based structural editors:''' <br> This is an area where some unfathomable potential seems to linger quite closely. If done well structured editing promises the "impossibilification" of any and all syntax errors while not at all restricting expressiveness creativity. Also you can get maximally fine grained incremental debugging. So getting slews of consequential errors puked in your face would be mostly a thing of the past. With this programming could quite literally become like playing a puzzle game. With the libraries like construction kits. <br> <small>(No most definitely NOT referring to "Scratch" and the like here)! </small> <br> You can only put things together that do actually fit together but you can do so in all directions. Meaning at all open ends aka "type holes". And for the spots where things don't fit together you can chain together adapters that make the ends meet. Or you can break hole pieces up in the middle and thereby create two pieces with identical "type holes"). More visual representation come quite naturally. And since they are isomorphic to the code they cannot be weaker than the code. Visual programming languages come with a HUGE stigma of being non-scalable toys for beginners only. They usually grow into monstrous krakens and fail miserably at scaling. <br> What few realize is that almost all of them where mostly "invented and not discovered". Existing visual programming languages are often pure. (they lend themselves to that - dataflow) but they are very rarely functional. (functional meaning in a graphical sense that graphs can flow through graphs). John Tromps pretty compact [[lambda diagrams]] [https://tromp.github.io/cl/diagrams.html] may be an interesting starting point for visualization that may be useful for certain kinds of tasks. With visual representations (if done right) many things can become much more clear and obvious. Like e.g. the duality between constructive corecursion and deconstructive recursion. = Relation to OOP (object oriented programming) = Bartosz Milewski: >> ''"Unfortunately, objects don’t compose in the presence of concurrency. They hide the wrong kind of things. They hide sharing and mutation. Let me quote the definition of data race: Two or more threads accessing the same piece of memory at the same time, at least one of them writing. In other words: Sharing + Mutation = Data Race. Nothing in the object’s interface informs you about the possibility of sharing and mutation inside the object’s implementation. Each object in isolation may be data-race-free but their composition may inadvertently introduce data races. And you won’t know about it unless you study the details of their implementation down to every single memory access."'' Source: [https://bartoszmilewski.com/2014/06/09/the-functional-revolution-in-c/] {{speculativity warning}} * Rust may have solved the problem by introducing purity via (linear types)?? * But if it did is seems that came at the big expense of significantly reduced expressiveness?? {{wikitodo|look deeper into that}} = Related = * [[Software]] in general * [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] * [[Reversible computing]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Programming languages]] = External links = * [https://www.fpcomplete.com/blog/2012/04/the-downfall-of-imperative-programming the-downfall-of-imperative-programming ] by Bartosz Milewski Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely_functional_programming Purely_functional_programming] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purely_functional Purely_functional] [[Category:Programming]] mo9i3bnoty55l2f6d73t5hj92gguitu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 904 10992 10967 2021-06-28T10:45:03Z Apm 1 {{stub}} A lightly nontrivial '''cubic''' structure. <br> Seems none of these are are very hard, <br> but the harder ones with common elements are are not "uselessly" weak and soft for structural applications either. * '''FeS₂''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite Pyrite] - 5.0g/ccm - Mohs 6 to 6.5 - optically metallic, electrically conductive, mechanically nonmetallic * '''NiS₂''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaesite Vaesite] - Mohs 4.5 to 5.5 (6.25?) - optically not metallic [[not transparent]] ---- * MnS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauerite Hauerite] - 3.46g/ccm - Mohs 4 - optically not metallic [[not transparent]] * CuS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaman%C3%ADnite Villamanínite] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulfide copper_sulfide]) - 4.5g/ccm - Mohs 4.75 - maybe optically metallic? * CoS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattierite Cattiereite] - 4.82g/ccm - Mohs 4 - optically metallic == Related == * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] hhr18idq91ubzmehvxavnn7szkwmcu8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1154 12078 10899 2021-09-26T08:39:04Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{stub}} Quantum computation is very much NOT a necessity for the functioning of future [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. Quantum computation could be useful for difficult optimization problems with search spaces of super astronomical size. E.g.: * Finding optimal arrangements of atoms in [[Kaehler bracket]]s * Optimizing circurty routing of [[Subsystems of gem-gum factories|all the various subsystems]] of a [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. == Related == * [[Reversible computation]] * [[Purely functional programming]] Optimization problems: * [[Kaehler bracket]] * Circuit routing for the various [[subsystems of gem-gum factories]] [[Category:Programming]] q1n3cedfxp678myf92ytjnjj9x94d1p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1170 11039 11038 2021-06-29T13:50:32Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} The idea here is to reduce the constraint on position and orentation of nanoscale to microscale [[components]] ([[crystolecule]]s, ...) <br> by [[levitation|levitating]] them weakly constrained. <br> Thereby they become [[trapped free particles]] and may start to nanomechanically quantum disperse. <br> Then the situation that "[[nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]]" no longer holds. == Motivation == '''Why would one want to do this?''' <br> A main goal in [[atomically precise manufacturing]] is to gain and retain <br> control over position and orientation of atoms and molecules. Not to deliberately let go of it. <br> See: [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] Good question. <br> Curiosity, research, ..., <br> Exploiting some special effects that are yet to discover? == Self suggesting (thought?) experiments == {{speculativity warning}} <br> It seems that it should be possible to split up the wave function of quantummechanically dispersed nanomechanical [[components]] <br> into two (or more) spacially disjunct parts without collapsing the wave function. '''Suggested experimental process:''' * Release a nanoscale component into a long linear levitation chamber * By just waiting a bit let it quantum mechanically disperse into a dispersed matter wave function. <br> * Split up the wave function in exactly two (dichotomic) parts by making the central position energetically undesirable (repulsive potential) * (Leave splitting into more than two parts for advanced experiments) * Widen the separating "energetic wall" to push the now split up parts of the wave function sufficiently far apart to the outer ends of the chamber * At the now well cleared out central spot separate the long levitation chamber into two individual levitation chambers that can be transported separately. (Physical walls optional?) * Take many of such prepared halve-of-wave-function-carrying levitation chambers and transport them to two far away places. * Try to get significantly more than 50% of the wave function to collapse at only one of these places. For the transport of '''"levitated fractional matter wave functions"''' to work it's necessary to assume that the technology will get really good at preventing decoherence over long times. <br> (Via: extreme cooling, very good isolation, and atomic precision). Especially with bigger parts that sounds really challenging. '''Questions:''' * When collapsing the wave function deliberately in a naive way (like squeezing to check if something is in there), <br>will this lead to on average 50% of the components end up on either side? Like in experiments with light polarization? * Are there strategies (maybe taken from quantum computing) that can be employed to influence that ratio only after the separating transport? * What if a shape matching [[Van der Waals binding site]] is presented in only one of the two (now far apart) half-of-wave-function-carrying chambers? <br>A binding site that makes a wave collapse on that side energetically much more favorable. This makes it seem more plausible. === Hypotetical application: Instant transport ("one way physical nanoscale beaming") === Assuming this actually does work (very questionably): <br> An application would be to send stuff to two (or more) place <br> and only after the transport decide how much to keep or sent to which place. This may be useful for scenarios where it is known that intermittently a sudden unpredictable emergency demand for something can occur Someing that cannot be mechanosynthesized fast enough. Given that assembly of pre-produced [[microcomponents]] is likely quite a bit faster than [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]: <br> Couldn't one just pre-[[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] a stock of all the eventually needed stuff? <br> Because if we don't even know what we eventually might need then even this exotic quantum "one way beaming" won't help. Well, pre-mechanosynthesizing and keeping a stock of a huge possibility space maybe not be possible '''on a nautic-ship (or a space-ship)''' <br> where there is '''not enough space (and or mass carrying capacity) for big stocks''' of stuff that is eventually needed in super high urgency. This raises the question: * What would be the storage density of '''"quantum disperdsed [[component]] storage cells"'''? * How many different kinds of [[components]] can be stored in a single levitation chamber? * If multiple components in one chamber: How to prevent them from aggregating together in their quantum mechanical frame of reference. '''Interesting thought:''' <br> From the quantum mechanical frame of reference of the levitated components all of reality around them becomes quantum-dispersed. <br> They "see" themselves transported to two different places at the same time in an whole external reality splitting way. <br> This becomes pretty wild if the qunatum-dispersable components become big enough to be able to implement simple comutational capabilities It should ''not'' be possible to exceed the volume storage capacity of a levitation chamber. <br> When we already that a (delibearately) wave-collapsed-component say component "A" was so big that it filled most of the whole levitation chamber <br> then we know that no other component "B" of similar size can have been in there because <br> the parts would have needed to sterically massively overlap, which is just not possible. <br> Entanglement it seems. === Scarce elements === '''It's a bit different for scarce elements including expensive precious metals:''' * many parties may know that they eventually need to buy or borrow the same scarce element * there's no storage space or mass burden – so this seems not only relevant for sips * one may send them as small (packaged?) atom clusters – a trade-off between decoherence prevention difficulty and storage density? * to avoid needing to buy the expensive scarce element it eventually needs to be shipped back by the now only possible conventional transport <br>(possibly splitting it up quantum mechanically again) === What needs to work to make this a reality === * does the splitting work? – seems likely * does preventing decoherence over long timespans (days, weeks, months, years) work – seems hard * '''does collapsing in a ration different to 50% work''' – good and likely most critical question here {{todo|Investigate (refute/corroborate) the idea of resource "one way beaming"}} The smaller the components the easier it should be to prevent decoherence. <br> Qualitative and quantitative investigations are needed. * What are the effects nanomechanical component decoherence * How big are the There should be quite a bit of existing work <br> e.g. scattering of buckyball matter waves on diffraction gratings. == Related == * [[Machine phase]] * [[Trapped free particles]] * [[Levitation]] * [[The problems with Star Treck like beaming]] * [[Quantum computation]] * '''[[Quantum mechanics]]''' * [[Particle acceleration of crystolecules]] f83kopfuvtcyi7fdzxjxot690jlvhgk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 640 10923 10912 2021-06-25T14:20:42Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ Quantum mechanics is of paramount importance for atomically precise manufacturing. But quantum mechanical treatment isn't necessary for all areas of APM though. Many areas (actually all but the most core ones) can be sufficiently accurate approximated with very "non quantum mechanical" (aka classical) models. == "Nano-..." does not necessarily imply "Quantum-..." == One might be led to believe that everything that is nanoscale behaves deeply quantum mechanically.<br> This could not be further from the truth. While there are parts in nanoscale systems that behave very much quantum-mechanically there are other parts that very much don't do so. Prime example of non quantum mechanical (aka classical) behavior in the nanoscale is nanomechanics, which when everything is [[stiffness|stiffly anchored]] and [[machine phase|properly restrained]], [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|behaves very classical]]. If one actually ''wants'' to have quantum effects in mechanical nanosystems that are strong and wide ranging it gets quite difficult. To have mechanical mechanisms (or anything else) behave quantum-mechanical three requirements must be met: * (1) extremely low temperature (extreme cooling) * (2) very low inertia: "light" structures out of not too many atoms. <br>The parts must be very well unconnected that is mechanical decoupled from the housing structure. * (3) spacial restraints in translation or rotation. <br>(Rotation is always restrained to at max 360°. Or maybe 720° for a "fermionic [[crystolecule]]") <br>{{Todo|Does the idea of "fermionic crystolecules" make sense?}} Regarding (1): In most practical products of advanced atomically precise technology there is no cooling necessary. In advanced atomically precise manufacturing systems mechanosynthesis runs better with some moderate level of cooling but mechanosynthesis does not need deep cooling. But even if one goes to extremes with cooling to push efficiency quantum behavior won't appear because of the point following next. Mechanical decoupling (2) is the antithesis to [[machine phase]]. Machine phase systems behave a bit like one single giant (intricately) interconnected mass of axles cogs and gears. Even at ultra low temperatures the quantum matter-wave wavelength which corresponds to this big interconnected mass will still be way below the atomic scale. This is one hallmark of classical behavior. What ''can'' happen is that low stiffness structures act in a decoupling way. A long and thin axle e.g. would and could allow a quantum zero point energy torsion oscillation with large amplitude. At room temperature and pretty far below the "cloudy" uncertainty stemming quantum effects (particle(s) flowing apart) is strongly overpowered and masked by the "noisy" uncertainty stemming from thermal motion. Superficially the two uncertainties are similar thus they often can be treated in a combined way. Even that more severe positional uncertainty stemming from the thermal effect can be sufficiently suppressed in nanomachinery preventing gears from jumping teeth due to thermal fluctuations. In advanced force applying [[mechanosynthesis]] quantum mechanics does play a significant role since quantum chemistry involves massive changes in electronic states which do behave deeply quantum mechanical even at room temperature and far above. As examples for quantum mechanically behaving mechanical systems one could take: * A small, strongly cooled, light, long and skinny tuning fork lever that is vibrating (there where experiments conducted) * A strongly cooled and [[levitation|levitated]] spinning wheel would do very well. * A small light [[crystolecule]] in a somewhat bigger box. But only in case it can be shaped such that it does not stick to strong to the walls (questionable) or that it at least does not stick to strong to the atomic corrugations of the walls (probably better chances). These mechanical examples do showcase really strong quantum-mechanical but they are not at all wide in range. The quick growth of mass with the growth of system size ([[scaling laws|a cube law]]) makes that impossible. These examples are better described as "simple objects" rather than "complex systems". A big complex nanosystem, with all its parts strongly coupled together, will actually behave rather non quantum-mechanically. But since we are still bad at stiffly linking stuff together at the nanoscale (state 2017) current research tend to give the impression that all (or the majority of) nanomechanical mechanisms behave quantum mechanically. Most examples for highly quantum mechanical behaving parts in the nanoscale are of non mechanical nature: * '''Electrons:''' Their quantum behavior gives atom their [[The nature and shape of atoms|nature size and shape]]. In electrically conducting materials the deeply quantum mechanical behavior of electrons gets enormously rich. (Many [[quasiparticle]]s; interactions with phonons and photons; See: [[non mechanical technology path]]). * '''Free floating (or freely rotation) molecules''' (e.g. molecules in gasses or liquids): <br>The matter wave function of a single molecule runs apart quantum mechanically. This only happens with a molecule that is not restricted in all of its motion freedoms (translation and rotation)! * ... Examples for highly '''non''' quantum mechanically behaving parts (classically behaving parts) in the nanoscale are: * Biology: Water molecules and other molecules do not tunnel through cell membranes (astronomically unlikely). * Nanotechnology today: The inner [[nanotube]]s in multi walled [[nanotube]]s do not tunnel out sideways of the outer [[nanotube]] layers. * '''Atoms in crystals:''' Unlike free floating molecules, atoms in crystals do not run apart quantum mechanically. They really behave like localized tiny balls. Grossly simplified one could say the bond atoms inherit the macroscopic, localized, non quantum mechanical (aka classical) properties from the macroscopic crystal.<br> Several effect are acting together causing this. (1) An atom in a crystal is enclosed by the nearest neighbors the atom binds to (if not on the surface non bonding enclosure suffices) These barriers form a potential box and restrict the lattice location of the atom (side-note: not considering thermal motion here). Within this box the atom is fully delocalized and in ground state. It can not run apart any further. Note that this is not about the potential box created by the nucleus restraining the electrons, this is about the surroundings restraining the atom as a whole. (2) With growing size of the surrounding crystal the mass of atom-plus-crystal goes up, the matter wavelength goes down, and the dispersion speed consequently shrinks. Long before a macroscopic crystal size is reached dispersion speed becomes too small to be noticeable/measurable. A matter wave with extremely short wavelength (e.g. near or even below the plank length) may not even make physical sense anymore (model breakdown). (3) With growing size of the surrounding crystal there are more and more interactions with the surrounding environment (collisions with gas molecules). This causes the wave function of atom-plus-crystal to collapse from the perspective of the surrounding practical system. The fancy name for this is "decoherence". * ... Aspects of APM where exact quantum mechanical treatment really matters are e.g. * The quantum chemistry of [[mechanosynthesis]]. * Crude estimation of friction levels * Some aspects in early APM systems * ... Aspects of APM where classical approximations suffice: * Simulation of [[crystolecule]] machinery: Classical mass and spring simulations (tech term: molecular dynamic simulations) suffice. The errors are not small but since the safety margins are are still much larger than the errors this is A-OK. Note though that the "big errors" are no way as big as one might suspect when one is used to the superficially similar problem of natural protein folding. In the problem of natural protein folding slightly different initial conditions (slightly different initial placement of atoms) can lead to vastly different results (a chaotic system). [[Crystolecule]] machinery keeps small errors small (a strongly '''non'''chaotic system). So errors (while they may not be small) do not exponentially grow to catastrophic levels. * Higher level system design: This behaves pretty much by definition classical, since this is an abstraction over lower level implementation details. (Except one is designing quantum computers. This though is a completely different topic mostly unrelated to [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]). * ... == "Quantum-..." does not imply "Magic-..." == Quantum mechanics is often thought of something utterly mysterious that fundamentally can't be understood.<br> This too could not be further from the truth (at least in the sense of its practical predictions). It is true that there is no consensus on a philosophical interpretation of quantum mechanics, but that does not mean that it fundamentally can't be made sense of. It just mean that this is still an interesting field of investigation in this regard. Its also a matter of getting used to. When we (as humans) are born into this world it (as a whole) is something utterly mysterious. We just quickly get used to and blind to the miracles we are permanently immersed in. Very few people are deeply immersed in quantum mechanics and no one is immersed in it as much as in the directly experienceable world that surrounds us everyday. A problem is that there aren't many visualizations yet that help build some kind of intuition for quantum behavior (a "for-quantum intuition" – Note: the shorter term "quantum intuition" would very likely be interpreted the wrong way). There might be a big potential for such visualizations (held back by [[general software issues]]). Perhaps even much more potential than people knowledgeable about quantum-mechanics may think. == Highly quantum mechanical aspects related to atomically precise manufacturing == === Tooltip chemistry === See main article: [[Tooltip chemistry]] === Matter wave microscopy (Atomic de Broglie Microscopes) === [[Matter wave microscopy]] is a case of deeply quantum mechanical nanomechanics. <br> Ideally the helium atoms are fully declocalized into a de Broglie matter wave. <br> Such microscopes would be great [[analytics|analytic]] imaging devices for debugging during <br> the (late?) development process of [[gem-gum factories]]. They also would be much easier to build with <br> atomically precise [[gemstome menatamterial technology]]. A bit of a chicken egg problem. <br> There are prototypes with todays technology, but these are still far from subatomic resolution, <br> and mostly work in a scanning mode. '''Big advantages #1 of such microscopes:''' <br> Unlike [[scanning probe microscopy]] it works not only on very flat surfaces but also on surfaces with rather deep indents. <br> A opened up [[mechanosynthesis core]] with mill wheels inside could maybe someday be imaged to subatomic resolution with neutral helium matter waves. Unlike electron microscopy it is completely nondestructive. <br> Sufficient particle energies for short enough wavelength are very low for matter waves. <br> (Energy is so low that it is actually challenging. And that even even for the light helium atoms.) <br> The sample is not rapidly destroyed by the imaging exposure time. <br> Impacting cold helium matter waves allows to do arbitrary long exposure times. <br> In the case of electron microscopy the only way to fake longer exposure times it to average over <br> many identical copies of the same thing (usually exposed simultaneously). <br> This makes observation of a single occurrence of a failure mode impossible for STEM. <br> Given matter wave microscopy does not have this limitation it has the huge advantage to <br> allow for observation of failure modes with only a single case of occurrence, <br> which is often critical for debugging. <br> '''Big advantages #2 of such microscopes:''' <br> The microscopes can be made much smaller than typical high resolution <br> transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) due to no high voltages being involved. <br> Small desktop device rather than meters tall pillar. <br> (Well optically accelerated electrons circumvent the size requirement for TEMs)<br> Smaller than desktop size will mean loss of capability. <br> How small will be still practical for atomically resolving resoulution is an interesting question. '''The big difference of such a microscope would be:''' <br> It only images the surface. This … * … is very much unlike transmission electron microscopy where the electrons go all the way through the sample * … is also unlike scanning electron microscopy where electrons aso penetrate a significant depth into the material being imaged '''The challenges of such a microscope are and will be:''' <br> The necessity for highly reflective extremely accurately manufactured nano-structured mirrors. <br> Pleasantly that is exactly what [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] will excel at. <br> Cooling to very low temperatures will be needed to prevent decoherence due to interactions with phonons in the mirror surfaces. <br> The necessary [[ultra low temperature cooling]] like down to micro-kelvin or even lower (today only possible in advanced labs) <br> will likely be possible at a dektop scale and at home with [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. === Application systems that involve quantum computing and or quantum teleportation === * These are strictly not necessary for the basic functioning of [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. <br> * These would be much easier implementable with [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] available as manufacturing devices. Note: As it seems now "quantum teleportation" is just of practical relevance for non-interceptable communication. <br> It is vastly different to and totally unsuitable for "beam me up Scotty" SciFi level telepotration technology. == Basic types of potential wells == * TODO ... == Interpretations of quantum mechanics == {{speculativity warning}} * TODO: discuss Copenhagen, Multi-World, Pilot Wave, ... Quantum computers are fundamentally not as powerful as full parallelism of the same scale. (Well, full parallelism of the same scale is only possible for the very smallest of quantum computers with only a handful of qbits, beyond that the necessary computer would quickly needing to become bigger than all matter in the observable universe). With quantum computers only a quadratic speedup is achievable when there is no restriction on generality whatsoever, This guaranteed quadratic speedup can be achieved by application of the Grover algorithm. This is albeit with every additional q-bit the quantum parallelism doubles. The number of "parallel worlds" double. A fully parallel matching the quantum parallelity would be exponentially faster on all problems. Not just quatratically faster. If the degree of "realness"/"existence" of these "parallel quantum worlds" is judged by their degree they can be practically used then one could say they are in somewhat of a limbo in-between. Neither as useful as a "real" parallel world nor as useless as a non existent ghost world. == Notes (APM off-topic) == * Energy quantization of photons is not fixed it depends on the wavelength or equivalently frequency of the light which can vary continuously. * On very short timescales the transition between the quantized energy states of electrons in atoms become continuous. There are animations on the web {{todo|(maybe) find and link electron state transition animation}} * Going even deeper: "second quantization" * {{todo|Maybe discuss the usual suspects (particle wave duality, entanglement) in somewhat in context of APM ...}} === The quasiparticle zoo === Main article: [[Quasiparticle]]s == Related == * [[The nature and shape of atoms]] * '''[[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]]''' – [[Non mechanical technology path]] * [[On the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics]] * [[On the particle wave duality]] ---- * [[Rising influence of quantum mechanics]] * [[Estimation of nanomechanical quantisation]] * [[Quantum dispersed crystolecules]] and [[Trapped free particle]]s ---- * [[Quasiparticle]]s ---- Transitioning to quantum mechanical properties can be purely scale dependent keeping other parameters constant. <br> It's different for different systems though and quite non-linear. <br> So one can find nonlinear [[scaling laws]] for individual systems. == External Links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function Wave function] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_packet Wave packet] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum Quantum] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics Quantum_mechanics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics] ---- {{speculativity warning}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics] (mainstream) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation Many-worlds_interpretation] – also called the '''relative state formulation''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory De Broglie–Bohm theory] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_wave_theory Pilot wave theory] (non-local hidden variables ...) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic Quantum_logic] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation] (links wave collapse with conciousness - generally frowned upon since not necessary, quantum eraser experiment and quantum computers show relativity of wave collapse ... - relation to anthropic principle?) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghirardi%E2%80%93Rimini%E2%80%93Weber_theory Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory] (Does this propose a limit to scale of quantum system? If true might this limit the potential of quantum computers?) lb4s0ao6h50be5uviuaf62lb3zby32p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 833 8640 8639 2021-04-14T10:27:04Z Apm 1 added link to [[Seifertite]] {{Stub}} Advantages: * Silicon and oxygen are the two most common elements in earth's crust * much lower than diamond but still decent hardness Disadvantages: * low crystal structure symmetry * questionable [[passivatability]] * much lower than diamond but still decent hardness == Related == * [[Silicon]], [[Oxygen]] [[Stishovite]] a polymorph of SiO₂ other than quartz that is: * much harder * much denser * has higher crsytal structure symmetry (the same as [[rutile]]) * is metastable (hopefully) There are several other known [[polymorphs of silicon dioxide]]. <br> One of them is [[Seifertite]] which is also a denser and harder thah quartz. [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] 1yntgf4uey2pzxfyrlri6szcqegmsit wikitext text/x-wiki 0 539 5590 5578 2017-06-13T17:59:38Z Apm 1 added intro and examples Techniques that allow more or less strongly limited creation of atomically precise structures. <br> They have little (or at best a very minor) use for bootstrapping towards advanced APM systems. <br> Much of this falls under [[conventional nanotechnology]] a term which mostly excludes topics near APM. Examples: * Growth of (usually metallic) nanoparticles so small that their atom count is defined * Shoving together wires with precisely defined lattice and with. Little control on length and endings (see section on usage of TEM for the creation of atomically precise structures below) * Growth of single walled nanotubes from gas phase / plasma (length and capping usually undefined - results usually mixtures). This is very primitive self assembly with barely any design freedom. == Transmission electron microscopy as atomically precise manipulation tool == Some developments in late 2016 have shown that transmission electron microscopes can be used to convert non atomically precise structures into atomically precise structures. This works only in some specific cases though. The usually damaging effect of the imaging electrons is exploited probably in the following way: * The target area is hit strongly localized by the electron beam on high power producing a somehow random result. *The target area is hit strongly localized by the electron beam on low power to check whether the somewhat randomly resulted configuration fits the desired result. * If it does the beam is focused to the next spot expanding the sorted atomically precise area * If it does not not the process is repeated. Some machine learning might be involved for generating the beam in a shape that is most likely to produce the desired result (details not yet clear to the author of these lines). * External news link: [http://www.nature.com/news/fire-up-the-atom-forge-1.21017?cookies=accepted Fire up the atom forge] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK3Kg9qSdPIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK3Kg9qSdPI video]) {{todo| find out some details}} The benefit in comparison to [[scanning probe microscopy|SPM]] is that it supposedly works naturally in 3D space. Here's a different method that judging from this concept picture [http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v9/n6/images/nnano.2014.106-f1.jpg] from "[http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v9/n6/full/nnano.2014.106.html?message-global=remove 2D materials: Metallic when narrow]" does allow only very limited control: * Related paper: "Directing Matter: Toward Atomic-Scale 3D Nanofabrication." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183171] * The technique was used in this work: "Flexible metallic nanowires with self-adaptive contacts to semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24776648] bk7n20pe73zu9dcz7b16ay1v8h6di3z wikitext text/x-wiki 0 537 5562 2017-06-10T09:30:44Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Quasi welding]] to [[Seamless covalent welding]]: more specific #REDIRECT [[Seamless covalent welding]] gz0hagd6pzsx3yogoxzuoap2jr2xq3n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1022 10060 9739 2021-06-08T13:49:31Z Apm 1 added copper pairs {{stub}} Due to [[gem-gum technology]] allowing for precise and repeatable structuring of matter at the atomic scale <br> designing structures specifically for exploring the properties and possible application areas of quasi-particles <br> becomes experimentally very accessible. Quasi particles seem to be a largely untapped treasure trove of possible applications. Many quasi-particles may only be able to support low power densities and thus <br> be "only" suitable for sensing and computing applications (quasiparticles involving nuclear spins come to mind), <br> while others (including phonons) will also be usable in high power applications. Especially interesting ones: * [[Phonon]]s * [[Plasmon]]s * [[Electron holes]] * [[Excitones]] * [[Cooper pairs]] Some less known ones: * Polaron * Spinon * Magnon == Related == * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] * Slightly off-topic: Electrons as anions in a crystal * [[Optical particle accelerators]] == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle Quasipartilce] * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles List of quasiparticles]''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracton Fracton] – fractal analog to a phonon ??? * ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roton Roton] – elementary excitation in superfluid helium-4) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_pair Cooper pair] '''Whole classes of quasi-particles:''' <br> * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon Anyon] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana_fermion Majorana fermion] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle) Fracton (subdimensional particle)] ? * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliton Soliton] waves – example: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicon Nematicon] === Other sites === * [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA204945 Twistons (?)] f78t2vupbjphnaxobki6igrwgptzyg8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 207 8325 7262 2021-03-28T20:23:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added links to pages: * [[Redundancy]] * [[Self repairing system]] {{Stub}} Radiation is the natural enemy of atomically precise technology. There are several forms of radiation: alpha radiation, beta r., gamma r., UV r., neutron r., and radiation of more exotic particles. The problem with radiation is that if it's quanta carry high enough energies (and interact strongly enough with atoms - neutrinos do not) they can break chemical [[covalent bond]]s and kick atoms around. As some remote analogy radiation can be imagined as a bully who sends flying pieces of different size and speed into your beautifully crafted castle made out of magnetic balls. With non atomically precise manufacturing this is not so much of a problem since there's chaos everywhere anyway. Non atomically precise Metals produced by a thermodynamic melt and cast process instead of mechanosynthesis (that is all macroscopic pieces of metals of today 2016) for example are full of defects. Some of these (step defects) are even desired for mechanical plasticity. Radiation does displace atoms in todays metals too but omnidirectional [[metallic bond]]s can reconnect better than [[covalent bond]]s forming basically the original crystal lattice with displaced but qualitatively equivalent defects. Of course if the radiation becomes hard and intense enough todays metal will take damage too. E.g. through transmutation of elements and larger scale material migration, changes of grains, ... . == Means of coping with high energy radiation == {{wikitodo|elaborate}} * redundancy (mandatory) * shielding (for some forms of radiation (e.g. UV) * self repair (optional but most effective) * bulky design with polycyclic bond-meshes (avoidance of soft nanomachinery components) = Electromagnetic radiation = All radiation with longer wavelength and lower frequency than UV have not enough energy to break your average chemical bond. So they are safe for use inside atomically precise technology systems. == UV radiation == Radiation damage that just manage to break a single bond can often be self healing in diamondoid systems since the surrounding 3D mesh of bonds can keep the partners in place till they reform their bond (related: [[semi diamondoid structure]]s). For protection of nano-machinery against UV radiation a thin protective shell of aluminum was proposed ['''todo:''' find source - Nanosystems?]. Since metallic aluminium might have too much surface diffusion at room-temperature (?) conductive diamondoid materials might be preferable. Of interest are essentially [[electrically conductive diamondoid compounds|those that give metallic reflectiveness]] - the same materials that give metallic reflectiveness. Especially cross-hatched conductive nanotubes might work exceptionally well (one direction only would let through polarized light) because of their electrical conductivity that even surpasses copper. (related: [[semi diamondoid structure|management of wires and sheets]]) Rectennas for UV wavelengths might work too. * Related are: [[Diamondoid solar cell]] {{todo|investigate absorption of UV photons in advanced AP structures - conditions that free electrons capture before bond ones do}} == X-ray and gamma-ray radiation == = Atomically precise technology in nuclear reactors = Since radiation is very high in nuclear reactors atomically precise technology might have a hard time to operate in these conditions. {{speculativity warning}} Contiuous off site microcomponent disposal and remechanosynthisation from bottom up (less efficient than normal microcomponent [[recycling]]) is essential and full structural replacement over a short period of time is essential too. {{todo|inverstigate feasability: expactable damage rate (easy); feasible exchange rate; power and volume for repair mechanosynthesis}} = Notes = Heavy ions in dense heavy metals can produce massive damage like can be seen here: (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_cascade Collision cascade]) This is very different than a typical hit in an AP system though. {{wikitodo| add more info - a lot links here}} = Related = * [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] * [[APM and nuclear technology]] * [[Isotope separation]] * [[Redundancy]] * [[Self repairing system]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_damage Radiation damage] * Cosmic rays {{WikipediaLink|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray}} A phenomenon of yet mysterious origin with practical relevance. * Radiation hardening {{WikipediaLink|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hardening}} ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malter_effect Malter_effect] [[Category:General]] jc8qr42g8w615ibh3vm9595rw8u89jg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 438 4766 2016-02-13T06:39:28Z Apm 1 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{todo|Add least two pages link here by now - Add image and write a bit}}" {{Stub}} {{todo|Add least two pages link here by now - Add image and write a bit}} 7n053710y0vefvwvnsvvb0ftxiezvby wikitext text/x-wiki 0 846 8471 8468 2021-04-10T08:47:29Z Apm 1 moved the pages content over to page [[resource molecule]] and made this page a redirect #REDIRECT [[Resource molecule]] orafszy8qaea0mwmc24u6k0u8m2zeqo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 737 7543 7537 2018-08-22T16:06:27Z Apm 1 changed {{stub}} info-box to {{site specific term}} {{site specific term}} This is about a general class of frame systems based on very likely entirely new principles motivated by the specific requirements arising in stiff nanoscale mechanical systems. Most future advanced gem-gum (products and productive nanosystems) will at their core need something that can provide structural integrity. That is basically a frame system. There is a gazillion ways of how frame systems have been made are made and will be made. But the macroscopic frame systems one encounters today (2018) are specifically designed for the macroscale. They are not designed with the structure and requirements of prospective future gem-gum products and productive nanosystems in mind. == No usage of friction for connecting things == Many if not most macroscopic frame systems are held together by friction. Examples include: * Nails in wood. Ok, this is archaic and not present in modern high tech frame systems. * Pegs in holes like in the famous LEGO bricks. * Screws (when used in the conventional friction locked way). Knowing that [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale|friction diminishes at the nanoscale]] (not in the sense of friction caused through [[rising surface area]] of course, in this sense it explodes) one cannot rely on it for nanoscale frame systems. Extremely useful for connecting things at the nanoscale is the there onnipresent Van der Waals force. While this force is stronger than one might expect intuitively, it is considerably weaker then solid material, so to restore the majority of the base materials strength in reversible connections it can be combined with [[form closure]]. VdW bonds may become unreliable for extremely small contact areas combined with high temperatures. === Clips - not ideal but ok === When [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping|prototyping for nanoscale frame systems at the macroscale]] one obviously needs to be careful, but clips represent a conservative design choice. While they do introduce some overhead in size and design complexity relative to using the extremely simple flat contacting surface VdW bonds, clips do work just as well at the nanoscale as they do at the macroscale. Nanoscale clips made out of flawless gemstone have extreme reversible flexibility. Since a lot of assembly can be archived by compact shape-locking energetic closure (an activation energy barrier preventing disassembly) can be applied quite sparsely. So replacing VdW energetic locking with larger clip energetic locking may not noticeably use up more volume. '''Macroscale: Why clips rather than VdW force emulating magnets.''' At the macroscale one could use magnets to emulate the effect of VdW forces but that increases assembly effort and complexity. Also magnets are much more expensive than e.g. plastic and use rare earth elements. Especially if the class of ReChain frame systems turns out to be useful at the macroscale too then putting in magnets everywhere seems not very desirable. (As it turns out the design choices that crop up when designing for nanoscale can in some ways be beneficial for macroscale designs too. It seems unlikely these ideas would be uncovered via a different approach.) == Narrow size range == * Macroscale frame systems, if simply scaled down, would face the problem that tiny connector pieces would become smaller than atoms. * One does not want assembly levels to span many orders of magnitude in size, that would defeat their purpose, * One does not want to interleave assembly levels in complex ways, that would lead to major headaches. Consequently parts need to be in a '''narrow size range'''. As it turns out going to a narrow size range of parts approach also can solve a prooblem in the RepRap 3D printer scene that draws people away from local production to centralized factory production. {{wikitodo|elaborate on that}} == Reversibility recyclability == Both at the macroscale and at the nanoscale one can weld things together irreversibly. <small>(Well, at the macroscale welds are crude metal melt lines whereas at the nanoscale there is [[perfect covalent welding]] where the resulting bond is absolute indistinguishable from the material around.)</small> Depending on the application one can either go for this irreversible kind of connection or for reversible ones. It boils down to a trade-off between some performance parameters. * absolute tensile strength (irreversible wins) * range of usable materials (irreversible wins. [[Unpassivatable materials]] can be used) * speed of structural changes (reversible wins, just a reconfiguration not rebuild from scratch) * hard to quantify eco-friendliness (reversible wins in therms of avoidance of obsolete product waste production rate) * ... For the class of ReChain frame systems proposed here the reversible approach is taken. Note that this is introducing fully reversible assembly very early on in the assembly level stack, already in the crystolecule to microcomponent assembly level and not only later in the microcomponent to product fragment assembly level. == Automated assembly == In contrast to macroscale frame systems where assembly by hand is possible and quick enough nanoscale frame systems must be designed such that there can be automated assembly (similar to frame systems in outer space). <small>(note if really desired for some obscure reason indirect manual assembly via some telepresence pantograph system should be possible - the problem of nondestructive feedback vision need to be solved - mechanical pantographs rather not - see: [[Feynman path]])</small> == Specific design == * running a segmented hard chain through a stack of hull segments [[Static rebar profile force circuit]] * [[Tensioning mechanism design]] == Origins / Motivation == ReChain frame systems seem to be the an answer to the rather hard question where to start the designing process for self replicating nanorobotics (not referring to [[molecular assemblers]] here) based on pre-mechanosynthesized [[preproduced part|vitamin]] crystolecules. Finding a good starting point in designing for cyclic self recursive systems (no matter whether software or hardware) is always hard since there is no bottom. (Note that this is about a cycle in design for already advanced system, not the bootstrapping of these advanced systems where we encounter a similar problem. The [[chicken egg problem]].) == Related == * [[Connection method]] * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] ki3qu5br389i0mfvuftq8gxn63v5rxi wikitext text/x-wiki 0 590 7684 7683 2018-08-26T04:55:49Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: [[Incremental path]] {{stub}} {{wikitodo|add technology dependency diagram}} {{wikitodo|reference all the associated papers}} One can identify: * progress in control of self assembly * progress in means of actuation of the self assembled structures == Classified by foldamer type == === DNA as building material === Highly relevant: * ending reliance on viral DNA => fully abiotic process * proof of atomic precision in DNA brick structures (via cryo-TEM-tomography) * abstraction over low base part symmetry (orthorhombic and hexagonal - slight twist deformation though) * introduction of highly localized compliance (aka hinges) and sliding rails * [[convergent self-assembly|two stage hierarchical self assembly]] (reversible second stage via stiff shape complementarity & salt concentration) * demonstration of subatomic positional precision (via a hinge mechanism) * multi micron scale atomically precise pegboard structures * demonstration of fast electrostatic actuation of structural DNA assemblies * .... Maybe less relevant: * DNA walkers (unidirectional & bidirectional) -- {{wikitodo|link related online learning game}} * spacial digital counting (still crude) -- {{wikitodo|link related talk video}} * stiff DNA triangle cages (note: deltahedrons are stiff polyhedrons) * DNA tensegrity === de-novo proteins === * high symmetry de-novo protein sheets * ... === Spiroligomers === * ... {{todo|investigate conducted research}} == Makroscale base technologies == * DNA oglionucleotide synthesis * Microfluidics (?) == Related == * [[Foldamer R&D]] * pending / outstanding milestone [[Mechanical demultiplexing]] * [[Incremental path]] neqbvknrqytcdzerjsynqaj2n1b7ssu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 655 10546 10545 2021-06-17T10:12:33Z Apm 1 /* Ultra fast recycling => Less waste and more efficient transport */ added direct link to infosheet about recycling {{stub}} [[File:Sport shoes crop.jpg|400px|thumb|right|In a world with advanced atomically precise technology no one (no matter how remote) needs to run around without shoes anymore. On a sunny day anybody can create oneself a pair in a few hours out of nothing but [[air as a resource|molecules from the air]] (or out of [[Global microcomponent redistribution system|prefabricated microcomponents from a public outlet]], in case one is near to such infrastructure). To get one of these pocket sized production devices one goes to ones local community (or friends/family). They will (with little effort) use their production devices to make one for you. If one is located in a remote place without power supply and the production process progresses too slow, then one just makes some more solar cell foil first. The data for fulfilling basic needs and more can become free, open source, or ad-supported. Beyond that one will still need to pay some form of money for some proprietary luxury products (or [[truly massive things]]).]] The [[further improvement at technology level III|prospective products of AP technology]] are a [[opportunities|chance]] to '''solve the global problems''' of human civilization and to '''preserve and further enrich our world'''. '''Let's start with some specific reasons for why we need and why we want advanced APM ([[gem-gum technology]]).''' = Why we need gem-gum technology – Necessity = Advanced APM ([[gem-gum technology]]) has inherent properties that can <br> quite directly help solving some of the most severe and fundamental problems of our time. Including: * aversion of resource scarcity * efficient conversion of energy to and from chemical energy – (allowing long term energy storage for renewables) * efficient transportation of goods – (reducing energy expenditure) * efficient avoidance of creation and spill of waste * ... Of course there plenty more. Related to: water, food, shelter, clothing (see illustration), ... <br> But opportunities for improvements in these areas are less directly emerging from the core properties of this technology <br> thus on this page they are deliberately omitted for the sake of brevity. <br> They are instead treated on other pages like on the page about "[[Opportunities]]". == New materials => alleviation of resource scarcity == '''Graphical infosheet: [https://mechadense.github.io/gem-gum-tec_infosheets/html-export/en/new-materials.html New Materials]''' [[Gem-gum technology]] will work against resource scarcity by emulating material properties that otherwise would need scarce elements whichs attainment involves environmentally destructive mining. A good example might be the plans to mine ancient manganese nodules from the seafloor. A good part for alloying the manganese into car frames. Future car-frames made with [[gem-gum technology]] (possibly made from a [[mechanical metamaterial]] on [[stishovite]] basis) will not need any manganese and still massively outperform the alloys that we use today. As a side-note: For the little manganese that will still be needed for other more exotic purposes: * [[gem-gum technology]] may enable much less destructive mining (picking nodules out without great disturbance of sediments) * [[gem-gum technology]] will allow mining other today even less accessible places where less delicate and vulnerable complex macroscale life is present == [[Unnatural chemistry]] => alleviation of resource scarcity & improvement on energy conversion capability == '''Graphical infosheet: [https://mechadense.github.io/gem-gum-tec_infosheets/html-export/en/unnatural-chemistry.html Unnatural Chemistry]''' === Chemical energy storage no longer hampered by inefficient energy conversion === Long term storage of large quantities of energy today (2021) is a huge problem for renewable energies. <br> A (if not the) major problem is inefficiency in conversion of energy into and out of a chemical form. [[Gem-gum technology]] will allow us to do such back and forth conversions with very high efficiency (>99%) by means of <br> [[chemomechanical converters]] (which are closely related to [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]). === (Almost) no need for rare catalyst elements anymore === Also today for energy conversion to and from chemical energy very often rare noble elements are needed in significant quantities as catalysts: [[Chemomechanical converters]] (and [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]) employ high localized and directed pressure on chemical bonds which can circumvent the need of rare element catalysts. Even if rare element catalysts are used much lower quantities are needed. Meaning there will be less environmentally destructive mining for noble metals. Necessity One especially big Noble metal mine is the Grassberg-mine in Western Neuguinea ([[copper]], [[silver]], [[gold]]). <br> There's a big poisonous wastewater destruction trail that is well visible in satellite images. <br> * [https://earth.google.com/web/search/western+neuguinea/@-4.46263696,137.45309425,442.60829182a,208756.37868863d,35y,0.00381614h,0.08542706t,359.99999915r/data=CnwaUhJMCiUweDY4MjZiNzVjYTllMzZmMzU6MHgxY2NlNGM5ZDg5YTM2NjI2GVlMbD6uvRDAIWVdkrloGmFAKhF3ZXN0ZXJuIG5ldWd1aW5lYRgCIAEiJgokCckmITS6GkhAEVxMpXIMGUhAGSNBaOjeXzBAIa5OgzwSWzBA on google Earth – large area view] * [https://earth.google.com/web/search/western+neuguinea/@-4.06309286,137.13256763,4120.40324478a,13567.69940481d,35y,0.00385689h,0.08289293t,0r/data=CnwaUhJMCiUweDY4MjZiNzVjYTllMzZmMzU6MHgxY2NlNGM5ZDg5YTM2NjI2GVlMbD6uvRDAIWVdkrloGmFAKhF3ZXN0ZXJuIG5ldWd1aW5lYRgBIAEiJgokCckmITS6GkhAEVxMpXIMGUhAGSNBaOjeXzBAIa5OgzwSWzBA on google Earth – closeup of the mine] === The end of electrical energy transport?! === As an odd (and currently 2021 grossly overlooked) side effect of this such efficient conversion of energy to and from chemical energy makes transport of energy via electrical means economically more unattractive than chemical transport. Advantages of chemical transport are: * Lower losses – no fundamental ohmic resistive losses in the cables – (well, nothing beats [[superconductors]] though) * less danger since no high voltages are involved – (no high amplitude low frequency electric stray fields either) * less vulnerable to weather extremes like ice, snow, falling trees, and storms carried debris – (since not necessarily high up on on overland lines) * completely invulnerable to solar storm activity And that is even with conventional gas lines. With [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] solid state [[chemical energy transmission]] lines would be possible that not even have losses from gas viscosity because [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] [[stratified shear bearings]] reduce mechanical friction by several orders of magnitude. Related: * [[Energy transmission]] * [[Global scale energy management]] and [[energy conversion]] == Ultra fast recycling => Less waste and more efficient transport == '''Graphical infosheet: [https://mechadense.github.io/gem-gum-tec_infosheets/html-export/en/disposal-and-recycling.html Ultra Fast Disposal and Recycling]''' Waste, its transport, and the transport of raw materials put a significant load on our environment as is stands today (2021). <br> [[Gemstone metamaterial technology]] features ultra fast recomposable [[microcomponmenst]] and it could enable something like a ultra-efficient "global pipeline network for things" that transports these [[microcomponents]]. <br> This would massively improve on transport and enable more recycling. See: <br> * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Microcomponent recomposer]] Non-degradable and non-burnable gem-gum waste may actually turn into a significant new problem <br> if such a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] won't be built. <br> If done "correctly" though we might have much less problems with waste than we have today. === Combine resource and energy transport system into one? === Just like for energy transport systems friction in resource transport systems <br> will be extremely low due to [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] [[stratified shear bearings]]. <br> In how far energy transport and resource transport systems will be combined is as of yet unclear. <br> Increasing specialization for the specific quite different tasks speaks for separate systems. = Why we want gem-gum technology – The fun part = == Colors and brightness of the new gem-gum world == What may await us on the other side after the development and large scale employment of [[gem-gum on-chip factories]] is variety richness beyond our wildest dreams. Just like natures life is rick beyond our wildest dreams when taking a closer look. But unlike nature this technology is made by and for us. Advanced [[gem-gum technology]] is a technology that will be capable of creating gaily colored sun like blazingly bright glistering light on almost any surface desired. Optical qualities far beyond anything what today's (2021) screens are even remotely capable of displaying. Of course, just as much stylish and muted color-schemes are obviously possible as well. And if so designed fast switching between vastly different looks will be possible. Related: [[Gem-gum rainforest world]] == Forms and shapes of the new gem-gum world == === No more "form follows manufacturing process" === Today the shape of many things are very much given by the manufacturing process. Examples: * Handrails made from pipes * A lot of stuff made from folded sheet metal * Blocky houses made from preNecessity-procuced pre-cast parts (not only "prefabricated houses") For [[gem-gum]] manufacturing technology extra complexity in products comes at zero extra cost. <br> After the design is programmed just one single time the design can be reproduced digitally and physically for * the extremely small cost of data handling and * the rather small cost of abundant resource materials. Financing the initial development cost of a physical [[gem-gum]] product is more a question of licensing. Open source and patronage models may become increasingly popular. Heck, if the [[software crisis]] will ever be overcome then a lot of physical stuff may become programmed for fun in peoples spare times and licensed as libre and gratis open source hardware. The same "extra complexity comes at no extra cost" property also <br> holds for conventional non atomically precise macroscale 3D printing. Both on smaller desktop and larger housing scale. <br> Conventional 3D printing in fact has already started giving us a bit of a foretaste of what is about to come in this regard. Still today's 3D printing has more of "form follows manufacturing process" that future [[gem-gum factories]] will have. <br> Today's 3D printing has overhang limitations, material limitations, manual post assembly requirements and more. "Form follows manufacturing process" will still hold on the nano to microscale. <br> But this is small enough for humans to not be perceptible by their senses. '''Related:''' * Complementary to "[[form follows manufacturing process]]" is "[[form follows function]]" * [[The look of our environment]] – Houses with organic forms. Tree like or new interesting form and shape styles that never where seen before. == New physical freedoms == Traveling will be much more affordable for people. <br> The sad state of today is that many people on this world still cannot even afford to leave their local city/community. <br> This should drastically change with new cheap means of [[passenger transportation]] enabled by [[gem-gum technology]]. As for the richer end of the spectrum what now is intercontinental plane flight might then be interplanetary spaceflight. Price wise. = Reasons vs Actions = Despite the aforementioned reasons for APM public interest is declining ([http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=google+public+data#q=molecular%20nanotechnology%2C%20eric%20drexler%2C%20advanced%20nanotechnology%2C%20nano%20robotics%2C%20scanning%20tunneling%20microscopy&cmpt=q number of searches]; [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sci.nanotech newsgroup activity]). Also in wide parts of the world the mere existence of '''APM is as good as unknown''' to the general public. The reason for that development could be: * In the first attempt to get things going the front of the [[technology dependence graph]] may have not been advanced enough. So the funds accredited where annexed by strongly unrelated technologies now dubbed "Nanotechnology" (See: [[The five kinds of Nanotechnology]]). The rapid increase of non atomically precise technology ("[[nanotechnology]]") was drawing all attention away. Mangled with a politoeconomical conflict. See [[history]]. * A lack of a place where (1) the importance of AP Technology is explained, (2) exciting (but not so near term) motivational examples are given and at the same time (3) grounded technical aspects are shown. <br>([[Main Page|This wiki you are reading right here]] is an attempt to create such a place.) = Related = * [[Opportunities]] and [[Dangers]] ---- [[Story scenarios]]: * [[Desert scenario]] * [[Shoes for all scenario]] = External links = * Some essays about [https://www.foresight.org/nano/WhyCare.html why you should care]. gagc4d2ja1ky57s8r5kdfyrmgpwn8u6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 19 9803 9775 2021-06-01T16:47:27Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page * [[Element recovery landfill bots]] [[File:APM-materialcycle2-en.png|thumb|560px|The '''"mechaonosphere"''' ... a concept cycle that would if adhered to keep the environment as clean as possible]] = Recycling of early productive nanosystem products = == Technology level I == Most materials used in [[technology level I|early bio based productive nanosystems]] (naturally occurring and or artificially synthesized organic molecules -- e.g. DNA) are completely bio degradable. Recycling can be done by nature (composting). <br> Possible problems may be: * waste molecules from medical applications causes hormone like effects (a known and already existing problem) * accumulation of artificially synthesized persistent organic molecules in the environment {{todo|reference related video}} (thy are called persistent organic pollutants or POPs). Note that the volumes of waste molecules produced in the early stages of APM probably won't be very high. So low toxicity POPs may not be much of an issue at first if by the time when the production volumes explode other less problematic materials with superior mechanical properties (bio-minerals) already have taken take over. == Technology Level II == Bio-minerals that might be used by [[technology level II|an intermediate level of productive nanosystem]] stay around longer than the well biodegradable organic molecules. Bio-minerals already are present in enormous masses. These are materials where nature knows how to deal with them. <br> Possible problems may be: * High salt concentration (various salts meant here not NaCl) when large amounts are dumpt at one place * The volumes of bio-mineral production and recycling issues are yet hard to predict. == Technology Level III == In [[technology level III|advanced productive nanosystems]] that is [[nanofactory|diamondoid nanofactories]] the situation worsens again. We are moving from bio-minerals to highly inert gemstones. <br> Possible problems may be: * gemstones (e.g. Diamond) e.g. don't really decay. This is good for engineering but bad for nature. Nature is used to deal with large chunks of gemstones. Advanced nanosystems will contain nanoscale gemstones (here called [[crystolecule]]s) though that may come loose in bad system designs. There might be some exotic microorganisms capable of degrading diamond {{todo|research that}} and they might start to evolve with massive availability of diamond but much more likely is that we will much sooner start to attack our own stuff. Read more on recycling of advanced nanosystems further down. = Biodegradable diamondoid products = For lower performance applications (that is most applications) the probably earlier accessible materials that are significantly weaker than diamond may be sensible to keep even in the more advanced products. Some examples are periclase calcite/aragonite and quartz. It is not yet clear whether advanced atomically precise products can be made exclusively out of these biodegradable materials while retaining similar density of nanomechanical structures to products out of diamond. The main issues with these materials are: * sliding surfaces of [[Diamondoid molecular element|crystolecules]] (for bearing applications) made from this materials have not yet been simulated. Ionic bond character is likely to make sliding interfaces harder to design or even impossible. Extremely ionic materials like stone salt could still be used as structural materials. * If the product continuously decays it needs a sacrificial protection layer facing the environment. It is not yet clear whether a metamaterial hull can be designed that seals the interior is flexible and does not gunk up too badly when some parts are dissolved and recrystallized all over the place. A biodegradable gem-gum-skin e.g. "limestone rubber". If that works one can begin to think about fantastic things like active hull regeneration. There seem to be no diamondoid carbon based materials (excluding 2D graphite) that decay in reasonable time-spans. (Counterexamples appreciated!) Materials that decay slowly are best. This way non carbon metal cations have time to wash out of organic soil and do not reach problematic concentrations like it is e.g. the case of the use of thawing-salt NaCl for de-icing. Including non degradable parts in degradable matrix will lead to a situation where remnant "bones" or worse release of persistent nano-particles occur. See: [[Mobility prevention guideline]] = Recycling of diamondoid AP structures = == Usage of microcomponents for better reusability == Diamondoid [[mechanosynthesis]] is an irreversible process {{todo|relativate that}}. Once a [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] is assembled it can not be taken apart again (see [[atomically precise disassembly]]). The only way for the bound carbon back to the biosphere is by [[diamondoid waste incineration|burning]] it at sufficiently high temperatures (See the ''speculative'': "[[hot gas phase recycling cycle]]"). What will help alleviating this problem is the organisation of APM products into [[microcomponents]] (which are quite a bit bigger than [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]]) that can reversibly be joined together and thus can potentially be reused and recomposed. More about those [[microcomponents]] can be found on the "[[assembly levels]]" page. [[microcomponents|Microcomponents]] only need to run through the upper basic assembly levels of a nanofactory ('''[[microcomponent recomposer device]]''') to get recomposed to a different product. [[microcomponent tagging|Tagging]] microcomponents can help to successfully salvage microcomponents from macroproducts that became singed or broken with random fracture plane. Inter microcomponent [[locking mechanisms|joints]] that do not destroy themselves (or some of the involved [[microcomponents]]) when ruptured are preferable in most applications where maximum strength isn't a necessity ([[splinter prevention]]). For this either trivial sticking of coplanar surfaces (Van der Waals force) or specially designed '''controlled breakage [[locking mechanisms]]''' suffice. If the joints are too weak and do not break in big chunks collectively (through whatever implemented mechanism) rub-off microcomponent dust may be an health issue. === Reuse of microcomponents === Assuming a ''speculative'' [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] will come into existence then for big immobile objects beyond the weight of an adult person (like buildings) it may be possible to "suck" them away if they are no longer needed. For everyday sized objects running arround having them physically tethered to such a network will often not be possible (e.g. backpacks, drinking cans, ...). == Early lockout fosters better reusability == The nanofactory design can have a drastic influence on the degree how much recycling actually gets realized. <br> If a nanofactory does '''[[vacuum handling|vacuum lockout]] from seperate compartments at the soonest possible moment''' in the [[convergent assembly]] chain - that is as soon as all open radicals are closed - the '''products are enforced to consist of [[microcomponents]] which are potentially recylable by recomposition''' into other patterns. The downside is that you have to deal with dirt. If a nanofactory does [[convergent assembly]] right up to the full product size it can (it does not necessarly need to but it makes sense) delay the final vacuum lockout right to the very end of the production. If intermediate vacuum lockout layers are omitted the product might be a monolithic [[diamondoid]] block that can't be recycled at all and is probably hard to burn too. The reason why this is attractive for developers is that you can simplify design when you don't have to deal with dirt and grit. One could call a nanofactory that is a failure in this regard an '''"eternal waste brick nanofactory"''' if such a design is the first one to spread massively it could mean disaster. ---- '''Reversibility of larger scale connection mechanisms''' ist a necessity for recycling. The original fir tree interlocking [[expanding ridge joint]] [[connection mechanism]] design by Eric Drexler is irreversible. A reversible version would be highly desirable. == Recycling of crystolecules == Using the principle of shape locking combined with the principle of reinforcement allows to build up systems from viewer smaller less complex and thus better reusable standard [[crystolecule]]-component-types (See: [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] for details). Normally one will recompose only fully passivated [[crystolecule]]-components where [[practically perfect vacuum]] is not an absolute necessity (no vacuum lock-in -- which is much harder to do than vacuum lockout) but [[practically perfect vacuum]]. It might be advisable to design composable sets of [[crystolecule]]-components in such a way that they are tolerant to a few stray molecules (both reactive oxygen and nonreactive argon - think wrench in the gears) that may get enclosed accidentally. This way it won't be necessary to lock in the [[crystolecule]]s all the way back to the level of [[practically perfect vacuum]]. == Preference of machine phase == See: The [[mobility prevention guideline]]. Beside being a necessity for [[Main Page|APM]] in all technology levels but t.level 0 keeping everything in [[machine phase]] also prevents spill of AP micro- and nanoparticles (that is [[microcomponents]] and [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]]) in the envirounment. The rule to never let go of diamondoid products (never let them escape the machine phase) to keep the biosphere clean obviously has to be dropped at some size level arond the millimeter scale though. In many cases its convenient when makro products come preassembled (laptop) but there are also cases where finding the most pleasing form of assembly is most intuitive and easiest done by hand (art). Such manual assembly of diamondoid AP products will maybe be doable by e.g. (''speculative'') [[quasi welding]]. * semi-intelligent microcomponent [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterial]] designed to allow abrasion only in big chunks ? * [[Soft cables and sheets]] = Bringing carbon back to the biosphere = It's not easy but there is motivation to create specialized equipment for the [[synthesis of food|synthetisation of molecules that are edible]] by humans. Since many other species will be able to digest them too carbon (e.g. in ethyne form) could be gently spliced back into the biosphere that way. = General = Advanced well designed AP Technology will probably greatly reduce the amount of waste that escapes in the environment. (''Speculative'') The most critical time is maybe when [[technology level III]] arrives but is not yet advanced. Recognizing and cropping out nests of damaged [[microcomponents]] will be a rather nontrivial problem. See "[[self repairing systems]]". Production of waste that is irrecoverable at its production time is unavoidable. <br> Even nature lacking human influence faces this problem. See: great oxygenation event ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event wikipedia]) and the accumulation of lignin in the carboniferous period until fungi figured out how to break it down ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous wikipedia]). (Related is nuclear waste. {{speculativity warning}} See: "[[Deep drilling#disposal of radioactive waste into outer earth core (the well to hell)|The well to hell]]") What we can do is to try to limit the rate of irrecoverable waste production to such low levels that technology is likely to catch up to that challenge before the pollution grows beyond all bounds. Something like a dynamic equilibrium. (Is there a general principle that waste removal capability always lags behind waste production capability? Or is it that we only just realize it when that happens and problems get apparent?) == Related == * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Cleanroom lockout]] and [[Vacuum lockout]] * [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Gem-gum waste crisis]] * [[Element recovery landfill bots]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Disquisition]] 3wlvkc4hytlvvrjl6b1rm52fk9rw9cg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 290 9980 9979 2021-06-06T05:24:29Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added references to "Nanosystems" {{Template:Stub}} * system redundancy * data redundancy * ['''todo:''' add links to [[Nanosystems]] sections ] * redundancy in building block routing * redundancy in convergent assembly == Related == * [[Nanosystems]] page 419, 420, 421 – 14.3.3. Redundancy,reliability, and system lifetimes * [[Nanosystems]] page 420 – Figure 14.7. "Schematic diagram of a redundant, fault tolerant manufacturing archittecture. ..." * [[Routing system]], [[Routing level]], [[Routing layer]] – merging junctions and distribution junctions ---- '''[[Reliability]]''': [[Nanosystems]] pages 16, 36, 159, 207 * [[Error rates]], [[Failure rates]], [[Mechanisms of damage|Damage]] * Redundacy: [[Nanosystems]] pages 159 ---- * [[Radiation damage]] * [[Self repair]] rxq6mi5o7bkczjplbcg66jrf0f54u2t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1036 9874 2021-06-03T07:33:38Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Refractory material]] #REDIRECT [[Refractory material]] kf9hvnk47zn5wut5djri7zo6fwor11t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1142 10732 2021-06-21T12:42:15Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Refractory material]] #REDIRECT [[Refractory material]] kf9hvnk47zn5wut5djri7zo6fwor11t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 203 11745 11147 2021-07-25T10:26:55Z Apm 1 /* List of some refractory materials */ added SiC Diamond is not suitable for applications that involve very high temperatures. It is metastable and thus starts to turn into graphite. Other [[diamondoid]] materials like the carbides of the titanium vanadium and chromium group ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide interstitial carbides]) can be used for high temperature applications. Materials that retain their structural strength at high temperatures are called refractory ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory wikipedia]). = About consistent design = Obviously a systems should be designed such that there are no single parts that limit the temperature resilience way below the potential. This is a special case of "[[consistent design for external limiting factors]]". Complete sets of high temperature [[diamondoid molecular element|DMEs]] are needed) - single ones have no use. = Nanoscale limitations = That a material does not melt does not mean that it shows no surface diffusion. Stability of free or mutual contacting or environmentally contacting passivated surfaces (that are possibly strained) will reduce the allowed temperatures well below the bulk material melting points. Interstitial diffusion may too be a limiting factor. For really high temperature applications minimal sized [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] will thus likely not work. Bigger scale (interlocking) refractory tiles will still be usable though. But they'll need regular replacement before they fuse together. Disposal of them might proove diffecult. = List of some refractory materials = * SiC [[Moissanite]] – Hardness at 20°C: Mohs 9.25 – Melting point: 2730 °C (decomposes) * ... boron carbides ... 4th period: * '''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide TiC]''' (3,160 °C; 5,720 °F; 3,430 K; '''abundant elements''', simple cubic) (passivation layer formation may be an issue. see further down - external links) * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_carbide VC] (2810 °C; 9-9.5 Mohs, cubic) * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_carbide Cr₃C₂; Cr₇C₃; Cr₂₃C₆] (1,895 °C; 3,443 °F; 2,168 K; extremely hard; very corrosion resistant) 5th period: * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_carbide ZrC] (3532 °C; extremely hard; highly corrosion resistant; very metallic, cubic) * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_carbide Nb₂C] (3490 °C; extremely hard; highly corrosion resistant) * Mo₂C (2692 °C) [http://tttmetalpowder.com/molybdenum-carbide-powder-303/]; MoC; Mo₃C₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide] 6th period: * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_carbide HfC] (3900 °C; very refractory; low oxidation resistance, cubic) * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_carbide TaC_X] (3880 °C (TaC) 3327 °C (TaC_0.5); extremely hard; metallic conductivity, cubic) – ''tantal is very rare'' * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbide WC] (2,870 °C; 5,200 °F; 3,140 K; ~9 on Mohs scale, hexagonal) mixed: * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_hafnium_carbide Ta₄HfC₅] ('''record holder: 4,215 °C'''; 7,619 °F; 4,488 K) Note: Many elements here are neither abundant nor prime targets for [[mechanosynthesis]]. [Todo:] * add notes on SiC * add notes on recycling and disassembly * add notes on [[Self repairing systems|self repair]] = Benign applications = * Maybe in ovens for [[recycling]] of diamonoid waste that ended up in a state beyond repair. * ... = Usage in extreme environments = * For robots operating on the surface of [[Venus]]. e.g. for mining. == Spacecraft flying close to the Sun (speculative) == Our sun "sol" has a surface temperature of 5505°C or 5778K. Seen relatively this is only a bit above the melting point of the highest melting materials known. By adding: * strong electromagnetic shielding against the solar wind (poles?) * highly reflective mirror * active heat pump for cooling through magnetic nozzles with temperatures >>5000K It seems not entirely implausible for a space-probe to slightly dip into the atmosphere of the sun or even pernanently stay in a low solar orbit (LSO) just high enough to not loose too much speed by atmospheric drag. (Protuberances might be problematic) == Probes for researching the deep liquid interior of planets (very speculative) == It is believed that the outer core is at temperatures from 3000K to 5000K so there are regions where some refractory materials would not melt where they under ambient pressure. But they are not! {{todo|find highest melting point materials at high pressures}} Active cooling is necessary for cooling the inner workings of the probe. It makes the problem of high temperature even worse since the cooling exhaust gets even hotter than the environment and unlike in space there can't be any magnetic shielding against heat levels that no physical material can take. Pumping "cooling magma" (what a word) quicker might only help till the point the friction through viscosity itself causes too much heat. Actually its very likely that the environment is so viscous or even quasi solid that pumping the embedding medium is completely impossible. To withstand the immense pressures such a probe would need to be devoid of any macroscopic cavities. Sparse nanoscale voids necessary for any atomically precise nanoscale activity should be ok. Materials that seem incompressible in our everyday environment might collapse into other crystal structures. This has to be taken into account. Water ice is a good and well researched example. Quartz too. Cristobalite a high pressure modification of quartz (that is safely metastable at ambient pressure) may be a good building material for the inner cooled structures since it wont't collapse any further under high pressure. Slowly increasing pressure and temperature can lead to thermodynamic equilibration processes in crystal structures so at least for the outer non-cooled hot refractory hull there must be used something that is not too vulnerable for such degradation. A great challenge is that highly efficient thermal isolation often depends on lots of voids in a material wich are problematic at extremely high pressures. As energy source only fission seems to be the only possible and also a good option. Fission the only possible option because fusion power would need large voids, geothermal cannot work for cooling and magma current gradients (the analogue to wind down there) are to small on the size-scale of the probe. The probe must be kept compact with low surface to volume ratio. Thus the bigger the probe is the better. Stretching it long for flow gradient energy harvesting wold cost unproportially more in cooling its interior. Fission is a good option since the depths of the planet should be rich on heavy fissile and fertile elements. The outer refractory surface will loose its outermost layer continually. Especially worrisome is that the medium of the environment could lower the melting point of the hull and dissolve it (e.g. iron likes to dissolve carbon) For the probe to be feasible it must be capable to continually rebuild its hull at sufficient pace and push it from the inside out with only a few sparse nanoscapic voids to work in. Also it must be capable of sucking in magma and filtering out of that chaotic mix of elements the useful ones for the refractive hull and nuclear fission power. Moving from magma into machine phase seems highly nontrivial. == External links == * Many interstitial carbides are refractory materials. See wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide Carbide]. <br>The may be susceptible to creation of passivation layers. Titanium Carbide can form a titanium dioxide layer. See paper: [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00780135 Reaction of titanium carbide with water]. <br>{{todo| find out whether this happens only at fault locations and at which temperatures this starts to occur}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_ceramics Ultra-high-temperature ceramics] absw7p9yrnq8d665tkmq1pvyzej7nvb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 314 3236 2015-03-12T14:43:34Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Refractory materials]] to [[Refractory material]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Refractory material]] kf9hvnk47zn5wut5djri7zo6fwor11t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 756 12073 11734 2021-09-26T08:36:47Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Category:Programming]] As described [[General software issues|elsewhere]] atomically precise manufacturing (especially when becoming more advanced) will make our physical reality as programmable as the software we have on our computers now. But in particular APM has several overlaps to a special kind of programming called purely functional programming (PFP). There are at least three main classes of programming. * (impure) imperative programming * (purely) functional programming * (pure) logic programming This page is about the observation of the overlaps of APM with PFP. <br> And thus about the importance of PFP in the development and evolution of APM. Note that functionalness is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for purity. Examples: * Microsoft Excel ... is pure but not functional <small>(as is OpenSCAD, less known but more relevant for APM)</small> * Lisp ... is functional but not pure * Haskell ... is both pure and functional * C++ ... is neither pure nor functional <small>(at least not functional in any practical usable sense)</small> For more details see the main page about [[purely functional programming]]. == Purity from immutability of atoms == Physical things (referring to objects out of atoms here) are immutable. They can't be "deleted" (or "overwritten") like data. <br> <small>(Excluding exotic and impractical means like annihilation with antimatter. See [[Making things from nothing]]).</small> They only can be reordered and assembled in a different way. Immutability (preventing destructive overwriting updates) implies purity. So when modelling the flows of matter out of atoms inside advanced productive nanosystems, then <br> '''using purely functional programming (PFP) is the natural way to make the make the SW models match the HW reality'''. == Purity from nanoscale reversibility == The deepest relationship between [[Main Page|APM]] and PFP (purely functional programming) is that the basic laws of physics all feature reversibility due to symmetry (Nöthers theorem). And the ones that are of practical relevance for the operation of productive nanosystems feature reversibility in time alone. <small>(Side-note: There is the weak nuclear force that requires more than only time reversal to show reversibility, but this is of no obvious practical relevance for advanced productive nanosystems).</small> So on the smallest scales not only objects out of atoms can't be "deleted" and "overwritten" but information itself cannot be "destroyed". It can only be reversibly transformed. Irreversibly only becomes possible once the systems get bigger (more complex). Only then one gets mass transformations that constitute a "dispersion" / "thermalization" of information which is effectively what we call "destruction" / "irreversible deletion" of information. Irreversible because reversal lies far beyond our capabilities (and will forever remain so for the largest parts). <small>(Side-note: "forever" is a strong word. This is one of the rare occurrences where its usage seems justified).</small> So PFP is not only the natural choice for modelling the flow of atomic (and thus immutable) matter at all scales, but also <br> '''PFP is the natural choice for modelling the flow of information at the smallest scales'''. == Purity form the need for efficiency in computation and matter manipulation == It's about the operational efficiency of advanced nanofactories. <br> High efficiency requires near reversible operation (including computing) and reversibility implies implies purity. That holds both for computation and manipulation of matter (like e.g. advanced mechanosynthesis). Both provide strong motivation to scale the nanoscale reversible "bubbles" far up into the microscale (and eventually even macroscale). So PFP is not only the natural choice for modelling the flow of information at the smallest scales but <br> '''PFP is also the natural choice for modelling the flow of information at much larger scales.''' === Purity from reversible computation === See main articles: [[Reversible data processing]], [[Reversible computation]]<br> (no destructive data overwriting updates). === Purity from reversible actuation === See main article: [[Reversible actuation]] To make a nanofactory run one obviously (from common experience, and most fundamental physical knowledge, laws of thermodynamics) has to dissipate/thermalize some minimum amount of energy per time (power) or per operation. If you go to the absolute limits of physically possible efficiency (current 2019 non atomically precise tech is still far from that) then the last remaining factor limiting reachable efficiency levels is the need to prevent the nanofactories inner workings from moveing backwards. you have to dissipate / thermalize just enough energy to sufficiently reliable prevent that. For one possible approach of how to do so see: [[Dissipation sharing]]. <small>(Side-note: Actually from a philosophical perspective it's about having an arrow of time in a universe. The nanofactory being our universe of concern here).</small><br> Maybe the manipulation of matter can be seen sort of as a form of computation too (especially in case its done in a reversible fashion). == Purity as natural property of CSG CAD scene-graphs == * CSG ... constructive solid geometry * CAD ... computer aided design Scene-graphs describe how things are instead of giving step-by-step (imperative) instruction-recipes of how to change a growing (hidden) state until one arrives at the final result. <br> So '''PFP is the natural choice for a coding language for 3D modelling''' (especially of the CSG CAD type). Giving up on purity by changing to a non-pure language is a down-grading to a degree that cannot be understated. A mistake with negative and long lasting symptoms. One can expect an explosion of non-problem-inherent complexity. == Concurrency == There's hardly an application case imaginable where more of concurrency will be necessary than in advanced productive nanosystems. Concurrency is the one area where PFP sines most. Concurrency is PFPs killer app. There is no barrier to concurrency, parallelism, or GPU programming. == System scalability in hardware == * TODO ... == Related == * [[Purely functional programming]] * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] * [[Reversible computing]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Constructive solid geometry]] [[Category:Programming]] torl3t4dyk4zq9z16zd9zczi0rswgl1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 826 9025 9024 2021-05-17T12:54:24Z Apm 1 /* Bulky design */ major improvement {{stub}} The idea here is a class of [[self replication|self replicating]] pick and place robots * that do not produce their own parts but instead use parts pre-produced by a different process * that do assemble copies (and improvements) of themselves from the same types of parts that they are themselves composed out of. = Base block materials the design is aimed at = == Reusable crystolecules == The design is: * particularly targeted towards reusable fully passivated [[crystolecule]]s as the pre-produced base parts. * not targeted towards partially passivated [[crystolecule]]s that get irreversibly welded together to bigger [[microcomponents]]. == Foldamer parts? == Pre self-assembled foldamer parts with high geometry might eventually work too as base parts. <br> Given they are stiff enough. But this is questionable. If it works it will be quite a bit bigger than in the crystolecule case.<br> Unfortunately the parts that [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] can make are almost certainly not stiff enough. == Macroscale prototypes == For prototyping functionality at the macroscale FDM 3D printing or resin 3D printing are possible options. <br> Of course one needs to keep an eye on: [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] <br> Look at [[mechanical property transposition]] for comparability. Eventual macroscopic use cases of the system (as home device beside a RepRap or as a device for truss construction in space) can't be excluded but optimization for those applications is definitely not the design goal here. heavy chains instead of drive belts and other design choices might make the system quite sub-optimal for those alternate application cases. = Key properties = Same as the [[ReChain frame systems]] that may serve as a basis. == Narrow range of part sizes == All parts are in a narrow size range. <br> There is not a range from very small connectors to very big plates. <br> Instead bigger parts are made up out of many smaller parts <br> This allows to keep all assembly activity to just a single (the second) assembly level. == No dependence on friction based self holding == A dedicated nanoscale friction element * is more like a tuning fork that distributes its excitation by it's anharmonicity (deviation from linear restoring force) * is solely used for deliberate energy dissipation not friction self holding. It swerves a different purpose. There is no friction at the nanoscale between atomically precise surfaces in the way as there is friction at the macroscale. <br> So screws won't hold in the same way as they do at the macroscale. <br> Matching up atomic surface waviness can hold things in place but that's a energetic snap holding not friction self holding. == Bulky design == There are a few reasons for bulky design. * To compensate for the low stiffness of all materials at the nanoscale. * To make sure all the parts can be handled with robotics of only one (the second) assembly level. Giving a narrow size range between smallest and biggest parts. * The design happening at the lower end of the physically possible size scales. Details see below. === On bulkiness originating from designing on the lowermost physically possible size limit === When the functional [[crystolecule]] pieces are already at the lower end of what physics allows for, then pieces for connecting parts together cannot by yet smaller since this would make them smaller than an atom. This pushes the size of the connection mechanisms and similar up into the size scale of the parts they connect. This is very much unlike the macroscale where e.g. large pieces are often held together by screws, splint rings or other means that are quite small in relation. = A note on selfreplicativity = While with "[[second assembly level self replication]]" there is a medium compact form of self replication present <br> the self replicative capability is not as compact as in the case of the [[molecular assembler]]s approach. <br> [[Molecular assembler]]s are outdated because of too compact self-replications and the consequences thereof. = Choice of name = The name RepRec was chosen in analogy to the name RepRap (Replicating Rapid Prototyper) <br> that refers to partially self replicating 3D printers. The name "RepRec" is: * a shorthand for "Replicating Recomposers". * a name for a whole class of robotic systems (akin to RepRap not referring to one specific 3D printer but a whole class of them) = Related = * [[Second assembly level self replication]] * [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] = External Links = https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRec_Pick_%26_Place_Robots <br> There more kept in the context of usage at home in conjunction with a RepRap <br> which is actually not the primary design target. ---- * [[ReChain frame systems]] p8bd1urabh5rpspa77vwgjqzvcmnr78 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 754 7796 2019-02-23T06:12:25Z Apm 1 initial version {{stub}} == High throughput challenging even cheapest industrial materials == Advanced APM ([[gem-gum technology]]) will have extraordinarily [[high throughput]] capacity (See: [[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]]). Especially when existing [[microcomponents]] are just [[recycling|recycled]] since there is much less energy turnover and consequently much less waste heat to remove). Very high throughput (and chap abundant elements as resource) means that even today's cheapest industrial materials will be challenged in their use case. This includes materials like: * [[Asphalt]] * [[Concrete]] * [[Wood]] * Metals: [[Steel]], [[Aluminium]], ([[Copper]]) * [[Glass]], [[Ceramics]], ... * [[Plastics]] * ... == Complexity comes for free == Also with advanced APM ([[gem-gum technology]]) system complexity in products comes for free. <br> Just like it is the case with 3D printing today. Cost wise it does not matter at all whether you make a dumb passive structural brick or a material with a highly intricate active internal structure and functionalities. One can really integrate almost anything (as long as its miniaturizable): * computing, * IO (e.g. touchscreens, [[shape shift feedback]], ...), * energy management (e.g. solar cells, energy transmission lines, ...) * or anything else one could think of No matter what it is. Same mass (of abundant elements) comes with same cost. == Consequences == The consequences of * extremely high throughput and * free complexity at the same time are hardly imaginable. Imagine streets house walls and furniture plastered with and made out of "computers". "Computers" that can even move if you design them to be capable to do so Which is not necessarily advisable. See: [[self limitation for safety]]. (Deliberate use of passive structures may increase response time in case of hacking attempts.) 5v0ie2kqga6zye55x7jyxzoc2c3xnre wikitext text/x-wiki 0 928 9016 9015 2021-05-17T11:02:45Z Apm 1 added {{site specific term}} {{site specific term}} This is basically '''the [[reproduction hexagon]] minus the "sufficient adaptivity" side.''' <br> It applies to all systems that are incapable of autonomous [[evolution]] e.g. by mutations. The runaway accident analogy to the fire triangle still holds, <br> but the scope is more limited as replicators can't adapt to more environments beyond the one they where originally designed for. == The four sides of the immobile self-replication square == '''There are five necessary requirements on selfreplicativity as found in the (outdated) [[molecular assembler]] concept'''. '''Needed is:''' * replication capability * building block availability * energy supply * blueprint data mobility (a mere digital access to a central copy is sufficient, some redundancy is advisable though for resiliency) * replicator mobility -- needed for the (outdated) [[molecular assembler]] concept '''Not needed is:''' * sufficient adaptivity -- needed only by biological life == Even less requirements == For systems which also pose no requirements on "replicator mobility" see: [[Immobile replication square]]. <br> These even further reduced requirements are what applies to [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. == Choice of terminology == This wiki will use: * "reproduction" to refer to systems where the [[reproduction hexagon]] applies -- life * "replication" (or "unadaptive reproduction") to refer to systems where only the [[replication pentagon]] applies -- (outdated) [[molecular assembler]]s * "copyficaton" (or "immobile replication") to systems where only the [[immobile replication square]] applies -- targeted [[gem-gum factories]] == Blurry grey zone == For systems that are mere replicative and not reproductive <br> to even emerge into existence there needs to be external intelligent actors <br> that do the development, maintenance and improvement on them. At the current state of technology these <br> external intelligent actors can only be humans. <br> One could imagine that though that with progressing (software) technology the creation maintenance and improvement of self replicative systems could get increasingly automated with AI and even AGI. At this point whether one considers this self replication or self reproduction is dependent what you consider the in-group and what the out-group. If you include the AGIs in control into when you say "we". To note is: * The reproductive "intelligence" is still not baled into the the systems in case they are compact nanoscale selfreplicating. * This scenario is more or less targeted design [[technological evolution]] beyond [[natural evolution]]. == Macroscopic microscopic == * Biologic life needs to feature and does feature the whole [[reproduction hexagon]]. * For the (outdated) microscopic [[molecular assemblers]] the replication pentagon applies. Not the [[reproduction hexagon]]. * For the now targeted [[gem-gum factories]] the [[immobile replication square]] applies. Not the [[replication pentagon]]. On a related note: <br> For early stage foldamer based precursor systems of [[gem-gum factories]] degree of mobility is still rather unclear. <br> A gradual emergence of self replicative capability in highly distributed multi agent systems seems likely. <br> IN early foldamer based precursor systems the "building block availability" part of the [[replication pentagon]] refers to special foldamer building blocks that are difficult to pre-poduce. Making [[runaway replication accident]]s impossible. == Related == * [[reproduction hexagon]] - [[replication pentagon]] - [[copyfication square]] * [[self replication]] * [[exponential assembly]] ----- * It applies to the (outdated) [[molecular assembler]] concept * It requires mobility which is not necessary for [[gem-gum on-chip factories]] t5i05bpyuhaqf41eeaozwmst98vwjkb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 267 9012 9008 2021-05-17T10:49:16Z Apm 1 /* Replication capability */ added some elaborations about what basic replication capability means {{site specific definition}} [[File:1024px combustion triangle and replication hexagon.png|thumb|425px| The reproduction hexagon as an analogon to the combustion triangle lists all the requirements which must be met at the same time such that unbounded and uncontollable growth can happen [todo: add SVG] ]] * Currently all information is located at the [[self replication]] and [[grey goo meme]] page. = Reproduction vs Replication = The term '''"reproduction"''' was conciously choosen to point at the fact that '''sufficient adaptability e.g. mutations''' are included in the hexagon. Removing this requirement from the hexagon one ends up with the replication pentagon where the term '''"replication"''' is used in the sense of '''exactly identical copies'''. Adaptability by mutations is a property that today is only observed in living systems. It is absolutely not necessary for [[technology level III|advanced productive nanosystems]] like nanofactories. [[Category:Site specific definitions]] = The six requirements = == Replication capability == The system needs some minimal form of self replication capability in the first place. <br> See: [[Self replication]] For artificial system that likely involves: * Taking the somehow supplies building blocks in into the system via some means * Assembling these blocks within the system via some means * Putting the fully assembled mobile replicates or immobile copies out of the system via some means When looking at mitosis (cell division) in microscopic biological systems then there <br> the assembly and expulsion or reproductions can be quite different and symmetric. <br> But [[soft nanosystems]] ([[synthetic biology]]) that closely mimic how life works are not the focus here. == Building block availability == Early APM systems depend on prefabricated blocks like e.g. pre-folded foldamers. Scavenging building material from arbitrary sources can be extremely difficult. (See: [[Unknown matter claimer]]) There are some giant reservoirs with standardized building blocks in nature though. * One is the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. (This carries no energy). * Another one is the sugar in the blood of animals and humans. (carries energy when combined with oxygen) Advanced macro sized APM systems do not need any scarce elements for self replication. This cannot be enforced either (like often suggested in naive proposals). Advanced APM systems are limited in self replication by some of the other points. == Energy supply == If carbon dioxide is used as resource material solar energy is needed for breaking up the bonds. This poses a challenge for compact self replication autonomous replicators. For microscopic autonomous bots there is generally the issue that primary energy sources are usually macroscopic in nature. Taking the biosphere as an example it shows that the limited supply of energy is a harsh design restriction that has a major impact on its architecture. * plants can be seen as solar cells (or bacteria as primary chemo-reactors in the deep sea) * the food chain can be seen as an energy distribution/delivery network for the highest non-human predators. This chain grew from bottom up. The bottom levels supporting the parasitic levels higher up. In advanced [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] (designed to be capable of macroscopic self replication) the building material can supply the necessary energy with it (such is the case for e.g. ethyne). Ideally the power consumption and production is balanced out to zero. This can be done easiest if the (e.g. desktop sized) factories are connected to a global balancing network. In the very very far term one might speculate about a multitude of self replicative "parasites" leaching on the power distribution/balancing networks. But due to the presence of high intelligence the situation is completely different than in the natural food chain. Parasites would not add up on top making nwe impressive creatures like lions and sharks. In ultra advanced artificial systems new low level parasites that start to leach on previously untapped (chemomechanical) power lines would only drag the top level down so they will be heavily fought and will need to be quite elabotare (and big) to survive. == Blueprint data mobility == Copying the whole blueprint for a whole macroscopic production device capable of replication in each of its microscopic constituent units (like biology does) is obviously not something that one would want to recreate in artificial systems. With the availability of fast wired and wireless data transmission that we already have today (2017) excessive blue-print copying becomes an unnecessary waste of performance in several dimension. Often not even a single copy per macroscopic replicative production device is necessary (even more so for passive products), but having everything on a centralized global server does increase existential risk and does undermine/sacrifice the desirable "[[disatser proof]] property" that advanced APM systems have to offer. == Replicator mobility == The current [[nanofactory|far term goal for advanced productive nanosystems]] features self replicative capability only as whole macroscopic device. Earlier systems may feature more compact self replicative capability but they lack in "building lock availability" since they need prefabricated artificial foldamers blocks as "vitamins". == Sufficient adaptivity == Compact [[Evolution]] via "random" mutations (for expansion of an ecological niche and robustness against environmental changes) is probably the most severe point where artificial systems differ from life. Its the main point that differentiates between mere identical replication and adaptive reproduction. There is no desire or need for programming compact evolution like properties into productive nanosystems (just as there is no such desire in today's software). This does not hold for big non-compact systems though. Only on the highest complexity levels there is something like "real technological evolution". And technological progress pushes it further up not down. Today (2017) "technological evolution" is still mostly driven by human minds. But with decreasing isolation of computing systems from the "outside environment" (more sensors) and improving AI this might soon change. Evolution in general (both natural and technological) has aspects of brute force breath search due to lack of knowledge where to look when standing at one particular far out edge of knowledge. If we knew where to look towards from that particular edge it would be directed design and not evolution. This is similar to the situation with unexpected/surprising discoveries of fundamental physics & science. * Science & research has some analogy to evolution (in both cases there is an attack where there is the most lack of understanding) * Engineering and development has some analogy to directed design (where there is actually a decent understanding of what is done) ---- * Science and research produce abstract models based on the observation of physical systems * Engineering and development produce physical systems based on the application of abstract models Since science & research (analog to evolution) are on the forefront bleeding edge of knowledge and engineering and development (analog to design) comes only after the models produced by science and research have solidified enough to be applicable, one could judge that '''directed design was, is, and will always be wrapped in a shell of undirected evolution'''. The other way around newly engineered and developed (designed) physical systems extend our observational tools pointing to new further out borders of knowledge '''in specific designed directions''' providing new endpoints where one again does not know which direction to look at. Thus the complexity level where "technical evolution" is applied will (on average) always go up and not down. On a side-note evolution is somewhat complementary to exploratory engineering. * On the very furthest out edge of knowledge we encounter things that we can do that but that we don't understand yet. The surprise bag of evolution. * On the very innermost core of knowledge (wisdom?) we encounter things that we can understand but that we aren't able to build yet. The reliable orientation helper called "[[exploratory engineering]]". = Resilience against harsh environmental conditions = * UV radiation issue ... * [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] * ecological niches ... = Related = * [[mobility prevention guideline]] * [[reproduction hexagon]] - [[replication pentagon]] - [[copyfication square]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_triangle Fire triangle] kkfc7b9sc0tk2xyjignzsct15n8adxw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 331 9385 9382 2021-05-25T23:08:07Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added three links regarding mechanosynthetic splitting This page is mainly about identifying and listing potential [[feedstock]] molecules / compound / materials for future [[gem-gum factories]]. == Resource molecule cartridges == Inside a macroscopic resource cartridge instead of an open liquid solution the solution inside could be micropackaged into locked together micro-capsules behaving like a solid. <br> This would change their risk profile regarding the expectable likelihood of and expectable damage level caused by eventual spills. Microcapsules would also be a natural way to transport these resources via a [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] that is primarily meant for the [[recycling]] of [[microcomponents]]. == Resource molecule processing == The processing steps for resource molecules (aka [[Moiety|moieties]]) in [[gem-gum factories]] are as follows: * Decreasing impurities to for all practical purposes zero via a sequence of [[molecular sorting pumps]]. * Final full positional constraint into a steric chamber that is fitting just this one resource molecule. That is: transfer into [[machine phase]]. * Transfer into the internal [[PPV]] environment. The resource Molecule must stay in now half open chamber. Stay into the pocket. * Transfer onto a reusable empty tooltip such that it is covalently bond. * Removal of passivating hydrogen atoms. * Transfer from the tooltip to the workpiece (a [[crystolecule]] under construction). == Special cases == * [[Acetylene]] – of particular interest due to it's already unsaturated bonds and it's [[low hydrogen content]]. * [[Methane]] – a bit much hydrogen. This will mostly be burned to water. * [[Ethanol]] – big molecule – lots of disassembly needed. * [[Carbon Disulfide]] CS₂ – not environment friendly – water free solvent == Volatile elements right from the air == * [[Carbon dioxide]] CO₂ – as a source for carbon (energy devoid) * [[Nitrogen]] N₂ – (energy devoid) * [[Oxygen]] O₂ * [[Water]] H₂O – as source for hydrogen (energy devoid) – Related: [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] * [[Argon]] – not really a building material but super abundant useful for [[Gem-gum balloon products|stabilizing structures by pressurization]]. == Mundane nontoxic salts == * [[Salts of carbonic acid]] * [[Salts of nitric acid]] ----- * [[Salts of silicic acid]] – silicates don't like to be in solution - only with sodium or potassium this works halfway decent (sodium and potassium salts don't like to be unsoluble) * [[Salts of phosphoric acid]] – phosporic acid is quite mundane (is uses in food) – many other phosphor compounds can be quite toxic * [[Salts of sulphuric acid]] – mundane ----- * [[Table Salt]] NaCl The alkali elements in there (Na,K) that are just added to keep the solution PH neutral (not acidic) are less useful for structural materials. They do not like to form strong directed covalent bonds as they are needed in strong structural high performance materials. So they may remain largely unused. Remnant lye (NaOH, KOH) can be neutralized with actively collected atmospheric CO2. A good place to look for resource molecules for various elements that <br> are as nontoxic as possible may be dietary supplements [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement] for trace elements [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_element]. == More toxic salts == * [[Salts of boric acid]] * [[Sodium aluminates]] – There is no aluminic acid – just as slilicon aluminium also hates to go into solution == Other mundane small molecules that could serve as resource carrieres == * [[Urea]] – highly inert and nontoxic nitrogen carrier * [[Dimethyl sulfide]] – sulfur carrier – strong smell (smell of the sea in low doses) = Basic resource molecules (older notes too integrate above) = For [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond '''ethyne C₂H₂ methane CH₄''' and traces of digermane '''Ge₂H₆''' can be used. This has been toroughly analyzed. Further molecules of prime interest are '''[[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting|carbon dioxide CO₂]] [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting|water H₂O]] and nitrogen gas N₂'''. The capability of handling those allows for tapping the [[air as a resource]] for products that (almost) exclusively contain [[diamondoid molecular elements]] out of hydrogen carbon oxygen and nitrogen (HCON). From the metals Aluminum and Titanium would be of interest. = Potential resource molecules grouped by the element they supply = They should preferentially be non or at least low toxic and easy to handle. * for boron: B₂H₆ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diborane diborane] is toxic and reacts with water to <br> B(OH)₃ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid#Toxicology boric acid] which is pretty harmless and thus a better resource * for fluorine: SF₆ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride sulfur hexafluoride] very heavy pretty inert gas, soluble in ethanol <br> the sulfur can be used or disposed as diluted sulfuric acid * for aluminum: ? * for silicon: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acid silicic acid] self polymerizes and is thus not suitable <br> SiH₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silane] seems better but it's quite toxic, higher silans tend to be explosive * for chlorine: ammonium chloride (salmiak) - or diluted hydrochloric acid - dissolved table salt NaCl if theres use for sodium == Sources for silicon == The problem with silicon is that it's compounds usually do not like to go into solution. <br> Sodium Na and potassium K make the most soluble salts with any kind of anions. <br> The Na and K salts of silicic acid are called waterglass ('''sodium silicate and potassium silicate'''), but <br> even these are only halfway decently water soluble. <br> If concentrations get to high some polymerization is starting. Making it a sticky goo at macroscale and a tangle at the nanoscale. <br> High temperatures and low concentrations (reducing packing density) can prevent undesired polymerization. Waterglass salts are non-toxic but slightly caustic. <br> Not a problem environmentally. There are organosilicon compounds where silicon bonds are passivated with metyl groups or bigger organic molecules. <br> These are less prone to polymerization but these are also usually less nontoxic. == Sources for phosphorus == * for phosphorus: PH₃ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine phosphine] seems too toxic <br> H₃O₄P [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid phosphoric acid] seems good * ammonium phosphate compounds - ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_phosphate_(compounds) wikipedia]) Organophosphorus compounds are often highly toxic. == Sources for sulfur == Good information resource for sulfur compounds: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sulfur_compounds wikipedia] === of main interest === * ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄ ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate wikipedia]) - pro: waste nitrogen can go to atmosphere, massively available - con: explosive in dry form * methylsulfonylmethane C₂H₆O₂S- ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane wikipedia]) - pro: non toxic - con: carries carbon too * sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid wikipedia]) - pro: massively available - con: acidity === maybe interesting === * diallyl trisulfide C6H10S3 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide wikipedia]) - main component of garlic oil - con: carries lots of carbon and hydrogen * syn-Propanethial-S-oxide C3H6OS ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide wikipedia]) - irritant expelled by cut onions * dimethyl trisulfide C2H6S3 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_trisulfide wikipedia]) * carbon disulfide CS₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_disulfide (wikipedia)] - soluble in ethanol - pro: massively available - con: toxic * carbonyl sulfide ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide wikipedia]) - con: toxic, carries less sulfur than carbon disulfide * hydrogen sulfide H2S, sulfur dioxide SO2, sulfur trioxide SO3 - all too dangerous and toxic * thioacetic acid C2H4OS ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioacetic_acid wikipedia]) * methanesulfonic acid CH3SO3H ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid wikipedia]), ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesylate wikipedia]) = Notes = If the non metal element in question is poisonous or unstable with the bonds just capped with hydrogen the oxygen acids of the element may be a better choice. To reduce acidity but not introduce metal cations that would in many cases remain as waste the ammonium cation ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium wikipedia]) can be used. Silicon is troublesome since most of its compound tend to polymerize instead of staying as separate molecules. == Related == * [[Oddball compounds]] * [[Molecule fragment]] ----- * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic carbon dioxide splitting]] * [[Mechanosynthetic water splitting]] 825w8u8ncoecpsh881acmdlcrzl4kyu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 851 8455 2021-04-09T10:51:33Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Raw materials]] #REDIRECT [[Raw materials]] lczwros0cerzxk6235xa5kcwig5cwrm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 626 10259 10258 2021-06-13T13:26:07Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} The [[power subsystem]] of [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] just as the [[data processing subsystem]] needs to operate reversibly to reach maximal efficiency. Macroscale actuation systems (power electronics) usually are not build with reversibility in mind. One exception are electric cars but industrial robots usually feature no energy recuperation. The necessity of energy recuperation creates novel challenges which will likely lead to novel designs. As one goes down the size reversibility/recuperation becomes increasingly important. Especially down at the size of the specialized [[mechanosynthesis core]]s. Introduction of energy recuperation will likely be introduced only in later more advanced higher stiffness nanosystems after the "foldamer era" where this becomes easier. {{todo|Add some thoughts about specific designs.}} == Related == * '''[[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]]''' * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Reversible computation]] * [[Dissipation sharing]] 39hl4kobj53izapfjlrtagrwg05h1aw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 91 12076 10840 2021-09-26T08:38:16Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{stub}} == The extremely simple but too naive approach == Any logic gate can be naively made into a reversible one by just not throwing away the inputs. <br> That strategy is obviously using up an ever growing and impractically large amount of data storage space though. <br> To avoid running out of memory (to keep space complexity low) the approach must be changed. Logic gates and circuitry can be optimized (Toffoli gate ...) but this alone does not change much. <br> Space usage is still monotonously growing with computation steps taken. == Retractile cascades and reversible computation trees == Te main way to get space back is to store the (intermediate) results of a computation and then "uncompute" the path to the the result. <br> The "uncomputation" recuperates the Helmholtz free energy associated with the bits of information that needed to be temporarily stored during the computation. <br> This computation then storing then uncomputation is called a "retractile cascade". Tightly nesting retractile cascaded leads to a reversible computation tree. <br> There are several strategies to optimize both space and time efficiency. To get an [[intuitive understanding]] of how the energy recuperation in "retractile cascades" and reversibly computation trees work <br> looking at a minimal demonstration problem implemented in mechanical reciprocative [[rod logic]] might help. == Limits to spacetime efficiency for reversible computation == Strongly simplified (take it with a grain of salt): <br> It seems reversible computation can (for the completely general case!) never by as spacetime efficient as irreversible computation. <br> If the same efficiency were possible then ALL asymmetric difficulty problems (a foundation of current day 2021 cryptography) would be cracked <br> by implementing the easy forward problems as efficient as in irreversible computation and then "simply" running them backward with the exact same spacetime complexity. This would not just break prime factorization (like quantum computation does) but all asymmetric difficulty problems. == Avoiding the limit of spacetime efficiency for reversible computation == For many special case classes of computation (that is classes for many classes of programs) though <br> the the same spacetime efficiency as with irreversible computation IS possible. <br> '''The main benefit of of sticking to full on true reversible computation is extremely low power consumption.''' == Relation of reversible computation to purely functional programming == [[purely functional programming]] is a weaker requirement than reversible computation though since: * it only calls for extensional logic reversibility (same input always leads to same output) * it does not call for intensional energetic/entropic reversibility (destructive overwrites of data inside are allowed as long as they are (provably!) kept encapsulated. <br>That is: Any amount of Helmholtz free energy may be irreversibly devaluated. <br>There can be a destructively overwriting state changing "UnsafePerformXY" method buried <br>down somewhere in the depths of a function that is extensionally a safe purely functional function. Through that weaker requirement of only higher level logical reversibility: * one looses the property of low power consumption. * one (probably) lifts the fundamental limit of being fundamentally weaker than irreversible programming (here imperative programming) <br>– there is still an experienced higher difficulty though == Relation of reversible computation to quantum computation == Reversible computation is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for [[quantum computation]] stretches between state collapsing measurements from the outside. <br> A destructive overwrite of a specific bit would amount to a collapse of the state and a collapse <br> of the local "micro-multiverse" that constitutes the quantum computation. After the code for the quantum computation is set up and is set in motion it's hand's off. <br> Of course parts of the running code can (and must be able to) influence other parts of the running code. <br> But such hidden internal internal interactions just splits up the quantum parallel entanglement of states even further. <br> All possibilities are kept till the final measurement from our single one common reality (our quantum mechanical frame of reference) <br> That measurement from outside (which may collapse the computation partially or completely) breaks the streak of reversibility. == Energy swinging frequency == In reversible computing devices energy needs to swing back and forth. If energy is moved back to the main energy storage source possibly every cycle (possibly through lots of mechanical differentials) friction losses will become too high. For every stiff material there is a [[natural resonance frequency characteristic for size]]. If the swinging of energy is kept maximally local thus minimal in size the natural resonance frequency will be very high enforcing a too high operation speed with too much friction again. Some optimal point in-between these two extremes must be found. To lower the resonance frequency the springs must be made more compliant and/or the mass must be made bigger. {{todo|add the scaling law math for the resonance frequency of rotative and reciprocative resonators - how to scale the springs?}} == Related == * '''[[Nanomechanical computation]]''' * '''[[Quantum computation]]''', [[Non mechanical technology path#quantum computation]] * [[purely functional programming]] ---- * [[Nanomechanical computation]] and [[mechanical computation]] * [[Rod logic]], [[Buckling logic]], [[Rotating link logic]] ---- * [[Energy recuperation]] * Sharing of energy devaluations for a defined arrow of time in the mechanosynthesis in nanofactories: [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Reversible actuation]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Formal system]]s == External links == * Very informative slides (PPT):<br>[https://www.slideserve.com/germane-nieves/reversible-computing-theory-i-reversible-logic-models Reversible Computing Theory I: Reversible Logic Models] [http://www.powershow.com/view1/1b47cb-ZDc1Z/Reversible_Computing_Theory_I_Reversible_Logic_Models_powerpoint_ppt_presentation flash version]<br>[http://www.powershow.com/view/992b6-MWUzY/Principles_of_Adiabatic_Processes_powerpoint_ppt_presentation Principles of Adiabatic Processes] These slides includes well merging for reversible adiabatic registers.<br>(use the download option if you don't have flash installed/working) ---- * [http://iopscience.iop.org/1751-8121/43/38/382002/fulltext/ Reversible arithmetic logic unit for quantum arithmetic 2010 by Michael Kirkedal Thomsen, Robert Glück and Holger Bock Axelsen]<br>[http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/g/Gl=uuml=ck:Robert.html further Papers by Robert Glück et.al.] * [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/revcomp/ RevComp - Actual implementations of reversible (electronic) circuits on chips] ---- * Report 46 of the Institute fro Molecular Manufacturing: [http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep046.pdf Molecular Mechanical Computing Sytems (2016-04) (pdf)] ---- * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming functional programming] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_logic reversible computing] ---- * Wikimedia commons (de): [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kausale_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.svg causal depencency cone] {{wikitodo|integrate that image (or a similar translated one) here}} [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Programming]] == TODO Notes == * note reversible cascades – DONE * analogy with harmonic oscillator - assymetric - energy backflow * splitup into many paths via distributing gears (differential / planetary) (analogy electric nodes and transformers) * link logistic data transmission rods * pros & cons of rotative logic - reconfigurativability - space use * why functional programming matters for AP technology – See: [[Purely functional programming]] * reversible 1:1 IO mapping - pure functions * low and high level programming languages * relevance for multicore parallel computation * classical reversible gates nz123bzfjr18v784sbyj0mixlpi0vei wikitext text/x-wiki 0 758 7807 2019-03-04T16:10:16Z Apm 1 basic redirect #REDIRECT [[Reversible computation]] 05k4ixvq7adnmesdpw50j0j4t6r1v98 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 584 6044 2017-07-19T14:23:08Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Reversible data processing]] to [[Reversible computation]]: consistent naming with other related pages #REDIRECT [[Reversible computation]] 05k4ixvq7adnmesdpw50j0j4t6r1v98 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 895 8742 8741 2021-04-15T10:32:53Z Apm 1 added * [[Self folding]] in new section == Related== {{stub}} This is is about assembly methods with nanoscsale devices that * take in in raw parts (of more or less pre(self)assembled form) * push out a chain that folds itself up into a bigger product == Actual ribosomes == * Taken in are amino acids linked to much bigger TRNA handles * Pushed out are protein chains that fold up right away (thermally driven) Often (always?) membrane proteins assemble right away directly into a target lipid membrane. <br> Btw: How do the chaperone folding helper proteins come close enough when there is quite a bit of obstruction by the ribosome? == Blochchain extruding [[Foldamer printer]]s == This is about [[foldamer printer]]s that make making parts that are bigger than their own build volume If the parts of the chain become too big to self-assemble in reasonable timescales [[nonthermal self assembly]] can be used. <br> It seems this requires the parts to be linked together into a chain. <br> But the parts are much bigger than simple amino acids here. The parts would be bigger stiff blocks of high geometry. <br> So this could work more like folding up chain of via hinged linked cuboid (or other highly geometric) blocks. '''Differences between ribosomes and blockchain extruding [[foldamer printer]]s (on the input side):''' Ribosomes get their building blocks delivered via a mixed soup of tRNA handles which encode the amino acid they hold. <br> There is only one binding site which at no time accepts more than one type of amino acid. Foldamer printers have their building blocks of one type washed in as a pure solution carrying only one type. <br> And that after a [[site activation]] step where several sites where activated. {{wikitodo|add illustrative image for that idea}} == Related == * [[Self folding]]: a nanoscale device synthesizing and extruding the foldamer chain is not neccesarily incuded here 7knz7pge2d3wcb386b3j1livyksx7my wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1021 9909 9833 2021-06-03T11:39:19Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} * His famous talk: "There is plenty of room at the bottom" * His philosophy holding high in value the idea of gaining an intuitive understanding. Related page here: [[Intuitive feel]] * [[Feynman Path]] * Axiomatic systems ... == Related == * [[Intuitive feel]] * [[Lucid dreaming]] – he did some experimentation on that – there are some notes om that in the book "Surely you're joking Mr. Feynman" == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman] 71m7bb1qsxucyiin6ha8djpcsgm8rxa wikitext text/x-wiki 0 702 7117 2018-07-11T18:08:47Z Apm 1 moved out as is from [[Common_misconceptions_about_atomically_precise_manufacturing]] == Macro-scale style machinery isn't suitable for the quantum world one needs something more exotic instead - wrong == Via [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|a very simple estimation]] it turns out that '''nanomechanics is actually barely mechanical quantum-mechanics'''. Baffling? The fact that quantum-mechanics is called quantum-''mechanics'' is just a somewhat unlucky result of science history. Basically mechanics was generalized to the point where it also encompasses the behavior of electrons thus to the point where it encompasses what is in eveready language considered electronics. And electronics are pretty quantum mechanical at the nanoscale. Of course certain nanomechanic systems can be made quantum mechanical in behavior if the conditions are made extreme enough. Actually under conditions expectable in [[Nanofactory|advanced atomically precise production devices]] nanomechanics is pretty classical in behavior. Since the objective is to transport stuff from A to B in a controlled manner just like in makrotechnology using makro-style-machinery (with some minor tweaks) makes perfectly sense and has even advantages such as [[superlubrication]] and [[dissipation sharing]]. dy9hftm7dgqkqhcxn1y691l8x3o6zpe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1292 11829 2021-08-21T11:48:54Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Rising surface area]] to [[Higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery]]: matching the page name "Higher throughput of smaller machinery" #REDIRECT [[Higher bearing surface area of smaller machinery]] mnbf241h5frn24o4m48hyqvb0xrs6b7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 82 8102 8101 2021-03-13T12:19:52Z Apm 1 /* Compactness operation-frequency and degrees-of-freeodom */ fixed spelling error in headline [Todo: add intro] = Compactness operation-frequency and degrees-of-freeodom= == Mill style == == Manipulator style == = Type of mechanical chaining = == Serial robots == Purely mechanical serial robotics can expose the problem of unintended differential bearings. When the control of the second joint from the root is threaded through the first joint by e.g. a conical gear turning the first joint will cause the second joint to move too when no measures are taken. ['''Todo:''' add mechanical equivalent circuit diagram to make this more clear] ['''Todo:''' discuss methods for preventing or compensating that, e.g. small angle designs] Examples of stiffened classical robot arms potentially suitable for APM systems: * K. Eric Drexlers robot arm design [add reference]. It mitigates the "unintended differential bearing effect" by using flexible nanotubes and a very high gearing ratios. * Another design by J. Storrs Hall [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Hall/] [Todo: analyze and shortly discuss] == Parallel robots == * steward plattform * parallel mechanics form industrial designs and DIY 3D printers = Further criteria = == Classification based on bearing types == * designs avoiding sliding rails * designs avoiding ball bearings = Use cases of robotic manipulators in APM systems = * [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]]s * [[DME assembly robotics]] * [[microcomponent assembly robotics]] * higher level convergent assembly robotics = Related = * [[Gem-gum tentacle manipulator]] [[Category:General]] o7sum45gb5s8u7reks3ca9de5ubbt2t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 115 4264 1389 2015-09-29T16:07:13Z Apm 1 collapse double redfirect #REDIRECT [[Mechanosynthesis core]] qkgq2qwered7owz1d4flx1e98vm0ced wikitext text/x-wiki 0 220 4396 3031 2015-10-02T14:47:13Z Apm 1 link to general page {{Stub}} ---- {{Template:Site specific definition}} * [[legged mobility]] * sliding cube mobility [Todo: add notes on [[machine phase]] and spill] == Related == * [[Mobile robotic device]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Technology level I]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 356w3006g1aazruuas63xk6fhe2rr28 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 457 4973 4972 2016-06-22T19:20:56Z Apm 1 /* External links */ removed obsolete todo point Advanced atomically precise manufacturing allows to build a new class of aeronautic balloons that use '''vacuum instead of lifting gas'''. The necessary support structures that counter the external pressure can be made fine and filigree enough such that the whole structure is still lighter than air. '''Note:''' Aeronautic balloons out of robust metamaterials are not to confuse with: [[Diamondoid balloon products]] == Proof of principle == This capability is already demonstrated by a few special aerogels today but unlike todays aerogels balloon metamaterial is an advanced atomically precise metamaterial and shows much more resilience against physical attack (crunching/ripping). == Mechanical stability == '''Chrunching:''' When it is crunched it reversible folds down to a state with almost no void gaps rasing its compressive strength to almost to the level of solid matterial. Obviously it will stop floating for the time it stays crunched. The material can (and probably should) get designed in such a way that when it gets crunched it stores at least enough energy such that the subsequent (undamaged) unfolding - which has to work against atmospheric pressure - can be easily performed. '''Ripping:''' When a force acts on the balloon-metamaterial that pulls it apart the internal structure can reversibly align into the axis of the polling force again like in the compressive case to the point where it becomes almost as dense as solid material and reaches almost the tensile strength of solid material. In practice one probably wants to put in a safety limit way below the strength of carbon nanotubes (See:"[Self limitation for safety]" and "[Sharp edges and splinters]"). Pulling in all directions simultaneously (which natural occurring forces can't do) should rip the metamaterial apart easily. A malicious attack with utility fog may be possible (further analysis needed). == Steerability in high winds == * [[active surface motion]] can replace air resistance friction with much much lower infinitesimal bearing friction in the top layer surface pf the balloon. This tackles the tangential motion component of air. * [[temporary adiabatic presence cloaking]] can tackle the air motion component normal (90°) to the surface. For the balloon to not move as a whole the forces do not need to be compensated at every location independently. Allowing some stretching and bending the balloon can extract energy allowing it - given enough turbulences which are common near ground-level - to stay stationary permanently. The storm can last arbitrarily long. (This does not work in highly laminar stratospheric flows). == Base material quartz == Since earth's atmosphere contains oxygen any material that burns easily is problematic. While diamond does not burn in its bulk form the a highly filigree metamaterial structure would burn very vigorously. The solution is to use a material that is already in its oxidized state. Best options are Silicon dioxide (quartz) aluminum dioxide (sapphire) or titanium dioxide (Rutile/Anatas/Brookite). Biominerals like calcite and hydroxylapatite also do not burn since they are based on oxides of carbon and phosphorus respectively. necessary internal nanomachine bearings may be made out of silicon carbide (moissanite) it burns but builds up a glass layer that prevents further burning. == Applications == * low mass air transport * Various forms of "[[airmesh]]es" e.g. for transportation wind power and weather control (speculative) * massive redirection of sunlight (speculative) == Price == Since the density is lower than 1kg/m^3 (three orders of magnitude lower than dense material - factor 1000) huge volumes can be filled cheaply. Since for fire safety reasons atmospheric carbon dioxide can only be used in small quantities lithospheric mining is required making it a bit more expensive than dense carbon rich diamondoid products. There is no possibility for self accelerating growth through growing surface area like in the case of [[grey goo meme|malicious air using replicators]]. But advanced mining can scale up self acceleratingly. It just needs energy in lithophilic elements out. It seems possible that it'll become cheaper than todays cheapest building materials concrete and asphalt. Allowing to build [[airmesh]]es on a larger scale than todays ground-bound street network - a network of skyroads so to say. == Relation to the conventional lifting gas method == Avoiding the use of the very scarce element helium may lower price from todays perspective albeit we may import that element from space in the future if we figure out how to get it out of the potential well of Uranus and Neptune. Its unclear how safe hydrogen microcompartmentalized in glass metamaterial could be - maybe comparable to methane hydride - {{todo|closer investigatin required}}. == Limits of low and high pressure == The hight limit of metamaterial vacuum balloons is probably a lot lower than the height limit for conventional balloons. {{todo|estimate the hight limit on earth}} At places with higher atmospheric densities (e.g. gas giant planets) the pressure becomes so high that crushing is not preventable. A hot air balloon or active lift via [[medium mover]]s remains the only option. In Venus high pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere normal terrestrial earth air is a fine lifting gas. {{todo|estimate the pressure limit / water depth resilience on earth}} == Wire-frame vs compartmentalization == Wire-frame structures are the lightest internal structures possible but do not compartmentalize the inner volume for accidental flooding protection. {{todo|Investigate in how far compartmentalization can be added (no full wire-frame displacement) without making the structure to heavy to fly and lift}} == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoCAxS4vqwQ Video showing some aerogel (SEAgel) floating in gas] according to the narrative the surrounding gas is pure nitrogen which is a tiny bit heavier than air. The trustworthiness of the narrative is questionable. They should have said "air made thick by nitrogen" instead of "air made thin by nitrogen". It could also be a even heavier gas. Note that advanced atomically precise materials would be A) self sealing against ambient air and truly floating in normal air. They would be B) much stronger that is they would return to their original shape after fully crushing them or fully stretching them to a dense state. A state in which they are very strong. pj70qbxhowcru489sz4u6xke8p899n2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 90 6074 1731 2017-08-02T14:05:29Z Apm 1 added link to page [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] {{stub}} Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] * [[carriage particle accelerators]] * VASIMR variable specific impulse magnetoplasmatic rockets - improvement and energy source - [''Todo:'' discuss recent critics] 8s7z20do9d2fnw267u35pyf1oambx86 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 169 11410 11409 2021-07-09T09:20:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Stub}} * [[Crystolecule routing layer]] * [[Microcomponent routing layer]] * routing layers further up == Related == * [[Redundancy]] (fail stop producer, fail stop consumer, redundant network topology, ...) * [[Transportation and transmission]] == External links == Macroscopic analogies: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_yard Classification yard] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_yard Rail yard]) or "shunting station" * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting_(rail) Shunting (rail)] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] hnpmoa619q835flfpdi7ij6xgbu4flk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 766 11336 11180 2021-07-08T10:31:36Z Apm 1 added illustrative image with description [[File:1920px-Rutile single Crystal.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Artificial single crystal of rutile (one of the [[polymorph]]s of Titanium dioxide (TiO₂). This piece is 25mm in diameter and 4mm thick. It was grown by the current-day-available technology called "[[verneuil method]]".]] '''Overall rutile is good base material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] for [[large scale construction]].''' Rutile is a polymorph of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) <br> It may be of peculiar interest because: * it contains the element [[titanium]] (Ti) whitch is one of the more abundant elements in earth crust. * it has a reasonably high hardness (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5) * it features a reasonably simple (tetragonal) crystal lattice (in fact it's the defining minearal for the rutile structure) * with the rutile structure it features the exact same structure as [[stishovite]] (a peculiarly interesting SiO₂ polymorph) but given it occurs naturally in high quantities (unlike [[stishovite]]) it likely has a higher thermodynamic stability. That is: it's less prone to diffusion into a more stable polymorph at higher temperatures. Given both rutile and stishovite feature the same crystal structure it may be possible to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] checkerboard [[neo-polymorph]]ic transitions by replacing some Ti with with Si in a regular pattern. == Polymorphs of (TiO₂) == '''[[rutile]]''' (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5) '''[[anatase]]''' (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0). <br> It also has a simple tetragonal crystal lattice but different from the rutile structure in that the unit cell is a bit bigger (and sparser?). '''[[brookite]]''' (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0). <br> It also has a bigger unit cell than rutile and has the lower orthorombic crystal structure symmetry which perhaps may make it a bit less interesting as a potential base material. '''[[tistarite]]''' ('''Mohs 8.5'''). <br> Trigonal crystal structure. ---- High pressure modification of TiO₂ – same structure as ZrO₂ Baddeleyite <small>(monoclinic Baddeleyte becomes "cubic zirconia" with some other metals added)</small>: <br> '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaogiite akaogiite]''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Akaogiite (mineralienatlas)] High pressure modification isostructural to α-PbO₂ (scrutinyite structure) ans isostructural to seifertite – orthorhombic dipyramidal <br> '''srilankite''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Srilankite (mineralienatlas)] == Misc == * All (TiO₂) polymorphs have a high refractive index Potential elements for controlled [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] substitution for doping or the creation of [[neo-polymorphs]] include: <br> * iron Fe (extremely common) – a common natural impurity of rutile * niobium Nb (less common) – a common natural impurity of rutile * tantalum Ta (extremely rare) – a common natural impurity of rutile * possibly silicon Si – since it forms an oxide with exactly the same crystal structure as rutile ([[stishovite]]) Elements that also shares the rutile structure: <br> * the [[germanium]] dioxide mineral argutite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argutite (wikipedia)] (germanium is one of the more rare elements though) * the [[tin]] dioxide minearl cassiereite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite (wikipedia)] (tin is a bit more common than germanium) * ... == Interplanetary applications (Moon) == [[Titanium]] is supposedly especially abundant on the moon. <br> So future [[gem-gum products]] on the moon may feature a lot of rutile, anatase, brookite, (or other titanium based gemstones) for structural parts. == Related == The emenets in the [[Silicon]] group like to kake on rutile structure too. <br> A lot of [[neo-polymorph]]s may become possible by swapping out some of the titan for other compatible elements. * [[Rutile structure]] * [[Stishovite]] – rutile isostructural polymorph of quartz SiO₂ with Mohs 8.5 to 9.5 – eventually good for making transition [[neo-polymorph]]s == External links == '''Wikipedia:''' * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile (tetragonal | mohs 5.0 to 6.5 | 4.23 g/ccm) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase (tetragonal | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 3.79 – 3.97 g/ccm) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite (orthorhombic | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 4.133 g/ccm ) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide Titanium dioxide] '''Wikimedia:''' * CC licensed images of rutile [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rutile Category:Rutile] – unfortunately no transparent specimens there (2021) aside from an artificial single crystal [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] * CC licensed images of brookit [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brookite Category:Brookite] * CC licensed images of anatase [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anatase Category:Anatase] ---- * '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structures_of_titanium_dioxide Category:Crystal_structures_of_titanium_dioxide]''' * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_anatase Category:Crystal_structure_of_anatase] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strukturbericht_C5 Category:Strukturbericht_C5] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_brookite Category:Crystal_structure_of_brookite] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_rutile Category:Crystal_structure_of_rutile] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strukturbericht_C4 Category:Strukturbericht_C4] dbbm5p4xd8n62zk95mjph3bvm52wlvl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 885 10985 10984 2021-06-28T09:51:37Z Apm 1 Crystal structure: tetragonal == List of compounds with rutile structure == Various compounds that all share the rutile structure and thus <br> may be amenable to patterned substitution by atoms of compatible elements thereby <br> spanning up new areas of [[pseudo phase diagram]]s <br> (here ordered by elemental abundance in earths crust): * '''[[Stishovite]] SiO₂''' - not quartz - ('''Mohs 9.5''' | silicon is the most common element on earth excluding oxygen) - 4.35g/ccm - heat resistance may be limited due to metastability * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile Rutile] TiO₂ (Mohs 6-6.5 | titanium is very abundant)''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite Pyrolusite] MnO₂ (Mohs 6-6.5 | Mn is not too rare but todays mining is environmentally destructive) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_dioxide Niobium dioxide = Niob(IV)-oxid] NbO₂ * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite Cassierite] SnO₂ (Mohs 6-7) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattnerite Plattnerite] β-PbO₂ (Mohs 5.5 unusually hard for a lead compound | '''useful high density of ~9 g/cm³''') * Note that lead Pb tin Sn and niobium Nb are similar in their not too high abundance. ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argutite Argutite] GeO₂ (Mohs 6-7 | germanium is pretty rare) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripuhyite Tripuhyite] FeSbO₄ (Mohs 6-7 | Antimony Sb is a little more rare than germanium Ge.)<br> The much more common phosphorus analog FePO₄ forms a soft hydroxide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengite Strengite] with different crystal structure (phosphate). <br>But maybe it can be mechanosynthesized in rutile structure? * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratellurit Paratellurit (de)] TeO₂ (soft compound and tellurium is extremely rare) ---- * MgF₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride Magnesium fluoride] mineral [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellaite sellaite] – Mohs 5.0 to 5.5 – 3.15g/ccm – very slightly soluble in water (0.13g/liter) == A special focus on Stishovite? == '''[[Stishovite]] may be of especial interest''' because <br> of the abundance of [[silicon]] and because <br> of its better qualities than quartz like: * way higher hardness * the rutile structure being simpler and higer symmetry than the quartz structure * denser structure with less voids It may not be very heat resistant though, since it is only metastable at low pressures. To determine. <br> Element substitutions with the elements from the compounds listed above may improve on heat stability while possibly degrading other properties. <br> Maybe a tradeoff? Maybe a win-win? == Related == * [[Polymorphs of silicon dioxide]] * [[Silicon]] * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] hitsnk2vncdrsg08kahlv3393c689eu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 241 10937 10936 2021-06-26T08:33:59Z Apm 1 /* harder compounds (silicates only?) */ fixed error: antorite => anorthite == s-block metals as material filler == The lighter ones of the alkali- and alkaline earth metals (the non-noble metals in the left s-block of the periodic table) belong to the most abundant elements around. Thus its an iteresting question wheter those elements can be combined with other abundant ones to make structural building materials. == solubility issue == The s-block metals need to be combined with other elements not only because metals are not very suitable for mechanosynthesis but also because they are extremely reactive in pure form. A self passivation oxide layer film like the one that macroscopic blocks of magnesium have is obviously not possible on nano sized building blocks. In contact to air oxidation would go down right to the core of the building block and blow up the part twice in volume destroying it completely. Since s-block metals are so electropositive they tend to toss away their shell electron or pair of shell electrons and thus tend to form ionic salts. Such a salt usually has the form: * positively charged s-block-metal + negatively charged nonmetal-acid Polar salts of this form are easily dissolved in water since water is a polar solvent. But good water solubility is not what one usually wants from a typical building material - especially not if the solvent is toxic like it is the case with many beryllium compounds. So the focus here will be on the few non or barely water soluble compounds. == barely soluble salts (*ates) == === harder compounds (silicates only?) === * '''Mg'''SiO₃ enstatite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstatite Wikipedia:Enstatite]</ref> Mohs 5-6 * '''Ca'''SiO₃ wollastonite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite Wikipedia:Wollastonite]</ref> Mohs 4.5-5 ---- Some harder silicate compounds containing aluminum too are: * '''Li'''Al(SiO₃)₂ spodumene <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene Wikipedia:Spodumene]</ref> Mohs 6.5-7 (contains unabundant lithium) -- monoclinic * '''Li'''Fe(SiO₃)₂ lithium aegirine (not ocuuring naturally?) * '''K'''Al(SiO₃)₂ leucite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucite Wikipedia:Leucite]</ref> Mohs 5.5-6 -- tetragonal dipyramidal -- with crystal water: analcime <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analcime Wikipedia:Analcime]</ref> Mohs 5-5.5 * '''K'''Fe(SiO₃)₂ potassium aegirine (not ocuuring naturally?) * '''Na'''Al(SiO₃)₂ jadeite (a chain/band silicate) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeite Wikipedia:Jadeite]</ref> Mohs 6.5-7 -- monoclinic * '''Na'''Fe(SiO₃)₂ aegirine <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegirine Wikipedia:Aegirine]</ref> Mohs 6 -- monoclinic -- there is a variety called "acmite" ---- * '''NH₄'''[AlSi₃O₈] buddingtonite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddingtonite Wikipedia:Buddingtonite]</ref> Mohs 5.5 (insoluble ammonium compound!) * '''Li'''[AlSi₃O₈] (unknown? - in literature - are there crystals?) -- monoclinic * '''K'''[AlSi₃O₈] orthoclase <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoclase Wikipedia:Orthoclase]</ref> (feldspar member, monoclinic) Mohs 6 (defining mineral) and amazonite <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonit Wikipedia(de):Amazonit]</ref> Mohs 6-6.5 and sanidine (endmember?) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanidine Wikipedia:Sanidine]</ref> Mohs 6 and microline <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklin Wikipedia(de):Mikrolin]</ref> Mohs 6-6.5 * '''Na'''[AlSi₃O₈] albite (sodium placgioclase feldspar) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite Wikipedia:Albite]</ref> Mohs 6-6.5 ---- * '''Li'''AlSi₄O₁₀ petalite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalite Wikipedia:Petalite]</ref> Mohs 6-6.5 * '''K'''AlSi₄O₁₀ (unknown? potassium petalite) * '''Na'''AlSi₄O₁₀ sodium petalite ---- * '''Ca'''Al₂Si₂O₈ anorthite (calcium plagioclase feldspar) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthite Wikipedia:Anorthite]</ref> Mohs 6 * '''Mg'''Al₂Si₂O₈ magnesium aluminosilicate (there are various associated hydroxide minerals => solubility?) * Fe or Cr replacing Al => unknown '''Garnets containing aluminum:''' * '''Ca₃'''Al₂(SiO₄)₃ grossularite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossular Wikipedia:Grossular]</ref> Mohs 7-7.5 (an ugrandite garnet and nesosilicate) * '''Mg₃'''Al₂(SiO₄)₃ pyrope <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrope Wikipedia:Pyrope]</ref> Mohs 7-7.5 (a pyralspite garnet and nesosilicate) '''Ugrandite garnets''' are defined by their calcium content: * '''Ca₃'''Al₂(SiO₄)₃ grossularite Mohs 7-7.5 * '''Ca₃'''Fe₂(SiO₄)₃ andardite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andradite Wikipedia:Andradite]</ref> Mohs 6.5-7 * '''Ca₃'''Cr₂(SiO₄)₃ uvarovite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvarovite Wikipedia:Uvarovite]</ref> Mohs 6.5-7 (contains unabundant chromium) '''Magnesium analogs to ugrandite garnets:''' * '''Mg₃'''Al₂(SiO₄)₃ pyrope Mohs 7-7.5 * '''Mg₃'''Fe₂(SiO₄)₃ (unknown?) * '''Mg₃'''Cr₂(SiO₄)₃ Knorringite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorringite Wikipedia:Knorringite]</ref> Mohs 6-7 ---- * '''NaCa₂'''Si₃O₈(OH) calcium sérandite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9randite Wikipedia:Sérandite]</ref> Mohs 5-5.5 === harder compounds (phosphates) === * '''Li'''FePO₄ triphylite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphylite Wikipedia:Triphylite]</ref> Mohs 4-5 * '''Li'''MnPO₄ lithiophilite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiophilite Wikipedia:Lithiophilite]</ref> Mohs 4-5 (unabundant manganese) * '''K'''FePO₄ (unknown??) * '''Na'''FePO₄ maricite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricite Wikipedia:Maricite]</ref> Mohs 4-4.5 * '''(Li,Na)'''AlPO₄(F,OH) amblygonite (endmembers) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblygonite Wikipedia:Amblygonite]</ref> Mohs 5.5-6 * '''Mg'''Al₂(PO₄)₂(OH)₂ magnesium lazulite <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazulite Wikipedia:Lazulite]</ref> Mohs 5.5-6 * '''Ca'''Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 gatumbaite Mohs 4-5 === softer compounds (carbonates and otehrs) === When systematically building combinations of s-block metals and d-block nonmetal acids one can find some barely soluble compounds: * calcium carbonate '''Ca'''CO3 (limestone/chalk ... calcite/aragonite/vaterite) * dolomite '''CaMg'''(CO₃)₂ <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite Wikipedia:Dolomite]</ref> Mohs 3.5-4 * calcium phosphates (similar to hydroxyapatit bone tooth-enamel) * calcium silicate '''Ca'''SiO3 (dry wall plates ... wollastonite) * magnesium silicate '''Mg2'''SiO4 (forsterite - no crystal water - pretty hard - neosilicate - earth mantle mineral) * magnesium silicate '''Mg3'''Si4O10(OH)2 (talc - a hydroxide - way too soft for a building material) Beryllium silicates: * beryl '''Be3'''Al2(SiO3)6 (cyclosilicate) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl wikipedia] <br> varieties: emerald (green Cr), aquamarine (blue Fe), red beryl (red Mn), goshenite (colorless), heliodor (yellow Fe), and morganite (pink Mn) * phenakite '''Be2'''SiO4 (neosilicate) * bertrandite '''Be4'''Si2O7(OH)2 (hydorxide - pretty hard - sorosilicate) == non salts but (*ides) == Probably the simplest barely soluble earth alkali compounds (that are not salts) are: * '''Mg'''O (periclase ... magnesia) magnesium oxide (nontoxic) * '''Ca'''F2 (fluorite) calcium fluoride * '''Be'''O (brommelite Mohs 9) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromellite Wikipedia:Brommelite]</ref> beryllium oxide * '''Be'''Al2O4 chrysoberyl * '''MgF2''' Sellaite (very slightly soluble - unhealthy) <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellaite Wikipedia:Sellaite]</ref> == ['''todo:'''] == *[find some insoluble alkali compounds Li Na K] *[maybe find some compounds of the heavier and less abundant ones (Rb & Cs) (Sr & Ba)] *[treat aluminum as special case] == Related == * [[Gemstone-like compound]] * [[Chemical element]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] == External links == <references> pcmbqgxuuo45ujow8fg3wd37g3jqmhg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 814 8206 2021-03-26T16:03:02Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Structural DNA nanotechnology]] #REDIRECT [[Structural DNA nanotechnology]] pgjf5qx8wzishdxtht171m13no6dnti wikitext text/x-wiki 0 340 11172 11171 2021-07-01T19:57:32Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} The X-O-X bonds present in those compounds increase the space between the spacially linking X atoms. This lead to a lower density of bonds in cross sections inclusion of bigger voids thus higher porousity. Due to the porousness of these compounds it is harder to get the surfaces flat - figuratively like the surface of a pumice stone. It's impossible to get them as smooth as passivated diamond. ['''todo:''' investigate wheter [[superlubrication|superlubricating]] bearings can be constructed from these types of diamondoid compounds] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoacid (wikipedia:oxoacid)] == Silicates (& Quartz) == Silicates typically have pretty good mechanical properties. <br> Typically Mohs 5-6 sometimes up to almost ~8. Of interest as base materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine olivine (wikipedia)] / [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot peridot (wikipedia)] <br> From Mg₂SiO₄ forsterite to Fe₂SiO₄ fayalite. <br> And especially the associated high pressure modifications. <br> '''High pressure modifications tend to have higher crystal symmetries and mechanical strength at the cots of a bit of thermal stability.''' === Olivin/Peridot end-members and their low pressure stable stable high pressure modifications === Low pressure magnesium endmember forsterite: * Mg₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7 High pressure modifications of fortserite: * Mg₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsleyite wadseylite (wikipedia)] – sorosilicate – ortorhombic – dipyramidal – Mohs ?? – mid pressure crystal structure * Mg₂SiO₄ '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite ringwoodite (wikipedia)]''' – nesosilicate – '''cubic''' – Mohs ?? – 3.9g/ccm – high pressure crystal structure – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Ringwoodite 3D structure (de)] Low pressure iron endmember fayalite: * Fe₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.0 – 4.39g/ccm – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Fayalite 3D structure (de)] High pressure modifications of fayalite: * γ-Fe₂SiO₄ '''ahrensite''' – '''cubic''' – 4.85g/ccm – high pressure crystal structure of fayalite – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Ahrensite 3D structure (de)] ==== Neo-polymorphic transitions ==== The low pressure modifications forsterite and fayalite (and tephroite, ... see further below) are all isostructural (atoms at the same places). <br> This allows for [[neo-polymorph]]s spanning the natural mixing series. Just checkerpatterned as deisred. <br> {{wikitodo|Magnesium and iron are pretty far apart in the periodic table – find out why they behave so similar electronically in these minerals}} '''Q:''' Is there an iron analog to wadseylite? Ringwoodite (Mg) and ahrensite (Fe), while both cubic, have quite different structure. No [[neo-polymorph]]s here. <br> But Maybe unnatural iron-ringwoodite and magnesium-ahrensite can be [[piezosynthesized]]. <br> At least a little bit of substitution should work if electronic similarity still holds in these high pressure modifications === Silicates of further rather common elements === '''Calcium:''' * γ-Ca₂SiO₄ Calcio-Olivine – Mohs 4.5 – orthorhombic * β-Ca₂SiO₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnite Larnite] – Mohs 6 – monoclinic (?) ---- * Ni₂SiO₄ [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebenbergit Liebenbergite (de)] – (Mohs 6-6.5 or 4.5?) -- orthorhombic * Mn₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite Tephroite] (maybe less interesting since Mn is more scarce) – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6 * TiSiO₄ Titanium Silicate (no natural mineral here?) [https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4954356.html] [http://www.americanelements.com/titanium-silicate-nanopowder.html (broken)] ---- Beyond that adding one more element there are an innumerable amount of natural silicates around. === Some semi random picks of other silicates === Misc, Not exactly a salt but related ... * PbCa₃Zn₄'''(SiO₄)₄''' esperite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperite] Mohs 5-5.5 (unabundant zinc | exceptionally hard lead mineral) Specific gravity: 4.28-4.42 ---- === Other pages listing silicates of interest === Context specific silicates are also listed on these pages: * [[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]] * [[s-block metals]] – lists some alkali and earth alkali silicates (among other compounds) * [[Iron]] – lists a few iron silicates == Phosphate minerals == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_minerals (wikipedia)] Calciumphosphates (bone biominaeral): * Especially interesting: Hydoxy- Fluor- & Clorapatite Ca₅'''(PO₄)₃'''(F,Cl,OH) - (Mohs 5 defining mineral) - '''a biomineral''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite] Magnesium and iron (aluminium) phosphates lazulite, scorcalite, wagnerite (naturally 75%iron 25%magnesium) (anhydrous low pressure modifications): * FeAl2'''(PO₄)₂''' iron-lazulite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazulite (wikipedia)] – monoclinic – Mohs 6 * MgAl2'''(PO₄)₂''' magnesium-lazulite * FeAl2'''(PO₄)₂''' iron-scorzalite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorzalite (wikipedia)] – monoclinic (does not look so) – (Mohs 5.5-6.0) * MgAl2'''(PO₄)₂''' magnesium-scorcalite * Fe2'''PO4'''F iron-wagnerite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnerite] – monoclinic – Mohs 5.0-5.5 * Mg2'''PO4'''F magnesium wagnerite ---- * Al₂'''(PO₄)'''(OH)₃ augelite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augelite] – monoclinic – Mohs 4-4.5 * Fe'''PO₄''' heterosite [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosit Wikipedia:Heterosit(de)] – '''orthorhombic dipyramidal''' – Mohs 4-4.5 ---- * Mn'''PO₄''' purpurite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpurite] – '''ortorhombic dipyramidal''' – Mohs 4-5 (manganese is not too abundant) – (is that impressive color material inherent rather due to impurities?) * Zn₂Fe(PO₄)₂•4H₂O Phosphophyllite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphophyllite (wikipedia)] – monoclinic – zinc iron phosphate - rather soft (Mohs 3.5) – rather soft * Pb₅'''(PO₄)₃'''Cl pyromorphite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromorphite (wikipedia)] – '''hexahonal dipyramidal''' – Mohs 3.5 – (relatively hard for a lead mineral) * Y'''(PO₄)''' Xenotime [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotime (wikipedia)] – '''tetragonal dipyramidal''' – Mohs 4.5 – (yttrium is not too abundant) == Carbonate minerals == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_minerals (wikipedia - minerals)] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carbonates (wikipedia - artificial)] Many may be isostructural and amenable to making [[neo-polymorph]]s (to check). <br> The relatively low symmetry crystal structure may be a bit annoying. <br> Degradability solubility properties when exposed to the weather as spill may be decent. <br> (Only relevant if that is the design goal). Calcium: * CaCO₃ [[Calcite]] Mohs 3 (defining mineral) * CaCO₃ Aragonite Mohs 3.5-4 Magnesium: * MgCO₃ Magnesite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite] – trigonal – Mohs 3.5-4.5 Both: * CaMg'''(CO₃)₂''' Dolomite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)] – trigonal rhombohedral – Mohs 3.5-4 * Mg₃Ca'''(CO₃)₄''' Huntite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntite] – trigonal – '''Mohs 1-2 (way too soft!)''' Copper: * Cu2CO3(OH)2 malachite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite] – Monoclinic – Mohs 3.5-4.0 * Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 azurite – Monoclinic – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – (complex structure) Iron, zinc, manganese, lead: * FeCO₃ Siderite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderite] – Trigonal – Mohs MgCO₃ * ZnCO₃ Smithsonite [https://www.mindat.org/min-3688.html (mindat)] – trigonal – Mohs 4.0-4.5 – 4.44g/ccm * MnCO₃ Rhodochrosite – trional – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – manganese is not too abundant * Pb'''CO₃''' Cerussite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerussite] – '''orthorhombic dipyramidal''' – Mohs 3.0-3.5 (soft) – 6.57g/ccm == Sulfate minerals == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_minerals (wikipedia)] Sulfate minerals are generally rather soft with few exceptions. <br> One of the harder ones is brochantite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochantite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 3.5-4) * CaSO₄ anhydrite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrite] (decomposes slowly to hydroxyde gypsum) ----- Very common chemical. Not at all useful as structural material though: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate Copper(II) sulfate] – copper sulfate pentahydrate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcanthite Chalcanthite] – Mohs 2.5 – very soft == Borate minerals == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate_minerals (wikipedia)] * Mg₃B₇O₁₃Cl Boracite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boracite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 7-7.5) * Mn₃B₇O₁₃Cl Chambersite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 7) ---- * Al₆B₅O₁₅(F,OH)₃ Jeremejevite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremejevite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 6.5-7.5) * Mg₇(BO₃)₃(OH)₄Cl Karlite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 5½) * Ca₂B₅SiO₉(OH)₅ Howlite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlite (wikipedia)] - '''soft''' (Mohs 3.5) * MnSn(BO₃)₂ Tusionite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusionite (wikipedia)] - (Mohs 5-6) - tin * CaZrAl₉O₁₅(BO₃) Painite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painite (wikipedia)] - '''rare''' zirconium (Mohs 8) * ... == Nitrate and Aluminates == Nitrates are typically rather water soluble. <br> While that migh be desired for intentional degradability of inner normally sealed structures <br> nitrates are also typically extremely soft, strongly limiting their applicability for mechanical purposes. <br> See: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitrate_minerals (wikipedia - natural nitrate minerals)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nitrates (wikipedia - artificial nitrates)] ---- Aluminates: <br> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminate (wikipedia)] == Salts of metal oxoacids == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transition_metal_oxoacids Category:Transition_metal_oxoacids] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxyanions Category:Oxyanions] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanate Germanate] === Titanates (salts of titanic acid) === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_acid titanic acid] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanate titanate] ---- Trigonal structure: * MgTiO₃ – [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumtitanoxid Magnesium titanate (de)] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geikielite geikelite] – trigonal rhombohedral – Mohs5-6 – 1610°C * FeTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite ilmenite] – trigonal rhombohedral (like sapphire) – Mohs 5-6 * MnTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophanite pyrophanite] ---- Perovskite structure: * CaTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_titanate Calcium titanate] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite perovskite] – orthorhombic – Mohs 5.0-5.5 – 1975°C * SrTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium_titanate Strontium titanate] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausonite tausonite] – cubic – Mohs6.0-6.5 – 4.88g/ccm – n=2.4 * BaTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_titanate Barium titanate] [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Barioperowskit Barioperowskit (mineralienatlas)] – ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_orthotitanate Barium orthotitanate] – electroceranic – hygroscopic) * PbTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_titanate Lead titanate] – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Macedonit macedonite (mineralienatlas)] – Mohs 5.5-6.0 * Other more complex structure: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_titanate Bismuth_titanate] ---- * Al₂TiO₅ [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumtitanat aluminium titanate (de)] – decays to rutile and sapphire on heating * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate Lead zirconate titanate] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_copper_titanate Calcium copper titanate] == Related == * [[Oxygen]] * [[Gemstone like compounds]] * [[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]] == External links == Wikipedia: * Solubility chart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_chart * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyacid Oxoacid] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxoacids Category:Oxoacids] 2rajrcvcob5cuwkv64dcc5alrbrzzpy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 328 11896 11891 2021-09-05T16:11:09Z Apm 1 /* PatreonBanner Template test */ added infos about embeddable button == Testing image layouts == <center> {| |+ several images side by side – center: |[[File:Rock_climber_on_the_Main_Wall_Trowbarrow.jpg|200px|thumb|right|the steep direct path]] |[[File:Stone_path_on_Fan_Brycheiniog.jpg|200px|thumb|right|the long incremental path]] |}</center> {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |+ several images side by side – on the right: |[[File:Rock_climber_on_the_Main_Wall_Trowbarrow.jpg|200px|thumb|right|the steep direct path]] |[[File:Stone_path_on_Fan_Brycheiniog.jpg|200px|thumb|right|the long incremental path]] |} == info-box-template snatched from Wikidata == Wanted: Better layout for main-page. => learn from Wikidata. * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Main_Page/Frame wikidata main page frame] * [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Main_Page_%28Simple_English%29&action=edit wikitata MP without pics] * How are those placed side by side? * How are the images made to scale with browser-window-size? ---- <div style="box-shadow: 0 0 .3em #999; border-radius: .2em; margin: 1em 0 2em 0; padding: 1px;"> <div style="background: #{{{color|888}}}; border-radius: .2em; color: #FFF; padding: .4em .8em .5em;"><span style="opacity: .7;">[[File:Wikidata-logo white.svg|27px|link=|alt=]]</span> &nbsp; '''{{{title}}}'''</div> <div style="padding: 1em;">{{{content}}}</div></div><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{protected}}</noinclude> == Test math == <math> \phi= \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin(x) dx </math> * [[Useful math]] * [[Exotic math]] * [[Pages containing math]] = For New Main Page = Don't fall pray to the [[prime distractions]]. == Whats new on this wiki? == {{template:APMwiki news}} == Where we're at and where we're headed to. == === Current state === {{Template:Cutting edge}}<br> {{wikitodo|make cutting edge info-box with: sketch of structural DNA hinge mechanism & atom placement demo}}<br> {{wikitodo|add infobox with structural DNA hinge left and atom placement example right – plus contxt images?}} === Far term target === {{Template:Nanofactory introduction}} {{wikitodo|Nanofactory introduction infobox: both images need to go - (not anymore?)! make new better sketch of nanofactory - maybe add censored products pic - ditch or improve on covergent assemby}} == What, Why, How, When == moved to main page (removed here) == Pick your favorite concern == This does not work because of ...<br> [[Friction]] • [[Thermal motion]] • [[Thermal decay at room temperature]] ([[Thermodynamics]]) • [[Fat finger problem|Fat fingers]] • [[Sticky finger problem|Sticky fingers]] • [[bootstrapping|Chicken egg problem]] • [[Nature does it differently]] • [[Quantum mechanics]] = For a new orientation page = Moved to: [[Tour by map]] = Misc = * [[Miscellaneous]] * [[Pages with math]] [[Category:Pages with math]] = Refeencetests = [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite References explained on the mediawiki wiki.] Referring to the same reference with its name: <ref name="refname1"/> <br> Creating a reference plus it's name: <ref name="refname1"> Reference one with a link inside [[Main Page]] – [https://orf.at orf.at]</ref> <br> See: This works in reverse too. = PatreonBanner Template test = {{PatreonBanner}} Embeddable button: [https://www.patreon.com/dashboard/widgets (offered here)]<br> <a href="https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=3816093" data-patreon-widget-type="become-patron-button">Become a Patron!</a><script async src="https://c6.patreon.com/becomePatronButton.bundle.js"></script> = References = <references/> izgetsioy6jc3bdb7ui7qa8jxt92txt wikitext text/x-wiki 0 855 11125 10762 2021-07-01T13:24:22Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added Metallocene Sandwhich compound are a nice example in organochemistry <br> where metal atoms covalently bond to carbon atoms in a densely packed compact (somewhat gemstone like) way. <br> Transition metal elements usually have a high [[bond order]] due to their orbitals being filled up <br> all the way to the d orbitals that are huge and rich in hybridization options.<br> == Eventual applicability to attach graphene sheets onto gemstone like compounds as (passivating) surface cover ?? == '''Question:''' Could this type of bond also work to bond a graphene sheet onto a gemstone like struture below? '''If such a graphene cover is possible then this could be used for:''' (1) Bigger gear teeth on bigger molecular machine elements, like approximating evolute or cycloid profiles (2) The passivation of materials that are not (or may not) be passivatable by hydrogen or other means (methylation, ...). * [[Transition metal monoxides]] (there are many of these with simple crystal structure) * Pure metals (as far as they can be used due to surface diffusion limitations) == Related == * [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] – [[Organometallic compound]] * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] * [[Passivation]] ---- It's not called a "burger compound". <br> <small>Just added that note here to find it with tat term too.</small> == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_compound sandwich compounds] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocene Metallocene] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry Organometallic_chemistry] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order Bond order] cojdhgqyghxjrex72q5asqta2gv1dvv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1037 9875 2021-06-03T07:36:42Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Leukosapphire]] #REDIRECT [[Leukosapphire]] 5i85buxfl40s1yyuroa27ksimnntkdm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 801 8146 2021-03-21T11:03:52Z Apm 1 save point is easier to remember, disaster proof is more precise in description #REDIRECT [[Disaster proof]] ee78vf4hg6hx1pmnjeo4pfudpk9rw5x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1077 10152 2021-06-09T11:19:33Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Scale natural frequency]] #REDIRECT [[Scale natural frequency]] f3jwi16tsy89fch7g3rdqls21elb10m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1078 10155 10154 2021-06-09T11:48:56Z Apm 1 added note on macroscale pick and place robots – and much more {{stub}} This is about keeping operation speeds in terms of length per time constant over all size scales. <br> This would make operation frequencies rise linearly with falling size, and lead to massively [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]]. <br> For a specific reference speed there are different scale natural frequencies for different sizes. Halve size double frequency. <br> These scale natural frequencies keep the acceleration loads from inertial mass constant over all scales. This is a crude and bad approximation for what one would actually want to do in a [[gemstone metamaterial factory]]. <br> See: [[Deliberate slowdown at the lowest assembly level]]. == Deviation from scale natural frequencies in proposed nanosystems == A reasonable macroscale reference speed is between 10mm/s and 100mm/s (seen in todays fused filament fabbrication 3D printers) <br> (And 1m/s to 10m/s for fast delta style pick and place robots.)<br> Proposed speeds for [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] in [[Nanosystems]] are about one to two orders of decimal magnitude lower than for macroscale 3D printers. <br> ~4mm/s? (to check!) That is: The proposed [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] operates well below "scale natural frequencies" in the sense that <br> the speeds are not limited by overswinging vibrations and resonances from inertial mass. (Assuming no very high Q factor structures are built). <br> The limit for the speeds is rather set by an attempt to minimize energy dissipation from [[friction]]. == Related == * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] – this follows scale natural frequencies at the upper physical limit tlpu5mzdg29sqn985gwnkikk2kt2rmu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 84 11889 11888 2021-08-24T11:24:25Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ With scaling laws (over size-scales) one can find out: * which physical effects get '''stronger''' when machine size is shrunken down. * which physical effects get '''weaker''' when machine size is shrunken down. Based on whether a particular physical effect gets stronger or weaker one can decide on whether to use it or not. <br> Or rather: With scaling laws one can take a first educated guess for which effect are best to use on which size scales. In the context of [[atomically precise manufacturing]] the analysis of scaling laws (and further [[exploratory engineering]]) leads to the insight that: <br> '''Compared to normal macroscale machinery [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] <small>(featuring [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s like [[diamondoid crystolecular machine element]]s)</small> will perform way better rather than way worse or even not at all.''' (When all the most relevant effects are taken into account). This insight was/is for some people (including prominent nanotechnology experts) surprising since * natures nanomachinery (molecular biology) and * current day limitations in experimental research both sometimes deceivingly seem to suggest the opposite. <br> (See: [[Nature does it differently]] and [[Effects of current day experimental research limitations]]) ---- Because of scaling laws (over size-scales) being so fundamentally important <br> for a basic first understanding of the physics down at the nanoscale <br> scaling laws are presented right at the beginning of the book [[Nanosystems]] <br> (Page 23 Chapter 2 "Classical Magnitudes and Scaling Laws"). ---- Scaling laws can provide ... * ... quantitative numbers (sometimes only crude first approximations but still very valuable) and * ... some kind of [[intuitive feel]] of how the world down there behaves. As a specific example take electric motors and generators. <br> Here scaling laws tell us that when going down to the nanoscale it's better to use ... * electrostatic motors (which become stronger when shrunken in size) instead of * magnetic motors (which get weaker when shrunken down in size). (For more details see: [[Electromechanical converter]]) . ---- Note: '''This page is about scaling laws over size-scales.''' <br> For scaling laws over other quanities while keeping the size scale fixed see: <br> See: [[non size-scale scaling law]] – and: [[Scaling law (disambiguation)]] = Scaling laws involving surface and volume = The most commonly known scaling law. <br> When halving the size surface area divides by four and volume by eight thus the surface to volume ratio doubles. That is it shrinks linearly with rising size. Main article: [[Higher total bearing surface area of smaller machinery]] == instant heat transfer == The inverse volume to surface ratio shrinks linearly with size. With it the characteristic time of heat transfer shrinks too. This makes it effectively impossible to thermally isolate single nanoscale parts. Thus thermal isolation is best used only between macroscopically separated Volumes. = Scaling laws for mechanical quantities = From [[Nanosystems]]: <br> (2.1) <math> total mechanical strength \propto mechanical force \propto area \propto L^{2} </math> <br> => Even huge macroscale pressues equate to small nanoscale forces (ore vice-versa). – E.g. 10¹⁰N/m² = 10^-8N/nm²= 10nN/nm² <br> ---- (2.2) <math> shear stiffness \propto stretching stiffness \propto area / length \propto L^{1} </math> <br> (2.3) <math> bending stiffness \propto radius^4 / length^3 \propto L^{1} </math> <br> (2.4) <math> deformation strain \propto force / stiffness \propto L^{1} </math> <br> ---- Stiffnesses and strain do not scale as severe as the forces but still significant. <br> E.g. A cubic nanometer block of E = 10¹²N/m² has a stretching stiffness of 1000nN/nm == How mass (and volume) depends on size and the effects of that == * Halving the size (L) of an object does divide it's volume and mass by eight. (L/2)³ = L/8 * Doubling the size (L) of an object gives it eight times more volume and mass. (2L)³ = 8L This allows for big accelerations ... <br> ---- '''Formally:''' <br> (2.5) <math> mass \propto volume \propto L^{3} </math> – '''a pretty well known law''' <br> One says: Volume and mass scale with the cube of length V ~ m ~ L³ <br> Example: A cubic nanometer block of 3500kg/m³ (= 3.5kg/liter ~ approximate density of diamond) <br> has a mass of 3.5*10^-24kg = 3.5zg (zg means [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zepto- zeptogram]) which is extremely small. <br> This small: 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,003,5 kg === Acceleration tolerance === The main effect of masses at the nanoscale becoming so extremely small is that smaller things can endure way higher accelerations. <bR> This is because acceleration forces are linearly proportional to mass. <br> That is: Dividing the mass by 8 divides force by 8. <br> That is basically just Newtons second law: F = m*a ---- '''Formally:''' <br> (2.6) <math> acceleration \propto force / mass \propto L^{-1} </math> <br> With the 10nN/nm² acting on a cubic nanometer block giving 10nN and the aforementioned mass that gives an <br> astounding acceleration of 3*10¹⁵m/s² ---- This scaling law interplays with two seperate effects: * planetary gravity (only effecting the macroscale – gravitative mass scales just like inertial mass) and * macroscale high speed crashes creating acceleration spikes that are untypically high for the macroscale <br>(desctructive nanoscale level accelerations at the macroscale) === Interplay with acceleration from planetary gravity === On planets mass causes weight (earth: a = g = 9.81m/s²) With rising sizes weight forces are rising just as the mass does. Structures need to be designed more and more bulky. This can be observed both in architecture and big living things like trees and animals like e.g. elephants. Looking into the other direction there's the common example of ants capable of carrying a multiple of their own body weight. Since other effects play in too animal legs (from ant to elephant) scale a bit different than expected. Just as with ants, machinery on the microscale can be rather filigree. Very small manipulators can hold very big chunks for their size, manipulators in the microscale can be way smaller than the building blocks they handle. That is unless one wants to go near the [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit|theoretical limits of speed]]. Getting vibrations very low and efficiency very high can too be a motivation for not building too filigree. (Other parts of a system may have more stringent limits for efficiency though, limiting motivation for raising efficiency via stiffness increase in the microscale to the limits). Even smaller at the low nanoscale to sub-nanoscale the lower physical size limit comes in the way. A manipulator can't be smaller than the smallest possible building block - an atom - in fact it must be quite a bit bigger. Weight-forces are constant and unidirected in character. Yes this is obvious. But it's still worth to mentioned here because the character of forces can have a strong effect on the resulting character on the structural design of systems. '''In space''' where in first approximation gravity is not present (that is we don't consider things so incredibly big that tidal forces become relevant) big things can be just as filigree as small things. === Interplay with acceleration from crashes === From everyday experience we know that things that fall down from some height and crash against a hard floor or things that move fast and crash hard against an obstacle usually take severe damage in form of permanent irreversible bending and fractures. The acceleration levels occurring during such crash induced acceleration spike events is untypically high for the macroscopic size scale. In smaller size scales untypical acceleration spices usually do not occur because: * macroscale crash acceleration levels are perfectly normal at smaller scales and occur there all the time in normal operation * if something really causes an untipically high acceleration spike it must be so fast and carry so much energy (density) that the result won't be just bending and fractures but melting vaporisation or even ionization (conversion into plasma) In technical terms: For smaller systems the acceleration spectrum swallows the acceleration spikes stemming from macroscopic crashes. '''In space'' one has crashes with space debris or (micro)meteorites. The usual impactors have so much energy density that they melt/vaporize/ionize the target and not much energy is left over for the acoustic shock-wave that propagates away from the location of impact. This is somewhat similar to the situation on smaller scales. {{todo|analyze this in more detail}} === Combined === Note if inertial acceleration is the limiting factor instead of gravitational acceleration smaller structures can't be made more filigree. Since when speeds are kept constant and turning radii shrink accelerations rise. == Speedup (in terms of frequency) == [[File:Gnuplot_scale_typical_accelerations.png|500px|thumb|right|How natural accelerations grow with shrinking size. To keep waste heat from friction at practical levels it is sensible too slow down at the nanoscale that is as one goes from right to left in the diagram one moves down the lines deviating from the natural scaling law.]] The much higher acceleration tolerance of smaller things is the reason why motion speeds can be kept constant when making rotating things smaller despite the turning radii getting tighter and tighter and the zentrifugal accelerations correspondingly rising. <br> In simple math: v = ω r and a = ω² r gives a = v² / r –– (ω = 2π f) <br> In words: Halving the size of a spinning wheel doubles the centrifugal acceleration. When keeping the speed constant halving the size doubles the frequency ('''frequency scales up linearly'''). This could be called the '''"insect-wing-effect"''' the reason a fat bumblebee sounds lower than a tiny mosquito. In an advanced APM system A million-fold reduction in size theoretically lifts throughput a million-fold Practically it makes sense too slow down a bit and use only a thin** layer for [[mechanosynthesis]] instead of the whole volume. This prevent excessive waste heat that is the cooling facilities need not to be greater than the production unit. Organisation in [[Nanofactory layers|layers]] makes nanofactory design more scale invariant (2D fractal stack) and thus easier. For rapid assembly of preproduced parts (a lot more rapid than practical necessary) there is the acceleration limit for the macroscopic product to be considered. ['''todo:''' add infographic - typical accelerations over scale for different speeds] == Forces from compressive and tensile stresses == It can be helpful or at least satisfying to get something of an '''intuitive understanding for the consistence or "feel" of DME components'''. As the size of a rod of any material shrinks linearly (in all three dimensions) the area of the cross section shrinks quadratically. Consequently when keeping tension/compression stress constant the forces fall quadratically and one arrives at very low forces. '''[Sacling law: longitudinal force ~ length^2]''' This can be seen nicely in the low seeming inter-atomic spring constants. E.g. the equilibrium position spring constant of an bond in diamond (sp3 carbon-carbon-bond) is about 440nN/nm or 0.44daN/cm (1daN~1kg). In order to get a feel for these forces one can transform atomic spring constants unchanged to the macrocosm. This can be done by letting the number of parallel and serial bonds grow equally so that the changement of stiffness through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_springs serial and parallel] connection of bonds compensate. Here for convenience 10,000,000,000 bonds are assumed to be chained serially. We must apply this scaling to the number of parallel bonds too but here it divides up in each dimension of the cross-section sqrt(10^10) = 100,000. With the diamond bond (C-C sp3) length of 1.532Amstrong and area per bond of 6.701Amstrong^2 = (2.59Amstrong)^2 one gets a diamond string (with square cross-section) of 1.532m length and 25.9um thickness side to side (half a hair) that retains the atomic spring constant of 440N/m or 0.44daN/cm (1daN~1kg) If you bind up a half liter bottle of water with that (somewhat dangerous knife like) string it will bend around 1cm. Putting one end of the sting in a vacuum filled square piston that seals tightly shows how little effect everyday pressures have at the micro and nanocosmos. Taking 1bar = 10^5N/m^2 ambient pressure the string experiences a force of only 67.1µN and elongates 0.152µm an invisible amount. '''Though''' as seen '''bonds are rather compliable DMEs are still hard diamond since''' [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness hardness] is closely related to '''tensile and compressive stress''' which '''is scale invariant'''. The small force representation of high pressures might be a bit counterintuitive and hard to grasp. Low stiffness is an important design restriction for nanomanipulators. (see related topic: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.html A New Family of Six Degree Of Freedom Positional Devices]) By making the compliance at the nanolevel experiencable the model with the weight on the ''one bond equivalent diamond string'' should make one (maybe obvious) '''practical thing''' clear. That '''it is very effective to focus forces'''. In [[mechanosynthesis]] conical tips can easily focus forces down to a more compliable size level. Not much of a size difference is needed. Nanoscale manipulators in the [[machine phase]] can hold back on their supporting structures they're mounted to. It is easy to create DMEs with high internal strains such as strained shell cylindrical structures, press fittings, structures under high tensile stress and more. '''Great amounts of elastic energy can be stored''' (permanently or temporarily). An example of safely usable pressures from [[Nanosystems]] section 2.3.2.: <br> Assuming ~1% strain the required stress is ~1% of diamonds young modulus. 10nN/nm^2 = 10GPa = 1000daN/mm^2 (1daN~1kg) this is 20% of the tensile strength of macro-scale diamond with natural flaws. Flawless [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetically]] assembled diamond will be capable of handling more stress. == Forces from shearing stresses == [Todo: add info about shearing stress] === Surfaces === When viewing the thickness of a surface as the distance from the point of maximally attractive VdW force to the point of equally repulsive VdW force (experienced by some probing tip) the thickness of the surface relative to the thickness of the diamondoid part is enormous. This makes DMEs somewhat soft in compressibility but not all that much as can be guessed by the compressibility of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOPG single crystalline graphite] which is a stack of graphene sheets. ['''Todo''': discuss stiffness changing effects of mechanical chaining] = Scaling laws for electrical properties = Taken from [[Nanosystems]] (with some liberties to make a direct electrostatic vs magbetostatic comparison) <br> (2.10) <math> speed \propto acceleration \times time \propto L^{0} = constant </math> <br> We'll need the scaling law for speed for calculating the scaling laws for the powers by multiplying the speeds with the various forces. ---- (2.19) <math> voltage \propto electric–field \times length \propto L^{1} </math> <br> (–.––) <math> current \propto magnetic–field \times length \propto L^{2} </math> <br> ---- (–.––) <math> electric field \propto voltage / distance \propto L^{0} </math> <br> (2.31) <math> magnetic field \propto current / distance \propto L^{1} </math> <br> ---- (2.01) <math> total mechanical strength \propto mechanical force \propto area \propto L^{2} </math> <br> (2.20) <math> electrostatic force \propto area \times (electrostatic field)^{2} \propto L^{2} </math> <br> (2.31) <math> magnetostatic force \propto area \times (magnetic field)^{2} \propto L^{4} </math> <br> '''Example for electrostatic force:''' * 1V/nm => 0.0044nN/nm² = 4.4*10^-12N/nm² (1000x times lower than a typical covalent bond) '''Example for magnetostatic force:''' * two conductors 1nm long each 1nm apart 10nA => 2*10^-23N (10¹¹ times lower than the electostatic example above) * one conductor 1nm long 10nA in a 1T field => 10^-17N (10⁵ times lower than the electostatic example above) Unaltered citation from Nanosystems: <br> "Magnetic forces between nanoscale current elements are usually negligible. <br> Magnetic fields generated by magnetic materials, in contrast, are independent of scale: <br> forces, energies, and so forth follow the scaling laws described for constant-field electrostatic systems". ---- (2.11) <math> mechanical power \propto force \times speed \propto L^{2} </math> <br> (2.26) <math> electrostatic power \propto electrostatic force \times speed \propto L^{2} </math> <br> (–.––) <math> magnetostatic power \propto magnetostatic force \times speed \propto L^{4} </math> <br> ---- (2.11) <math> mechanical power density \propto mechanical power / volume \propto L^{-1} </math> <br> (2.26) <math> electrostatic power density \propto electrostatic power / volume \propto L^{-1} </math> <br> (–.––) <math> magnetostatic power density \propto magnetostatic power / volume \propto L^{+1} </math> <br> '''Halving a systems size:''' * doubles electrostatic power density * halves magnetostatic power density ---- (–.––) <math> mechanical energy \propto volume \times pressure \propto L^{3} </math> <br> (–.––) <math> electrostatic energy \propto volume \times electric field^2 \propto L^{3} </math> <br> (2.26) <math> magnetostatic energy \propto volume \times magnetic field^2 \propto L^{5} </math> <br> ---- (–. ––) <math> capacitance \propto electrostatic energy / (voltage)^2 \propto L^{1} </math> <br> (2.34) <math> inductance \propto magnetostatic energy / (current)^2 \propto L^{1} </math> <br> (The corresponding integrated quantitative laws: C = 2E/U²; L = 2E/I²) {{wikitodo|Add further relevant scaling laws & example calculation}} Related: [[Non mechanical technology path]] = Related = * '''[[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]]''' ---- * '''[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]''' * [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] * ([[Nanoscale style machinery at the macroscale]]) ---- * [[Higher bearing area of smaller machinery]] * [[Lower stiffness of smaller machinery]] * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] – speed is scale invariant – accelerations not * Maybe not exactly a scaling law: [[Rising influence of quantum mechanics]] ---- * By using [[superlubrication|super lubricating]] [[infinitesimal bearing]]s one can cheat a bit on the naive scaling law for friction. * [[Intuitive feel]] * The degree of [[applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] ---- * [[Pages with math]] * [[Elephants with spiderlegs]] ---- In some cases transitions * do not follow polynomial laws but exponential ones or other and * are different for different systems * not only causable by changes in size scale like e.g. the onset of quantum mechanical behavior. <br> See: [[Quantum mechanics]] == External Links == '''Wikipedia:''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law Power law] – generally ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%E2%80%93cube_law Square–cube law] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allometry Allometry] – (related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_allometry Tree allometry]) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-area-to-volume_ratio Surface-area-to-volume ratio] – (related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s_rule Allen's_rule]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law Kleiber's law] – metabolic rate of animals over mass – (related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology Metabolic theory of ecology]) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight#Hovering Insect_flight Hovering] – scaling of flapping frequency with size is not mathematically covered as of yet (state 2021) '''Sketches:''' * https://sketchplanations.com/the-square-cube-law * https://sketchplanations.com/15-billion-heartbeats-in-a-lifetime [[Category:Pages with math]] [[Category:General]] r379lc5c3rkakpffpxpdfqzy4f1lnjd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1122 10483 2021-06-16T07:11:10Z Apm 1 simple minimal disambiguation page '''The term "scaling law" may refer to:''' * Scaling laws over size scales. See: [[Scaling law]] * Scaling laws over other quantities keeping the size scale fixed. See: [[Non size-scale scaling law]] f3tycf60dkyuij4q63r2ha4f2ob75lf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 433 4723 2016-02-07T20:43:50Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Scaling laws]] to [[Scaling law]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Scaling law]] lok086tj881rovurkarfoohc75bsdvd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 104 6396 6394 2017-09-02T12:56:15Z Apm 1 /* External Links */ added wikipedia link to "conductive atomic force microscopy" {{stub}} In this kind of microscopy a needle with a very sharp is moved across the surface in meanders (line by line) and a computer reconstructs an image from the interaction of the needles tip with the surface. Depending on the type of interaction used (electrical mechanical or other) scanning probe microscopy is further classifies in subcategories. The two main types of SPM are: * electrical: STM scanning tunneling microscopy * mechanical: AFM atomic force microscopy In both cases STM and AFM one would like to have only one single atom at the tip. But this is wishful thinking. In reality the average tip looks more like a rounded deformed mountain top. Images have been taken (with big transmission electron microscopes) that show that. See external links. Metallic STM tips (made from etched wire) are usually sharper than AFM tips etched from e.g. a silicon nitride wafer. == Electrical SPM called: "scanning tunneling microscopy STM" == === Sharp onset of tip surface interaction === A very fortunate physical phenomenon makes it so that rather blunt tips are not too critical. When approaching the (electrically conductive) surface with a (conductive) tip that is connected to a different electric potential the current that arises makes a sharp (exponential) increase over a faction of an atomic diameter. This effectively hides all the atoms behind the ones at the very front. The reason for this behavior is that when the electrons (described as waves) seep into a space region where the potential energy is higher than their own energy (the vacuum between tip and surface) the wave becomes takes the shape of an exponentially decaying function. This is the infamous "tunneling effect". No magic here, just math describing physics usefully accurate. === Manipulation instead of just observation === Due to the direct physical contact between tip and surface (which is not present in electron microscopy) one can actually manipulate stuff like molecules and even atoms on that surface beside just merely imaging it. === DIY level base simplicity === The core principle of the electrical SPM (called scanning tunneling microscopy STM) is actually so low tech that that resolving of single atoms has been repeatedly archived by hobbyists in a domestic environment (living-room). No joke. This was limited to the easiest surfaces to image though. No shoving atoms around here. This is reserved for more professional systems. === Crashing tip by coughing loud === Somewhat miraculous seems that even low tech damping systems can in fact suffice to prevent the tip from instantly crashing into the surface and destroying itself. Still one should refrain from coughing too loud when located in the in the same room as the SPM microscope. Since images are taken line by line and the moving parts are so much larger than the imaged resolution taking an image can take considerable time (minutes to hours). At any time (even without external vibrations) the tip can change its shape and thereby change or degrade the image. A very unnerving situation. === Moving fractions of an atom === To take these images one needs to move a needle just fractions of the diameter of an atom in a decently controlled fashion. Again somewhat miraculous there really are actuators that make this quite easy: "piezo-actuators". In some cigarette-lighters one can find a pieces of quartz. When they are hit and quenched together a very tiny bit they produce a very high voltage (creating the spark for ignition). The piezoelectric effect. Operated in reverse when such a crystal is exposed to just a very tiny voltage it contracts/expands/shears a just a very very tiny bit. === Hovering just above the surface === To keep the tip from crashing into the surface in normal operation one uses a feedback loop (control engineering). When the current rises one pulls back a bit when it sinks one moves closer a bit. How fast and in which character one does that can be set by some control parameters. When following the height profile of the surface there is a fundamental speed limit though that can not be broken by any choice of control parameters. Problematically this speed limit is quite low since the moving mass of the piezo actuators is gigantic in comparison to the mass of atoms. Imagine moving a beard stubble (representing a molecule) with giant oil tanker (representing just the needle the much bigger piezo-actuators are not even included). * When moving to fast down an edge one makes a jump creating a "shadow" in the image. * When moving to fast up an edge one crashes the tip into the edge. Drastic miniaturization of SPM systems into the microscale (MEMS SPM) could reduce that speed problem.<br> The smaller scanning probe microscopes are built the faster they can work (See: [[Scaling law]]s).<br> {{todo|Check if there are atomic resolution MEMS SPM's}} Instead of keeping the current constant one can alternatively set a fixed height and then look at the variation of the current while meandering over the surface. At some level of current one should retract though to prevent a crash. Also vertical drift becomes an issue. Some magnetic types of SPM are done this way. === How fat tips change the images === When steps on the surface are sharper than the tip one images the tip with the surface instead of the surface with the tip. This can be identifies by translation symmetric repeating patterns in the image. folding. This especially happens with blunt rough tips with two or more apexes. All the imaged structures are are doubled or multiplied in an other way. The image on the computer is a result of a mathematical folding operation between tip structure and surface structure. If the exact structure of the tip is known one can apply a reverse fold. This does not work for arbitrary blunt tips though. Noise! {{todo|lookup details of the limit here}}. There have been attempts to automate the extraction of the tip structure (live?) from scanning over a surface with known structure and comparing the tip surface folding image with an ideal theoretical image of the surface. Instead of removing the unpredictable shape-changes of tips by mathematical processing there have also been attempts to make tips that are more stable and or more defined. Very popular is picking up a carbon monoxide molecule that sticks down from the rather blunt tip like a needle with a very well known electron density distribution (DOS). Also attempted where attaching [[nanotube]]s or wrapping tips in [[graphene]] sheets. Modified tips can be very expensive. If not in cost when bought then costly in preparation time when self-made. == Mechanical SPM called: "atomic force microscope AFM" == Many of the things mentioned for STM's hold equally for AFM's. The tips in AFM's are usually etched from a wafer shaped like a pyramid pointing down from a tuning fork bar. The tips typically quickly swings up and down quickly while slowly meandering over the surface to take the image. This can happen somewhat closer to the surface (tapping mode) or a little farther away (non contact mode). (Note that whether something contacts or not is a bit of a moot point in the soft sub nanoscale area. One can use various definitions for contact. There are VdW radii for atoms, covalent radii for atoms, and many other possibilities.) The interaction of the tuning fork with the surface changes the oscillation frequency. This change can be used for the feedback loop. The deflection of the tuning fork is usually measured by a laser reflected of its back into a four quadrant photo diode. Getting atomic resolution with AFM microscopes is harder than with STM microscopes. Since: * the onset of the interaction is less sharp - {{todo|to very and quantify}}. * tips are usually less sharp To get atomic resolution (which initially was thought to be impossible) one needs to use a tuning fork with a higher stiffness. == How the UHV-systems bow up size and slow down everything == SPM microscopes themselves are quite small from human perspective (about the size of a bean can). This includes the tip/needle, the piezoelectric actuators and the suspension. Amplification electronics add a suitcase sized box. But SPM microscopes that are featuring atomic resolution on a wide range on surfaces are enclosed in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) system and those usually fills a whole rooms. Optional cryogenic systems add to that. There have been attempts to miniaturize SPM-systems {{todo|add references}} but there has been almost no progress towards miniaturization of UHV-systems (state 2017). The lack of UHV-system miniaturization may be a factor in lack of motivation for SPM miniaturization. SPM microscopes can be operated in air but there are barely any surfaces that can be imaged with atomic resolution. Notable exceptions are chemically very nonreactive (tech term: inert) surfaces like gold or single crystalline graphite (aka highly ordered pyrolytic graphite HOPG). == Experimental difficulties == Samples inside of UHV system (e.g. Omicrom) are (often/always/sometimes?) purely mechanically tele-manipulated via crude grippers that are fed through stainless steel bellows. There also is rather bad visibility into UHV systems since there are only few view-ports in the system (fixed perspective). One can easily can crash the gripper that holds a sample into some internal obstacles loosing a valuable sample. To retrieve stuff that fell down the whole system has to be opened. But this lets in water vapor. So after after and while pumping it down again the whole room filling system needs to be heated to oven temperatures over the course of several days!! == Related == * [[Patterned layer epitaxy]] == External Links == === Wikipedia === * general: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy scanning probe microscopy]; electrical: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopy scanning tunneling microscopy]; mechanical: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy atomic force microscopy]; combined: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_atomic_force_microscopy conductive atomic force microscopy] === Other === * At "Foresight Technical Conference 2013" Neil Sarkar gave a talk called "microscopic microscopes for the masses" <br> {{todo|Video recording was online (known!) - find it and add link to this vimeo video - was it removed?}} <br> Now (2016) the microscope is available at a price point of $2,490 USD: ([http://www.icspicorp.com/blog/2016/6/24/official-launch-of-the-ngauge-afm announcement]) <br> [http://www.icspicorp.com/ icspicorp homepage] * {{todo|Add links to SPM miniaturization attempts}} === Images of tips === [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]]-images of tungsten STM tips where atomic lattice features are resolved: * [https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1907/figures/3 Figure 3: Transmission electron micrographs of recrystallized W tips processed by FDSS.] <br> This figure is part of the paper: [https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1907 Field-directed sputter sharpening for tailored probe materials and atomic-scale lithography] * Image of a tip wrapped with a graphene sheet: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Graphene_coated_CAFM_tips.jpg] 9yo32u1632h8vae5ploutksr0itmhal wikitext text/x-wiki 0 450 4898 4897 2016-03-06T05:17:30Z Apm 1 [[File:800px-Blind_monks_examining_an_elephant.jpg|400px|thumb|right|In science/research things that fit together must be found and arranged such that they give a complete picture]] [[File:Internal_hub_3_speed_Shimano.jpg|400px|thumb|right|In engineering/development parts must be designed coordinatedly such that they'll fit together in the final product]] Science and engineering must not be confused with one another. Albeit they use the same mathematical language they are very different. * The more usable theories you have for the same phenomenon the worse * The more fitting designs you have for the same product the better Unlike in science in engineering finding a counterexample doesn't necessarily disprove the possibility of a specific goal. * science is akin to a breadth search -- many aspects of the same thing must be collected before they can be unified int one model * engineering is akin to a depth search -- many feasible alternative options may be left unused going on to solving the sub-problems == Related == * [[Exploratory engineering]] == External Links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor Okhams Razor (to wikipedia)] jj9g7aw77nbt0h7nqplvdcxidyiqvfd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 43 9971 9970 2021-06-05T20:49:41Z Apm 1 bigger image {{stub}} ---- {{Template:Site specific definition}} [[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg|300px|thumb|right|An example of a structural [[crystolecule]] (or "diamondoid molecular structural element"). The bright red spots in groups of seven are open bonds. These can be seamlessly covalently welded together with a matching pattern.]] (This refers to the ideas presented in: [[Nanosystems]] 9.7.3. ''Covalent interfacial bonding'') When [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesizing]] [[crystolecule]]s one can leave open chemical bonds (aka radicals, dangling bonds) on the crystolecules surfaces. <small>(Well, one can leave radicals in the interior too, but that's not of interest in the following discussion).</small> One can include one or more larger patches of such dangling bonds. It is necessary though to take care of possible modes of undesired [[surface reconstruction]]s. If designed well these patches can forms interfaces for "seamless covalent welding". All other crystolecule types that somewhere on their surface feature a compatible (that is two surfaces with complementary bonds facing each other) welding interface and have a shape that would not overlap with the base crystolecule (the one we analyze) can be permanently and (usually irreversibly) fused together. * Dangling sigma bonds sticking straight out on a diamond or silicon 111 surface probably work well. * To prevent several issues (...) when all bonds form simultaneously, welding crystolecules together in a hinge like motion is likely desirable. * When the weld is located at a sharply necking location it bight be possible to have reversible cleavage exactly where the bond was formed. == Existence of surface passivations that can preventing welding == For some if not many or even most [[gemstone like compound]]s (especially strongly ionic ones and rather metallic ones) a highly stable [[surface passivation]] (like present in hydrogen terminated diamond surfaces) may not be possible. In the worst case all the attempted [[surface passivation]]s would diffuse around at room temperature. In the better case when diffusion does not happen but the passivation is still weak, then when the combination of surface to surface compression and temperature gets over some critical level thermo-chemo-mechanically driven rearrangement processes (surface reconstruction of one or both of the each other facing surfaces) may happen. E.g. the surfaces may somehow shove the passivation away to the "side" into more or less defined interstitial positions leading to a probably undesired (weak) weld. Leaving the surface passivation out to begin with one has fully non-passivated surfaces that will "bond on contact" always forming seamless covalent welds on contact. Right? {{todo|Investigate whether in ionic compounds motion restraints can be used to force same charges to face each other, such that welding is prevented. Preventing approaching motion seems simple, but what about allowing sliding motion?}} Difficulties in surface passivation may restrict the usage of many materials to only: * non-mechanical functions e.g. electronical and optical * structural functions (no sliding bearing surfaces) * background filling functions (right behind surface bearing surfaces) - considering a thick shell not a surface passivation '''Consequences of the "most materials are difficult to prevent from welding together at the nanoscale" issue on recycling:''' Finding a well passivatable material that does degrade would be highly desirable because:<br> Diamond (the fist gemstone like material where strong [[surface passivation]] was known to be possible) does not really degrade when left alone as waste in nature (escaping the [[recycling]] process), filling the background behind sliding interfaces with degradable material is a bad idea. If that background is eroded away left over are persistent nanoscale diamond "skin flakes" that are likely very damaging to the environment (food chain). Even a solid non-degradable block of diamond would be better than that. Related: [[Soil pollutant]] {{todo|Investigate how well hydrogen passivation on silicon does. On quartz (SiO₂) what one naturally observes is -OH passivation (at a sparse spacing since quartz with its -o- bridges between Si atoms forms big loops thus has big voids). Probably not very suitable for sliding interfaces.}} == Notes == * {{wikitodo|add existing illustrative graphic of opposing surfaces with open bonds matching up}} == Related == * Not to confuse with: [[Macroscale active align-and-fuse connectors]] * [[Connection method]] * [[Surface passivation]] * [[Adhesive interfaces]] * "welding" different gemstones seamlessly covalent together: [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] jdsg1ngue51qki4ch2xj30skvr7dof7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 933 9041 9019 2021-05-17T18:00:28Z Apm 1 /* Related */ changed link name to new name {{stub}} This can refer to refers to: * (1) [[gem-gum factories]] that feature self-replicative capability already as low down as the second assembly level * (2) early foldamer based precursor systems to [[gem-gum factories]] that already arrived at self-replicative capabilities without needing to go to a third assembly level This refers to systems capable of full self-replication that require fully automated assembly including but absolutely not above the second [[assembly level]]. <br> The first assembly level may or may not be replaced by a supply of pre-produced base parts via a system external source. In fact: * case (1) above has its first assembly level integrated into the self replicating system (the [[crystiolecule]] base parts are synthesized internally via [[mechanosynthesis]]) * case (2) above has its first assembly level replaced by an external source (external synthesis of foldamers) == Isn't such self replication still too compact? == Too compact self-replicative capability (and resulting inefficiency, design difficulty and undesirability) is <br> the reason for why [[molecular assembler]]s are no longer pursued. <br> So isn't self-replication with just one assembly level added still too compact? Here is why self-replicative capability in just two assembly levels might be sensible <br> and if not that three assembly levels will almost certainly suffice. '''Macroscopic analogy:''' <br> Looking at the macroscopic industry as a whole which is (adding human maintenance activity) a self replicating system then when <br> excluding the manufacturing of computers (we had that in times of the industrial revolution) <br> (and maybe also excluding the manufacturing of ultra intricate textiles and super humongous cranes too) <br> most of macroscale manufacturing fits in just two assembly levels (assuming the in this wiki adopted size step of 32 between assembly levels). Rather than many different size scales in our macroscale industry we rather have <br> assembly robotics with many different geometries (specialized for their specific task). <br> Part of the reason for variety may be that current macroscale technology uses many different materials with various stiffnesses. <br> Maybe less so the case for basic [[gem-gum factories]] handling just a few stiff gemstone like base materials. == Especially good amenability for prototyping at the macroscale == Semi compact self replication on the second assembly level is quite amenable to macroscale prototyping. <br> * Unlike self replication on the first assembly level since there is no macroscopic analog to [[mechanosynthesis]]. * Unlike self replication on the third assembly level since there since robotics becomes huge and expensive ans self weight starts to play an increasingly important role. Here is a concrete project aiming at that: [[RepRec pick and place robots]] <br> Especially important here is: [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] == Related == * [[Self replication]] -- [[Self replication#Classification based on base-structure size]] * [[Convergent assembly]] ----- * [[Molecular assembler]] * [[RepRec pick and place robots]] ----- * [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] * [[Microcomponent maintenance unit]] 4wl0aw846ddtmxlo6vrx9acjjzregk3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 772 8773 8772 2021-04-24T10:19:29Z Apm 1 made crystal structure bold Seifertite is polymorph of SiO₂ with a very high density ( 4.294 g/ccm ) and probably hardness. <br> It's similar to [[stishovite]] in these aspects. {{todo|find out if this polymorph is stable at ambient pressure (and room temperature). It certainly is sable as inclusion at room temperature.}} Seifertite might be almost as interesting as sthishovite as potenial [[base material]] for [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. <br> Only diminished by its slightly lower symmetry ('''orthorhombic''' instead of tetragonal). == Same structure with other elements == There is a lead (Pb) compound with the same structure as seifertit. <br> It's called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrutinyite scrutinyte] (PbO₂). Given silicon (Si) an lead (Pb) both form the same structure the elements between germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn) might very well too. <br> Even if they do not form naturally decently metastable [[neo-polymorph]]s may enforcable via [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] synthesis. == Related == * [[Stishovite]] – simlar density and high hardness (Mohs 8.5 to 9.5) * [[Base materials with high potential]] * [[Silicon]] == External links == * Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifertite seifertite] * Structure of the unit cell in 3D: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Seifertit] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] qz02dukzcfaw51rj4vv2n93hr052ns9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 798 8716 8713 2021-04-14T17:10:05Z Apm 1 matched the intro up with the sister page [[self assembly]] '''Self assembly is NOT synonymous to [[thermally driven assembly]]!!''' <br> [[Nonthermal self assembly]] is a form of selfassembly that is not thermally driven. <br> '''Not all kinds of self assembly need [[diffusion transport|diffusion]] driven by [[thermal motion]] to work.''' There is: * [[Thermally driven assembly]] (aka "brownian self assembly") * [[Self assembly without thermal motion]] instead driven by longer range attraction forces. <br>E.g. like how magnets at the macroscale layed out in a row can do completely predictable self assembly with just one controlled nudge. Self-assembly can in various ways be mixed with positional assembly. Including: * [[Site activating semi positional assembly]] * [[Tether aided thermally driven assembly]] == Different kinds of self assembly in the [[foldamer printer]] concept == The [[foldamer printer]] concept where: * [[Thermally driven assembly]] may be used to make the base [[vitamin parts]] that constitute that most basic building-blocks. * The foldamer printer then performs some [[semi positional assembly]] of these basic building-blocks to larger composite blocks that <br>form [[hinge interlinked chains of blocks]]. * [[Non-thermal selfassembly]] may then finally self assemble the even bigger products block chains (that would diffuse only very slowly) to even bigger structures in a non thermally driven diffusionless way. == Related == * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] * Up: [[Method of assembly]] * [[Bottom-up manufacturing]] ----- * [[Thermally driven assembly]] 4bdj1xdv6cgg8ljrlq32cl6dihw4siz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 898 8692 8687 2021-04-14T16:15:46Z Apm 1 #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] Bad spelling error. <br> If something links here: fix it. a25eh5olhhp5q31biahq0ise6b1yu0v wikitext text/x-wiki 0 821 8740 8686 2021-04-15T08:08:45Z Apm 1 added section: == Higher irreversibly == {{Template:Site specific definition}} Non-thermal selfassembly (or diffusionless selfassembly) shall here [[Main Page|in this wiki]] refer to [[self assembly]] that is not driven by [[diffusion transport|diffusion]] and [[thermal motion]]. <br> No that is not impossible. <br> == Macroscopic example with magnets == An macroscopic example of this kind of self-assembly is e.g. a chain of layed out magnets such that they just not snap together. <br> There one can initiate complete self assembly into a stack with just a tiny controlled nudge one end of the chain. <br> The entire chain self-assembles into a stack in a chain reaction like dominoes. <br> Note that there is no need to shake a box of magnets to simutae thermal motion here. {{wikitodo|add link to a certain video showing the described process}} == Eventual practical application at medium scales and with electrostatics == The same thing might be doable in case of a [[chain of blocks]] of pre-assembled [[foldamer]]s (e.g. produced by a [[foldamer printer]])<br> but rather than magnetic fields (like in the example case with macroscale magnets) <br> charges and salt concentrations might be usable to create the required longer range forces. Practically diffusionless selfassembly would proceed incrementally. <br> Not laying out everything and then snapping everything together at once. Right away during the production of the chain of blocks. <br> Similar to how proteins fold up right away incrementally during coming out of the synthesizing [[ribosome]]. <br> Proteins fold to a large part with [[thermally driven assembly]] though. == Where this is needed (eventually) == Diffusion speed for bigger blocks in the [[convergent selfassembly]] hierarchy drops quickly. <br> So any desired self assembly on larger scales must proceed diffusionless. == Higher irreversibly == What snapped together stays snapped together. <br> There are no thermal jostles that can jank apart erroneous connection to give them another go on a correct assembly. <br> Assembly has to be correct on the first try or else the product is broken. Related: [[Kinetic traps]] == Related == * Up: [[Self assembly]] * [[Convergent selfassembly]] iul2rvy0bpebgd5ptw1pwmc1i1la21s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 897 8688 8681 2021-04-14T16:10:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] 4jez68yxfj0j20yr9i8eoccfqpl59fm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 475 5073 2016-11-15T13:53:15Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Self folding]] to [[Thermally driven folding]]: consistency; avoiding "self" and "brownian" #REDIRECT [[Thermally driven folding]] px84vm4ea4p7654rf6p816j4fjmkrd2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 293 11902 7774 2021-09-15T09:50:56Z Apm 1 added link to * [[Informal laws]] {{Template:Stub}} * [[Mobility prevention guideline]] Against software hacking: * Usage of specialised and in function limited [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterials]] instead of general purpouse [[utility fog]] (e.g. shelving systems). Against direct physical hacking attacks: * Combination lock stones as a safety measure against malicious disassebly attacks are metioned [[Grey goo meme|here]]. * Integrated oszillators as physical timer to artificially slow down the disassembly of microcomponents - this allows for more response time. Other: * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safe Fail safe] * Battling Murphy's law ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law wikipedia]) == Related == * [[Informal laws]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:General]] 6eme79u48u4hvqchmwa0m4aik17q871 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 327 3521 2015-03-29T02:09:42Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self limitation for safety]] #REDIRECT [[Self limitation for safety]] f11vvlyq90lya620umot3h7kgld2lkm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 827 8322 2021-03-28T20:20:16Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self repairing system]] #REDIRECT [[Self repairing system]] 0axipsu2cty7zdd99cdlf6rzas1e6tj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 68 9131 9130 2021-05-23T10:57:22Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to: [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]] The '''capability of self repair''' is unlike [[redundancy]] '''not a necessary feature''' of active [[Diamondoid metamaterial|gem gum materials]] and advanced atomically precise products. Self repair '''can help doing [[recycling]] by reducing the rate of waste production''' ['''todo:''' elaborate on that] but also '''can inadvertently prolong the lifetime of pieces of waste'''. Further it is obviously '''prolonging product lifetimes''' or times of good performance to very long (and hard to predict) time-spans. Added high level repair effectively extendes lifetimes ad infinitum making other limiting factors more relevant (certain natural disasters). The main kinds of damage include: * [[radiation damage]] * thermal damage (internal or external) * mechanical damage * chemical damage (including weathering) Different kinds of damage need different treatment. The simplest form of repair is: * Feeding the damaged objects back in a [[microcomponent recomposer device]] or a complete nanofactory capable of repair. * There to check which [[microcomponent]]s are still usable and * reassemble the original object with microcomponents that where found to be in working order or new ones as replacements for the damaged ones. Damage that fuses regions of microcomponents together is a lot more difficult to handle (assembly level IV). Repairing damage live in a product that is under use (e.g. a [[Artificial motor-muscles|mokel]] needs means for internal transport for microcomponents e.g. [[legged mobility|legged block mobility]] in a channel network. this further complicates the systems design and may lower maximal performance. == Fundamental types of self repair == === In place self-repair === This is defined by that there is no need to disassemble the product with a [[gem-gum factory]] to perform self-repair. <br> For this to be possible there the product needs to have dendritic (tree like) channels * for broken parts to be removed from in place position and * for new parts to be supplied to in place re-installation Since the lowest assembly level with its [[mechanosynthesis]] is not necessarily (or not easily) designable to be reversible. The stuff that will be transported through these dendritic channels would most likely mainly be [[microcomponent]]s or [[crystolecule]]s. [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s would take care of local disassembly and reassembly and transport in and out the [[dendritic resupply system]]. The stuff that will be transported through these dendritic channels would less likely be capsules with [[resource molecules]] for in place [[mechanosynthesis]]. Opting for in place [[mechanosynthesis]] would lead to a design quite similar to the (outdated) [[molecular assembler]] concept. The very very low rates of turnover necessary for continuous repair of steadily accumulating radiation damage might make the massive slowness of a [[molecular assembler]] like design somewhat acceptable though. Maybe. ==== Live self repair ==== Live self-repair is in place self-repair plus there is not even the need to turn off active operation of the device (or active metamaterial). There is no need to turn of driving power or block freewheeling motion in e.g. [[mokel]]s and [[infinitesimal bearing]]s respectively. Self repair can be performed maximally continuously and incrementally. ==== In place offline self-repair ==== While there is no need to disassemble the devise / active metamaterial with that capability to perform self-repair, there is a need to turn off active operation. So the self-repair need to be batched in chunks of downtime which may or may not be perceivable by human senses. === Out of place self-repair / Disassembly reassembly self-repair === This is defined by that there is a need to fully disassemble the product with a [[gem-gum factory]] to perform self-repair. <br> There's a need to disassemble the product-to-repair from the macroscopic product down to as far as the reversibility in the assembly process permits. <br> Macroscopic automation may or may not be involved. The process seems more fragile and prone to failure than in place assembly for long amounts product maintenance time. over extreme amounts of time. === intermediate forms of self-repair === * External: replacing bigger blocks from the macroscale * Internal: Replacing [[microcomponent]]s or [[crystolecule]]s from the mesoscale. == Countering natural decay == >> Nature always wins and takes back was man has built. << <br> For the better or the worse this common saying will slowly loose its truth with the emergence and improvement of artificial self repairing systems. With [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering weathering] including abrasion root growth and UV radiation there are chemical mechanical and radiative damage sources. ... Diamond is rather resilient to bases and acids. Abrasive damage through silicate dust carried by the wind is more likely to do damage. ... == Thermal damage == Thermal overexposure of macroscopic volumes (singed spots) need those volumes to be disposed and replaced. (''microcomponent damage crop-out'') If there are means for microcomponent disassembly (reversible locking mechanisms are used) each microcomponent can be [[Microcomponent maintenance unit|tested]] for their functions which they expose. Furthermore microcomponents may provide a functionality to test some internal functionalities. Still not everything can be tested some displaced atoms or structures may be undetectable and cause failure at a delayed point in time. Even the testing functionality itself might be broken. Very speculatively and not seriously considered here one might try to use TEM (transmission electro microscopy or gentler future de-broglie-matter-wave microscopy) to check all the atoms positions but that itself might induce damage and/or take too long. In essence one never can know for sure whether a microcomponent still has all atoms in place (is [[atomic precision|AP]]) or not. Thus the singed to non singed border layer between still usable and damaged microcomponents is somewhat fuzzy. After self repair the outer part of the fuzzy damage border layer shell remains in the original product or got to be reused elsewhere. When repairing external thermal damage one has to draw a line (shell) between the microcomponents that ought to remain and the ones that are to be disposed (burnt). Reusing microcomponents that where too close to the thermal damage can cause some kind of "invisible damage poisoning" so its generally better to keep your space to the highly damaged area and generously cut away and dispose of microcomponents instead of reusing all the ones that still fulfill their external function tests at the time of scavenging / repair. To decide whether to reuse a microcomponent or not the integration of a thermal seal might be useful. (recording thermal history) When scavenging microcomponents from the vicinity of a damaged area an internal pristinity switch could be flipped or a usage counter incremented. Getting out the highly damaged macroscopically fused block is another issue - possibly requiring macroscale robotics. == Mechanical damage == Assumptions: * Something inside an advanced gemstone based nanosystem breaks (purely internal mechanical damage). This might be due to a software bug, a not properly handled overload, or another reason. * A clean break with perfect or near perfect cleavage (nothing like a massive radiation hit mixing lots of atoms up very intensely). * The damage did is purely internal and did not break the seal into the PPV machine phase environment. === Check then repair and wastefulness === Let's assume a structural strut or some part of a housing structure that is made out of many reusable subunits breaks somewhere. From everyday macroscale experience one is used to seeing the damage and simply replacing that single broken part. But in nanosystems "seeing" requires exotic non-optical methods (TEM or even helium matter wave microscopy) and likely will remain exclusive for rare super in depth investigations. Instead of "looking" one rather needs to touch test the structure all over with specialized devices to check whether everything is in exactly the state one assumes it is. (Preferably the same tools that are used for assembly to keep complexity in check). Weak spring locks that jumped into an faulty state (by the odd strong thermal fluctuation) could be seen as a mild form of mechanical damage. for these damage states its known how to check for. They are easier to detect and correct. Just shift/turn/.. back into correct state. Since this is time consuming in both touch test system design and execution (actual touch all over test). Its more than likely that this will often be skipped and only be pursued in retrospect when it really becomes necessary. Depending on the location of occurrence a crystolecule breakage damage might go unnoticed for quite a while or even permanently. (which may lead to the assumption that some certain low performance is just normal albeit in reality its just due to some really stupid bug.) What is very likely is that if the error is detected it is detected as consequence down the road (maybe when many identical things broke in identical situations and the problem became really serious and pressing). It might be relatively easy to detect that there is some sort of damage in a specific type of microcomponent and then filter them out and send them of to "thermal recycling" (euphemism for burning). But 99.9% of the crystolecules inside these microcomponents in question might be perfectly fine though. So disposing of them is pretty wasteful. Nonetheless things like this will most definitely happen. Software development has shown that in highly automated systems (where some resources are almost too cheap to meter) there can even be some merit in accepting to have extremely stupid naive and wasteful "bugs" manage hide away for long periods of time. Good example compiling high level languages into machine specific assembly code. In physical systems this kind of wastefullness can have a bit more serious consequences though. Disposed of physical material does not magically vanish like data in ephemeral RAM memory. In a worst case scenario a physical analog to a digital "space leak" (uncollected data garbage => uncollected microcomponent garbage) this might even take the magnitude of a [[Grey_goo_horror_fable#Microcomponent_pipeline_breach|microcomponent pipeline breach]]. === Internal spill === Assuming storage container breaks that is holding some crystolecules (e.g. bearings) After such a break the crystolecules are not anymore fully enclosed (no more restrained by shape-locking). At moderate temperatures (including room temperature) the crystolecules are very unlikely to spill due to the fact that even very minor contact area to the housing provides significant VdW binding energy preventing that. In case that there is: * low contact area * very high temperature * the one odd unlucky thermal fluctuation spike a crystolecule may occasionally really get spilled (into the still sealed environment). One might worry that it may act as wrench in the gears. The places where a spilled crystolecule is most likely to end up are likely corners where all three degrees of freedome of translational movement are suppressed by VdW sticking to the walls. Depending on the system in question voids might be * big with lots or corners and few moving parts inside or * small with few corners and lots of moving parts inside or In the latter case its obviously more likely that a spilled crystolecule meets moving parts. If it comes into moving parts in some cases it might not pose a problem due to the extreme slipperyness of crystolecules (e.g. probably so the case when coming between small gears). Other cases are serious (e.g. sticking in the corner of pistons preventing full displacement) == Notes == {{Wikitodo|Discuss distinction between "in situ self repair" and "offline self repair" and their relation to recycling and spill}} == Related == * [[Consistent design for external limiting factors]] * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]] * [[Microcomponent tagging]] * [[Debugging]] * [[Recycling]] and [[Spill]] * [[Redundancy]] * [[Radiation damage]] ---- {{wikitodo|Add auto detection that product is abandoned - no usage like accelerations - timeout - dead man's button}} [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] g44xo0t31rr79thjsxq41l8juxaco44 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 292 3074 2015-03-03T19:23:47Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Self repairing systems]] to [[Self repairing system]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Self repairing system]] 0axipsu2cty7zdd99cdlf6rzas1e6tj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 870 8980 8979 2021-05-17T07:14:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added two links already in the text {{stub}} {{wikitodo|add simple illustrative image -- conceptual general (maybe the one from Ralph Merkle) and explicit for the two example cases}} A cuboid boy with dimensions X>Y>Z can be oriented such that <br> an incrementally built copy of that box with same dimensions can be extruded out. <br> This is done by extruding the smallest Y*Z face through the biggest face X*Y rotatedly such that * Y and X lines up (with Y<X) * Z and Y lines up (with Z<Y) Note that this works for all size scales! == Bigger scales == It is a natural way to do macroscale self-replication of [[gem-gum factories]] such <br> that there is no need to resort to complex schemes for folding and unfolding of nanofactories. As for now it is rather unclear how big of a fraction of a nanofactory chip will be necessary <br> for full self replicative capability. How big a [[self replicative nanofactory pixel]] will be. == Smallest possible scales (likely not practical) == It was initially a concept for ultra compact self replication in <br> the now outdated concept of [[molecular assembler]]s. == Related == * [[Self replication]] * [[gem-gum factories]] * [[molecular assembler]]s ouenk71ebfes60dko98hwefyl90ncni wikitext text/x-wiki 0 927 8989 8988 2021-05-17T08:49:12Z Apm 1 /* Omnivorousness not a requirement */ fixed formatting {{stub}} There are: * The [[Gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] concept * The (outdated) [[molecular assembler]]s concept == Delineations == === Adaptivity not a requirement === Self replicating devices are not capable of autonomous evolution. <br> The "sufficient adaptivity" side in the [[reproduction hexagon]] does not need to be fulfilled. <br> While not fundamentally impossible adding such functionality would pose a greater challenge and greater development effort <br> but not more benefit. More risk rather. Eventually. === Mobility not a requirement === Self replicating devices are not necessarily capable of autonomous locomotion. <br> The "replicator mobility" side in the [[reproduction hexagon]] does not need to be fulfilled. <br> They are not necessarily [[mobile robotic device]]s. * The (outdated) [[molecular assembler]]s are mobile robotic devices * The now targeted [[gem-gum factories]] are not capable of autonomous motion by themselves. <br> Unless one one intentional mots them on a mobile (macroscopic) chassis that is not necessary for their functioning of course. === Omnivorousness not a requirement === The "building block availability" side in the [[reproduction hexagon]] does not need to refer to the most fundamental building blocks <br> that nature has to offer. It does not need to refer to atoms and the simple-most molecules as found lying around in nature. <br> Especially early stage system will make a lot use of pre-produced atomically precise blocks. E.g. [[foldamer]]s. <br> More advanced systems will be capable of processing common liquids and gasses though some of them occurring in the wild. <br> Like e.g.: * Components of the air like e.g. carbon dioxide (CO₂). * Dissolved salts in water (e.g. sodium sulfate Na₂SO₄ as a source for sulfur) * ... == Related == * [[Self replication]] * [[Reproduction hexagon]] * [[Bootstrapping]] * [[Exponential assembly]] r3tqknj8aminb2n84drp1bhuqpp480y wikitext text/x-wiki 0 28 9020 9017 2021-05-17T12:25:48Z Apm 1 /* Classification based on base-structure size */ added link to [[Second assembly level self replication]] Highly compact self replication (starting almost from individual atoms) is '''NOT''' a necessary requirement for the bootstrapping of advanced productive nanosystems. = Classification of degree of self replication = Self replication is not a yes/no question its more of a continuum of self replicativity. == Weak self replication == '''A possible definition of self replication in a very broad and weak sense:'''<br> * The assembly of assemblers that assemble identically copied assemblers out of a set of base parts (sometimes called vitamins) that is equal or greater in number than two. * Actuation by external means is acceptable. That is: Replicators don't need to be capable of moving by themselves. This definition is so weak that even a simple pair of pliers that can be used <br> to put together another one out of two parts together could be considered self replicating. Also, since '''replicator mobility''' is not a requirement here, <br> simple [[exponential assembly]] also falls under self replication in this broad "weak self replication" sense. == Strong self replication == '''A possible definition of self replication in a very narrow and strong sense:'''<br> Self replication needs to fulfill all the five requirements of the [[replication pentagon]] If the assembled product assemblers are not identical but rather randomly or autonomously mutated then using the term "reproduction" is more suitable and the [[replication pentagon]] extends to the [[reproduction hexagon]] Strong self replication (actually self reproduction) can be dispersed over a wide system like e.g. human industry as a whole. One can distinguish between: * compact self replication * dispersed self replication = Why compact self replication is not required for bootstrapping advanced productive nanosystems = Putting together a macroscopic object (consisting out of some 10²³ atoms) almost atom by atom is a goal of [[atomic precision|AP]] Technology. It would take unfathomable amounts of time if it where done with only one robotic device. Massively parallel assembly is thus a necessity. An early idea to solve this problem was an analog to biological cell growth. This idea naturally suggested itself so it was bound to emerge. This way self replication came into the focus as a possible pathway towards advanced atomically precise manufacturing early on. It turned out that strong and compact self replication (a core concept of the [[direct path]] toward [[technology level III|gem-gum-tec]]) is: * very hard to reach, * would lead to inefficient systems and * is undesirable. Undesirable not because fear of bad image but because when the [[grey goo|eligible but overblown fears]] (spawned from the fact that biology does strong '''and compact''' self replication seen in bacteria and viruses) are toned down to real levels there is still some worrisome material left. Strong self replication with mutation in fact is an unconditional requirement for technological progress (tools making better tools) but it can be highly dispersed in subsystems. So the problem can be split up into top-down methods bottom-up methods and possibly [[exponential assembly]] wedged in between. All of these individually are not compact self replicative. But all of them are part of the current human macroscale technology base which is self replicative (and self reproductive). (the [[incremental path]] toward gem-gum-tec) See here for an overview over all available methods for bootstrapping massively parallel productive nanosystems: [[bootstrapping productive nanosystems]] = Exponential assembly = [[file:Exponential assembly concept 640x53.png|thumb|right|640px|First few steps of partial structural replication via so called "exponential assembly". [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/images/7/78/Exponential_assembly_concept.svg SVG] ]] [[Exponential assembly]] is a method for copying/replicating structure that has the same exponential speed-up as self replication. The units on their own lack functional completeness (they can not move individually) and the possible range of structural replication is thus limited to the working area. It is even simpler than compact robotic self replication (in its usual sense) so the term was introduced to more recognizably distance the method from [[misleading biological analogies|the usual naive associations]] that usually come with the mere mentioning of compact robotic self replication. [[Exponential assembly]] may or may not be used to glue together top down and bottom up bootstrapping approaches.<br> [[Exponential assembly]] could be nested in a hierarchy. This may be a bit far fetched. Alternate term suggestion: '''partially replicating assembly''' / partial self replication / immobile self replication = Current state of compact robotic self replicating systems = It was and still is widely believed that physical self replication requires systems of enormous complexity (state 2017). The goal of compact robotic self replication (which is not involved in the [[incremental path]] to [[technology level III|gem-gum-technology]]!) was and still is often compared to the artificial recreation of life. This is [[misleading biological analogies|a very bad analogy]]. It brings all five sides of the [[reproduction hexagon]] to the table when actually only five (remove adaptivity/mutation) or less (remove replicator mobility and building block availability) are needed for self replication. It's still barely known that '''compact robotic self replication has already been demonstrated.''' (There's a link to video of the self replication process at the bottom.) Some "vitamins" like motors are used in the system but the system fulfills what one intuitively would expect from a compact self replicating robotic system. It's a concrete physical demonstration that compact robotic self replication is possible in a system with rather low complexity. Far below the complexity of say a current day operating system. This work was done by Matt Moses in 2014. = General = Self replication can be very simple depending on which building blocks one takes for granted. The following start a simple self replication process with only the state of the building block changing: * A finger-tap to a chain or widening cone of standing dominoes. Replicating the fallen over state. * A crystallization core in super-cooled water spawning the crystallization. * A lifting off bird in a sitting swarm causing the whole swarm to lift off. * Fire? No fire is a bad example. What replicates there is not structure but destruction. Often complex molecules get converted to usually simple "ash" molecules. The products do not use their structure to form more products just their kinetic energy. The next more complex form of self-replication is a composite unit that cause inactive building blocks to form more active composite units. [Todo: Link certain Video] The human industry as a whole is a so called [[autogenous]] system. A set of many [[specialization|specialized]] assembled parts can collaboratively (and in complex sequence) create an equal set out of a set of base parts (ores). A complete [[nanofactory|AP small scale factory]] will be an autogenous system too. In mold making one could in principal use two two-part-positives which where made from a two-part-negative to create a four-part-negative. This structural replication with parallel common guidance is called exponential assembly. = Classification based on base-structure size = * Compact self replication with individual atoms as base material (the pure breed [[direct path]]) is obsolete. * Compact self replication with blocks of simple geometry self assembled from some foldamers as base material might or might not be involved in bootstrapping via the [[incremental path]]. * Compact self replication with [[crystolecule]]s as base material will very likely be simple to implement due to its simplicity. Not for bootstrapping though rather as experimental product of advanced nanofactories. Note that the underlying stage where the [[crystolecule]]s (which here are the "vitamins") are mechanosynthesized, is not so compact. At the [[crystolecule]] level (or even [[microcomponent]] level) assembly is done in a freely programmable general purpose way anyway. preproduced vitamin based self replication at the nano and microscale poses much less efficiency loss and a little less capability loss than the massive losses a [[molecular assembler]] working with individual atoms would have. <br> '''See: [[Second assembly level self replication]]''' == Block based self replication == A less top down alternative for exponential assembly would be block based self replication (using e.g. structural DNA nanotechnology). traits: * The robotic units consist out of simple basic blocks that can bind together. (complementary shape?) * The robotic units as a whole must be complex enough to fulfill their task. * A proto-robotic-unit (mechanism/linkage) must be assembled "manually" from the blocks. * Steering could be done e.g. by local broadcasting electro-statically from a chips surface. * There must be a method to feed the units with new blocks. (bulldozing & shape checking??) == Diamondoid self replication == Nanofactories of [[technology level III]] will as a whole be capable of doing [[diamondoid]] self replication via [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] assembly of [[Moiety|moieties]] as building blocks. The original idea to make APM a reality was to build a diamondoid nanomachine of [[technology level III]] capable of self replication also known as molecular assembler. The attempt to directly build a proto-assembler with just a single AFM/STM microscope forces one to pack the whole replicative functionality into a very small package. This would make the unit inefficient. Furthermore the direct [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetisation]] of bigger structures necessary for a proto-assembler turned out to be a too steep slope without stepping stones (at least till the point of this writing 2014). There seem to be much more starting points for incremental technology improvement instead. The idea of Assemblers blown up by the SciFi writers movies & co raised rather uninformed public concerns about [[the grey goo meme|runaway assemblers]] wreaking havoc. For the science community the "nano" tag meant/means(2014) funding money. But nano came with the meaning of APM embedded which they had nothing to do with. Then APM became linked with the (actually bogus) killer-nano-bugs. It seems some wanted to get rid of that (publicly as direct perceived) association. The prejudice of infeasibility from focused technical expertise may have played a role too. This culminated in the removal of anything APM related from the American national nanotechnology initiative NNI and drastic funding drop for APM development [TODO: check this]. <br> See: [[history]] page for more details - Also see: [[Reproduction hexagon]]. = Classification based on the volume of a self replicating system = * A (now obsolete) diamondoid assembler was supposed to fit into a box with a side-length of a few hundred nanometers. * For a self-replicative "partially assembled foldamer soup" (with thermally / non-positionally pre-produced parts as "vitamins") it seems hard to give a volume. * The size of a self-replicative "nanofactory pixel" could strongly vary with the degree of advancedness of the system. <br>When [[crystolecule]]s are treated as the vitamins it could be pretty compact (wild guess 32µm scale) but that might not be too sensible. <br>When [[microcomponent]]s are treated as vitamins (plausible) then it will likely be pretty big in relation to the nanoscale. (wild guess 1mm scale) = Macroscale self replication = Motivations for self-replication of macroscopic systems (no atomic precision involved) include: * Space exploration ("von Neumann probe" "astro-chicken") – space has the same inaccessibility problem of the nanoscale. * OSHW 3D printing philosophy (as propagated by Adrian Bowyer) -- providing enabling production capabilities to the masses <br> Note that self replication goes only half of the way yet. 3D-printing can be seen as an (without plastic remelt) irreversible "pre-assembly" of vitamin printouts for the next step (note: normally only the non printable parts are called vitamins). This next step is a reversible assembly that is still done by human hands (state 2017). * Demonstration of semi-compact nanoscale self-replication (crystolecule level) – The "[[RepRec]]" project. In contrast to nanosystems in macrosystems the needed material volumes quickly rise and this quickly become expensive. Thus at the macroscale there is a strong motivation for ultra-compact self replication. On the tight budget of "the masses" it is barely possible to afford even one printer and one assembly robot. In this configuration the printer cannot produce fast enough to feed the assembly robot. It is a severe bottleneck. Or the other way around: the assembly robot is severely underloaded. (This very nicely illustrates a major problem with diamondoid molecular assemblers in the nanoscale where too the lower levels are much slower.) In contrast to producing new stuff recycling of already pre-printed parts is super fast though. This is why one wants recyclability and part generality. Part generality not to the point of one single standard interface though. Since this makes the products unnecessarily bulky and isotropic (LEGO like - in a bad way). Too general parts lead to self replication only for the purpose of demonstrating the possibility of (macroscale) self replication. Too general parts lead to something that is effectively a "nonproductive replicator". Such a device is very impressive in its own right but this (to little public recognition) has already been for all practical purposes done. Check out the incredible demo by Matt Moses! Much more desirable is a system with more specialized part types where some smaller part types shift the burden of standard interfaces to several specialized end effector adapters. Such a macroscale system (See: [[RepRec]]) could be truly useful for things like: 3D-printer frames, furniture, ... = General = For the attainment of [[technology level I]] either exponential assembly or block based self replication will be needed. Modular molecular composite nanosystems (MMCS) might be employed to organize self assembled structures of the upper size edge. The usage of standard blocks or other prebuilt [[topological atomic precision|AP]] structures for structural replication has the advantages that: * the needed accuracy is lower (click to place) * contrary to diamond [[mechanosynthesis]] no vacuum is needed * contrary to molecular [[Moiety|moieties]] prebuilt structures can be stuck to a surface by drying and possibly cooling. The other two methods for massively parallel assembly (or construction) known today are: * photo lithography for MEMS (not scalable to arbitrary small size scales; used in exponential assembly) * self-assembly (not scalable to arbitrary big size scales; used in block based self replication and possibly in exponential assembly) For a more broad definition of self replication there is already a lot of literature to consult: <br> Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine Self-replicating_machine]; The "Bunny Book": [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_Self-Replicating_Machines Kinematic_Self-Replicating_Machines]; In general: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replication Self-replication] {{todo|Make some notes about compact macro scale self replication based right from raw materials}} [[Category:General]] = Related = * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Introduction of total positional control]] * [[Self replicating box]] * [[reproduction hexagon]] - [[replication pentagon]] - [[copyfication square]] * [[second assembly level self replication]] = External links = * Demonstration of macroscopic self replication. [https://youtu.be/b04X0xsdjLg?t=38m25s mid video 38m25s] <br> Dr. Gregory Chirikjian presenting Matt Moses work: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqkTt2Iek5U PSW 2293 Entropy and Self Replacating Robots] (2015-02-13) * Paper: "An architecture for universal construction via modular robotic components" (2014-07)<br> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921889013001462 ScienceDirect],[https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=wXyRCbEAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wXyRCbEAAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC Google Scholar] [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d580/053f3a8bb94e4924274e5c72f73c1c11f842.pdf PDF from semanticscholar.org] * Paper: "Towards cyclic fabrication systems for modular robotics and rapid manufacturing"<br>[http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss05/p16.pdf PDF from roboticsproceedings.org] * Paper: "Simple Components for a Reconfigurable Modular Robotic System" (2009-10)<br> [https://rpk.lcsr.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IROS09_moses.pdf PDF from jhu.edu] ---- * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VeTRH_fHxI Fraser Cain pitches Self-Replicating Robots] (2014-07-23) cnm4a6cezrhe8qj2j70to9oze3gt28y wikitext text/x-wiki 0 825 8689 8683 2021-04-14T16:12:27Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] #REDIRECT [[Self assembly without dependence on thermal motion]] 4jez68yxfj0j20yr9i8eoccfqpl59fm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1051 9988 2021-06-07T10:40:38Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Semi diamondoid structure]] #REDIRECT [[Semi diamondoid structure]] qwiamvh4tilv74w18rt38grhatn6u6x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1059 10037 2021-06-07T13:17:13Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Semi diamondoid structure]] to [[Semi gemstone-like structure]]: "diamondoid" now interpreted more narrowly #REDIRECT [[Semi gemstone-like structure]] ekhsouo6hlmb3bico6nehqlh0ieb0ef wikitext text/x-wiki 0 385 11375 10792 2021-07-08T17:35:10Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} Stuff that exhibit at least in some dimensions diamondoid stiffness but may be quite flexible in others. * [[graphene]] * [[nanotube]]s * [[polyyne rods]] * thin diamondoid rods that become too long in relation Bigger pieces need to be managed. Nanotubes could be transported in coil barrels (kinking radius?). (are polyine rod barrels possible?) Less strongly meshed structures are more susceptible to radiation damage. In data storage devices there has to be made a trade-of. [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s could test nanoscale cable barrels e.g. for the cable to be snapped by just scrolling it in all the way and checking for a force when the end-stop is reached. Maybe merge with: '''[[Soft cables and sheets]]''' page. == Single-layer materials == * graphene, graphane * hexagonal boron nitride (graphene structure) * stannene (topological insulator, potential room temperature superconductor) * MoS₂ * ... There is a metric for proteins for the length-scale they can retain a straight shape when they self-assamble into long rods. <br> {{wikitodo|find that metric and link it here}} == Related == * [[Stiffness]] * [[Diamondoid compound]] * [[Self folding]] * [[Spools]] and [[kinking]] * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] * [[Molybdenum]] ---- * [[Organic anorganic gemstone interface]] * [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]] * [[Organic gemstone-like compound]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-layer_materials Single-layer_materials] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXenes MXenes] – Mo₂TiC₂, Mo₂Ti₂C₃ * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphitic_carbon_nitride Graphitic carbon nitride] t833gj3bsk8snfhyczo7jz9z6bnf82i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 145 3285 3012 2015-03-14T12:53:11Z Apm 1 {{Template: Stub}} Usually sensors work better the bigger they are. (Mechanical steric testing is an exception that enables AP Technology and is most obviously used in [[nanomechanical computation]]) This holds for current day as well as for future AP sensors. With growing size thay can better average out noise. For especially high resolution or minimal sensor size cooling can push that noise down, but not further than to the Quantum mechanical uncertainty limit. * Sensors for electrical fields could be made by polarized disks on beared axles. * Sensors for pressure or sound waves can be simple pistons. Here cooling can't be used to remove noise because the air would liquify. * Sensors for acceleration might look quite similar to current MEMS accelerometers and Gyros. * Sensors for radiation of isotopes with long half live time need to be gigantic relative to molecular scale such that they can pick at least one decay event in a reasonable timespan. Alternatively the masses of individual atoms can be determined in the nanoscale but this requires the material to be measured to be in a specific molecular well handlable form. * '''Todo:''' add notes on: magnetism, radiation, strain/force, distance, velocity, acidity, moisture, gasses, ... recydytzcli64egspuae18p2ob2w87r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 736 11720 7567 2021-07-22T21:46:41Z Apm 1 added [[Zone]] {{stub}} * [[Molecule sorting zone]] * "Condensation" zone (molecules getting fixed into [[machine phase]]) * [[Tooltip preparation zone]] (closed cycle) * [[Mechanosynthesis core]] * [[Crystolecule routing]] (redundant and past the "slowdown stack") * [[Crystolecule assembly robotics]] * [[Microcomponent routing]] * [[Microcomponent assembly robotics]]... * Product fragment routing (ommitable) * Product fragment assembly robotics * ... * Vacuum lockout zones * Cleanroom lockout zones * Thermal isolation barrier passage zones == Related == * [[Assembly levels]] * [[Zone]] tgo38g8x6bqj1eaeydgw00nupfs27h4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1276 11671 11670 2021-07-16T14:37:55Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added === Under-investigated niche areas === {{Stub}} An unplanned fortunate discovery '''Having and seeking a wide area of knowledge might increase chances of running across serendipitous discoveries.'''<br> E.g. There must have been serendipitous moments in the uncovering of the <br> [[Curry-Howards-Lambeck correspondence]] that links propositional logic, type theory, and category theory. <br> <small>(And has as it turned out very big relevancy in [[purely functional programming]])</small>. == Related == * [[Discovered rather than invented]] * [[Paradigm]] (?) === Under-investigated niche areas === Finding and then looking in areas where (for whatever reasons) noone else has looked yet * The pleasant => [[Low hanging fruit]] – some of them serendipitous * The hardships => Lack of existing vocabulary, lack of existing communication channels for the uncovered new ideas, ... Example areas known by the author: * [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] aimed at [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] * [[Future of coding]] research and development == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serendipity Serendipity] === Having and seeking a wide area of knowledge === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalist Generalist] – tendentially negative connotation * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_all_trades,_master_of_none Jack of all trades (but master of none)]<br>This can be turned around though: <br>"Jack of all trades, and master of none, but better at all, than nigh everyone." * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath Polymath] – very positive connotation * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shaped_skills T-shaped_skills] – also Pi-shaped skills – this seems like a case of shelving people to much ---- * 2009-05-27 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150046/http://metamodern.com/2009/05/27/how-to-learn-about-everything/ How to Learn About Everything] (From Eric K. Drexlers metamodern blog – internetarchive) lxbogmbgaszbf2t6wqcgf8gqjyxvgt3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1069 10111 2021-06-09T07:35:57Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Shape locking]] to [[Form closure]] over redirect: this seems the generally used term in mechanical engineering (in German too – Formschluss) #REDIRECT [[Form closure]] qi138z58jpgj3yrhokers59p7blt421 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 24 9814 9813 2021-06-01T17:24:18Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Spill avoidance guideline]] Sharp edges and splinters are a significant issue for health and environment. [[File:Broken glass.jpg|400px|thumb|right|If [[gemstone based metamaterial|advanced metamaterials]] do not [[emulated elasticity|emulate elasticity]] (e.g. because not doing it means less development effort) then these advanced materials can behave rather brittle, just like glass does. In that case it would be desirable to at least have strategies in place to reduce the hazardousness of the smithereens.]] [[File:1280px-Amant.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Glass takes a long time to loose its sharp edge hazard. At least it does not release toxic material in the process.]] Up: [[Spill of sub microscale objects]] == Health == Splinters of products especially of [[technology level III|advanced states of APM technology]] but also from [[technology level II|intermediate level technology]] could if not well designed potentially pierce the skin of humans or animals. If atomically precise manufactured products are broken apart a different surface will appear potentially increasing that problem. Also if the products base structure is not well designed from the fractured [[diamondoid]] surface very small amounts (since they come only from the surface'''?''') of molecular machine elements ([[diamondoid molecular elements|DMMEs]]) might irreversibly leave the [[machine phase]] (e.g. bearings might slide of their axles) and pose threats of inhalation or ingestion. Depending on the dissolvability chemical toxicity and structural effect this might be harmless or harmful. Due to the low expectable dose the structural effects '''may''' be the most dangerous ones. '''To investigate:''' can highly symmetric simple forms of DMMEs act like hormones - (it seems unlikely). == Environment == If materials are made that behave in a brittle way or can be subject to abrasion in any other way tiny fragments of those materials can leave the machine phase and contaminate the environment. (See: [[Recycling]]) == Splinter prevention == To prevent or at least strongly reduce these issues several measures can be taken: * avoidance of 90 degree edges on outer surfaces of products (and maybe even microcomponents?); usage of 135° edges as far as possible. * inclusion of predetermined breaking points e.g. at the microcomponent borders (the more reversible the better); The broken apart surfaces should as far as possible also adhere the 90 degree avoidance rule. Very advanced systems may be able to actively and as good as instantaneously smoothen the fresh fracture plane by retracting sharp protrusions and capping the surface with a new shell. * usage of slightly water soluble and rather nontoxic [[diamondoid]] building materials * if some form of legged mobility for microcomponent replacement or recomposition is used the legs must be force bendable in all directions till they contact the units main body so that the lever effect can't break them off. In case of the yet ''speculative'' [[utility fog]] additionally the fogs surface needs to carry around a dynamic smoothing shell - a very nontrivial matter. Repairing macroscopically fractured parts ([[quasi welding]]) or reclaiming their microcomponents (inversion of the upper [[assembly levels]]) is another but related topic where dirt and alignment play a role. == Related: Pinching == Beside cutting your skin squeezing your body-parts may also be a danger of AP products. If two perfectly atomically flat (but passivated) surfaces come together without any dirt in-between they will stick together with enormous force (Van-der-Waals force) - this is kind of an '''unintended surface welding.''' In principle it is reversible but the force is probably too high to do the splitting by hand ['''todo:''' link to calculations page]. Since this force will only set in on distances in the sub nanoscale there's no danger of directly pinching yourself with that. At best you can get caught. But there is a second effect. Perfectly flat surfaces that stick together will also exert a sidewards force to a direction in which the overlapping area grows. This way a pinching accident is very much possible. ['''To investigate:''' How big is the sidewards slide-driving force depending on the area gradient? Is there a danger to seriously squeeze your fingers? What is the best surface modification to avoid this sticking and sliding (preferably without resorting to a quasi random surface corrugation)?] == Related == * [[Recycling]] * [[Hierarchical controlled breakage behavior]] * [[Mobility prevention guideline]] * [[Self repairing system]] * [[Weathering and erosion]] * [[Spill]] – [[Spill avoidance guideline]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] 8p4uxdqodsrwzv7am34h2wg1zlvdqcz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 58 9173 5181 2021-05-23T13:21:37Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect {{Template: Stub}} ---- {{Template:Site specific definition}} Interfacial drives are a form of [[convergent mechanical actuation]]. They are similar if not derived from [[infinitesimal bearings]] and integrate some [[chemomechanical converters]] or [[elecromechanical converters]] here and there in their structure. They are similar to [[Artificial motor-muscles]] but do shearing instead of expanding and contracting and don't change their volume. == Applications == * Motors integrated in wheels * '''railwarpdrive:''' Replacements for railway tracks that move the train by a warping wave in the upper track surface. the wheels can stay non-rotating. ['''todo:''' add infographic] * many more ... [[Category:Technology level III]] == Related == * [[Unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] * [[Interplanetary acceleration track]] rcu2ppn53jghl02eokdozuf77irg94d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 60 830 700 2014-01-12T11:03:43Z Apm 1 Back: [[technology level 0]] * medical biotechnology ([[brownian technology path]]) * current day (2013) "nanotechnology" fswnlovicxtowxx7x8r0lqginb8tktd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 59 6158 6136 2017-08-07T17:43:10Z Apm 1 terminology revisit: AP -> T-AP ? Back: [[technology level I]]. * small (mm to cm scale) and not too cheap high resolution form parts ([[topological atomic precision|topologically atomically precise]] and block level precision) made from the bio-degradeable early AP building blocks (Maybe nontoxic and edible). * (3D) dense molecular microelectronics (only easier structures like memories if the next technology stage is reached fast?) * organic medical bio-foreign technology ([[brownian technology path]]) * interferometric displays ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence iridescence], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal photonic crystals]) * ... 6b40uwja1c1cj1qwr6jzbraaoj5oomw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 510 10377 8726 2021-06-13T20:18:51Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] {{Stub}} == Silicon dioxide SiO₂ == Beside the commonly known quartz and amorphous glass there are many polymorphs of silicon dioxide (tectosilicates). * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz Quartz] (Mohs 7 by definition | density 2.65 g/cm³) <br> α-quartz: trigonal -- β-quartz: hexagonal ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stishovite Stishovite] ('''Mohs 9-9.5 | density 4.287 g/cm³''' | tetragonal - [[rutile structure|rutile group]]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifertite Seifertite] ('''Mohs ~9 | density 4.294 g/cm³''' | orthorhombic - resembles scrutinyite α-PbO₂) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coesite Coesite] (Mohs 7.5 | density 2.92 g/cm³ (calculated) | monoclinic) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobalite Cristobalite] (Mohs 6-7 | density 2.32–2.36 g/cm³) <br> α-Cristobalite tetragonal <br> β-Cristobalite cubic - resembles diamond / ZnS * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridymite Tridymite] (Mohs 7 | density 2.25–2.28 g/cm³) there are seven crystal phases of tridymite <br> two hexagonal: HP (β) & LHP -- three orthorhombic: OC (α) & OS & OP -- two monoclinic: MC & MX * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moganite Moganite] (not Mo'''R'''ganite!) (Mohs 6 | 2.52-2.58 g/cm³ | monoclinic) Related: [[Binary diamondoid compound]] === Stishovite and Seifertite === They are both uncommon in that they have: * hypervalent silicon with a coordination number of six instead the normal four and * hypervalent oxygen with coordination number three instead of the normal two. This is probably what causes the unusually high density and hardness. <br> <small>Related: [[Hypervalency]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervalent_molecule]; Three center four electron bond [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-center_four-electron_bond] formerly thought to be sp³d² hybridisation.</small> Stishovite and Seifertite are metastable at unpressurized conditions. <br> And surprisingly more chemically stable than plain quartz. It is not attacked by hydrofluoric acid HF. To increase high temperature stability at the cost of hardness, it may be possible to substitute some of the silicon atoms <be> with atoms of other suitable elements that would make in case of a 100% substitution termodynamically more stable minerals in the same crysral structure (the [[rutile structure]]). <br> Such a substitution in a checkerboard patterned way done via [[force applying mechanosynthesis]] can make makes [[neo-polymorph]] materials. That is: stishovite can form [[pseudo phase diagram|a continuum]] to the minerals with [[rutile structure]]. <br> '''See "[[rutile structure]]" for a list of elements that are potentially compatible for atom substitution in stishovite without too much crystal structure disturbance.''' == Misc == Silicon is the second most [[abundant element]] on Earth (crust and surface). Right after [[oxygen]]. Maybe remotely related to silicon: Geopolymers: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolymer] An [[elemental storage medium]] for silicon (think: nanofactory cartridges for silicon) might be a bit of a challenge because of its strong tenency of polymerization and generally low solubility in benign solvents like water. Here's a list of some obvious options: * Silicic acid would be great due to its non-toxicity. But silicic acid [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acid] has a strong tendency to self polymerize. This is undesirable for standardized processing. * Silanes [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silanes] (the silicon analogues to hydrocarbons) do not self polymerize but they are toxic and explosive. ---- * Disiloxane [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disiloxane] ? * Tetramethylsilane [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylsilane] is also toxic but not explosive. It may carry too much carbon for many applications (e.g. in case moissanite SiC with a stoichiometry Si:C of 1:1 is mechanosynthesitzed). * Trimethylsilane [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilane]; Dimethylsilane [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylsilane]; Methylsilane [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsilan] -- (better Si:C ratio & maybe falling toxicity ??) * There's also trimethylsilanol [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilanol] * hydrogen silsesquioxane H₈Si₈O₁₂ ?? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_silsesquioxane] ---- * Trimethylsilylacetylene [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilylacetylene] * ... == Related == * [[Chemical element]] * Elements in the same group: [[Carbon]], '''Silicon''', [[Germanium]], [[Tin]], [[Lead]] [[Category:Chemical element]] == External Links == * Informations about various polymorphs of SiO₂: https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Silica ---- * Forsight institute: [https://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gillett1/index.html Toward a Silicate-Based Molecular Nanotechnology I. Background and Review -- by Stephen L. Gillett] ---- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_silicon Binary compounds of silicon] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals Silicate_minerals] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicide Silicide] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organosilicon_compounds Category:Organosilicon_compounds] ads6ikueomu5vsqbz66ovw785mn6v4d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1018 10168 9680 2021-06-10T15:50:00Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration paper]] to [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration (paper)]]: making it consistent to other pages '''"Mechanical Vertical Manipulation of Selected Single Atoms by Soft Nanoindentation Using Near Contact Atomic Force Microscopy"''' <br> by Noriaki Oyabu, Óscar Custance, Insook Yi, Yasuhiro Sugawara, and Seizo Morita ----- The special thing about this paper is that * it was not about just swapping around very similar atoms – like Si and Sn (done in an other paper) * it was not about just removing a single hydrogen atoms from a [[passivation layer]] and then depositong silicon by a gas phase process (done in an other paper) * it was a bout really ripping a whole silicon atom out of the surface and putting it back Make no mistake: * achieving this feat with the technology of back then and (still now 2021) was probably many many many hours of work. * this is still all very sketchy and statistical – a lot of unsuccessful tapping involved Technology will have a long way to go till something like this works really fast and reliable, <br> meaning at MHz level reaction rates and low error rated akin to digital logic. <br> But we'll eventually get there. Just like we got from relays to nanoscale transistors on chips. Actually it seems astounding that a fully embedded Si atom can be ripped out like this. <br> For why see the discussion the related page: [[Atomically precise disassembly]] == External link to the paper == '''Ripping out and redepositing sigle silicon atoms on silicon surface:''' <br> Noriaki Oyabu, Oscar Custance, Insook Yi, Yasuhiro Sugawara, Seizo Morita, "Mechanical vertical manipulation of selected single atoms by soft nanoindentation using near contact Atomic Force Microscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(2 May 2003):176102; http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v90/e176102 <br> [http://www.academia.edu/19589602/Mechanical_Vertical_Manipulation_of_Selected_Single_Atoms_by_Soft_Nanoindentation_Using_Near_Contact_Atomic_Force_Microscopy pdf on academia.edu] (78K) == Related == * Up: [[Experimental demonstrations of single atom manipulation]] * [[Scanning probe microscopy]] * [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] * [[Direct path]] [[Category:Papers]] 4qbtjrkp62860ijqfy8g20wqxhiqdix wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1081 10169 2021-06-10T15:50:00Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration paper]] to [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration (paper)]]: making it consistent to other pages #REDIRECT [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration (paper)]] r6t2pfl0pkon9llugi7ekryq8qro464 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 886 11196 11195 2021-07-04T15:29:52Z Apm 1 /* Cubic but very big unit cell */ {{Stub}} * [[Zincblende structure]] - zincblende ZnS, '''cubic moissanite SiC''', diamond CC, silicon, gernamium, (α-tin aka grey tin SnSn), BN, AlN, ... * [[Wurtzite structure]] - wurtzite ZnS, '''hexagonal moissanie SiC''', lonsdaleite CC (hexagonal diamond), ... (same as above) * See: [[Diamond like compounds]] ---- * [[Rock salt structure]] – simple cubic – (NaCl rocksalt, '''MgO periclase''', TiO hongquiite, FeO wüstite, NiO bunsenite, ...) - See: [[Transition metal monoxides]] * [[Rutile structure]] – (tetragnal with simple unit cell) – '''Rutile TiO₂, [[Stishovite]] SiO₂''', ... * [[Hematite structure]] – (hexahonal) – '''[[Leukosapphire]] Al₂O₃, Tistarite Ti₂O₃''', and Hematite Fe₂O₃ * [[Marcasite structure]] – (ortorhombic with simple unit cell) – '''FeS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcasite Marcasite]''' and '''FeP₂ Zuktamururite''' * [[Perovskite structure]] – (cubic or ortorhombic near cubic – simple unit cell) – '''CaTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite Perovskite]''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A15_phases A15_phases] – (cubic simple unit cell) – (also known as '''β-W''' or '''Cr₃Si''' structure types) – quite covalent intermetallic compounds – Cr₃Si, (Nb₃Sn superconductor) – Are there any compounds in this group that do not contain scarce elements? <br> Related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaire%E2%80%93Phelan_structure Weaire–Phelan structure] [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2390586 (3D printable tiles)] ---- * [[Pyrite structure]] – '''FeS₂ pyrite''', '''NiS₂ vaesite''', MnS₂ hauerite * [[Quartz structure]] == Cubic but very big unit cell == * Spinel structure – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Spinel 3D structure (mineralienatlas)] * Garnet structure – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Garnet 3D structure (mineralienatlas)] * Bixbyte structure – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Bixbyit 3D structure (mineralienatlas)] Special cases (related to [[concrete]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aluminates calcium aluminates]): * Compound: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecacalcium_hepta-aluminate Dodecacalcium_hepta-aluminate] * Mineral: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormayenite Chlormayenite] == Side-notes == The 3D voroni cells around the atoms can be used to gain sets of space-filling <bR> polyhedral shapes for polyhedral [[microcomponent]]s on a much larger scale. <br> (It's not Wiegner Seiz cells, this would bbe arround lattice points rather than atoms) == Related == * [[Structural type]] * '''[[Base materials with high potential]]''' * [[Gemstone-like compound]]s * [[Neo-polymorph]] * [[Pseudo phase diagram]] * '''[[Good websites about compounds and minerals]]''' == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturbericht_designation Strukturbericht_designation] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_types Category:Crystal_structure_types] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system#Zincblende_structure Zincblende structure] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtzite_crystal_structure Wurtzite crystal structure] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel_group Spinel_group] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A15_phases A15 phases] – (are there some that do not contain super rare elements?) * => [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaire%E2%80%93Phelan_structure Weaire–Phelan structure] * [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2390586 Weaire–Phelan building blocks] by mechadense * [https://www.atomic-scale-physics.de/lattice/struk/a15.html A15 coordinates] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_groups List of space groups] (230) 4na3usyrm7oa9xs43vxq902eaof95h4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1140 11183 11182 2021-07-01T21:55:00Z Apm 1 /* Awesome compounds */ {{stub}} There are few/no natural mineral examples for these compounds. <br> This is likely because all these compounds are in a highly reduced stated and some of them are <br> not even capable of forming a protective [[macroscale passivation layer]]. == Awesome compounds == Titanium: * TiC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide Titanium carbide] – and ZrC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_carbide Zirconum carbide] * TiN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_nitride Titanium nitride] – and ZrN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_nitride Zirconium nitride] Silicon (counting silicon as metal here): * SiC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide Silicon carbide] * Si₃N₄ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride Silicon nitride] For more awesome compounds see: [[Base materials with high potential]] Related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocarbohedryne Metallocarbohedryne] (titanium carbides) == Compounds that need to be sealed in [[PPV]] to be usable == Iron: * Fe₃C Iron carbide aka cementite aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohenite iron cohenite] – ortorhombic – Mohs 5.5 to 6.0 – 7.20 to 7.65g/ccm – metallic luster * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_nitride Iron nitrides] – Wikipedia: "Group 7 and group 8 transition metals form nitrides that decompose at relatively low temperatures" Fe₂N 400°C Aluminum: * Al₄C₃ Aluminum carbide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_carbide] – hydrolyses in contact with water * AlN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride] – hydrolyses in contact with water – it's a [[diamond like compound]] (a III-VI semiconductor) – highly covalent character Calcium: * CaC₂ Calcium carbide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbide] – must be kept dry – releases [[ethyne]] on contact with water * Ca₃N₂ calcium nitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_nitride] – highly reactive with water Magnesium: * Mg₃N_2(s) Magnesium nitide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitride] – reacts with water * Magnesium carbide ?? == Compounds with more rare elements == '''Nitrides:''' * '''CrN – Carlsbergite [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Carlsbergit (mineralienatlas)] wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_nitride chromium nitride] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbergite carlsbergite] – Mohs 7 – 1770°C''' * VN – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Uakitit Uakitite] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_nitride (wikipedia)] – Mohs ?? * Semimetal: Ge₃N₄ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium_nitride Germanium nitride] ---- * '''ZrN – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_nitride Zirconium nitride]''' * NbN – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_nitride Niobium nitride] – 2573°C – 8.47g/ccm * MoN (and Mo₂N) – Molybdenium nitride (?) ---- * (W₂N, WN, WN₂) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_nitride Tungsten nitride] – unstable against water * HfC – Hafnium carbide – refractory compound * TaN (anf other stoichometries) – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_nitride Tantalum nitride] '''Carbides:'''<br> ---- 4th period: * '''Cr₃C₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongbaite Tongbaite (wikipedia)] [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Tongbait (mineralienatlas)] – Mohs 8.5 – ortorhombic – 1,895 °C''' * Various chromium carbides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(II)_carbide Chromium(II) carbide] * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_carbide Cr₃C₂; Cr₇C₃; Cr₂₃C₆] (1,895 °C; 3,443 °F; 2,168 K; extremely hard; very corrosion resistant) * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_carbide VC] (2810 °C; 9-9.5 Mohs, cubic) * Semimental: Germanium carbide?? ---- 5th period: * '''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_carbide ZrC] (3532 °C; extremely hard; highly corrosion resistant; very metallic, cubic)''' * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_carbide Nb₂C] (3490 °C; extremely hard; highly corrosion resistant) * Mo₂C (2692 °C) [http://tttmetalpowder.com/molybdenum-carbide-powder-303/]; MoC; Mo₃C₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide] ---- 6th period: * [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_carbide HfC] (3900 °C; very refractory; low oxidation resistance, cubic) * TaC – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Tantalcarbid Tantalum carbide (mineralienatlas)] – Mohs 6-7 – ''tantal is very rare'' * WC – [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Qusongit Qusongit (mineralienatlas)] – Mohs 7.25 '''Borides:''' ---- 4th period: * '''CrB (and other stoichometries Cr₂B, Cr₅B₃, Cr₃B₄, CrB₂, and CrB₄) – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(III)_boride Chromium(III) boride] – refractory 2100°C – very hard''' * VB, VB₂ – Vanadium boride (?) ---- 5th period: * '''Zr₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_diboride Zirconium diboride]''' * Nb₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_diboride Niobium diboride] * Molybdenium boride ?? ---- 6th period: * Hf₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_diboride Hafnium diboride] * Ta₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_boride Tantalum boride] * WB₂ (WB, WB₄) – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_borides Tungsten borides] * ReB₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium_diboride Rhenium_diboride] * OsB, Os₂B₃ and OsB₂ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium_borides Osmium borides] == Related == * [[Gemstone like compounds with high potential]] * [[Refractory compound]] * [[gemstone like compound]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_material Superhard material] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Superhard_materials Category:Superhard_materials] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitrides Category:Nitrides] gzlu635j01oks9yo80vwzt4otzaec9q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 628 9562 9561 2021-05-29T21:14:40Z Apm 1 /* External links */ {{speculative}} This is all deep speculation, mostly unrelated to APM. Please treat it just as food for thought. Other parts of the wiki are much more serious. ---- Practical applications have shown again and again that natures behaviors are well amenable for approximated by simple rules (natural laws) which can be described by math (Paper: "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathemathics in the Natural Sciences") and simulated with programs. Further (initially phenomenological) refinement of models to better match reality may complicate mathematical models at first but once understanding widens (unifying theoretical models) the mathematical descriptions usually can be compactified again. (Also a thing from humanities practical experience). In a way we are reverse engineering the inner workings of the universe. The "souce-code" of our universe becomes increasingly clear to us. '''Question:''' Is there "existing" some hardware executing that source-code?<br> '''Question:''' If this hardware is not interacting with us at all isn't the meaning of "existence" (in a relational sense) flawed?<br> '''Idea:''' In contrast to the dominating view of one single parent simulating universe our universe may be an equivalence-class / quantum-superposition of many (transfinite) simulations. == Relation to entropy-dip big-bang == The aforementioned reverse engineerability of natural law points to ultra highly compressed models (ultra-high-level source-code) compatible with the idea of "[[big bang as spontaneous demixing event]]". (Minimal entropy in total terms bits & maximum entropy in data compression ??) === Quantum-random as most sophisticated PRNG in the univerese? === A minimization of the depth of entropy-dip leads to the need for compressing even quantum-randomness (beside the randomness from the big bang). The only true random number generator (TRNG) that we know of today would actually too be a deterministic pseudo random number generator PRNG. And the multi world interpretation would break down? Hidden variables become necessary but local hidden variables are ruled out by now. Global hidden variables?? But then again there is the possibility of an equivalence class of simulations. === Nesting of simulated universes === '''Idea:''' If every possible universe exists than for every universe theres a universe simulating it. (Just fine circular logic?)<br> Even if for every universe there are universes simulating it that simulation are not the cause of its existence since the entropy dip required for the simulating universes may be much bigger than for the simulated universe. '''Question A:''' Does a universe simulating universe need a much bigger entropy dip than a simulated universe?<br> If so universe simulating universes may be much more unlikely to "spontaneously form" than the universes they simulate. If yes to A:<br> '''Idea:''' If we are a simulations we must be an uncontrolled and uncontrollable "waste product" in a long pure side effect free stretch of (reversible or quantum) computation.<br> If one simulates things one usually does so since one wants to tamper with the simulation. Severe tampering though ("flying pigs", air molecules spontaneously deciding to collaborate and punch you) would increase the magnitude of the entropy-dip to the level of the simulating universe which may be power-towers more unlikely.<br> '''Question:''' Can it be called a simulation if none can interfere? If no to A than maybe yes to these?<br> '''Question:''' If our universe did not use quantum computation in any significant depth till now (no natural quantum computers and no advanced quantum computer building aliens) would it be possible to simulate our own (mostly classical) universe in a quantum computer?<br> '''Question:''' If we are simulated in quantum computers and build at least one powerful quantum computer, can we overload our simulating hardware? Or would we just loose one of many universe that are simulating us indistinguishably from our point of view.<br> '''Question:''' If quantum computation shows fundamental limits {{todo|find and add hypothesis - about decoherence setting in at some scale?}} can be conclusions drawn for the simulation hypothesis (simulation hardware limits)? === Accidental universes vs Accidentally simulated brains === '''Idea:''' Contrary to the "widespread" assumption a "Boltzmann brain" (the simulation of a life experience instead of a universe) may need a much bigger entropy dip than the one necessary for the simulation of a whole universe that contains this (and many more) brains/experiences.<br> Simulation of all life experiences of an individual person/animal/decently-intelligent-creature requires the encoding / plain-stroing of lots of facts without reason (giant mountains of data). There's a large stateful informational surface area. An analogy: A compact clean modularized high level program source code compiled down to a big entangled mess of assembly code. Cropping out a random small patch of the assembly code (or even its execution pattern) may need much more storage space than the original source code. As is well known even very simple programs can create very complicated patterns when executed (e.g. game of life and many more). Now imagine what a program the size of todays operation systems could encode (not create - execution is a different story) if it where known how to encode structure with near "maximal intelligence". A rather small, very compact, enormously high level, high information density, wisdom packed, source code. '''Question:''' Is it unreasonable to assume that an immensely wisely arranged OS sized amount of data (state 2017) (far beyond anything humans will ever be capable of) would suffice for encoding a (our) whole universe (consistent with all of humanities observations)? == Here's the source code for the multiverse – Warning! execute at your own risk == One can construct programs that systematically construct and execute all constructible programs in a semi-parallel Cantor-diagonal like fashion. (Very elegantly doable with lambda calculus - which is Turing complete) This contains (countably) infinite halting problems => infinite truths without reason => infinite axioms It could be seen as kind of a "theory of everything" but since these programs are the very definition of inefficiency and uselessness it might be better to call them "theory of nothing" {{todo|Many programs can do that. Are there any programs that create product-programs that other programs don't create? It shouldn't be so, otherwise there seems to be trouble with turing-completeness.}} == Notes == * In some sense math, including it in the form of (pure) programming, is more fundamental than (known) physics. Is there any chance to bridge the gap from the simulation hypothesis to fundamental physics that has some signs that it could work at least theoretically? Or much better even with physically testable hypotheses? == Related == * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] * [[Philosophical topics]] [[Category:Philosophical]] == External links == [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain Boltzmann brain]: <br> What if the encoding of the universe requires less of an entropy dip than a human Boltzmann brain? (Reasons for why this could even be in above's text.) That would resolve that conundrum. Right? But if universes capable of supporting universe-simulating-computations inside necessarily require a much bigger entropy dip then wouldn't these universes be susceptible to the Boltzmann brain problem? At least at some point in an upwards infinite hierarchy of simulations Boltzmann brains must become more likely than the the entropy dip that was necessary for our universe. And what does that even mean?? f6naq3l4u0mzzwzp265eyxvqk4nr3yy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 889 9965 9962 2021-06-05T09:46:38Z Apm 1 Undo revision 9962 by [[Special:Contributions/Apm|Apm]] ([[User talk:Apm|talk]]) – same page – link already there {{Stub}} [[File:SiteSpecificWorkpieceActivationConcept.png|320px|thumb|right|(1) position XY, (2) acivate Z (makes red *), (3) repeat for all positions where green parts are desired in this this layer (4), wash in the green parts (5) repeat for parts with other colors (6) next layer. Image author: Eric K. Drexler]] Instead of picking up stuff and then placing it to assemble something <br> site-specific workpiece activation works such that on the surface of a workpiece some spots are activated and then the <br> pieces that are meant to be placed on these now activated sites are washed in with some solvent gas (or other means). "Activation" may mean different things in different instances. There are at least two example cases for this. <br> One on the smallest physically scale and one on a bigger scale. == Bigger scale site-pecific workpiece activation == This is present as part of the proposed [[foldamer printer]]. == PALE patterned layer epitaxy (experimentally demonstrated) == The near atomically sharp needle tip of a scanning probe is used to abstract hydrogen from a silicon surface in an <br> [[positional atomic precision|positionally atomically precise]] way. Subsequently silicon is deposited via gas phase. Used scanning probes where all macroscopic and big (till before 2021) <br> miniaturization of scanning probes could speed up the process quite a bit. This manufacturing method is related to the [[direct path]]. == Related == * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] * [[Patterned layer epitaxy]] * [[Foldamer printer]] * [[The various forms of mechanosynthesis]] * [[Direct path]] & [[Incremental path]] * [[positional assembly]] & [[self assembly]] * [[Spectrum of means of assembly]] ehhxiy9tvzv9fpnaevgz1rfzmu0pqts wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1208 11236 2021-07-05T18:11:45Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] #REDIRECT [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] iy0z4mbqj0sid6vu55tnyumi0hpo1r1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 892 8662 2021-04-14T14:57:42Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] #REDIRECT [[Site-specific workpiece activation]] iy0z4mbqj0sid6vu55tnyumi0hpo1r1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1200 11208 2021-07-05T11:38:21Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Foldamer printer]] #REDIRECT [[Foldamer printer]] gklzuyman61j2yc3100i37tfvwla603 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1201 11209 2021-07-05T11:39:00Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Site activation assembly]] #REDIRECT [[site activation assembly]] ag3kej61uzhjuu2xfampggwdqqj9bub wikitext text/x-wiki 0 103 1295 2014-02-28T14:38:02Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Skipping technology levels]] to [[Direct path]]: Approach may be a viable and complementary alternative and not a cheat. #REDIRECT [[Direct path]] jwsnnyupat25tb09iyfs6f72wz73x1w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 953 9158 2021-05-23T12:48:44Z Apm 1 I guess a redirect to there is good enough for now #REDIRECT [[Femtotechnology]] tew8o29llk4127klp0g6yrkunqao6m5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 866 8501 8500 2021-04-10T13:18:09Z Apm 1 removed newline {{stub}} Even very small [[crystolecule]] clips already have such high activation energies that <br> random thermal fluctuations do not accidentally open them up anymore. <br> Even if there a many mols worth of such snap connectors present and observed over a very long time. {{todo|redo the math and add it here}} So usage of [[shape locking chains]] to guard against accidental thermal opening is most likely not necessary. <br> Holding chains together by clips or only VdW force can fully suffice. Nanoscale clips could be designed such that they allow energy recuperation. <br> Same for [[VdW suck-in]]. == Related == * [[Snapback]] * [[VdW suck-in]] * [[Brownian ratchet]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_ratchet Brownian ratchet]] 6w7brwuzo00ylqjzadrv9xy851dwa0m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 861 11918 11917 2021-09-15T13:16:29Z Apm 1 added image and reference {{Stub}} [[File:0322pairSnap.gif|thumb|400px|Citation:"Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy" <ref name="unsmooth">'''Eric Drexlers former homepage (webarchive):''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100841/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy]</ref>]] An energy dissipation mechanism. When a part of [[nanoscale surface passivation]] A that sticks out * gets pulled to the side and tensioned like a spring by an opposing part B, * then slides past this opposing part B * then swings back and forth unconstrainedly * then looses its energy to vibrations of atoms that it is bonded to below. == Snapback either designed for or designed against == One will usually want to design reusable [[molecular machine element]]s such that they <br> either maximize snapback or avoid snapback all together by large margin. <br> [[Orthogonal set of mechanical components]]. <br> When designing for [[superlubrication]] snapback is highly undesired. == Energetically == This can be seen as a fusion of potential energy well <br> where the bottoms are not brought on the same height first. <br> The following dissipation is not visible in this model. == Bigger nanoscale snapback == [[Crystolecule]] clips that do not provide means for energy recuperation snap back. Larger size scales gives less energy loss from snapbacks. == Macroscopic analogy == Making a ruler vibrate on the corner of a desk. <br> Just that here energy mostly initially get dissipated into sound energy. == Related == * [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] * Snapback exactly what one does not want when designing for [[superlubricity]] * [[Snap connectors]] == External links == * Archived page from Eric Drexlers fomer website: <br>'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100841/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy]''' * Complementary to that: <br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060004/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairPot.html Stiffly supported sliding atoms have a smooth interaction potential] == References == <references/> l2i8522wpfq9izae0u0ko0xr3zyxx3e wikitext text/x-wiki 0 343 6872 3922 2017-10-30T19:07:47Z Apm 1 added link to yet unwritten page: [[APM and politics]] {{stub}} Physical replication falling in price => open source concepts start to leak into the physical realm. <br> (open source hardware OSHW) == Irreducible base cost == A main difference is that the prices can't drop as low as in the digital world. There is a hard to reduce cost for: * quick attainment of large amounts of raw materials * quick attainment of large amounts of energy Both mostly determined on land. This may effect the rate of replacement of large scale constructions such as the replacement of asphalt and concrete in [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] and the replacement of iron train tracks. == Compatibility == === Open wrappers for closed products (in a general sense) === * hardware adapters software adapter libraries * liberation from forced brand loyalty * example: Windows to Linux and others OS's by multi-plattform software * example: industrial robot wrapper project ['''todo:''' add link] === Entirely open whole system === * no more individuals reinventing the wheel => accumulation of performance capability == Lifting of complementary blockades == * proprietary good at: profitable luxury goods * free libre good at: non-profitable necessary goods => mutual motivation by (unexpected) competition (friendly or hostile) == Related == * [[APM and politics]] == External links == * Open source hardware conference 2014 - videos - [https://vimeo.com/album/3114662] tdw6rys3vd2xocm1qktcnjuks39ubda wikitext text/x-wiki 0 721 10374 10373 2021-06-13T20:17:02Z Apm 1 /* Related */ fixed errors {{stub}} * few sodium rich non water soluble compounds (analog to the high water solubility of nitrides on the complementary oxoacid side) * use of sodium to make insoluble compounds soluble (in mining) == Misc == * Chemical gardens: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_garden]<br> Adding metal salts to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (otherwise known as waterglass) or potassium silicate.<br> In a double displacement reaction the newly formed metal silicate falls out while the newly formed sodium salt becomes even more suluble and thus stays in solution. * Sodium silicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicate] == Related == * [[Nitrogen]] and nitrates are the anionic counterpart in making compounds maximally water soluble. Followed by sulfates. See: [[Salts of oxoacids]]. * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] hgevoiuoamh2mow4s0jwe5jd0lg226q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 631 7189 7188 2018-07-16T14:48:17Z Apm 1 slight change of intro {{site specific term}} In [[Main Page|this wiki]] '''"soft-core macro-robots with hard-core nano-machinery"''' (or '''"socoma-hacona-bots"''' for anyone liking silly shorthands) are all the advanced macroscale robots that will be enabled by [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]]. They are very different from what robots are associated with today (2017). Note that the concept of "robot" is extremely wide it can, is and will often be interpreted in such a way that it includes everything that actively can move in a nontrivial purposeful manner. With [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]] it will become possible to make very peculiar soft and seamless macroscale "robots" (here: socoma-hacona-bots). Robots that are not at all like the "soft robots" of today (2017). * Not like robots wrapped in passive a silicon/plush/fur material. * Not like robots that use some soft "artificial muscles" based on limited non AP technology. * Not like robots that emulate compliant behavior through software. What will be possible is to make robots that are through and through (down to the inner core) made out of [[materializable programs|highly performant active material]] that can be made such that it feels just as soft to the touch as desired. It may go a bit against intuition but the really highly performing soft macro-robots will only be enabled by making things out of hard nanomachinery (at the small scale core). For an overly vivid intuitive image of the character and performance levels possible imagine products containing "[[Motor-muscle|muscles]]" with [[power density|power densities]] like combustion engines (thats a ridiculous underestimation in case power density where to be maximized - which usually won't be done) and with enough control and dexterity to juggle a lot of eggs on in a driving race-car. == Reasons for the chosen term == * "Soft core" refers to the lack of "conventional" hard macroscopic robotics even at the inner core parts of robots. * "Hard core" refers to the stiff nanomachinery at the smallest scales. The core [[technology level III|gem-gum technology]]. * ... == Comparisons == === Classical hard robots (2017) vs socoma-hacona robots === Today (2017) when one mentions (macroscopic) robots the usual association is figuratively speaking a bunch of "tin cans". In more detail the usual associations are: * stiff linkage segments connected by ... * hinges which often contain ... * metal ball/roller/needle/... bearings which are * usually lubricated with some oil and usually are ... * actuated by electric motors (or sometimes actuated by hydraulics or pneumatics) via * drive belts/chains/gear-trains/... All these (macroscale) characteristics will change drastically once advanced atomically precise technology is available. * Stiff linkage segments will remain but they will blur with actuators. Form single purpose deformations to fully freely deformable snake like tentacles. All made from various potentially elastic types of [[gemstone based metamaterial|gem gum]]. * There will be no more ball/roller/needle... bearings. Those will be replaced by [[infinitesimal bearings]] with speed gradients. * There will be no more lubrication oil and no gaps where dust and dirt can creep in. * There will be no more bulky off site localized electrical motors and no drive chains/belts/gear-trains/... . Those will be replaced by a small volume of [[chemomechanical converter]]s. At the nanoscale the characteristic of robots will change from large slabs of unstructured passive materials (metal alloys, polymers, ceramics, ...) with crude rough surfaces rolling over another in a slowly destructive "slamming in" way, to highly intricate atomically precise ([[stiffness|hard]]) nanomachinery. Nanomachinery which is in some aspects very similar to the classical macroscopic robotics of today (2017) and nonetheless is very suitable for emulating the "non-robotic" properties at the macroscale as described above. One could say that those future "socona-hacoma-bots" will hide away their somewhat classical robotic machinery in the depths of the nanoscale. === Soft robots of today (2017) - no match === Well, there are "soft robots" today (2017) but with this we usually mean things that aren't even remotely comparable to the above. These things are (no claim for completeness): * Soft skins over a classical robotic skeletons. * Some exotic actuation mechanisms (soft pneumatic muscles, soft gel based muscles). <br>All of those have at least some of the following problems: inefficiency, degradation, low-force, ... * Software emulated actuator compliance. These are motivated because industrial robots that develop sufficient forced to be able to cause injuries and that are operated by open loop control are pretty dangerous (squeezing) and thus cannot directly interact with humans. Likely the most severe limitation todays robots suffer is from the complete unavailability of actuators that come near the characteristics of biological muscles. To be fair, the emulation approach and electric motors came a long way though (Browse for: "Boston Dynamics"). == Socona-hacoma-bots in gem-gum factories == In case [[convergent assembly]] is continued up all the way to the macroscale (a non-flat voluminous [[gem-gum factory]]) one has per definition one or more robotic manipulators at the macroscale. As long as one does not go to insane operation speeds and one does not operate in an environment that rumbles like an out of control wood-wheel-horse-cart racing down a stony mountain path, stiffness is not an issue. Thus manipulators can be made very filigree. It is hard to tell in advance what would actually be the best design for an manipulator when all the above mentioned capabilities are available at the macroscale. Very likely is that it won't look like anything that we would build today. For assembling manipulators certainly a good approach is streaming parts up through/on the manipulator. Is there benefit in maximizing the manipulators freedom of motion making it pretty much tentacle like. Or is it better to keep it more like simple classical robotics (less programming effort maybe). Unlike in biological systems that need bones to preserve energy in gem-gum-tec systems stiffness can be permanently locked in thus there is no need for a bone analogy. In any case one should avoid overgeneralizations. Tentacle manipulators are already very far up the generalization ladder. If tentacle manipulators are not even behaving like an incompressible elastic solid one gets dangerously near to the "magic" all purpose [[utility fog]] which conceptually lies near the [[molecular assembler|early obsolete bio-analogies]] (major difference: self replication & productivity) which mangle everything together. Depending on the job the assembling manipulator can be disassembled and in other form reassembled by assembling manipulators of the next lower assembly level. So the range of actually used manipulators may be changing all the time. For [[microcomponent|microrecomposing]] retro shoelaces one may want a temporary manipulator as simple as a spool. == Human interaction - medicine - massage == * form fitting furniture and clothing (See: "[[Gem-gum suit]]") * socoma-hacona massage devices – for relieving physical and psychological tensions * telepresence (See: "[[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells]]") * prosthetics ... * whole body replacement (See: "[[Transhumanism]]" – {{speculativity warning}}) == High stiffness nanomachinery == The term "robot" is very general just like the [[History|problematic]] prefix "nano-". Combined these two forms the term "nano-robot" which can refer to [[mobile nanoscale robotic device|a very wide range of things]]. So wide that completely different things (soft and hard; replicative and non-replicative) tend to get confused with each other causing problems. The focus here though are "macrorobots" where the range is not quite as wide. (Still the class is pretty large. It includes drones like e.g. quadrocopters, autonomous ground vehicles and even washing machines.) == Nanoscale: soft to hard ⇒ Macroscale: hard to soft == * moving from "soft nanomachines" to "hard nanomachines" allows for quickly * moving from "hard macromachines" to soft "macromachines". Note though that it may turn out (or may not) that early productive nanosystems that do not reach maximal levels of [[stiffness|material stiffness]] yet already allow quite impressive results. As obviously proven by the existence of animals soft nanomachinery does have the capability to create somewhat "robot like" systems. (Keeping the naming scheme these could be called "socoma-'''so'''cona-bots"). So why not use / recreate them? Because: * Replicating these highly complex biological systems is a great deal much harder than going the engineering route. * The performance of such too superficially biomimetic systems is quite limited. Tissue like horn is quite sensitive to mechanical attack (knives) and thermal load. Exceeding the performance of biological systems with artificial soft nanomachines may be possible to some degree in some respects but by no means to the degree that hard nanomachines allow (many orders of magnitudes). * Given the proximity to life, pushing in those directions may pose ethical issues. Not that this would deter some folks from doing it anyway. "Socoma-'''so'''cona-bots" would be a result of the "[[brownian technology path|brownian path]]" and thus not a form of advanced APM but rather the polar opposite. == Related == * [[Gem-gum balloon products]] * [[Motor-muscle]]s, [[Chemomechanical converter]]s * [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells]] * [[Transhumanism]] * Macroscopic [[mobile robotic device]]s * [[Intuitive_feel#The_feel_of_AP_Products]] * [[Accidentally suggestive]] odtb53uy290e81ebjshg8y5b8zzdj5c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 310 4274 3170 2015-09-29T16:37:15Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} * cables should be retrievable on a spool ... [[Recycling]] * nonhomogenous kinking of graphitic structures Maybe merge with: [[Semi diamondoid structure]]s page. o1jq9lyduqd8lbu02nac7gjxjkgnsrd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1229 11382 2021-07-08T17:41:17Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Soft nanomachinery]] #REDIRECT [[Soft nanomachinery]] ettigaqut05dejk9zq0s03jrzyf7xhq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1227 11376 2021-07-08T17:36:48Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Soft nanomachinery]] #REDIRECT [[Soft nanomachinery]] ettigaqut05dejk9zq0s03jrzyf7xhq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 799 12075 12029 2021-09-26T08:37:33Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] {{Stub}} == Relation of software to [[APM]] and [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s == * [[A future world where matter essentially becomes software]] * [[Relations of APM to purely functional programming]] * [[Reversible computing]] === Software in [[gem-gum factories]] and earlier [[MMCN]]s === * [[Design levels]] * [[Data decompression chain]] == Problems/challenges in the realm of software == * '''[[The problem with current day programming and its causes]]''' * <small>[[Bridging the gaps]]</small> – '''[[Gaps in software]]''' * '''[[General software issues]]''' – '''[[New software crisis]]''' – [[Gaps in software]] ---- * [[Data taken hostage]] == Approaches for solution == === Fundamental concepts === * [[Content addressed]] approach as fundamentally better starting point * [[Progressive disclosure]] as something that must not be compromised on * [[Projectional editors]] === Concrete proposal for a particular code projection === * '''[[Annotated lambda diagrams]] and [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] – [[Syngraphic sugar]]''' * [[Lambda calculus]] and [[Lambda diagram]]s === Higher level user interfaces === * '''[[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]]''' * [[Visually augmented purely functional programming]] – {{wikitodo| < Old text, review needed.}} * [[The GUI vs commandline rift]] * [[Multi criterion file system]] * The importance of [[wikis]]. === Ambitious programming languages of interest === See main page: [[Programming languages]] == Artificial intelligence == See main article: [[Artificial intelligence]] == Philosophical == * [[Emergent concept detection]] * Related: [[Philosophical]] == Related == * [[General software issues]] * [[Licenses]] * [[APM:License]] – license for this wiki [[Category:Programming]] 3q6k39ufdh32nixlmkhoy1v1n1l115b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 227 9781 8822 2021-06-01T15:10:49Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Common stones]] {{stub}} __NOTOC__ == Extraction difficulty == Soils are chaotic aka non-ordered aka non [[eutactic environment]]s. This makes direct [[atomically precise disassembly]] very difficult if not nigh impossible. In most but a very few exception cases (like e.g. perfect salt crystals maybe) it will likely be easier to somehow dissolve the solid resources into a liquid form and continue further processing from there. So we are at conventional thermodynamic chemistry pre-processing here that has nothing to do with APM. The destructive split-up chemistry needed here may be managed in (compared to today) very small compartments in a special [[desktop refinery]]. that is also an [[gem-gum technology]] artefact. We are talking about an hermetically sealed system of chemical reactors with just a few centimetres in size instead of many meters. Some inefficiencies due to scale-down may be compensated via taking more process iterations. No complex constructive chemistry needs to be done, greatly simplifying things. == Destructiveness == Unlike in the case of [[air as a resource]] soils come with more or less structure. If it comes to really excessively large planetary scale mining operations in the lithosphere then one might want to start thinking about preservation of geological structures, despite geological structures stand pretty much on the lowest rung when it comes to things worthy of preservation. Same for other bodies of the solar system. == The biosphere as a resource == === Humic substances as a resource === Yes, carbon rich humic substances found in various types of organic soils could be used as a resource. Given some nontrivial pre-processing. This may not be a good idea though, since this may further disturb the equilibrium in the biosphere. We may rather want to do the reverse. Use the carbon dioxide in the [[air as a resource]], and turn it into some simple molecules like sugar that can serve as food for the microfauna which eventually turns the carbon back into diverse humic substances. {{todo|investigate how much the total biomass of earth would increase if all the man made CO2 would be converted into it -- which other problems could that potentially cause}} === Sugar and "friends" as a resource === For small quantities of product, yes this could work. There could (and likely will) be designed different [[molecular mills]] that are specialized on the synthesis of a specific sugars each (mannose, fructose, glucose) Note that this is a more advanced skill using [[the polymer chain stretching trick]] and strong cooling during [[mechanosynthesis]] to keep thermal motion in check. '''Pro:''' * Sugar is easily at hand in every kitchen. * An advantage is that sugars can be dissolved and easily broken up exactly identical into monomers that can after filtering be processed pretty much right away. This is very much unlike humic substances, those have a great deal of random structure and wildly crosslink via strong covalent bonds. '''Con:''' <br> Biologically produced sugar is rather cheap but still expensive when compared to the cheapest materials say concrete or asphalt or crude oil. {{todo|check ratios}} Remember: We don't wanna eat it here but just use it as a carbon and hydrogen supplying resource. You could use mechanosynthesized sugar but why would you do that wen you then just disassemble it for its carbon content again? You'd rather synthesize sugar mostly as food for living organisms that cannot digest unnatural petrochemical organics. '''Similar considerations apply for:''' * cellulose (and lignin) -- this is one of the biggest biomass sources of today. * other sugars (sugar replacement substances) * eventually starches essentially all biological molecules that * (1) occur in large quantities * (2) can be easily purified * (3) and can easily be split into monomers == The lithosphere as a resource == While biological life has rather limited use for lithiospheric rock forming elements (carbonate clam-shells, phosphate bones and enamel, silicate diatoms and maybe some gypsum) Core functionality of life is all provided by stuff that is made up from volatile elements (elements that when burnt produce only gasses and no slacks). Same goes with our todays plastic industry, this stuff burns with almost no solid ash left behind. Given APM uses gemstones as main building material for APM lithospheric rock forming elements are a perfect match. === Dissolving rather than cutting === * Most Silicon oxoacid salts (aka silicates) are not soluble in water * Most Sodium oxoacid salts are soluble in water. Even sodium silicate. A problem with silicates and aluminates (the most common stuff in earths crust) is that almost all of them do not like to dissolve in watery solutions. But we need to get our crude resource materials dissolved in a liquid structureless state for easy pre-processing into a suitable feed-stock for [[gem-gum factories]]. In that regards sodium could be used as a rock dissolution agent. An idea here might be to use very high intensity and very low energy sodium ion beams, and with them inject big quantities of sodium in a desired cut plane. Then wash the cut out with water. {{todo|investigate whether this has been tried with current day technology -- is this idea reasonable?}}. == Weapons and malicious intent == === More food for replicators === With increasingly growing capabilities of processing of diverse resource materials the resource availability part [[reproduction hexagon]] gets increasingly fulfilled. So one might worry about [[the grey goo meme|soil assimilating replicators]]. That is: This way the niche of potentially unbounded unchecked replication could grow. === Less mobility for replicators === By the intoduction of the necessarily deeply macroscopic [[desktop refineries]]. the mobility part of the [[reproduction hexagon]] counteracts that though. === Replicators revert back to conventional warfare === A full soil consuming self replicating system unconditionally needs to include this macroscopic refinery element that is more vulnerable to a counterattacks than much smaller system elements. It is a fat sitting duck that "just" needs to be collected and isolated. Well that's only easy unless the evil designers haven't added advanced propulsion and guns. At which point we are back to advanced but conventional macroscopic warfare. If there's an attack for "eating" your opponents machinery than this will be about breaking physical code seals and recomposing already pre-made general purpose [[microcomponents]]. But often better even just reprogram the whole war machine thing and use it as is, which is the fastest thing to do. == Other == When restricted to the topic resources from soils a more likely and more effective weapon might be '''software based mining supply blockades'''. == Related == * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] -- [[Recycling]] * [[Deep drilling]] * [[Lithospheric mesh]] * [[Air as a resource]] * [[Common stones]] == External links == * Wikipedia: complex organic material rich of carbon rings - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humin Humin] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biomantle Soil biomantle] * Wikipedia: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_silica Biogenic silica]] l7ipebxu0xy85m5r86f9nvzbmfa7xfn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 424 6288 6259 2017-08-20T12:58:05Z Apm 1 added several Wikipedia links & some cleanup == Organic == Both nearer term and more advances atomically precise manufacturing can introduce new kinds of potentially dangerous persistent organic pollutants (POPs). === Near term POPs === * In medicine there is a desire for drugs that won't be degraded to fast in the (human) body. While Drugs never will be produced in high volumes (construction industry scale) their hormone like effect on other life that dwells down the waste-water drain can be significantly detrimental. * Artificial foldamers like peptoids tend to be less degradable than natural foldamers like peptides (~=proteins) since the natural degradation tool-chain may not be capable to deal with the new stuff.<br> {{todo|link video}} See: "[[Foldamer R&D]]". === Far term POPs === A wide range of potentially useful small environmentally persistent molecules will emerge for which there are currently no synthesis pathways known that make high volume production economically feasible. Spill of those new molecules must be minimized and dependent of the ratio of unavoidable spill rate to natural degradation rate it might be necessary to attempt active collection which introduces a host of new dangers. See: "[[Mobility prevention guideline]]". == Elemental == === Avoidable === Future products will be able to avoid the use many poisonous metals almost completely since advanced [[metamaterial]]s made entirely from non-poisonous elements can emulate many material properties that today can only be archived by heavy usage of those potentially poisonous metals. Metals that are today used for: * oxidation protection * electrochemical batteries * catalysts * mechanical strength improvement All can be be avoided. === Unavoidable === A view properties like very high density of mass remain only creatable by special elements. For high density of mass there can be e.g. used: * abundant and thus cheap but poisonous lead * less abundant and thus more expensive but less toxic bismuth Usage of potentially poisonous elements can be made pretty safe by enclosing them in very durable (non-poisonous) micro-capsules (e.g. made of diamond or moissanite). Such micro-capsules need to be tightly anchored to the parent macroscopic product with strategies to prevent fine grained break-off. See "[[mobility prevention guideline]]" for details. Another case where heavy poisonous elements can't be avoided is nuclear fission. With increasing ease for using regenerative energy sources it might be possible to ban this technology (as means for energy production - not for research) from earth to places where it makes more sense like the main asteroid belt with lots of heavy metal rich planetary core material plus Jupiter's planet sized moons where natural radioactivity is already on a deadly level since they cross Jupiter's intense radiation belts. === Remediation of existing elemental pollution === * lead * bauxite mud * aluminium salts * highly concentrated lowly radioactive elements * lowly concentrated highly radioactive elements == Related == * [[Poison]] * Recovery of scarce elements from waste heaps. == External links == === Wikipedia links === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation] (general; any source; air, water, food) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconcentration Bioconcentration] (chemical stems from water) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnification Biomagnification] (concentration through food chain) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransformation Biotransformation] (change by metabolization) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant Persistent_organic_pollutants (POPs)] c82mg14b2c3uyma1cxk7jhku0kx7exn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 604 6258 2017-08-20T08:37:59Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Soil pollutants]] to [[Soil pollutant]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Soil pollutant]] lzbubvd3cpk478a8m5lh5qsnhfkiy5x wikitext text/x-wiki 0 208 8109 6220 2021-03-13T13:05:03Z Apm 1 added link to yet unwritten page [[Spaceflight without propellant]] {{Stub}} ---- {{Speculative}} Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] Today (2014) There are multiple potential candidates for removal of space debris in public. <br> To get a picture how AP technology could help here each of these must be analyzed. Furthermore completely new concepts could pop up. [[Category: Technology level III]] == Related == * [[Spaceflight without propellant]] o15wrs8dm8hxzax5c4ndwk4dwmdj5je wikitext text/x-wiki 0 151 9176 8114 2021-05-23T13:28:01Z Apm 1 /* Throughput */ spelling: forrest -> forest {{speculative}} Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] If you don't already know what a space elevator is read it up here [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator]. <br> APM should make spaceflight a lot chaper and the needed strong material for the belt will definitely be producable. So if the dynamics of the cable can be handeled it could be tried out. Note that some space access technologies could become superseeded and obsolete before they are devloped. It will certainly start with improvement of conventional rocketry and it remains to be seen which technology will pose the lowest initial hurdle to its implementation. == Disaster handling == The belt must be designed to completely burn up in the atmosphere when it comes down because it will come down ocasionally (think: one guy with a welding tourch). The belt is rather thin and lightweight (one gondola can barely transport a human) so this should be possible. Saving a falling down gondola seems very hard. A very high speed and steep entry angle is present. Wheter a super amazing heat shield will be constructable to handle this extreme situation remains to be seen - one may dare to doubt that. The enormously high accelerations in the thinn shell of our atmosphere would crush any human though. Options would be: A standby rescue party or a a switch to an emty belt on the first singn of a belt rupture. Shooting up wrongly due to band rupture is also a situation to make rescue plans for. == Sattelites == There are huge amounts of space debris in orbit.It's yet unclear how and when we [[space debris|clean up]]. None of the current designs tackle the problem of evading this debris. ['''Todo:''' check this assertion] To evade Sattelites it might be possible to pull adjacent belts locally together or make tricky swaps [''a stab in the dark!''] == Radiation == === [[radiation damage|Damage]] === Continuous self repair of the load bearing structures is desirable. <br> ['''Todo:''' skim existing literature for radiation damage of nanotubes and the ensuing structural weakening] === Health === A space elevator moves slowly through the Van Allen belts. Magnetic shielding from the [[non mechanical technology path]]? == Throughput == A space elevator has a very limited mass throughput compared to e.g. the space pier concept. <br> To cover this up high parallelity is needed - a whole forest. == Related == * Up: [[Spaceflight with gem-gum-tec]] * [[Spaceflight without propellant]] [[Category:Disquisition]] [[Category:Technology level III]] kxiuchppktkvwxs4hev8h2n591ro85i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 586 6407 6405 2017-09-04T06:15:35Z Apm 1 moved most of content over to page [[Cooling by heating]] {{stub}} Mass reduction through: * better materials * further miniaturization == Related == * [[Space debris]] * [[Rocket engines and AP technology]] * [[Space elevator]] * [[Carriage particle accelerators]] * One might be able to cool spacecraft by heating their radiators. See: [[Cooling by heating]] ---- * [[Colonization of the solar system]] ---- * [[Radiation damage]] ---- * [[Gem gum suit]] ---- * [[Nuclear fusion]] ---- * [[Interplanetary acceleration track]] * [[Space elevator]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight Orbital launch] * Heat pumps in space: [https://www.google.at/search?q=heat+pump+space+radiator&oq=heat+pump+space+radiator&aqs=chrome..69i57.7228j0j8&client=ubuntu&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 googlesearch] rgkabbqho6fg15szx5l0p12nczx6w5z wikitext text/x-wiki 0 797 8975 8115 2021-05-16T09:02:24Z Apm 1 fixed link {{stub}} Somewhat off-topic to [[Main Page|APM]] * Laser pushed solar sails. * Other even more wild ideas. == Successive catapult orbit lifting system == {{speculativity warning}} <br> '''Wild idea - flaws likely:''' <br> The idea: Using a huge number of two part counter-rotating spacecraft in a huge number of sucessively higher circular orbits of earth as successive lift. These could be manufactured even by conventional manufaturing instead of [[APM|MainPage]]. But it's a question of how many are needed to get to reasonalbly small speed-steps and reasonable small journey times. One would balance rotational impulse by sending as much stuff clockwise up as one sends sends counterclockwise back down. Sending stuff up counterclockwise too does not work to balance the impulse because the satellites all orbit one way. At some height the perturbation of Earths gravitation field by the Moon will become a serious problem. So a question is: Can a (next wild idea) lunar space elevator reach wide enough beyond that point? {{wikitodo|The basic back of the envelope math for this seems quite straightforward - so do it eventually}} '''Why go to the trouble?''' * Centuries of intense spaceflight might accumulate problematic amounts of gasses on the moon. Actually imagining all human made CO2 on Earth today placed on top of the moon might be serious business for spaceflight. Heat-shields needed, hampered electromagnetic launches, heck maybe even martian like near vacuum dust storms. * Volatiles blown out of the earth moon system by the solar wind are absolutely and irrecoverably gone. == Related == * [[Interplanetary acceleration track]] * [[Space elevator]] mfe020fbj0lhagdy7u4mbj7glgzps4r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 461 4981 2016-07-23T11:42:19Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Spanner design]] to [[Tensioning mechanism design]]: "spanner" was too unspecific #REDIRECT [[Tensioning mechanism design]] 9e7e5flzmt8p85ir7fkhc557y8nvl8r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1205 11228 11227 2021-07-05T13:06:01Z Apm 1 {{Stub}} == Related == * Activity ([[Effective concentration]]) == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specificity Chemical specificity] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity Enzyme promiscuity] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_promiscuity Molecular promiscuity] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_moonlighting Protein moonlighting] – protein can perform more than one function * Leading off-topic: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity Sensitivity and specificity] * Leading off-topic: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay Assey] qmtyhctgcut3mqc6ziwjyz87y7023ge wikitext text/x-wiki 0 890 11302 11301 2021-07-06T10:19:58Z Apm 1 /* Related */ == pure self assembly == * [[self assembly]] * odd special case: [[nonthermal selfassembly]] ---- [[Chemical synthesis]] <br> Well, sort of. Chemical synthesis is self assembling in the sense of finding its reaction partners by [[diffusion transport]]. * Many forms of [[thermally driven self assembly]] are typically not classified as [[chemical synthesis]]. * [[Chemical synthesis]] can be classified as a form of [[thermally driven self assembly]]. == mixed assembly == * [[site activation assembly]] – has been experimentally conducted * [[wash in tip recharge assembly]] – seems a lot less practical than "site activation assembly" * [[tether assisted assembly]] – might be interesting to investigate – does not allow for piezochemistry though == pure positional assembly == * [[positional assembly]] * [[force applying mechanosynthesis]] == Unspecific (not pure self assembly) == * [[the various forms of mechanosynthesis]] * [[mechanosynthesis]] == Related == * '''[[Bridging the gaps]]''' – the spectrum of means of assembly is one of the gaps that need to be bridged/crossed to arrive at [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s * You may actually be looking for [[connection mechanism]]s for advanced [[gem-gum-tec]]. * One mean for atomically precise production is good old [[chemical synthesis]]. But is severely limited in product size. ---- * For means of assembly including o larger scales see: '''[[Connection method]]''' nrfwpogys9ckf7uw6shacpqdb1lvaoc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1070 10118 2021-06-09T08:29:28Z Apm 1 minimal page {{stub}} This is about deliberately grabbing [[crystolecule]]s or [[crystolecular element]]s <br> in such a spiky pointy way that the bonding energy form the Van der Waals bonding force is similar or even smaller to the <br> equipartitioning thermal energy for a degree of freedom. {{todo|Investigate if this is possible or not}} Why would one want to do that other than experimentally demonstrating/visualizing the known and expected effects: * of larger particles "jumping" away like gas molecules * of the transition size-scale (See: [[The heat-overpowers-gravity size-scale]]) == Related == * [[Intuitive feel]] * [[Form closure]] * [[The heat-overpowers-gravity size-scale]] aawwjk335ayzfol9d47h9v858mn0o0s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 945 9066 2021-05-19T16:10:49Z Apm 1 basic page -- just a bunch of links for now {{stub}} See: * [[Spill avoidance guideline]] * [[Spill of sub microscale objects]] == Related == * [[Recycling]] * [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] * [[Atomically precise disassembly]] * [[Sharp edges and splinters]] * [[Soil pollutants]] * [[Cleanroom lockout]] cyyc1bvspftve2u66dmi4102g5coiou wikitext text/x-wiki 0 605 6261 2017-08-20T08:56:17Z Apm 1 unclear whether this redirect is a good idea #REDIRECT [[Mobility prevention guideline]] 9zikc00wpke1f1l1y7jb4uunn2e2dm4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 607 8721 6265 2021-04-14T17:42:40Z Apm 1 added: * [[Spill avoidance guideline]] {{stub}} This is just a generalization/unification overview page for now: * Now and near term: Spill of crude [[Nanoparticle]]s (nano-boulders) including atmospheric particulate matter. * Mid term: Spill of novel arificial foldamer material (See: [[Foldamer R&D]]) * Far term: Spill of loose [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s * Very far term: Spill of [[mobile nanoscale robotic device]]es ---- * All time: Spill of simple chemicals Spills can be of intentional cause e.g. for cleanup of other spills. == Related == * [[Spill avoidance guideline]] * Danger from persistence: [[Mobility prevention guideline]] aka spill avoidance guideline. * Danger from mechanical: properties: [[Splinter prevention]] * General: [[Poison]]s and [[soil pollutant]]s * [[Cleanroom lockout]] * [[Grey goo horror fable]] pncfqjcgkm8orwlrswynhk58jf8u2j0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1030 9808 2021-06-01T17:08:03Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Spill avoidance guideline]] #REDIRECT [[Spill avoidance guideline]] rnt9j6ibra6n7nfjbgetf7co6dp590j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1089 10209 2021-06-11T20:10:04Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Spill avoidance guideline]] #REDIRECT [[Spill avoidance guideline]] rnt9j6ibra6n7nfjbgetf7co6dp590j wikitext text/x-wiki 0 884 10664 8632 2021-06-20T19:05:21Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Spinell]] to [[Spinel]]: (only in German with two "l") {{stub}} * Formula: MgAl₂O₄ * Hardness: Mohs 7.5 to 8.0 * Structure: cubic == Related == * [[Base materials with high potential]] * [[Garnet]] - also cubic - but with bigger unit cell * [[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]] * [[Aluminum oxides]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel Spinel] * Materialsproject.org: [https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-3536/ Spinel] * Mineralienatlas (de): [https://www.mineralatlas.eu/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Spinel Spinel] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] m4rjkaexkt128m2suh5av4lahs74nyd wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1134 10665 2021-06-20T19:05:21Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Spinell]] to [[Spinel]]: (only in German with two "l") #REDIRECT [[Spinel]] o8hjpahmc360k6nwczt30wqpaak4hpp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1202 11292 11211 2021-07-06T10:13:06Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Spiroligomers]] to [[Spiroligomer]]: plural => singular {{Stub}} Spiroligomers are kind of like artificial [[foldamers]] that do not fold. <br> In spiroligomers the monomers get connected by pairs of bonds. This is preventing torsion making these molecules stiff (on a small scale) <br> Spiroligomers are kind of like polyaromatic graphene like small molecules. Just wich richer and fully controllable structure. == Spiroligomers in the context of [[APM]] targeting [[gem-gum]] factories == '''Advantages:''' * High [[stiffness]] on small scales!! '''Disadvantages:''' * Low scalability – Synthesis suffers form the [[exponential drop in yield]] that is typical for synthetic chemistry * Their stiffness may not be preservable when synthesized and post assembled to larger scales Regarding the last point: <bR> Longer linear polymers will certainly bend at some length due to the aspect ratio getting out of hand. (See: [[Characteristic bending length]]) <br> But even when stacked sideways and somehow interlinked they may not lie flat on each other. <br> They may rather act like laminated springs (exactly due to their small scale stiffness) <br> <small>That is if [[Van der Waals forces]] don't overpower kink angles that the (much stronger) covalent bonds would ideally desire. </small> <br> {{todo|Find out if this small-scale-stiffness indeed can cause lower larger-scale-stiffness, or if this is not the case.}} == Medical use == Spiroligomers being such foreign artificial structures are not (or only slow and partially?) degraded in organisms. <br> This can/may be: * good for medical applications – stuff gets to target before being digested by proteases before that * bad for medical applications – by the organism as foreign recognized stuff often causes undesired immune responses (see note below though) * problematic for nature if produced in high quantity and then somehow spilled - [[persistent organic pollutants]] '''Wikipedia (2021-07):''' "Spiroligomers are peptidomimetics, completely resistant to proteases, and not likely to raise an immune response." – (without reference) All that though is of little relevance for non-medical applications like focused [[bootstrapping]] efforts <br> towards the [[exploratory enginwering|identified]] far term goal of [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip nanofactories]]the == Related == * The "downward inward" aspect of: [[Expanding the kinematic loop]] * Maybe a potential material to assembly with [[foldamer printers]]? * [[Synthetic chemistry]] * [[Stiffness]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroligomer Spiroligomer] * Video (on youtube) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X69_42Mj-g] Google tech talk: <br>"Clasp: Common Lisp using LLVM and C++ for Molecular Metaprogramming" by Christian Scafmeister 2015-07-10 emlu9v9vnarnn0y20ni6nh1lqoza0ai wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1212 11293 2021-07-06T10:13:06Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Spiroligomers]] to [[Spiroligomer]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Spiroligomer]] ldtf5qnmbyynbeo6bshzf7mtklbfw5g wikitext text/x-wiki 0 72 851 2014-01-12T15:17:32Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Sharp edges and splinters]] #REDIRECT [[sharp edges and splinters]] 8wxf9rlioqdr2foef4ab7hrxrx192ff wikitext text/x-wiki 0 677 6854 2017-10-30T16:57:13Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Sharp edges and splinters]] #REDIRECT [[Sharp edges and splinters]] qk2cev5ucs1qx2avvmvd68k9t3xbco4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 520 5427 5425 2017-01-31T11:47:15Z Apm 1 added link to [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] This is a compact collection of all the necessary pieces to make highly reusable structural strut elements out of multiple parts for robotic systems of all sizes. It's basically a tensioned rebar-chain going through a stack of profile segments closing up circuit of force. == tension chain segments == The tensioned chain running through the core. Obvious design choices are: * classical chain segments * interdigitating U-shapes In case of rectangular or square chains 90° Turning elements might be useful. == compression hull segments == The compressed hull segments surrounding the tension chain. The outer surface can serve many function (or none at all). Possible functions: ... === self centering alignment surfaces === To prevent undefined misalignment errors adding up in many cases it might be necessary to corrugate the contacting surfaces of the compression hull segments in such a way that when they get compressed together they self align to only one possible allowed and desired configuration. As a side-note over-standing corrugations can be used to lock together multiple 1D tensioned rebar profile struts in parallel thereby forming 2D walls and 3D housing blocks. Locking the struts together in nonparallel fashions seems more difficult. === bending prevention widenings === Compression hull segments with minimal hull thickness suffer from low bending stiffness. When bending force is applied a high mechanical advantage pries the compression hull segments apart. To prevent this the contacting surfaces need to be widened to about the thickness of the chain in the core. == Length adjustment == There's length adjustment for: * determining the length of the strut * allowing proper tensioning The parts for these two functions may or may not be the same depending on the design. === structure length adjustment segments === To choose the length of a tensioned rebar profile strut length adjustment elements are needed. Depending on the type of tensioner either the hull segments or the chain elements fulfill this function. === tension length adjustment segments === To get the sum of the lengths of the tension/compression elements to the right length for proper tensioning length adjustment elements are needed. Depending on the type of tensioner either the hull segments or the chain elements fulfill this function. == Tension to compression inversion point(s) == A specialized shear loaded part is needed at the at the passive end of the strut where the chains tension finally turns around and pushes back on the stack of profile segments. == Tensioner / Spanner == Details can be found on the main page about: [[Tensioning mechanism design]] === Mechanical gain element === Allowing easier and more fine grained and controlled spanning. === tension retainer spring === Preventing unintended release of tension through an energy barrier. * Mandatory on the nanoscale ([[superlubriction]], [[thermal motion]], [[thread lead limit]]), * Beneficial on the makroscale (loosening through vibrations and environmental factors like e.g. moisture) === unintended disassembly prevention spring === Preventing rapid unplanned disassembly. This function can be combined with the tension retainer functionality for compactness but can also be seperated out === spring energy recuperation lever === Snapping a spring emits sound waves carrying away energy. While not critical on the macroscale in efficient diamondoid nanosystems recuperating that energy might allow for faster operation since less waste heat needs to be removed. * Beneficial on the nanoscale * Useless on the macroscale == Related == * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] 54vw5d2z4k52v1n6pkmahjxcszjdugx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1014 9632 2021-05-30T14:07:11Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Sticky finger problem]] #REDIRECT [[Sticky finger problem]] g624vu8v1ep5f9xpms5aka0twqg8hak wikitext text/x-wiki 0 565 10242 10241 2021-06-13T11:30:14Z Apm 1 added new section == Efficiency == The atoms of the manipulators "fingers" "adhere" to the atoms that are being moved and vice versa. Advanced forms of [[mechanosynthesis]] does not work with tiny tweezers that grip atoms. It's more like playing around with direction dependent (technical term anisotropic) attraction forces. == The "problem" == One might worry that due to that stickiness of the tool-tips one cannot deposit enough kinds of structures to make anything useful.<br> As it turns out this is not the case (see papers linked from the [[mechanosynthesis]] page). <br> In contrary without that sticking force assembling anything would be impossible. Noble gas atoms (especially the light ones) e.g. do not have enough sticking force (VdW force) to stick (bind) to other atoms. So noble gas atoms like helium cannot be picked and placed by simple contact to a reactive tip. Only full steric encapsulation can hold them. Heavy noble gassed are a bit more reactive. So with highly reactive tips, cooling, or high charges they can be more easily managed. Obviously as long as one can go down to increasingly stronger attraction forces one can let go of the cargo atom(s) (that is deposit it). (more accurately as long as the appropriate thermodynamic potential goes down) But what if one ends up at "rock bottom"? == The three tip "trick" == There are several strategies. The most obvious one is to introduce further tips. Just as one can get double sided sticky tape off ones fingers by using more area at the target site this same method works for atoms. Another possibility is to use the dependence of bond strength on (relative) bond direction (turning two tips towards each other or apart from each other) or the possibility to turn pi-bonds out of alignment. This way one can can pump some new energy into the system (originating from the diamondoid nanomachinery in the background - force times motion distance) going back up the hill closing the loop. (The system as a whole of course still moves down a thermodynamic potential. Otherwise it would not move forward.) See: [[Getting sticky tape of fingers analogy]] == Efficiency == Including the three-tip-trick: <br> Is an exothermic drop in bond energy from guided reagents to guided products (and "from in sum stronger sticky to in sum less stickey") always necessary? <br> It turns out no. <br> The necessary [[increase in microstates]] for reactions to sufficiently reliably progressing forwards rather than backwards "in time" can be offloaded to some off site location. If this off site location ... * ... is in [[partial machine phase]] then endothemic dissipation mechanisms can be used drive system [[entropomechanical converter]]s * ... is still in full on machine phase (e.g. a non-entropic drive system) this dissipation can only be done in an exothermic way. See: [[Exothermy offloading]]. Endothermic reactions are not possible in full on machine phase because ideal [[machine phase]] is defined by neither carrying nor being capable of accruing spacial disorder. And accruing spacial disorder is prerequisite for endothermic reactions. Related: [[Dissipation sharing]] == No need for tremendous capabilities == Of course not every structure allowed by physical law will be mechanosyntesizable. Actually by far not. But that is not a problem. A core principle of atomically precise manufacturing is that one can make almost anything by synthesizing almost nothing via the "magic" of [[metamaterial]]s. That is via emulation of material properties at the scale of [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s. Not via the choice of different materials like we do today. == Related == * [[Fat finger problem]] * [[The finger problems]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[History]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice Nontransitive dice] otfsq5hd0ftzdgi0zz1fpeavklff5p4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1308 11959 2021-09-17T22:23:02Z Apm 1 just a link for now {{stub}} == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiction Stiction] 9fbzzym9k8n7db3ajkthwd82dsh93m5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 550 11212 10239 2021-07-05T12:33:13Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Characteristic bending length]] * [[Spiroligomers]] {{stub}} the less soft the nanomachinery the less imprecise the mechanosynthesis Gradually introducing sufficient stiffness into atomically precise structures is of key importance for [[bootstrapping]] the far term goal of advanced [[nanofactories]] through a series of earlier increasingly more powerful atomically precise [[productive nanosystems]]. Sufficient stiffness (more precisely: [[lattice scaled stiffness]]) is: * necessary for sufficient suppression of thermal vibration amplitudes. <br> First sufficiently below the size of pre-produced atomically precise blocks and self-alignment/self-centering slots. <br>Later sufficiently below atom to atom distance to exponentially suppress misplacement errors. * necessary to archive [[atomically precise positioning]] capability not just [[topological atomic precision]] * necessary for making force applying [[mechanosynthesis]] possible * one reason for the choice of [[gemstone like compound]]s as good base material / far term target material == Sufficient lattice scaled stiffness for early low stiffness systems == Usage of self assembled [[topological atomic precision|atomically precise]] base parts (aka "vitamins") allow for less stringent conditions on stiffness. Only the '''lattice scaled stiffness''' must be sufficient for block based self centering assembly (which is not really callable "mechanosynthesis" yet). {{wikitodo|Add external link to lattice scaled stiffness explanation page.}} == How stiffness scales with size == The [[scaling law]] for stiffness is such that smaller structures have lower stiffness ("softer"). {{wikitodo|Add math and graph.}} Nanoscale diamond e.g. has a compliance that when interpreted at the macroscale lies in a very intuitively understandable range. <br> (See: [[The feel of atoms#Softness]]) Main page: [[Lower stiffness of smaller machinery]] == Influence of stiffness on manipulator design == The choice of geometric design of nano-manipulators must be taken such that the compliance of the material is compensated for. Long skinny serial mechanics robotic arms (like many industry robots on the macroscale) are a bad choice for the deep nanoscale. Bulky parallel mechanic manipulators are a good choice. == Influence of stiffness on friction == More stiffness causes less or harder to excite degrees of freedom for thermal motion.<br> This allow for lower levels of friction.<br> See: [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] == General == * The SI unit of stiffness is newtons per square meter (N/m²) <br> * The inverse of stiffness is called compliance. Not softness which would be the inverse of hardness. == Related == * '''[[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]''' * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Lattice scaled stiffness]] * [[Mechanosynthesis]] * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[High pressure]] * '''[[Energy, force, and stiffness]]''' * [[Lower stiffness of smaller machinery]] – a [[scaling law]] * [[Sloppy finger problem]] ---- * [[Characteristic bending length]] * [[Spiroligomers]] == External links == Related pages from <br>Eric Drexler's blog: '''Metamodern''' – The Trajectory of Technology <br> Recovered with the internet archives wayback machine. <br> <small>(More recovered pages from this blog can be found here: [[Eric Drexler's blog partially dug up from the Internet Archive]])</small> * Blogpost 2009-02-20: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160331095526/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/20/nanomaterials-for-nanomachines/] <br>"Nanomachines, Nanomaterials, and K_lm" <br>Subtitle: "Toward Advanced Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials (5)" * Blogpost 2009-02-15: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160327213120/http://metamodern.com/2009/02/15/nanomaterials-nanostructures-and-stiffness/]. <br>"Nanostructures, Nanomaterials, and Lattice-Scaled Stiffness"<br> Subtitle: "Toward Advanced Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials (4)" <br>(Note: the uncrecovered direct link [http://metamodern.com/2009/02/15/nanomaterials-nanostructures-and-stiffness/] works for this specific post '''BUT'''<br> many internal links are broken. Database damage presumably?) l5x20hg9dsdcme3zfua9y86zojtraxk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 765 10857 8771 2021-06-24T06:53:59Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Rutile]] Just like like common quartz stishovite is a polymorph of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). <br> It may be of peculiar interest because of: * its high hardness (mohs 8.5 to 9.5) compared to quartz (mohs 7 - defining mineral) * it consisting of the two globally (and often locally) most common elements in earth crust * it still featuring a reasonably simple (tetragonal) crystal structure with the [[rutile]] structure Given both stishovite and rutile feature the same crystal structure it may be possible to mechanosynthesize checkerboard [[neo-polymorph]]ic transitions by replacing some Si with with Ti in a regular pattern. Stishovite is a metastable compound (like diamond and lonsdaleite but even harder to reach by non mechanosynthetic means) A substitution of Si with Ti (if possible in greater quantities) may (or may not) increase the stability against conversion back into more thermodynamically stable polymorphs such as quartz at higher temperatures. == Misc == Stishovite has a very high density for a SiO₂ polymorph ( 4.287 g/ccm ) this is because in stishovite the silicon is octahedrally coordinated and bound to eight oxygen atoms instead of just four removing a lot of the voids in the crystal structure. A polymorph of SiO₂ with a similar density is [[seifertite]] ( 4.294 g/cm3 ). It is orthorhombic with a unit cell that perhaps is slightly more complex than stishovites simple rutile structure. == Related == * [[Seifertite]] * [[Base materials with high potential]] * [[Silicon]] * [[Rutile]] – same crystal structure and unit cell as stisovite <br>Systematically substituting some of stishovites silicon atoms for titanium atoms gives [[neo-polymorph]]s. == External links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stishovite * Structure of unit cell in 3D: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Stishovite] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] ehnm0th1tgi1fglzyevrfhm4pvpwcui wikitext text/x-wiki 0 974 10558 9377 2021-06-17T10:59:53Z Apm 1 {{stub}} Here are some technology visualizations ideas for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] <br> where some animated stories could be built around. * [[Copy from thin air and sun at home scenario]] * [[Desert scenario]] * [[Shoes for all scenario]] – See: [[Reasons for APM]] * [[Carbon capture buoy scenario]] – See: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector buoy]] * [[Safe point scenario]] – See: [[Disaster proof]] c5d56q85nc81q18ivrgrxxva5b87veb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 958 9204 2021-05-23T17:21:32Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Infinitesimal bearing]] #REDIRECT [[Infinitesimal bearing]] 76z9disz4l06t84lwe1sg2fgmp6jddl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 908 8841 2021-05-03T11:46:30Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Infinitesimal bearing]] #REDIRECT [[Infinitesimal bearing]] 76z9disz4l06t84lwe1sg2fgmp6jddl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 156 1656 2014-05-18T09:41:23Z Apm 1 Created page with "With APM one can create valves that can open and close very fast. == Methods == For maximal switching speed one can use interleaved shells that move into opposite directions..." With APM one can create valves that can open and close very fast. == Methods == For maximal switching speed one can use interleaved shells that move into opposite directions (using [[infinitesimal bearings]]?) and have gaps that match up only at certain times. The timespan relation betwen open and closed states is heavily restricted. For lower but still high switching speeds platelets that when moved completely balance out linear and angular momentum can be used. == Applications == One ''speculative'' application of such valves is [[nuclear fusion|inertial fusion]]. Where it could be used to let through an accelerated fuel pellet of hydrogen and close the "door" right behind to protect the acceleration area from radiation that is backscattered electrons protons and generated gamma rays (as far as possibel). n6ua0dj43xs4s1hd7oh6qsl629im9ml wikitext text/x-wiki 0 488 5146 5143 2016-11-23T11:10:15Z Apm 1 /* External links */ found and added the video links {{stub}} A concept introduced by Josh Storrs Hall. <br> Small very lightweight atomically precise produced balloons containing movable mirrors to redirect incoming sunlight. Those float in the stratosphere and cover large parts of the earth. == Usage on and near earth == * A main usage would be weather control (atmospheric geoengineering). * Parts of the side of the moon that faces earth could be lit up during the long moon night. * Such a system obviously could be misused as directed energy weapon. <br> Some similar problems could emerge much sooner with laser systems created by today's non atomically precise technology. <br> See: De-Star project == Usage beyond earth == Beside earth such systems of mirror airships could be installed on other planets or moons with sufficiently dense atmospheres like [[Venus]] [[Mars]] [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and [[Gas giant atmospheres|Jupiter]]. Focussed beams of light can be sent over vast interplanetray distances. One main limiting factor is probably the angular accuracy the mirrors can be held. <br> {{todo|Do some math regarding long range light redirection assuming such a system}} = Related = * [[Geoengineering]] = External links = * Vimeo:<br>[https://vimeo.com/2539563 The Weather Machine: Nano-enabled Climate Control for the Earth (by J. Storrs Hall)] <br>Alternative link Youtube:<br>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOPsczPlzzY The Weather Machine: Nano-Enabled Climate Control for the Earth - 1]<br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd63OMosnq0 The Weather Machine: Nano-Enabled Climate Control for the Earth - 2] fedxr7rpdrhaz9mlug4xroj3svwr1n3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1044 9905 2021-06-03T11:29:24Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]] to [[Stroboscopic illusion in animations of diamondoid molecular machine elements]]: matching changed meaning in terminology #REDIRECT [[Stroboscopic illusion in animations of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] gpw5f2d80bee2qrbe0tiua79rkdjqjn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 61 8091 5764 2021-03-13T11:06:51Z Apm 1 added backlink to page : [[De-novo protein engineering]] {{Template:Stub}} * 2D DNA origami * extended 2D lattice crystals * 3D DNA cages * 3D DNA blocks made from staple Bricks as voxels * hierarchical shape assembly of blocks controlled by salt concentration * micro sized periodic 3D structures * structures with elastic links that act as rotation allowing hinges actuated by single strand DNA as entropic spring * more complex linkage structures including an sliding element * operation in non water solvents == DNA frameworks == == DNA bricks == [...] When one watches the simulation of the self assembly process of DNA bricks ['''TODO''' add link] one is led to doubt the stiffness of the product. The DNA double helix can create siff polymeres if the used doublehelix segments are kept in the length range from one to three turns. Mentioned here [http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Seeman/index.html] under the section "DNA as Construction Material" and referenced here <ref>Hagerman, P.J. (1988), Flexibility of DNA, Ann. Rev. Biophys. & Biophys. Chem. 17, 265-286.</ref> (unchecked). Is there quantitative information about the stiffness of whole DNA bricks ('''to investigate''')? == External links == Harvard's Wyss Institute: * [http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/173/crystallizing-the-dna-nanotechnology-dream large DNA crystals with precisely prescribed depths and complex 3D features] (paper ...) * [http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/101/researchers-create-versatile-3d-nanostructures-using-dna-bricks 3D DNA structures using DNA "Bricks"] * [http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/84/wyss-institute-develops-new-nanodevice-manufacturing-strategy-using-selfassembling-dna-building-blocks- DNA origami] * [http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/4 Scientists create custom three-dimensional structures with "DNA origami"] Wikipedia: * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_origami DNA origami] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide_synthesis Oligonucleotide synthesis] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis DNA synthesis] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson_curve Carlson curve] === Videos === * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Trg2__Lgnc0 Ten years of DNA origami] (2016-03-18) * Short introduction video series to structural DNA nanotechnology by William Shih (Harvard) 2014-04 <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek-FDPymyyg (Part 1: Nanofabrication via DNA Origami)] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noWkRxKYBhU (Part 2: Nanofabrication via DNA Single Stranded Bricks )] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cmg1oa4-fg (Part 3: DNA-Nanostructure Tools)] * Youtube TEDMED: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5KLTonB3Pg early medical applications] still more on the side of the [[brownian technology path]] == Related == * [[De-novo protein engineering]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Technology level 0]] [[Category:Technology level I]] 8zwcbd0x92z4sbyqc97ldrq8gdhk8yb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1262 11567 2021-07-13T09:53:08Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Projectional editors]] #REDIRECT [[Projectional editors]] lzuwkuus602b9e1z4yatxrf01ocx4r5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 443 5426 4990 2017-01-31T11:46:25Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Static rebar profile force circuit]] {{stub}} = Shape-lock-chain-core-reinforcement = == Problem == A main goal for structural elements is to make them from reusable standard pieces. The smaller and the less complex the standard pieces are the more reusable they become. The problem with just holding a lot of small pieces together merely by Van der Waals Force is that one may loose structural stiffness {{todo|to check quantitatively}} and one introduces lots of potential failure points where at elevated temperatures the especially severe thermal vibration can break things up. Clipping connections (not "noisily" connected to save energy) may be a bit sturdier but also increase complexity and size of the parts and thus potentially make them less reusable. == Solution == The solution is to use shape locking as the [[connection method|means for connection]]. The resulting structures assembled by pure shape locking usually have low stiffness though. It turns out that it is possible to stiffen big assemblies made out of lots of small simple standard parts that are shape locked together by applying the principle of concrete reinforcement. <br> By ... * threading a (indirectly) shape locked chain through a stack of small profile segments * preventing the chain from sliding in the stack of profile segments by widening the chains starting point and * pulling the chain where it comes out the stack of profile segments thereby pushing back on the stack of profile segments ... one can stiffen a long rod-like structural element with arbitrary profile shape. A profile segment can be as simple as a tube but also have more intricate shape like e.g. a guide-rail. Stacks of wider profile segments can be tensioned by multiple chains - three will often make sense since three points define a plane - four make sense for cartesian symmetry. Special profile segments can be slid on e.g. thinner spacer segments or segments that add connection points for hinges. To tension a profile stack one could use a wide variety of [[spanner design]]s. One possibility would be a simple screw driven by a worm-gear for high mechanical gain. The worm gear needs to be strongly spring locked. In this special design the chain should be non-circular such that it can locally take on the torsional load introduced by the screw. == Reusability == Without ''shape-lock-chain-core-reinforcement'' one needs many many truss-elements types of a very fine grained length spectrum. If an old macroscopic product is to be recycled in a new one where most of the truss lengths don't match the parts can't be reused. When ''shape-lock-chain-core-reinforcement'' is used instead there is no longer a need to have a variety of unwieldy truss elements. Instead one only has a lot of small passivated [[crystolecules]]. And those are much more likely to be reusable in a new very different makro product. (See: [[Recycling]]) Also long thin high aspect ratio truss elements may be a bit harder to handle robotically than small compact ones in a narrow size range. Shape locking and spanning drive chains is an other issue (machine element). = Dense 2D-slabs and 3D-housing-blocks = Profile segments can be shaped such that when they are spanned in one axis they will pull together blocks in one or two other axes. This way one can fasten a huge block of very many quasi loose parts (held together only by VdW force) by only threading through tensioning chains in a single direction. Note that the pacts can not only be enclosed in the directions normal to the spanning direction (which obviously is easy) by they can also be stiffly spanned together in these directions. This is especially useful for advanced atomically precise products on the high performance end of the spectrum. = Sparse space trusses and tensegrity structures = In contrast to a space frame a space truss only takes axial forces in the nodes. No torsion moments bending moments and shearing forces occur at the truss nodes. Structures that have no degrees of freedom even when all vertices do not take any momenta (stiff space trusses) are of special interest. In this group falls the set of deltahedra (all faces are equilateral triangles). They can be intuitively explored by the usage of the popular geomag construction toy. Vertices surrounded by six coplanar equilateral triangles have a different weaker character than other vertices {{todo|check if those are soft modes}} The tetrahedron is the most simple deltahedron. Note that: * Tetrahedra alone cant be stacked to build up linear non wavy trussworks. * Tetraherda cannot be used to fill space. This is what happens if you try: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quadaugmented_tetrahedron.png (link to wikimedia commons image)] In both cases octahedra need to be added. * stiff icosahedra can incompletely but infinitely tessellate space (leaving ok gaps) - they form rhombic dodecahedral super-structures. Octahedra can be interleaved. * {{todo|What are further highly symmetric stiff deltahedron based infinitely tessellatable truss structures?}} == Truss nodes == Nodes of a space truss must not put any moments or forces on the connected members. Thus when the members rotate their virtual extension lines must always run through the nodes center point. Simple naive off center hinges do not provide this functionality. A proper truss nodes thus needs to be designed a little more elaborately such to allow two layers of different radius cylindrical sliding around the common node rotation point oriented normal to each other (combined this is spherical sliding). When tensioning a segmented truss member the connections to the node points should be included in the ''force cicuit'' such that the node menḿber connections do not introduce uncontrolled lash. A fully interlinked octett truss has twelve truss members pointing to every node (along the 110 directions) this can become quite crowded. Normally a less over-restrained fractal truss structure is preferrable. == Tensegrity == Non-redundant tensegrity base units are single point failure - if one element breaks the whole structure collapses. To avoid this redundant elements can be added. Bigger tensegrity structures can consist out of many independent base units. For stiff structures so called "soft modes" need to be avoided. There are hollow spiral n-gonal prismatic structures that may be suitable as frames. = Related = * [[connection method]] * [[Static rebar profile force circuit]] * [[Diamondoid molecular element]]s here also called crystolecules = external links = * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltahedron * soft mode and self stress mode in crystal lattice https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ctvLT-b57M * Tensegrity modules for pedestrian bridges https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/7275/PAP_RHODE_2221.pdf <br> by Landolf RHODE-BARBARIGOS, Nizar BEL HADJ ALI, René MOTRO and Ian F.C. SMITH q6w9gfwerkbxwm8l26w8j01noatqyln wikitext text/x-wiki 0 577 10988 7833 2021-06-28T10:29:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added linke to somewhat redundant page {{stub}} A structural type encompasses all crystalline compounds that have their atoms at the same general locations. Structural types are usually named after prototypical examples (that is the most common mineral with that structure). Compounds with the same structural type are called iso-structural. The same structural type may encompass materials with very different combinations of elements. == Compatibility == Often one can replace elements with similar compatible ones to get from one compound to an other isostructural one in a quasi continuous fashion. See "[[isostructural bending]]" for examples. While differences in atom sizes can be rather problematic for large scale epitaxal crystal growth in case of mechanosynthesis of very small [[crystolecule]]s the strains usually won't add up to critical levels. On the contrary the atom size-difference may induce desired curvatures in the [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] parts. But note that structures with the same structural type are not always compatible.<br> Here's an example of a likely incompatible isostructural set: SiC, ZnO, AgI The other way of a natural transition would be continuing with the same basic compound but changing the structural type. This can induce stresses but they can be negligible like e.g. transitioning from cubic to hexagonal diamond lattice. == Examples == * Zincblende structure (diamond lattice with two atom types) * Wurtzite structure * Rutile structure * ... {{todo|extend examples and elaborate on them}} == Notes == Cristobalite SiO2 could be counted to the diamond lattice but there are oxygen atoms at the center of where only bonds should be. furthermore these oxygen links introduce kinks into the connections (at low temperatures - see [[limits of construction kit analogy#Look out for bounded instabilities|here]]). So calling this compound isostructurality to the diamond lattice is maybe stretching it a bit. The point here is that isostructurality is not an entirely sharp concept. It has blurry borders. == Related == * [[Pseudo phase diagram]] * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Isostructural bending]] * '''[[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]]''' == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostructural Isostructural] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism_(crystallography) Isomorphism_(crystallography)] * Wikipedia (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturtyp Structural type] <<< * Wikipedia (de): [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytypie polytypism] ---- * Structural type database (en): https://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.leitner/lattice/index.html * Structural type database (de): http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/Strukturtypen/alle.html 2bs5p0xadp8zf1ahjzevcuzsgyfveav wikitext text/x-wiki 0 786 8005 2020-11-04T12:32:26Z Apm 1 basic version of the page There are a number of places in our solar system where subsurface oceans are expected. In some cases there might be more or less [[cryovolcanism]] present which many or may not provide access channels all the way down to the subsurface oceans. where a research probe or (even a crewed submarine) may or may not fit through. == High pressures in these oceans == Despite the low gravities of these bodies the great depth of the upper end of these subsurface oceans causes a great deal of pressure which may not be easily handelable for some of the bodies.<br> {{todo|add some minimum depth and pressure estimations to give some perspective}}<br> {{todo|add some temperature estimates too}} [[cryovolcanism|Cryovlocanic channels and "magma" chambers]] might be easier way accessible than directly melting through through the icy crust. Also these would be more interesting for human colonization. === APM's high pressure suitability === Note that deep-sea probes built with [[advanced APM]] will be able to handle tremendously higher pressures than what is possible with today's (2020) technology. (See: [[High pressure]]s). It might get to the point where one needs to think about avoiding crystal structures of the probe being crushed rather than rather than internal voids being crushed. There is much less heat in many of the bodies of interest than when going down in depth on Earth. And extreme heat is the bigger problem for [[advanced AP systems]]. Also there is massive temperature equilibration in an open body of water. At the depth of the Mariana Trench but under land it is way hotter than just 4°C due to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient geothermal gradient] that is not present in water. == List of bodies with potential subsurface oceans == '''mars''' * Well, not an ocean but some "small" lakes under thick ice sheets have been confirmed. '''Asteroid belt:''' * Ceres -- it does not visually obviously look like it but there are wight salt spots (and a strange young mountain) proving [[cryovolcanism]] '''Moons of Jupiter:''' * Europa -- Probably the best bet to find one. It has by far the youngest surface. It literally looks like ice on an ocean. * Ganymede -- visually its in-between Europa and Kallisto * Kallisto -- It's quite heavily crated and does not visually look like it's harbouring a subsurface ocean <br>{{todo|find out what's the water ice to siclicate rock ratio on Kallistos surface}} '''Moons of Saturn:''' * Titan -- it visually doe not look like it but instruments tell otherwise {{wiki-todo|further investigate knowns about titans hypothetical subsurface ocean}} * Enceladus -- huge water ice plumes from cracks confirmed '''Moons of Neptune:''' * Triton -- gysirs confirmed. * Pluto and Charon? -- It seems like there is some large scale some nitrogen ice convection going. There may be some cryocolcanism involved. We don't know. lklx6h87dzdobdps453b18nmji8sqru wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1155 11867 11523 2021-08-21T16:11:38Z Apm 1 {{stub}} == List of subsystems == * [[Assembly subsystem]] – Related: [[Routing level]]s * [[Vacuum subsystem]] * [[Coumputation subsystem]] * [[Energy subsystem]] – [[Drive subsystem of a gem-gum factory]] * [[Thermal subsystem]] – Related: [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] == Related == * '''[[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]]''' * [[Gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] * [[Main page]] – Atomically precise manufacturing 1uk79ns46prpd6d0hie05nn5n1o7m0w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 667 10379 10215 2021-06-13T20:19:42Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] {{Stub}} Sulfur is located under oxygen in the periodic table. Thus like oxygen sulfur too tends to form directed covalent bonds (usually two – see: [[limits of the construction kit analogy]]), Having two strong directed covalent bonds makes it especially useful for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] (advanced [[Main Page|APM]]). Right after [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]], [[oxygen]], and [[nitrogen]] [[sulfur]] is probably the next most important element for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. '''On sulfurs abundance:''' Sulfur is not one of the [[extremely abundant elements]], but <br> it often occurs in concentrated deposits making it decently accessible. '''Weak sulfur bonds (compared to oxygen):'''<br> The covalent bonds that sulfur forms are not quite as strong as the bonds that oxygen forms. <br> This is probably mostly due to sulfurs notably bigger atomic radius. This is '''not a problem''' though for ... * ... surface passivations in [[superlubricating]] bearings * ... using sulfur atoms as [[single atom gear teeth]] – other limits may apply regarding maximal torque transmission capability (?) '''Soft sulfur compounds:'''<br> Also the minerals sulfur compounds tend to form tend to be weak in terms of Mohs hardness. In nature sulfur tends to form minerals with heavy/toxic/rare elements leaning to the right side of the periodic table. In contrast to oxides many sulfide compounds are rather soft. == Sulfur in [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] == === Sulfur passivation in diamondoid bearings and gears === Due to sulfurs: * larger size than oxygen * still quite covalent behaviour and * typical [[bond order]] of two Sulfur seems especially useful for: * [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] diamonoid [[strained shell brearing]]s * [[single atom intermeshing diamondoid strained shell gear]]s See: [[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]] <br> Lot's of sulfur there. Indicated by yellow color. Passivating bearing surfaces with atoms with two bonds to the underlying surface can prevent atomic scale [[snapback]] for higher internal bearing pressures. It is convenient that sulfur is a decently common element. <br> Also it's mostly needed on surfaces. Which make a small fraction of the volume. === Sulfur for other surface passivation (beside diamond and allotropes) === Unlike silicon dioxide (SiO₂) silicon disulfide (SiS₂) forms polymer chains. <br> This might point to sulfur being a good candidate for passivating silicon rich surfaces that shall contact each other and slide on each other. === Sulfur with lots of oxygen as directly adjacent neighbours (highly oxidized sulfur) === Oxygen likes to (double)bond to sulfur: <br> (may be more useful as a reactive functional group than a passive surface capping – depends on how well controlled the environment is) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoxide Sulfoxide]s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acid Sulfurous_acid] * ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfuric_acid Disulfuric_acid]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfone Sulfone]s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid Sulfuric_acid] (anhydride [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwefeltrioxid SO₃]) * Sulfates (salts of sulfuric acid) are ternary compounds adding oxygen to the "mix". Check out the page: "[[Salts of oxoacids]]" == Sulfur based [[gemstone like compounds]] == === Sulfur as drop in replacement for oxygen === Since it's directly above in the periodic table and thus chemically similar. * TiO₂ (rutile sructure) => TiS₂ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_disulfide] (insoluble in water) thermodynamic production leads to but a layered structure very different to the rutile structure. {{todo|investigate mechanosynthesizability and degree of metastability stability of rutile structure TiS₂}} (infos about mechanical properties overshadowed by electronic properties) * Al₂O₃ (sapphire) or other other phases, including the cubic γ and η phases, the monoclinic θ phase, the hexagonal χ phase, the orthorhombic κ phase and the δ phase that can be tetragonal or orthorhombic. * Al₂S₃ (sapphire structure) still hard but reacts with water -- more than six other crystalline forms are known to be thermodynamically accessible {{todo|How can Al₂S₃ feature wurtzite structure when stoichiometry is not 1:1}} === Common natural sulfides (occurring as minerals) === * Iron sulfides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_sulfide] – pyrite marcasite (both FeS₂), troilite (FeS) and many more * Zinc sulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide] – Minearls sphalerite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite] (ZnS) * Copper sulfides [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulfide] – Many minerals including very soft [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covellite Covellite] (CuS) and soft [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcocite Chalcocite] (Cu₂) (analog to mid hard transparent cuprite?) * Lead sulfides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_sulfide] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena galena] (PbS) Rare but notable: * Typical sulfides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar Cinnabar] HgS; Arsenic sulfide minerals [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_sulfide] * Despite titaniums abundance titanium sulfide minerals are very rare. – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassonite Wassonite] (TiS) & [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan(IV)-sulfid] (TiS₂) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerite Millerite] NiS – (nickel is rare on earth but common in metallic asteroids) == Rare exotic synthetic sulfur compounds == Continuously going right in the periodic table pairing more and more electronegative elements with the already electronegative element sulfur can lead to uncommon oxidation numbers and more and more reactive species less and less suitable as structural material. '''Boron group:''' * Boron sulfide B₂S₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_sulfide] reacts with water (bad combo with [[boron]]) * Aluminium sulfide Al₂S₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide] reacts with water (bad combo with [[aluminium]]) (Isostructural sulfur analog to sapphire Al₂O₃? If so [[pseudo polymorph]]s might be stable) '''Carbon group:''' * Carbon disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_disulfide] – the "thermodynamic polymorph" is a a highly toxic volatile liquid * Silicon disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_disulfide] (chains) * Germanium disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium_disulfide] – thermodynamic production gives glassy amorphous 3D polymers indicating strongly covalent behaviour (desirable) – But germanium is a rather [[rare element]] not suitable as structural material. * Tin disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin(IV)_sulfide] (mineral berndtite) (cadmium iodide structure) * Lead disulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead(IV)_sulfide] (not to confuse with the as mineral occurring lead monosulfide: galena) (cadmium iodide structure) '''Pnictogen group:''' * Sulfur nitrides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_nitride] especially terasulfur tetranitride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride] (explosive) * Phosphorus sulfides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamite] e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide P₄S₁₀] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide P₄S₃] (all very unhealthy) '''Chalcogenide group (sulfurs own group):''' * Sulfur oxides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide] – precursor to: sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, ... '''Halogenide group (counting hydrogen to the halogenides):''' * (Di)Hydrogen sulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide] – (infamous) * Sulfur fluorides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_fluoride] – all but one are toxic (as expectable) with the odd exception of sulfur hexafluoride [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride] * Sulfur chlorides: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_chloride] – beside SCl₂ there are S₂Cl₂ and SCl₄ ---- '''Earth alkali sulfides:'''<br> Calcium sulfide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfide] and magnesium sulfide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumsulfid] occur as mineral despite hygroscopic it [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamite calcium-oldhamite & magnesium-oldhamite] == Sulfur in the solar system == Sulfur is a borderline volatile ("atmosphere seeking") element. * On Earth the bulk of all the sulfur was drawn from the atmosphere by life (just as the carbon). * On Venus a huge amount of sulfur has accumulated in the atmosphere in the form of sulfur trioxide SO₃ (alongside the carbon dioxide and nitrogen) * On Titan all the sulfur is certainly frozen out due to the cold temperatures (maybe even sunk down to the silicate core - we don't know yet). * On Mars the lack of sulfur in the atmosphere is probably because a combination of low temperatures and limited volcanic activity Extreme amounts of sulfur can be found on Jupiter's giant moon Io.<br> Io is the nearest giant moon of Jupiter (one of four). So near that the tidal forces heat it up enough to convert it into a giant volcano moon. The heat seem to have evaporated off the lightest volatiles like water. Lacking a wealth of heavy elements too (known from low density) all thats left are mid mass elements like mostly silicon, (oxygen) and a lot of sulfur. Beside lava flows there are gargantuan geyser like vents where material re-sublimes to "sulfuric snow". All this makes Io it very colorful and pretty (poisonous pretty). Since Io has no atmosphere ejected "snow" falls back to the surface in a throwing parabola. (Also since Io has no atmosphere if water comes up it boils even at O°C). We have no ground based images of Io's surface yet. But there is a place on earth that might look similar (Ethiopia – Danakil Depression – Dallol) "Dallol" means dissolution / colorful area / ? (to check). Very fitting for all the concentrated sulfuric acid puddles there. All the color images we have of Io likely do not show the colors as our human eyes would perceive them. This is because scientific interest had higher priority thus the color fiters in both visiting spaceprobes ( did not match the RGB of our screens or the "RGB" of our eyes. In contrast newest mars images are excellent in this regard, even taking the dynamic color temperature adaption of the human eyes into account. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] == External links == === Wikipedia === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide Dimethyl_sulfide C₂H₆S] -- a small organic sulfur carrying molecule with low toxicity -- possibly useful as [[elemental storage medium]] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_minerals Sulfide_minerals] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia Dallol, Ethiopia] (Tipp: do a picture / video search - drone footage) {{wikitodo|maybe add illustrative images -- Dallol, Io (real color trouble), ...?}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfur Disulfur] (unlike O₂ weak unstable S=S double bond - but also a dirarical) 0hveg6n43v4s82spke17kp7wv45s4f0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 416 6200 6190 2017-08-09T18:17:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[High pressure]] Atomically precise manufacturing opens up a much bigger space in accessible structures for organic superconductors. Often high pressure is needed for superconductive behavior of a material. By simply enclosing material in a strained diamond shell those enormous pressures can be easily and locally applied. {{todo|inhowfar is it theoretically known whether organic superconductors could compete with type II HTSCs in current density}} Current organic superconductors are (mosly/all?) molecular solids. To make them atomically precise advanced cryogenic mechanosynthesis (beyond basic capabilities) is needed. To keep them atomically precise those materials must be kept at sufficient cryogenic temperatures for their hole time of use to prevent diffusion. If it is possible to create organic superconductors with molecules that are sufficiently covalently interlinked those materials could be warmed up to room temperature without loosing their atomic precision. List of some organic superconductors that are currently known. (only the ones that use the most common elements exclusively): * K₃C₆₀ T_C=18K * (NH₃)K₃C₆₀ T_C=28K (under pressure) * NaC₂ T_C=5K * CaC₅ T_C=11.5K {{todo|find corresponding maximum current densities as far as they are known}} == Applications == * Quantum computers * Energy transport: <br> critical parameters are losses and maximum power density <br> will it be able to compete with advanced solid state chemical energy transport?<br>{{todo|compare advanced superconduction with advanced chemical energy transport}} == Related == * [[Energy transmission]] * [[Non mechanical technology path]] * [[High pressure]] * [[High pressure modifications]] == External Links == * organic superconductors today {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_superconductor}} hkjtqt4isr70mrumnys4och117jihvg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1096 10263 2021-06-13T13:36:58Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Superelasticity]] #REDIRECT [[superelasticity]] 6bk3u4bo7u9cs5wjtfgilw00t7bvum7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 697 9268 7752 2021-05-24T17:45:36Z Apm 1 added '''crystolecule superelasticity''' {{site specific term}} The term '''gemstone superelasticity''' or '''crystolecule superelasticity''' will be used on this wiki for the unusually high bendability/strainability of flawless nanoscale gemstone machine parts manufactured by advanced forms of [[mechanosynthesis]]. In short: The unusually high bendability of [[Crystolecule]]s. (Not to confuse with Pseudoelasticity [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoelasticity] e.g. found in some nickel titanium alloys - known as nitinol.) == Details == The basic building blocks for gemstone based nanomachinery are [[Crystolecule]]s. They have an extremely low probability of containing at least one flaw like e.g. a misplaced atom. This is due to them being produced via advanced force applying [[mechanosynthesis]]. A digital process. Just like bit errors can be pushed to extreme rarity in digital data processing atom placing errors can too. (There are several ways to optimize for low error rate -- see dedicated page). This flawlessness has the very desirable side effect that there are no unplanned spots where trapped non-relaxed pretension stresses reside and further stresses can concentrate and where cracks can start. Consequently mechanosynthesized crystolecules and flawless nano-gemstones can withstand very big strains (two digit percentage range) that are not possible with gemstones at the macroscopic scale. Such high strains are especially not possible with natural gemstones or todays (2018) thermodynamically produced synthetic gemstones. == Retaining high straibanility to the macroscale == Mechanosynthesized macroscopic slabs of gemstones (which may be quite a bit more difficult to make than crystolecules btw {{wikitodo|elaborate}}) may start out flawless but very quickly acquire flaws from all kinds of radiation (UV, gamma, ...) even when heavily shielded (neutrinos). To retain extreme strainability as much as possible to the macroscale one can start to build things by interlocking crystolecules in smart ways (see: [[Shape locking]]). Cracks of broken crystloecules are instantly stopped and can't propagate any further. [[Fractal resilience design]]s can further increase resilience against failure (see: [[Motor-muscle]]). == Measuring Superelasticity == Very small crystals can have flawless structure even when produced thermodynamically today. This may provide a way to test superelasticity experimentally today. But this seems difficult. For compression maybe one could clamp a crystal with a super-hard monocrystalline nanoscale vice? But what would one do for tension? {{Todo|check if there where experiments testing superelasticity}} (Sidenote: Thermodynamic synthesis of nanoscale gemstones gives almost no control of outer shape, internal strains and heterogenity. One usually gets an unstrained homogeneous crystal lattice with crystal faces in the directions of slowest growth. So crystolecules cannot be made that way. Unfortunately.) == Misc notes == {{Todo|Investigate the effect of isotope mixtures on superelasticity.}} == Related == * [[High pressure]] * [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]] * [[Crystolecule]]s * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] ("gem-gum") * [[Stiffness]] * [[Superlubrication]] ... another performance parameter that can be unusually elevated at the nanoscale == External links == {{wikitodo|Add some examples of the by now 2018 existing experimental verifications of the effect. (diamond and sapphire)}} 7z6r3sloi4h5dzfd7kvr5z983v7o8aq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 973 10877 10875 2021-06-24T09:30:46Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{site specific term}} __NOTOC__ [[File:Three configurations of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial.gif|thumb|400px|right|Top right: A possible superlube-tube featuring [[stratified shear bearing]]s.]] '''Superlube tubes''' or '''mechanical cables''' (in analogy to electrical cables) <br> are various cable like systems that do [[capsule transport]] or other transport <br> within a cable that has a sheath of [[stratified shear bearing]] as an ultra low friction [[superlubrication|superlubricating]] layer inside. = Basic properties = == Actuation == For getting the contents of the cable/tube to move one might want to integrate [[shearing drive]] functionality into some parts of the [[stratified shear bearing]]s. One of course can take the traditional approach of only pushing from the source (like with today's pressurized water and gas pipeline systems) Or "push" and "pull" simultaneously at the source side in an unidirectional or alternating way (like today's electrical systems). With the possibility of the integration of [[shearing drive]]s though: <br> For all super lube tubes that carry power in a useful form (thermal is not so useful) there's the opportunity to skim off some of that power and supply it to the these [[shearing drive]]s. [[Shearing drive]]s in superlube tube systems * could be concentrated at special "speed boosting cable sections" * could be completely continuously distributed over the wohle length of a superlube tube cable == Emulated elasticity == In order for the superlube tube cables to be conveniently handleable <br> some [[emulated elasticity]] needs to be implemented. (Stiff crystal rods would often be rather inconvenient.) === Maybe self-de-twisting? === As for other desirable exotic mechanical metamaterial properties: Cable self de-twisting would be a very convenient property. But that circumferential motion (twist around the cable axis) sounds like horribly complex to design in combination with the [[stratified shear bearing]]s that run through the cable axially. Well maybe such self-de-twisting capability will de implementable for all kinds of "low" power end-user superlube tube cables. = Concrete examples for superlube tube systems = Superlube tube systems include: * [[Chemical energy transmission]] * [[Mechanical energy transmission cables]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]]s * ... Due to specialization to their individual tasks these may <br> differ quite strongly in their specific implementation details. <br> But the general base idea is the same for all of them. == Distinguishing characteristics for different types of superlube tubes == '''Size of the transported capsules''' * [[microcomponent]] size * ... * macroscopic '''Diameter of the cable''' * for home applications (e.g. replacing todays electrical vcables), * for inter-regional connections (e.g. replacing electrical overland line) There likely will be a very different scaling law for maximal throughput depending on aerial cable cros-section. <br> No electrical skin effect making the inner part of a cable ineffective. <br> In case of viscous flow throughput scales with the fourth power of radius of a hole <br> Is that maybe even better with [[stratified shear bearings]]? <br> {{todo|investigate that}} '''Shape of the shear bearings''' * thinner or thicker stack(s) * fully tubular or just rail stripes * flat of more zig-zag – the latter might be in the case for [[diamondoid heat pipe system]]s == Related == Some superlube tube systems will be designed to carry huge power densities. <br> See: [[Power density]] – and more generally: [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] * [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] * [[Large scale construction]] * [[Accidentally suggestive]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] 69truuot6ktqtuu7o1d88ve8yiy8478 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 986 9461 2021-05-27T11:17:08Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Superlube tubes]] to [[Superlube tube]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Superlube tube]] ngcz64yh0lwmmon82pzv8ht33ldamh0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1053 10011 2021-06-07T11:41:13Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Superlubricity]] #REDIRECT [[superlubricity]] 8v7b7lcitwm13ybgyucl72po8iakj20 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 732 7419 2018-08-20T13:16:57Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Superlubrication]] to [[Superlubricity]]: this form seems to be more widely used -- state 2018-08 #REDIRECT [[Superlubricity]] 7g75gjnc80blwxw92ze117ll40bf14w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 45 11970 11968 2021-09-17T22:59:00Z Apm 1 /* Thresholds? */ [[File:0315bearingSums.gif|thumb|400px|Graphic by Eric K. Drexler -- Citation: "Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function" <ref name="pdrag"> '''Drag mechanisms in symmetrical sleeve bearings:''' Drexler, K. E. (1992) ''[[Nanosystems]]: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation.'' Wiley/Interscience, pp.290–293.</ref>]] [[File:Drexlers Big Bearing - photo of 3D printed model.JPG|thumb|400px|Erik K. Drexlers superlubricating "big bearing" - This is a photo of a 3D printed model. See: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:631715]] [[File:Strained-shell-sleeve-bearing.gif|300px|thumb|right|A simulation made with the software "Nanoengineer-1" <br> Author Eric K. Drexler]] [[File:Nanotube-based-thermal-nanomotor1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Coaxial nanotube bearing based nano-motors have been experimentally built and tested. While still very crude they already show very little friction. Much unlike the problems with [[stiction]] and wear in photolithographically produced [[MEMS systems]]. – Coaxial nanotubes are quite similar in characteristics to [[crystolecule]] bearing so the working nanotube bearings give '''experimental evidence for [[crystolecular element]]s working with low friction an [[wear free]]'''.]] Up: [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] '''Superlubricity''' (or '''superlubrication''') is a '''state of extremely low friction''' that occurs when '''two atomically precise surfaces slide along each other''' in such a way that the '''"atomic bumps" do not mesh'''. <br> More precisely: When the lattices distances projected in the direction of movement are maximally incommensurate. == Key aspects of superlubricity == * '''Present in [[gem-gum-tec]]:''' Superlubricity is present in [[crystolecule]] bearings which are essential [[molecular machine elements]] in [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. * '''Eternally wear fee:''' Superlubricity features no "collinding mountainranges" at the nanoscale that can mutually shear off their tips. Thus superlubricating bearings are fully '''[[the ultimate construction toy|wear free]]'''. The dominating damage mechanism of superlubricating bearings is [[radiation damage|ionizing radiation]] or thermal destruction in extreme conditions (melting, evaporationg, hot chemical dissolution, ..). There is damage over time but there is no wear from mechanical friction (and load) over time. == Examples exhibiting superlubricity == * two coplanar sheets of graphene rotated to one another to minimally mesh * two appropriately chosen tightly fitting coaxial nanotubes (experimantally demonstrated) <br>{{wikitodo|add reference}} * [[diamondoid]] molecular bearings and other [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMEs]] with sliding interfaces. * an advanced [[metamaterial]] forming an [[infinitesimal bearing]] structure. == Low friction without superlubricity == There are a few notes about that on the page: "[[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]]" As long as the energy is efficiently recuperated when crossing repulsive angular locations <br> Even bearings with large waviness of potential can have low friction. <br> What absolutely must not happen is interfaces having such low stiffness that [[snapback]] is starting to occur. == What kind of friction are we even talking about here? == A very good question. <br> === Classical static Friction? === Well as soon as the waviness of the potential gets close and falls below to the thermal energy (equipartitioning theorem) there should be literally zero static friction. There must be a point where a constant torque does not lead to a boundless acceleration. Hmm ... But superlubricity is supposed to not have a point where it (more or less suddenly) falls to unmeasurably small levels like superconductivity. Hmm ... === Friction from dynamic drag? === Friction losses from dynamic (speed dependent) drag can get quite high. <br> So drawing an analogy to superconduction here is far fetched. <br> See numbers on the page: [[Friction in gem-gum technology]] '''Band-stiffness scattering drag''' (BSSD) can be reduced by tuning for superlubrication: <br> Interestingly there are two parameters. Not just the incommensurability. * The '''velocity ratio of the alignment bands''' goes in '''quadratically''' <br><math> R = v_{bands} / v = |k_1| / |k_2 - k_1|</math> – [[Nanosystems]] (7.22) * The '''relative amplitude of variations in stiffness''' of the interface at different angles goes in '''linearly''' <br><math> \Delta k_a / k_a</math> {{wikitodo|add a sketch}} <math>P_{BSSdrag} \propto (\Delta k_a / k_a) R^2</math> – [[Nanosystems]] (10.23, 10.24) '''Shear-reflection drag''' (SRD) is not influenced by these parameters. <br> It is the remnant friction that remains in a well designed bearing. Oddly simulations of nanotube bearings (see math on page [[Friction in gem-gum technology]]) are quite a bit above the point of dominance of shear-reflection drag. And that despite this being a quite conservative (pessimistic) estimation for levels of drag. {{todo|Resolve the many not unrelevant mysteries here. More reading and thinking needed.}} == Superlubricity - vs - Superconductivity == The name "superlubricity" points to some weak analogies to [[superconductivity]]: * similar: It is also a state of low energy dissipation during the motion of elemental particles * dissimilar: It has no sharp onset/cutoff point and friction does not fall to unmeasurably low levels * dissimilar: It is present at all (non destructive) temperatures including ~300K room temperature * Superlubrication is reached by decrease of degree of intermeshment while superconductivity is reached by decrease of temperature. * There is not a sharp cutoff in friction when decreasing the degree of intermeshment like the cutoff in superconductivity when decreasing temperature. = Thresholds? = <center> {| |[[File:0315pairPot.gif|200px|right|thumb|smoothly sliding atoms <br>– graphic by Erik K. Drexler]] |[[File:0322pairSnap.gif|200px|right|thumb|unsmoothly sliding atoms <br>– graphic by Erik K. Drexler]] |}</center> When it comes to dynamic speed dependent friction the waviness of the energy potential is actually not that important. <br> As long as there is no [[snapback]] the energy needed to overcome the next angle of maximum energy can be recuperated. Thee is no special threshold for superlubricity, but there are other special thresholds: * The waviness of the energy over the turning angle is exactly equal to the thermal energy per degree of freedom <br>(this is temperature dependent, but a constant for 300K room temperature) * The interface is at the threshold to [[snapback]] == Thermal activation energy - vs - Angular energy waviness == If [[positional atomic precision|AP]] surfaces are designed or aligned to not mesh then the "perceived bumps" (the bumps that the surfaces perceive as a whole) become lower and their spacial frequency becomes higher (more bumps per length). If the surface pressure isn't extremely high '''the characteristic thermal energy k_BT can become a lot higher than the bumps energy barriers'''. Thus the (static) friction becomes so low that e.g. an unconstrained [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] bearing can be activated thermally and may starts turning randomly in a [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion Brownian] fashion '''[to verify]'''. == Choice of [[nanoscale passivation]] and [[snapback]] dissipation == Oxygen or sulfur with their two bonds in a plane parallel to the relative sliding direction are a good choice for [[surface termination]] of bearing interfaces since this configuration gives maximal stiffness in sliding direction. If the two bonds of the atoms are instead in a plane normal to the sliding direction the lower stiffness may lead to higher energy dissipation (friction). Singly bonded hydrogen fluorine or chlorine passivations have even lower stiffness, see: [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html E. Drexlers's blog: snap back dissipation]. This can be deliberately used in [[dissipative elements]] (friction brakes). There's a critical point at which snapping back starts to occur ['''todo:''' simulation results needed]. = Main power dissipation mechanisms = {{todo|Integrate infos from [[Nanosystems]] and the "evaluating friction ..." paper.}} Main article: [[Friction mechanisms]] = Superlubricating crystolecule machine elements = == Atomically precise gemstone bearings == Interestingly [[Van der Waals force]]s allow for stable designs in which the axle in [[diamondoid molecular elements|gemstome bearings]] is pulled outward in all directions instead of compressed inward. <br> This allows for lower friction at the cost of less load bearing capacity. Stretching terminology a bit this could be counted as one form of [[Levitation]]. * Q: How much can friction be lowered by this strategy? * Q: Might resonant vibrations start to occur at high operation speeds? == Atomically precise gemstone gears == Gears with straight rows of teeth, while reducing atomic bumps due to being roughly shape complementary, do not smooth out atomic bumps beyond that. <br> Helical gears in contrast can smooth out and do smooth out atomic bumps. <br> Up to some point the longer the contact between gear teeth the better the smoothing. <br> This is a motivation to not make gears at the absolute minimal size possible but a bit above that. <small>As a side-note: Another reason for making gears a bit above the absolute minimal size is that stiffness of the intermeshing gear teeth interface can be matched to the stiffness of the axles (preventing flex wave reflections in higher frequency operations).</small> == Rods in sleeves == Challenges: * Using the same material for rod and sleeve can lead to pretty much the same spacing and no good superlubrication. * Getting a fit of just the right tightness with a compact sleeve around a thin reciprocative rod may be more difficult than getting just the right fit with a big stator sleeve around a big diameter rotor. Bigger loops can be finer adjusted in a relative sense. = Snapping into place = As mentioned before there is always a slight remaining ripple in the position dependant potential energy of the bearing (in its potential energy surface - PES). This energy corresponds to the (very low) temperature under which the bearing starts to snap into place. (If quantum zero point energy isn't too high?) = Quantum effects in (rotative) gemstone nanomachinery = Quantisation of angular momentum is usually not present except for very small free rotating elements at very low temperatures. Axels in nanomechanical systems are usually coupled to a bigger system making their moment of inertia rather big. Free rotations will often be suppressed which leaves only torsional vibrations as possible degree of freedom. See: * [[Estimation of nanomechanical quantisation]]. * [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] = Related = * More [[friction]] due to [[rising surface area]]. * Less friction: [[How friction diminishes at the nanoscale]]. * ''Gem-like molecular elements'' or for short on this wiki here: ''[[crystolecule]]s'' * Superlubrication goes perfectly together with [[infinitesimal bearing]]s, reducing friction even further. * [[Negative pressure bearings]] * [[Levitation]] ----- * '''[[Superelasticity]]''' ... another performance parameter that can be unusually elevated at the nanoscale = External links = '''Related pages on E. Drexlers homepage (internet archive):''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212101/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084528/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingSums.html Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060004/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairPot.html Stiffly supported sliding atoms have a smooth interaction potential] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100841/http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy] -- Related page: [[Snapback]] ---- * Paper: "Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines" (2017-01-27) <br>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08202 arXiv:1701.08202] [cond-mat.soft]; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313096623_Evaluating_the_Friction_of_Rotary_Joints_in_Molecular_Machines ResearchGate]; [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/me/c7me00021a#!divAbstract pubs.rsc.org]; [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=wXyRCbEAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wXyRCbEAAAAJ:kNdYIx-mwKoC Google Scholar]<br> This uses simpified results from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem (Wikipedia-link)] ---- * Zyvex: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/bearingProof.html A Proof About Molecular Bearings] by Ralph C. Merkle -- 1993 ---- * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlubricity Superlubricity] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_nanomotor Carbon nanotube nanomotor] * Experiments with nanotubes: [http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=33115.php Superlubricity on the macroscale] = References = <references/> [[Category: Technology level III]] [[Category: Technology level III]] ivrcaqkb81hfksodnrws2z77avksvxx wikitext text/x-wiki 0 32 6154 4905 2017-08-07T17:30:37Z Apm 1 terminology revisit: AP -> T-AP ? {{site specific definition}} [[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The bright red dots in groups of seven are open bonds forming four surface interfaces (some occluded) on this tetrahedric DMSE.]] '''Surface interfaces''' are surfaces of a diamondoid molecular element ([[diamondoid molecular element|DME]]) that have several adjacent (open/unpassivated/unplugged/dangling) covalent bonds (aka radicals) and those bonds are arranged in a way that allows to fuse the DME with a complementary surface interface of an other DME of same or other kind. Surface interfaces are useful in structural DMEs but can also be used fuse fractions of bigger machine DMEs together to a whole DMME. This forms a continuum to structural material of a bigger scale machine element. The term '''sinterfaces''' could be used as a shorthand for surface interfaces. it might be misleading though since ''sintering'' is a totally unrelated thermal non atomically precise process. == matching partners == The open bonds act (in practical terms) simply as androgynous connection points. To have anything to assemble For each surface interface of any [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] there must be at least one type of [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] that provides a complementary surface interface otherwise there wont be any matching partners which wich the DME can be fused with. A surface interface and its complement may be identical. Then a DME can fuse with its own type (assuming no geometric obstructions). Sidenote: If a sinterface lies on a single plane all the bond directions are normal to the plane and the sinterface has at least twofold rotational symmetry then the complementary surface is identical to the original. == irreversibility / reversibility == Merging/welding together of two complementary surface intefaces that have the bonds as tightly packed as the internal structure is an '''irreversible''' process. This is the case since the formed bonds are indistinguishable from the bonds within the solid After the connection is formed nothing is left. It's a seamless joint leaving no traces of information how it was connected. When trying to break the sinterface apart again some random fracture is likely to occur. Exeptions in which the connection may be '''reversibly''' broken again: * The bonds formed are more sparse than in the internal structure ['''Todo:''' add infographic] * The bond is formed at a sharp neck ['''Todo:''' analysis for reliability of this method needed] Sparse sinterfaces designed to have only few covalent connection points per area and conical widening behind them can be taken apart reversibly. microcomponents containing such structures need to be moved back into vacuum (possibly down to [[assembly levels|assembly level II]]) if those joints are ought to be disassembled. == Scissor connection method == For larger areas correct internal [[positional atomic precision|atomically precise]] bond forming may be an issue [Todo: include reference] For the best results one can begin to form the bonds from one side then rotating the two parts around the location of the first formed bond(s) closing the remaining wedge of open space in a slowing down scissoring motion while zipping the radicals together at a constant rate. Note: The zipping speed for radicals is limited by "[[Radical coupling and inter system crossing]]". == Surface reconstructions == For some crystallographic surfaces of diamond [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_reconstruction surface reconstruction] is an issue. This has been analyzed ['''Todo:''' add link to nanodiamond study]. The surface reconstructions that are frequently observed today are often caused by heating the sample way above ambient temperature. When building DMEs [[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesis]] can be done slow enough that such extreme heating does not occur. This may allow for the creation of more unstable crystallographic surfaces. Whether to use them is another question. == Size considerations == When a bunch of DMSEs are merged together enclosing some DMMEs undisassemblable monolithic diamondoid machines are created. The maximal size in a nanofactory with [[minimal inert vacuum zone]] is a whole [[microcomponents|microcomponent]]. Note: To merge bigger parts accurately conical alignment pegs can be used ([[Nanosystems]] Figure 14.1.) == Related == * [[technology level III|advanced atomically precise technology]]. == External references == * [[Nanosystems]] 9.7.3. Covalent interface bonding [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 4ly88bd2ehwwyyuk179zzx0unbdas9l wikitext text/x-wiki 0 434 4729 2016-02-09T12:59:55Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Surface interfaces]] to [[Surface interface]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Surface interface]] 2vlj67u3td85y1of6p5kbczwhrwcpah wikitext text/x-wiki 0 558 11354 9063 2021-07-08T11:13:56Z Apm 1 /* Where leaving things unpassivated makes sense */ spelling Just like the flour on the dough hydrogen can keep parts from sticking together (crude analogy) In [[technology level III|advanced gem-gum nanosystems]] (the far term goal of [[Main Page|atomically precise manufacturing]]) there are many nanoscale machine parts ([[crystolecule]]s) embedded in the products. In most cases these [[crystolecule]]s need to have all the bonds on their surfaces sealed off. The technical term for a non-sealed open covalent bond is "dangling bond". If the dangling bonds would not be sealed off the crystolecules would: <br> A) likely [[seamless covalent welding|seamlessly and irreversibly weld together]] once they touch for a short period of time. And would<br> B) react with any possibly present fluid or gaseous surrounding medium if it is not extremely nonreactive (like noble gasses). {{wikitodo|Eventually merge this page into the new one: '''[[nanoscale surface passivation]]'''. Think about where to redirect [[surface passivation]].}} = Methods for passivation = Atoms in general do not behave like a construction toy with pieces that have a defined number of pegs and holes. Metallic bonds and ionic bonds (and electron deficiency bonds in some sense) violate that picture. Depending on the combination of electronegativities some [[unusual oxidation numbers]] may occur. (Interesting example [[Stishovite]]) If one restricts oneself to a certain range of elements (or more broadly to certain combinations of elements next to each other) one can make sure to get to very good approximation the construction toy behavior. == Single bond passivation == Hydrogen has one shell electron (and one missing for a full outer shell) and behaves (in the targeted contexts) like a building block with one connection point. One can look at it as a plug that can be used to close up dangling bonds. The same holds for fluorine (which is located below hydrogen in the periodic table if hydrogen is interpreted as member of the halide group) and all the other halides like chlorine bromine and iodine. One might want to stay away from fluorine since it's compounds are often toxic and its not too abundant. The same goes for bromine and iodine (weak reactive bonds). Chlorine while often toxic is at least highly abundant and accessible. == Multi bond passivation == Going to the left from fluorine and chlorine one finds elements with increasing numbers of shell electrons which increases the number of "connection points". Elements with up to three connection points are suitable for plugging up surfaces (suitable for passivation). Note that due to the different bond lengths of the passivation elements and the base material stresses are induced that when left uncompensated lead to strains / deformations of the passivated crystolecules. The next group to the left of the halides are the chalcogens with two missing shell electrons (two holes). They contain '''[[oxygen]]''' and '''[[sulfur]]'''. Both very suitable for passivation. The next group to the left of the chalcogens are the the pnictogens with three missing shell electrons (three holes). They contain '''[[nitrogen]]''' and '''[[phosporus]]'''. == Snapback stiffness threashold and friction == The more bonds the passivation atoms have to the substrate elements the stiffer are they against sideward force. There seems to be a critical point at which "[[snapback]]" starts to occur when two surfaces are simultaneously pressed and slid against each other. This should massively increase energy dissipation (more friction). This might be very useful for dissipation elements (mechanical resistors). = Passivation difficulty = Some materials are very easy to passivate. This includes diamondoid materials in the more narrow sense. Diamond, lonsdaleite (= hexagonal diamond), moissanite (= gem guality silicon carbide), silicon (cubic and hexagonal), boron-nitride and similar compounds. Others may be more difficult. Polymorphs of silicon dioxide (e.g. [[quartz]]) has -OH groups sticking out when passivated. Not entirely unreactive to Water. (Big meshes of oxides may make it harder to create sliding interfaces) Salts (like e.g. preiclase MgO) may not be passivatable at all and thus have only use as structural framework material. = Where leaving things unpassivated makes sense = Advanced gem-gum nanosystems will have their internal volumes for all practical purposes perfectly sealed off by walls so dangling bonds not exposed to the outside (usually earths atmosphere or more or less salty water) are totally ok. A lot of dangling bonds can even help. In the unlikely event that a stray molecule found its way in it will not get very far to critical points like e.g. mechanosynthetic cores or to points where it could act like a wrench in the gears. (Note that not every collision of a molecule with a radical automatically leads to a bonding event - misaligned spins can lead to repulsion force due to Pauli exclusion principle.) By leaving internal structural elements unpassivated as much as possible one can save some hydrogen which may be important on in places where hydrogen is very scarce like e.g. on Venus and Mercury. Note that hydrogen usage in advanced gem-gum-systems is already low due to the fact that the used crystolecules are 3D objects compared to hydrocarbons which are 1D which makes for much less surface passivation (hydrogen) per internal volume (carbon). Unpassivated bonds could maybe also used for energy storage and conversion. See: [[Chemomechanical converter|Chemomechanical energy conversion]]. When kept at a distance unpassivated surfaces facing each other may have some interesting bearing characteristics. = Related = * New page: [[Nanoscale surface passivation]] * [[Passivation (disambiguation)]] * [[Passivation bending issue]] * [[Passivation layer mineral]] * [[Seamless covalent welding]] * [[Superlubrication]] * [[Limits of construction kit analogy]] = External links = * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_bond Dangling bond] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order Bond order] 1556hccychvzpgmfxgzodt1llbjl5c6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 574 9928 7600 2021-06-04T09:34:14Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Thermal decay at room temperature]] Atoms on surfaces often reorder into other structures that are different from the internal structure of a solid block of material (aka the bulk). They do this to minimize energy. For details consult the Wikipedia page and further resources. If one wants to use [[chemical element|the elements]] of the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]] like a construction kit then having them self rearrange is obviously rather not very desirable. == Misleading experimental data == Current day UHV systems for nano-science need to be heated to above 200°C (often for hours to days) to drive out rest gas molecules (especially water) that are strongly adsorbed onto the walls. Out of this reason many material surfaces that actually have sufficient activation energy barriers to prevent surface reconstruction at room temperature have only been observed in a reconstructed state. Having many images showing reconstructed (annealed) surfaces and view that sow unreconstructed ones can make it seem that almost all surfaces reconstruct which is not necessarily true. == Preventing / avoiding surface reconstruction == Since advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] will be done at room temperature (or more likely below) surfaces with activation energies far above room temperature will not reconstruct. Just as it is the case with the prevention of surface diffusion one wants to avoid metallic bonds with weak directionality (low energy barriers against angular displacement) instead one wants strong covalent bonds (like in diamond / graphite) or ionic bonds. Both single crystalline graphite (HOPG) and salt crystals have been imaged in unreconstructed states despite preceding severe heating. In the case of the [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond, lonsdaleite, moissanite and related structures one can prevent surface reconstruction by depassivating (hydrogen abstraction) only the spot where the next carbon moiety is planned to be deposited. Having everything hydrogen passivated in the final product helps keeping surface reconstruction from happening if the product gets heated. In case of other [[gemstone like compounds]] that contain transition metal elements (like e.g. rutile TiO₂ and hematite Fe₂O₃) there's a strong ionic component beside the covalent bonding component. {{todo|how much is known about surface reconstruction of these materials '''when not heated'''}} == Related == * [[Seamless covalent welding]] * [[Surface diffusion]] * [[Thermal decay at room temperature]], [[Thermodynamics]] <br>Section: Thermodynamics prevents one from having every atom at the place we want it - wrong for practical scales. <br> [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Surface passivation]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_reconstruction Surface_reconstruction]] * TU-Wien STM images of NaCl (which does not reconstructed): [[https://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/stm_gallery/nonmetals]] * TU-Wien STM images of Al₂O₃ {{todo|find and add link}} rnp8di5v52krj9mor9gg0dew19pge64 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 341 3806 3787 2015-04-30T23:34:08Z Apm 1 /* Counterforces */ = Means of surveillance = Atomically precise Manufacturing will further increase the possibility for surveillance due to the emergence of omnipresent [[sensors]]. Unlike with other aspects of APM developments current technology might go quite a bit of the way to an somewhat stable "end result" whatever it might be. = General observations = '''absolute transparency:''' * rob of diversity and freedom - no wildcards characters * group pressure => suppression of grey zone deviations * to cite a famous line of star track: >>We Are the Borg. You Will be Assimilated. Resistance is Futile.<< '''absolute anonymity:''' * perfectly concealable crimes ---- Obviously neither of the two extremes are desirable a golden middle should be sought to be found. == Develompment till now == Till now in some respect we where moving strongly into the direction of more anonymity. Especially in regards to consumption of information of critical nature. From big communities in rural areas to smaller groups in big cities to individuals in the giant internet. Other areas have seen a decline in anonymity like big companies becoming increasingly troubled keeping secrets. (justifiably troubled employees, wikileaks, sousveillance [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousveillance wikipedia]) (not including pressure from open source reasons - that's not surveillance induced) = Counterforces = What matters is who is in control of the surveillance devices. Before things start to report us we might want to make sure that sure they're our things not their things. == Barriers == The broadband connections between the different parts of a persons brain are many orders of magnitude bigger than the tiny natural communication channels between individual people. Those channels have always imposed a massive barrier. New technology is and will further widen that bottleneck by some orders of magnitude. Beside the quasi eternal quasi infinite memory of the net this is probably the main reason pocket computers (aka smartphones) are eagerly accepted as symbiotic crutch. In view of falling privacy between individual people an approach too keep some (albeit rather limited) privacy can be to split one owns activities that one wants to keep separate up in several pseudonyms thereby raising finer grained but also weaker artificial barriers. One should note that many third parties that gain from your information like to identify corresponding pseudonyms with or without consent of the "owner". Unwanted and often irreversible pseudonym-pseudonym or preudonym-realname association can happen by accidentally given information or even by statistical analyses. l46zpctlsduh90y728aga1t8utl4gzy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1250 11540 11537 2021-07-12T22:30:24Z Apm 1 /* External links = */ added related section {{site specific term}} "Syngrahphic sugar" shall here mean "syntactic sugar" but for "graphical syntax" as found in [[annotated lambda diagrams]]. <br> As of (2021) "Syntatctic sugar" is an established term in the context of finctional programming see in external links and .... <br> Wikipedia about syntactic sugar: <br> "In computer science, syntactic sugar is syntax within a programming language that is designed to make things easier to read or to express. <br> It makes the language "sweeter" for human use: things can be expressed more clearly, more concisely, or in an alternative style that some may prefer." = Concrete examples = == Syngraphic sugar in [[annotated lambda diagrams]] == [[File:AnnoLamDiag p2c.png|640px|thumb|right|Conversion of Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates in the representation of annotated lambda diagrams. '''Syngraphic sugar marked in bright green.''' In the center: Three equivalent representations of (n>0) using increasing amounts of "syngraphic sugar".]] Annotated lambda diagrams without any "syngraphic sugar" enforce prefix notation for functions with two arguments (2ary functions). <br> That is e.g. one must write: * (> n 0) instead of (n > 0) * (+ 1 2) instead of (1 + 2) * (* r (sin phi)) instead of (r * (sin phi)) Well; The visual equivalent of that. <br> Syngrahic sugar is marked bright green in the image on the right. === Example: (n > 0) ⇒ (> n 0) ⇒ n (>0) === For the example (n > 0) in visual style see center of the image on the right. <br> With (n > 0) represented in three [[annotated lambda diagram]] styles <br> that increasing add the amount of "syngraphic sugar" from left to right. <br> First: The (>) label is shifted to the right. <br> Putting the "value-annotation-label" of a "value-line" <br> (dark grey boxed on blue horizontal lines in graphic on the right respectively) <br> Deliberately between the application of arguments (which is type incorrect) like that <br> can make reading more natural and easy. Second: The comparison with the constant number 0 is subsumed in the "syngraphic sugar" too. <br> As it is done in pretty much all programming languages. <br> Actually the feature of (optionally) removing syntactic sugar to sucha a degree might be quite unique to [[annotated lambda diagrams]]. === The "finalization marker" ◁ – as unavoidable syngraphic sugar === Something interesting happens when: * adding types to plain [[lambda diagrams]] and * cutting them up into composable standalone pieces. Going down the tree of computation from several inputs to one single output <br> (always the case because that's part of the definition of a function in the mathematical sense) , the types all match up. <br> But the final result type (a pair of cartesian coordinates in the example) does not match with the incoming argument types <br> (long vertical black "application lines" on the right) <br> What the incoming argument types require is a a function from radius and angle to a pair of cartesian coordinates. Not just a pair of cartesian coordinates. <br> To visualize that rift in type (that gets resolved during evaluation) the "finalization marker" (here a left facing hollow triangle) is added as syngraphic sugar. The reason for the type rift (and thus this marker being necessary) seems to be that in [[lambda diagrams]] abstraction and application are <br> not yet short circuited at whenever new "abstraction lines" (red vertical lines in the graphic) appear. <br> Cases where new abstraction lines appear include * top of all functions (or more precisely crossing borders of closures) – except "magic" functions that take no arguments * let ... in ... constructs within closures === Syntactic sugar in the function header of [[annotated lambda diagrams]] === '''The equal sign''' (as present in the p2c example here) is pretty much pointless. <br> It is just here to make the code look more like normal textual code. <br> And make entry with pre-existing programming knowledge more pleasant. '''The lambda marker''' is similarly optional. It can be omitted too. It is maybe a bit more useful though. <br> It gives a redundant hint that what follows are function argument(s) <br> <small>(and a hint on that these can be interpreted as a lambda calculus abstraction) </small> <br> The superscript on the upper right denotes the number of arguments. <br> The number of arguments is written as a power since a function corresponds to potentiation in the category theoretic analogy. <br> It's still only symbolic though since various argument types cab be mixed together here.<br> In case the arguments are not collected into one line (like done so in plain [[lambda diagrams]]) but instead <br> spread out ober multiple lines (e.g. to make space for long variable names and exposed types) then <br> each line gets a lambda with a power of one</small>. <br> A lambda marker with a power of zero is basically only present for "functions" withount arguments aka constants that are solely composed of implicit (and also constant as all [[content addressed]] library content) library dependencies. === Further cases of syngraphic sugar in [[annotated lambda diagrams]] === * Visualization of the arity of a value * Extraction of head and tail from a list * let ... in ... constructs * case ... of ... constructs – there's more to tell here ... * ... == Syntactic sugar in textual programming == Example: syntactic sugar replacing brackets * def f (a, b, c, d, e): = a( b( c( d( e ) ) ) ) – in variations widely used syntax that is obfuscation the possibility of partial function application ([[currying]]) – '''python''' * (defun f a b c d e) = a (b (c (d e))) – minimalistic (but possibly to verbose) syntax without syntactic sugar – '''lisp / scheme''' (((((infamous for the mountains of brackets))))) * f a b c d e = a . b . c . d $ e – baroque (but possibly too cryptic) syntax with syntactic sugar – '''haskell''' <small>Actually the haskell example here may not classify as syntactic sugar since (.) and ($) are both implemented from within the language itself.</small> Functional programming syntax that is using and placing brackets very differently to mainstream imperative programming <br> can be unnatural if one is not used to it.<br> Usage of brackets in the mainstream programming way is usually not classified as syntactic sugar <br> since syntactic sugar is supposed to make working easier not harder. === Notes === Syntactic (and syngraphic) sugar can be: * cryptic if too much of it is introduced at once – '''can be an undesired barrier to entry''' * cryptic if too much of too terse forms are used – '''a barrier for all programmers that are humans rather than computers''' * if used inappropriately more visually obfuscating than elucidating – this is depending on the situation of course. * once picked only changeable in a limited way (depends on the programming language) When it comes to syntactic sugar programming languages may allow some flexibility. But typically only to a degree. <br> Beyond that they come with their "poison to pick" and stick with. At last all mainstream languages of today (2021).<br> ---- '''To avoid getting trapped by a particular type of syntactic sugar:''' * With [[code projection]] there is no no need to commit to a specific style anymore. <br> This can come with a loss of syntax irrelevant formatting choices like indentation styles though. ---- '''To clear up potential misconceptions:''' * [[Code projection]] does not not necessarily mean [[structured editing]] * [[Structured editing]] does not not necessarily mean that "typing normally" cannot be supported ---- '''An important basis:''' * A [[content addressed]] approach on codebases should massively help in implementation of languages capable [[code projection]] = Related = * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] * [[Software]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_sugar Syntactic sugar] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arity Arity] fyxcozi7u6whm8damshwx0bu865jgbp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 316 9806 9805 2021-06-01T16:51:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Speculative}} [[File:DT Eightron ep01 00-05-33 data meal2.png|512px|thumb|right|Don't worry. It won't be like that. (image source: DT Eightron ep1)]] A summary of the most important results are given first. <br> Afterwards follows a hopefully sufficiently informed in depth analysis showing what leads to these results. Note that the results are presented in the writing style of facts in present tense just for brevity. <br> '''The results:''' * Food is not produced by gem-gum nanofactories (the main focus of this wiki). <br> They will mainly focus on products out of inedible gemstone based metamaterials. * Food is produced by specialized micro-managed food production devices. ---- * Synthesized food is not a replica of biological food down to the location of every single atom. * Synthesized food has only reproduction accuracy to a level that makes it indiscernible from natural food for the human senses. ---- * In many cases advanced devices specialized for food synthesis just optimally manage biological cell growth on the microscale level. * In some cases advanced devices specialized for food synthesis may synthesize simple standard molecules like e.g. sugar. * Devices specialized food synthesis involve microscale paste printing. '''Furthermore:''' Specialized food synthesizers: * are themselves produced by non food producing gem-gum nanofactories * have stiff diamondoid components that manage low stiffness nontoxic organic matter. Note that for didactic reasons in the following deliberations these results will be explained in a different order than here initially presented. = Methods of food synthesis = First an approach that seems practical and worth of pursue: * 1) The '''preproduction and paste placement method''' with various forms of organic matter preproduction. Then an approach that seems not worth of pursue and extremely difficult if not impossible. * 2) The '''perfect copy'''. == 1) Preproduction and paste placement method == This method involves squirting out pre-produced nontoxic organic matter from microscopic nozzles. <br> It works just like some of todays makroscopic 3D printers just on a much smaller microscale size level (not nanoscale!). * The structures produced are small enough such that their details are not perceptible by human senses. * The structures produced can emulate a range of consistencies/textures wide enough to encompass the range of consistencies/textures found in natural food. Much like computer displays do not need to replicate the light field down to the single photon level to make us accept the illusion of a real scene. Food does not have to have every atom in place to make us believe it is the real deal. It's basically the principle of [[metamaterial]]s applied to food. There are significant differences to [[diamondoid metamaterial|gem-gum metamaterials]] though. More on that later. '''Going further up''' the production process one might find some form of [[convergent assembly]]. Convergent assembly makes sense for the exact same reasons it makes sense for gem-gum nanofactories {{todo|check in how far this is true}}. The convergent assembly here must be capable of dealing with high levels of dirt though since the products themselves are like dirt. So anything coming after the nozzle squirt-out step happens in an unclean area. Convergent assembly only works if the preproduced paste blocks are sufficiently sturdy (e.g. frozen). Thermal treatment might be involved at various size levels. (Maybe for fusing blocks) '''Going further down''' the production process (upstream) one might find '''[[high viscosity microscale blender mechanism]]s''' and then the systems responsible for pre-production. There are at least two methods for the pre-production of the organic matter. === Cell growth managed on the microscale === Growing cells in small diamondoid compartments (maybe even down to the single cell per compartment level) allows extreme control over unwanted virus activity not to speak about "giant" bacteria. This approach seems pretty practical. It is related to todays early attempts at creating cultured lab meat. The cells themselves of course need food in form of organic chain molecules. ... === Synthesis of organic chain molecules in machine phase === These can either be incorporated directly in to the product or be used as food for cells cultivated in a highly controlled fashion. There is: * Specialized equipment for the [[mechanosynthesis of floppy chain molecules]] in machine phase and * Specialized equipment for [[locking out chain molecules]] safely from the areas of practically perfect vacuum. '''In the case of inorganic gem-gum nanofactories''' just a minimal capability of gemstone mechanosynthesis (e.g. just diamond) allows the production of a vast range of properties far beyond anything available today due to the "magic" of [[diamondoid metamaterial|gemstone metamaterial]] property emulation. '''In the case of organic specialized food synthesizers''' the situation is by far not that easy. To produce something decently healthy one needs mechanosynthesic capabilities that can handle a sizable set of situations that can occur in the process of [[mechanosynthesis of floppy chain molecules]] like e.g. branches and inclusions of various chemical elements. (For food synthesis metamaterials only come into play at a bigger size level and thus do not help here.) Related: Main article about [[mechanosynthesis of chain molecules|mechanosynthesis of floppy chain molecule structures]]. == A summarizing note on "metamaterial food" == * On the microscale [[metamaterial]]s may work for food synthesis (with some severe restrictions) * On the nanoscale food synthesis is a prime example of where the principle of [[metamaterial]]s cannot be applied since ... ---- * ... we very much care which chemical elements are involved and in which kinds of molecules they are embedded. * On the macroscale again we obviously very much care about the properties of our food again. In-between these two - the very small nanoscale and perceivable big makroscale (~5nm ... ~32um maybe) - there is the '''[[food structure irrelevancy gap]]''' (ad hoc word invention). There we very much do not care how our food is arranged. This gives us the freedom to apply the principle of metamaterials The structure on the micro to makroscale makes the experienceable texture of the food so here patterning the products becomes important. With only a few molecules a lot of textures may be achievable (here the metamaterial approach works - conventional baking as post processing to get something like an crispy dough?) === Chemical compounds === In gem-gum systems [[diamondoid compounds]] put into [[metamaterial]] structures form the lowest level basis of products. Treating the basic chemical compounds of food the same way does not lead very far. The main difference here is that one can't get away with just one material for all applications at all. You may produce pure sugar structures with various textures but they all taste the same and merely provide quick calories but its common knowledge that you'll get ill from such a diet. Natural food has millions of chemical compounds in it. There will be a lot of development work needed for each class of compounds. This is in stark contrast to simple synthesis of [[diamondoid metamaterial]] structures. There you only need to specify the locations for the atoms in high level software and don't have to design new toolpath trajectories. Not to mention even new kinds of tooltips and nanorobotics. The synthesized food might thus for some time rather be a '''simple cocktail of nutrients''' containing only the molecules that one is able to synthesize rather that a food source that is certain to be healthy. See main article: [[Healthiness and cost of synthesized food]]. == 2) The perfect copy/replication == Since a much more inaccurate replica can be indistinguishable from the original and perfectly fool the human senses. Getting synthesized food equal to the original at the level of the exact position of every (immobilized) atom is rather pointless. The correct chemical elements and molecules must be contained - yes - but how they arranged in the size-scales of the aforementioned "[[food structure irrelevancy gap]]" where we cannot perceive it does not matter at all. What could motivate one to attempt perfect replication anyway is: * scientific curiosity / engineering challenge - just for the sake of itself * a psychological aspect Ignoring the point that this approach it is not worth of persuasion: Could a prefect replication of (e.g. an apple) hypothetically be done? This analysis is a bit lengthy so its located further down in a dedicated section. {{todo|add this analysis}} In summary it turns out that this endeavor is extremely difficult if not entirely impossible. = Degree of necessity = Today a common argument for artificial energy efficient production of food is that we need to be able to continue feeding the growing world population. But there is the overlooked issue that the emergence advanced APM technology is likely to lead to [[human overpopulation|rapid decline of population]] instead which poses entirely different problems. Aside that at the point where the products start to look good taste good and are not too unhealthy theres little doubt that it will find widespread use. Nonetheless we probably don't want to replace our diet but extend it. Btw: Natural food is already a self replicating technology so APM will not make the cost for food drop in the same radical way as it will for anything factory produced. = Possible concrete processing chain of a specialized food synthesizer device = Bottom line: What probably makes most sense is simple food molecule synthesis plus managed in-vitro cell breeding done in parallel. Then blending of those two main classes of ingredients (high surface area high viscosity friction issues!) then micro-scale meta food 3D-printing (friction issues again) interleaved by possibly by heat treatments aka baking/cooking. All managed in a specialized diamondoid system but not done with gem-gum-nanofactories that make car tires, socks and all the other non-food stuff. = Related = * Bio-Printing for medicine (offtopic) = Older Intro = As mentioned [[Common_misconceptions_about_atomically_precise_manufacturing#No_food|here]] advanced productive nanosystems like nanofactories are quite unsuitable for food production. Virtually all molecules that make up our food are very flexible chain molecules often with branches and sometimes with aromatic rings. Those are harder to Mechanosynthesize than simple and stiff diamondoid structures. One may consider small salt crystals an exception but they get instantly dissolved and do not stay crystalline in the body. Salts are probably best handled dissolved and sorted with nanopores but they should be handleable mechanosynthetically in solid state too since they do not diffuse at room temperature. = Related = * [[Why identical copying is unnecessary for foodsynthesis]] * [[Mechanosynthesis of chain molecules]] * [[Gem-gum to natural material gap]] – Technowood ... * Food and organic matter is very different to [[gemstone like compound]]s the prime focus of [[gem-gum technology]] [[Category:Food]] f7idey7rxx53mz6p1j44sf67zp5blet wikitext text/x-wiki 0 713 11384 9652 2021-07-08T17:42:48Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[Brownian technology path]] {{stub}} '''Work in progress''', for now please consult the Wikipedia page on the topic (link below). {{wikitodo|Add image comparing screenshots of "The Inner life Of A Cell" and "Productive Nanosystems"}} == Related == * [[Molecular biology]] * [[Brownian technology path]] == External links == * Synthetic Biology {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology}} rt87mtwudfidljgzg30w4tcnipj3a46 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 528 11676 11668 2021-07-16T14:50:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * Up: [[Percolation limit]] {{stub}} {{wikitodo|make graphical concept visualizations}} After crossing a threshold where all the required things come to together to being fulfilled simultaneously <br> and in a way that fits together (either by chance or by active effort) long neglected areas of technology often receive an unexpected massive boost. An ignition. {{wikitodo |discuss the concept in general and APM specific case}} == Example: [[Advanced productive nanosystem]]s == * ... == Example: Autonomous humanoid robots (with today's non atomically precise technology) == Autonomous humanoid robots might experience the crossing of a technological percolation limit in <br> the not too far future (that is: likely way before [[gem-gum factories]] arrive) <br> With all the sub-technologies coming along well. * Orientation: Inertial measurement units (IMUs) with sensor fusion * Moving: mechanics, motors, dynamic robotics control (as one pretty inseparable sub-technology) * Seeing: image recognition (interestingly this is bidirectional and lets as see the computers "hallucinations" – deep dream) * Hearing: speech to text STT * Thinking: contextual understanding (language translation systems need to really understand the text to make really good translations) * Speaking: text to speech TTS * Neuromorphic hardware chips * ... Once all the parts work sufficiently well then all the parts may come together spookily fast Related (but far future): [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells]] and [[Gem-gum balloon products]] == Related == * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Theoretical overhang]] - pre-built segments fall in place all at once * The "right time" for an (possibly old) idea to spread (and gain mass adoption) * [[Serendipity]] that is not as much "by chance" as one might think * Up: [[Percolation limit]] in general qbth6ncwrwi8cbht48py0hz4glp8soe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 752 7770 2019-01-27T07:46:15Z Apm 1 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{wikitodo|add example graph}}" {{Stub}} {{wikitodo|add example graph}} 3zc9u4ar6ithpuy2si8qugcjne44haf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 3 8694 5882 2021-04-14T16:18:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added == Related == * [[Technology levels]] {{Site specific definition}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Defining traits of technology level 0 |- | building method | mainly self assembly |- | building material | appropriate molecules |- | building environment | liquid (gas or UHV for analysis) |- ! colspan = "2"|Navigation |- | '''next step''' | '''[[introduction of positional control]]''' |- | next level | [[technology level I]] |- | products of this level | [[side products of technology level 0]] |- | sideways to | [[brownian technology path]] <br> [[non mechanical technology path]] |- | cheat <br> shortcut to primary goal | [[skipping technology levels]] |} '''[Todo: split level pages from step pages- (solves fence-post problem)]''' '''semi biomimetic self assembly''' We want to find out what needs to be done to gain basic digital robotic control over atomically precise building blocks (like e.g. [[structural DNA nanotechnology|DNA bricks]]). <br> At the current technology level we have a '''top-down bottom-up technology-gap''' which needs to be bridged. <br> New developments make it seem that it is already about to close. Alternatively it might be possible to cheat and [[skipping technology levels|skip technology levels]] that is go directly from here to [[technology level III]]. = Technology Overview = The here presented list of technologies is not intended to be exhaustive. There is a plethora of analytic methods available for structural clarification. But actually many of them are completely non-contact non-local or give information about inverse space (diffraction patterns) which is not directly useful for actually building stuff. For the sake of brevity and relevance those are thus excluded. Bottom-up with self assembly: * DNA bricks from [[structural DNA nanotechnology]]<ref>"Cryo-EM structure of a 3D DNA-origami object" Xiao-chen Bai, Thomas G. Martin, Sjors H. W. Scheres, Hendrik Dietz</ref> [http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/20012.full] & Co (self assembling structures) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_origami] * foldamers designed for predictable folding (e.g. synthetic polypeptides)<br> * polyoxymetalates (POMs) * other [add if you know relevant ones] Bottom-up with mechanosynthesis and self assembly: *patterned layer epitaxy with scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) *other [add if you know relevant ones] Top-down side: *MEMS technology (e.g. grippers, MEMS AFM) *microelectronics (e.g. for electrostatic actuation) *AFM arrays (cruder then singe tip AFMs) *other [add if you know relevant ones] == Capabilities, Limits and Unknowns == [TODO clarify the problems] = Level of control over self assembly processes = Main article: [[brownian assembly|self assembly]] == Simple self assembly == There are many natural examples like '''soft lipid bilayers''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer] and '''more sturdy polypeptide structures''' like microtubuli [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule]. Lipid layers are more a thing of synthetic biology heading towards [[technology path µ]] though one cannot exclude their use with all certainty. Natural polypeptides are not that useful for the creation of artificial systems. They did not [[evolution|evolve]] to behave predictably in folding to their three dimensional shape, instead quite the opposite is the case [Todo: add ref]. Also natural polypeptides don't come in a set thats very suitable to build circuit board like structures. What one desires for the first steps toward APM are building blocks that are more predictable and designable. To archive this one can limit the motives of polypeptides (amino acid subsequences) to ones that fold predictably. There also have been discovered '''artificial molecular structures similar to polypeptides''' like '''peptoids and foldamers''' which seem helpful. Also there is '''[[structural DNA nanotechnology]]''' with a quite different characteristic going beyond simple self assembly. The issue with too simple self assembly methods is that they usually do not know when to stop (ever growing rod or plane) and do not make specific locations addressable that is one can not bind blocks to specific locations of the assembly. == Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems (MMCS) == An MMCS is a self assembled structure which provide addressable spots so that one can mount various chooseable subunits (e.g. the ones described in the ''simple self assembly'' section or just simple molecules) to them. The result is something like a two or possibly three dimensional circuit board like structure. If they're also made to know when to stop they may be usable as prebuild robotic parts. Currently (2013) structural DNA nanotechnology is the best contender for this purpose. Two dimensional structural DNA grids with perfect short range order have been created ['''Todo:'''add link] but for basic mainipulators longer range order seems necessary. Those grids could form a basis for 2D MMCSs and later manipulator mechanisms. ['''Todo:''' check wether a two or three layeres structure can increase long range order] Links: * [http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/modular-molecular-composite-nanosystems/ Introduction of MMCS] * [http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/ Ned Seeman's Laboratory Home Page] * http://www.isnsce.org/ = The step towards the next technology level = * See: [[Introduction of positional control]] = Related = * [[Technology levels]] == Medicine == The focused interest in medical devices of T.Level 0 motivated by near term benefits is a good part of what drove and drives development now.<br> Advances in medicine are undoubtably very valuable and may lead to [[technology path µ]] but APM aims in a very different direction. With rising technology levels we want to get further away from biological nanosystems. If the situation prevails that too little dedicated non medical research is done we might be stuck for a longer time than necessary. = External links = * [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/mbb/mbb.html Molecular building blocks and development strategies for molecular nanotechnology - Ralph C. Merkle] * Wikipedia: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_machine DNA machines] * Image of holiday junction in DNA: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_tensegrity_triangle.jpg] Partial [[machine phase]] nanomotors: * [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Komaba DNA screw - by Komaba-Team at The University of Tokyo] * [http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=5999 Integrating DNA nanotechnology and RNA to transport nanoparticles along nanotubes] * [http://www.caltech.edu/article/13345 Spiders at the Nanoscale: Molecules that Behave Like Robots] = References = <references /> [[Category:Technology level 0]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] c6k601mixym2f9t5vhfr1kcl16evoq7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 4 11695 8693 2021-07-21T13:00:26Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to * [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] {{Stub}} ---- {{Template:Site specific definition}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center" ! colspan = "2"|Defining traits of technology level I |- | building method | rudimentary robotic control ([[machine phase]]) |- | building material | stiff AP building blocks |- | building environment | liquid or gas |- ! colspan = "2"|Navigation |- | previous level | [[technology level 0]] |- | previous step | '''[[introduction of positional control]]''' |- | '''you are here''' | '''Technology level I''' |- | next step | '''[[switch-over to stiffer materials]]''' |- | next level | [[technology level II]] |- | products of this level | [[side products of technology level I]] |} '''soft AP block positional assembly''' Systems of T.Level I could be two dimensional arrays of robotic manipulators out of atomically precise blocks and other AP base structures on a self assembled scaffold on a chips surface. Building in the third dimension may unnecessary complicate design because a [[nanofactory layers|layered configuration]] is a natural choice favored by [[scaling laws]]. This arrays could be produced by some method between * [[exponential assembly]] * a primitive form [[self replication]] using use pre-built blocks and external signals from broadcast channels of the chips surface. = Bootstrapping high throughput capability from here = The bootstrapping high throughput capabilities may already happen in the preceding technology level or may only occur in the succeeding technology levels but it's not unlikely to happen in this technology level. This technology level is certainly the first technology level where large products that have structures on a large scale (aka objects of utility) become possible and not just large scale homogeneous substances can potentially be made. The mechanical properties of these products would be similar to hard horn. == Mascroscopic design examples for the direct self replication approach == There where already several block based self replication systems proposed designed and built. One example of those can be found here: <br>[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:978 thingiverse_thing:978] {{todo|add more examples}} <br> The shapelock-reinforcement concepts for more advanced stages may be applicable even at this early stage - see: [[structural elements for nanofactories]]. Vice versa a few of the solutions found here might be applicable even in [[technology level III]]. === Why many macroscopic self replicating designs are limitedly applicable for nanoscale self replication designs === An actual implementation will be more on the [[exponential assembly]] side and less of a "nonproductive replicator" ([[The bunny book|KRSM]] classification) since it moves out necessary structure nd makes design simpler. Differences to most macroscopic models in existence capable of partial structural replication are: * the blocks / parts will have different properties (low stiffness, low smoothness) * the actuation method will differ (fast alternating big scale electric field / slow chemical stepping) * the actuation method will differ multiple highly localized embedded motors are infeasible in early stages (except slow DNA walkers maybe) * the system may be two dimensional * a productive instead of a non-productive replicator is wished for - read "has economical motivation" '''To investigate:''' * minimal set of building blocks for productive [[exponential assembly]] system * How to assemble the materials used in the next technology level with the here present block based nanosystems? == Simple Linkage manipulators == * inspirations from from 3D printer designs [http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Morgan RepRap Morgan] [http://reprap.org/wiki/Wally RepRap Wally] * inspirations from MEMS designs ... e.g. [http://john.maloney.org/3d_microfab.htm]? * learn from paper stripe hinge mechanisms? Seam hinges between structural DNA bricks? == MMCS == * (''To investigate:'') How much of long range order of self assembled structures is necessary for [[exponential assembly]]? * (''To investigate:'') How long range is the order in protein crystals? == Related == * [[Technology levels]] * [[Modular molecular composite nanosystem]] == External Links == Interesting videos of nonproductive replicating blocks: * [http://vimeo.com/10297756 Automatic Mechanical Self Replication (part 1)] * [http://vimeo.com/10298933 Automatic Mechanical Self Replication (part 2)] [http://www.dump.com/automaticmechanical/ alternative link] * {{todo|links died - find alternative}} [[Category:Technology level I]] [[Category:Site specific definitions]] 0o5ho89t5f9bmsk0h7ap6ljkoc0g0xz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 566 5880 2017-07-05T11:31:41Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Technology level II]] to [[In-solvent gem-gum technology]]: "Technology level II" provides no in-name-information #REDIRECT [[In-solvent gem-gum technology]] 08j7ldnqq53aee3bz71uh88qgabdcmj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 463 8696 5796 2021-04-14T16:20:29Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Gem-gum technology]] #REDIRECT [[Gem-gum technology]] Formerly this rediredted to: [[In-vacuum gem-gum technology]] ci6r1e3iumu05kjenr7zq2jbcbay9f2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 899 8710 8709 2021-04-14T17:00:11Z Apm 1 newline The technology levels are mainly an advancement in building material quality ([[stiffness]]). <br> But intermingled here is also a change of [[means of assembly]] and a transition into [[PPV]] vacuum. <br> Looking at the materials alone one has the [[building material capability levels]]. <br> Somewhat orthogonal to the [[building material capability levels]] are the [[assembly scale capability levels]]. * [[Technology level 0]] - early foldamer tec - self assembly * '''Step:''' [[Introduction of total positional control]] * [[Technology level I]] - advanced foldamer tec with some positional assembly * '''Step:''' [[Switch-over to stiffer materials]] * [[Technology level II]] - in solvent biomineral gem-gum-tec * '''Step:''' [[Introduction of practically perfect vacuum]] * [[Technology level III]] - in vacuum gem-gum-tec - main far term target of [[gem-gum factories]] reached ----- * Beyond the main target: [[gem-gum nanomedicine]] == Eventual side products associated with these levels == * [[Side products of technology level 0]] * [[Side products of technology level I]] * [[Side products of technology level II]] * [[Side products of technology level III]] * [[Products of gem-gum-tec]] * [[Most speculative potential applications]] == Related == * The [[incremental path]] in the among the [[pathways]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Bootstrapping]] c0jcaq3zr6srszput92121zb8qj9xy9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 70 828 2014-01-12T11:02:02Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Technology path µ]] to [[Brownian technology path]]: more descriptive title was needed #REDIRECT [[Brownian technology path]] lnbjwizf3zngcrhrpkr83vfwsafi70k wikitext text/x-wiki 0 204 6479 6478 2017-09-21T02:18:55Z Apm 1 singular Tensegrity structures (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensegrity Tensegrity]) may be useful as motives in [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s. Bigger tensegrity nets need some added redundancy to be able to cope with [[radiation damage]]. Key features of tensegrity structures are: * + foldability / deployability * + leightweightness / optimal structure with minimal mass * - zero stiffness in equilibrium position (quadratic minima) -> "flexible feel" * - failure at one point leads to complete loss of structural integrity [[Category:General]] [[Category:Technology level III]] scgrnyui8broboi2up8jrkukbh97mjk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 460 5660 5423 2017-06-21T11:55:48Z Apm 1 /* Fixation method */ removed doubled "the" In advanced atomically precise products there is a need for [[structural elements for nanofactories|structural elements]]. As ist turns out a good method for constructing large structures from small pasts is to use the reinforcement method that is well known from concrete construction. compressing together a structure with a core under tension. To reversibly tension an initially loose multi-part structure one needs a tensioning mechanism. As a superficial investigation reveals there is quite a big design-space for tensioning mechanisms. To find a near optimal solution for advanced atomically precise nanosystems (e.g. Nanofactories) this pages tries to distill the characteristics of tensioning mechanisms and judge them based on those characteristics. '''Ńote: These spanners in conjunction with the other necessary elements for a space truss are also perfectly usable on the macroscale.''' e.g. for the construction of today's (2016-07) 3D-printers or pick place robots. = Basics = To get a potential [[trapdoor misconception]] out of the way first. In the macrocosm friction based self locking is often used to keep a spanner in its spanning position. For example macroscopic non atomically precise screws, wedges, worm gears self lock by friction. In the nanocosm though there is [[superlubrication]] in conjunction with loose knocḱing thermal motion (and limited screw lead smallness) which together makes self locking rather unattainable. Thus other fixation methods need to be employed to keep spanners in their spanning positions. These methods ultimately are sufficiently strong springs. (Shape locking is possible but this just defers the problem.) = Characterisation of 1D rebar spanning elements = The classification criteria listed here are not necessarily orthogonal. That is choosing an option regarding one criterion may severely influence the avalability of options in another. == Location of the spanner in the ''force circuit'' == With ''force circuit'' I'll refer to the closed tension compression loop that is formed by spanner shape lock chain and profile segment shell. === double sided - hull-pusher / chain-puller === If the spanned structure is a truss element connecting two point a double-sided spanner that can sit somewhere in the middle is needed. a double sided spanner can either pull together the chain in the core while keeping the hull length constant or push apart the hull while keeping the core-chain length constant (or do both). * A ''hull pusher'' keeps the structural length defined by the stretched core chain length. => Length adjustment parts need to be core chain parts. They are harder to access but well hidden and have very limited space for implementation. * A ''core puller'' keeps the structural length defined by the compressed hull segment stack length. => length adjustment parts need to be hull segment parts. They are better accessible but also exposed and have a lot of space for implementation. * A double sided simultaneous push pull tensioner is hard to construct and has questionable benefit. The structure length inder tension may become hard to predict thus it does not be usable for tensioning of truss elements that are supposed to keep their length when tensioned. === one sided endpoint - endpoint spanner === To just hold bigger sized structures together firmly one sided spanners can be used. They may be esier to implement == Linearity == * Wedge, screw based and gear spanners are usually linear * Lever based spanners are usually highly nonlinear With nonlinear spanners one usually does not need pieces (core-chain or hull) that are adjustable in length under zero load. With linear spanners it depends on their maximal displacement range whether such pieces are needed or not. With linear spanners it is easier to set a defined load. == Mechanical gain and Spanning displacement range == In ''minimal size crystolecule design'' screw leads can't be made very low thus simple screw based spanners have rather low mechanical gain. This can be improved by driving the screws with wormscrews. The range maximum displacement range can be big enough to expose the first ''chain disassembly point'' Differential screws can have very high gains but have very low displacement range due to their large differential part displacement. Singly staged wedge spanners have a rather low displacement range especially if the gain is high (assuming ~constant spanner size) It's a bit better with doubly staged wedge spanners. Lever based spanners have theoretically infinite gain at their dead-center position. {todo|is this an essential singularity or not?} == Size / compactness == Why it matters: Usually the spanner should be smaller than the assembly that is supposed to be spanned. {todo|elaborate on reasons} * Most compact seem to be screw spanners. * They are followed by worm driven screw spanners and by wedge spanners. * Lever spanners are pretty bulky. * Differential spanners are quite big and unconditionally need additional size adjustment elements * Practical gear spanners seem to be quite big. == Actuation method - direction and compensation == The only forces that a space truss is supposed to take well are forces coaxial to the truss element. Shear forces bending moments or torsion twists should be avoided. Actually it is possible and not a bad idea to avoid axial forces too. All of these forces and moments can be applied if they are locally compensated by the actuation-element / robotic end-effector that actuates the spanner. * axial force => axial pinching / axial stretching * torsion twists => axial contertwist ("two wrench method") * bending moments => normal direction countertwist ("two wrench method") * bending force => normal direction pinching / stretching The compensated actuations can be applied form one side of the spanner or two opposite sides of the spanner for even more stability at the cost of higher complexity. Actually many macroscompic spanners do not provide dedicated means for local force compensation. {todo|add examples} == Fixation method == Since as mentioned before there is practically no frictional self locking in diamondoid AP machine elements a spring is needed to fix a spanner in place. If a spring is too small and thus have too low of an energy barrier it runs the risk of jumping open by thermal motion. Since a spanner mechanism of any kind is quite big relative to e.g. the small crystolecules that make up minimally sized chains segments a single spring can be made big enough such that it has a high enough energy barrier to make failure sufficiently unlikely. There are two ways to include a spring that differ in the way the energy stored in the spring can be recuperated. The bad one is an inaccessible clip-lock. This is similar to the clip locks often seen in today's macroscopic plastic products just that given enough force it can be pulled apart again non-destructively (structurally reversible). The holding force is limited (this is not so much a problem). If one intends to recuperate the spring energy (force times displacement length / moment times displacement angle) it gets difficult to impossible. Since the force/moment is not locally compensated it disperses widespread over the structure and the actuation manipulator assembly where it gets lots of opportunity for energy dispersion. The better one is an accessible clip lock (e.g. something like a cloth pin) having the spring force/moment channeled through a defined path makes the energy reliably recuperable. == displacement quantisation == Using a spring to lock the tensioner in its tensioned state means that tension can't be choosen in a continuum. Depending on the chosen tensioner style the tension is adjustable in a smaller or greater number of states. To gain finer locking quantization one can: * either try to increase the mechanical gain of the spanner * or try use differential plates (linear / circular) * or use unloaded length adjustment elements (chain/hull) in conjunction to the spanner = Pros and cons of different spanner types = == Wedge spanners == * 0 medium compact * + easy robotic actuation * 0 linear * - low mechanical gain * - low displacement range * (simple design / hard to assemble ?) === Doubly staged wedge spanners === * 0 medium compact * + easy robotic actuation * 0 linear * + high mechanical gain * -- very low displacement range * (simple design / hard to assemble ?) == Screw spanners == * ++ very compact * 0 medium difficult for robotic actuation ? * 0 linear * - rough spanning adjustment quantization * - low mechanical gain * + high linear displacement === Worm-geared driven screw spanners '''(PROMISING)''' === * + compact * 0 medium difficult for robotic actuation ? * 0 linear * + fine spanning adjustment quantization * + high mechanical gain * + high linear displacement * (complex design) == Differential screw spanners == * - bulky * 0 medium difficult for robotic actuation ?? * 0 linear * + very fine spanning adjustment quantization * + very very high mechanical gain * - very low linear displacement * (complex design) == Lever spanners == * - bulky * - not easy to operate by robotic end effector ? * 0 nonlinear * - no spanning adjustment quantization * + high mechanical gain * + high linear displacement * (simple design) (Lever spanners are very good for macro-mechanical hand operation though!) === Eccentric tappet tensioner '''(PROMISING)''' === (commonly known as "quick-acting clamp" or "quick release skewer" from bicycles) * + compact * + easy to operate by both hand and robotic end effector * 0 nonlinear * + spanning adjustment quantization * + medium to high mechanical gain * - low linear displacement * (simple design) == Gear spanners == * -- very very bulky * 0 medium difficult for robotic actuation ?? * 0 linear * + wide range of possible no spanning adjustment quantizations * + wide range of possible mechanical gain * + possibly high linear displacement * (maybe complex design) = Related Parts = * length adjustment parts (chain & hull segment) <<< * node points * intended breakage positions * unintended disassembly stopping points 4qbhgwtjy0zc7350pg90dgsl57puqaj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1118 10442 2021-06-15T10:16:39Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[APM and nuclear technology]] #REDIRECT [[APM and nuclear technology]] ohbw9a90syucq1up7khveuob2850131 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 568 5899 2017-07-05T16:06:19Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Ternary and higher diamondoid compounds]] to [[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]]: diamondoid too narrow and a bias laden term #REDIRECT [[Ternary and higher gem-like compounds]] 1oanvsxji6mp5p06leji63vtjm0d934 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 242 10993 10976 2021-06-28T10:47:09Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added two links This page is about: * looking through materials made out of three chemical elements (somewhat systematically) and * checking for their potential usefulness as mechanical [[base material]]s for <br>[[mechanical metamaterial]]s in future [[advanced atomically precise technology]]. The focus of this page is on ternary materials. That is materials made out of three elements. <br> Three is still a small number and may make for [[simpler crystal structures]]. * A part of the materials here are the the [[salts of oxoacids]] that add just one type of metal. * A part of the materials here are rock forming minerals. == Metastable materials == Note that with [[mechanosynthesis]] it is possible to control solid solutions series in a novel non-statistical manner. With creation of materials by melting and recrystallisation (that is the "normal" thermodynamic means of today) atoms that are chemically similar often can and will not form regular patterns on cooling and solidifying but remain in a mixed chaotic state. When materials are created via mechanosynthesis (which does not involve heating the material) then the atoms can be deliberately placed in (within bounds) arbitrary non random checkerboard-patterns on any scales. And the atoms will stay there (at their entropically unstable position) as long as the material is not heated so much that notable diffusion sets in. Room temperature and quite way above can be ok for. It all depends on the particular design in question. <br> See "[[pseudo phase diagram]]s" and "[[neo-polymorph]]s" for more information. == most common metal rich core mantle transition zone minerals == In the earths mantle and crust silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements. On the borther to earths outer core this changes to iron and nickle. Down there the most abundant minearls are made from mixture of those elements. As a sidenote: In nature when iron rich metal is available in stochiometric excess heterogenous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallasite pallasite] is formed. This rock looks really beautiful and can be found in some meteroids - recommendation to check it out. Mixing series of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine olivine (wikipedia)] / [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot peridot (wikipedia)] - (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 With high pressure modifications: * Mg₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsleyite wadseylite (wikipedia)] – sorosilicate – ortorhombic – dipyramidal – Mohs ?? * Mg₂SiO₄ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite ringwoodite (wikipedia)] – nesosilicate – cubic – Mohs ?? Of interest as diamondoid materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series: * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] Fe₂SiO₄ – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.0 * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg₂SiO₄ – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7 * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite Tephroite] Mn₂SiO₄ (less interesting since Mn is more scarce) – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6 * Titanium Silicate TiSiO₄ [https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4954356.html] [http://www.americanelements.com/titanium-silicate-nanopowder.html (broken)] Related minerals: * Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticellite magnesium and iron monticellite] – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 5.5 * CaTiSiO₅ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite Titanite or Sphene] (optical dispersion exceeding diamond; birefringent) – monoclinic – Mohs 5.0-5.5 * Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessartine spessartine] - (with rather rare Manganese) – cubic – Mohs 6.5-7.0 * FeTiO₃ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite Ilmenite] – trigonal rhombohedral – Mohs 5-6 The following '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminosilicate aluminosilicates]''' are susceptible to heat (200°C) * Al₂SiO₅ kyanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite Wikipedia:Kyanite] – triclinic – Mohs 4.5-5.0 & 6.5-7.0 (highly anisotropic) * Al₂SiO₅ andalusite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite Wikipedia:Andalusite] – ortorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.5 * Al₂SiO₅ sillimanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite Wikipedia:Sillimanite] – ortorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7 == The spinell group ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel_group wikipedia]) == These oxide minerals are devoid of the ubiquitously present silicon. '''aluminum spinells''' * MgAl₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinell spinell] * FeAl₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynite hercynite] * (Mg,Fe)Al₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylonite caylonite] - mixing series inbetween the former two * ZnAl₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnite gahnite] * BeAl₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoberyl crysoberyll] * MnAl₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxite galaxite] - (with rather rare manganese) - [http://rruff.info/Spinel/R070013 image] '''iron spinells''' * MgFe₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesioferrite magnesioferrite] * TiFe₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel ulvöspinel] * ZnFe₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinite franklinite] * NiFe₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevorite trevorite] * MnFe₂O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsite jacobsite] - (with rather rare manganese) related compound: * ZnFe₃O₄ - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_ferrite zinc ferrite] - synthetic zinc ferrites == Pseudobrookite group - common in titanium rich lunar soil == From wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite Armacolite]: "End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti₂O₅), pseudobrookite (Fe₂TiO₅), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi₂O₅) and karrooite (MgTiO₅). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks." * Fe₂TiO₅ wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobrookite Pseudobrookite] (Mohs 6) Related compounds: * Fe₂Ti₃O₉ [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorutil Pseudorutil (de)] (Mohs 3) * (Fe,Ca)SiO₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxferroite Pyroxferroite] (Mohs 4.5-5.5) == Alkali and earth alkali compounds == They tend to be rather soluble in binary compounds (you won't find many [[S-block metals|there]]) in ternary and higher compounds they tend to form less water soluble minerals. See: '''[[s-block metals|compounds with s-block metals]]''' * Ca(OH)₂ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide calcium hydroxide aka slaked lime] (rather water soluble) * CaCO₃ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caco3 calcium carbonate] (very slightly soluble) * MgCO₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgCO3 magnesium carbonate aka magnesite] (slightly soluble) * Mg₃B₇O₁₃Cl [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boracite boracite] (very slightly water soluble) == Other == * Various silicates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals] * Sinoinite (SiNO) somewhere in the [[pseudo phase diagram]] that spans a triangle between silicon oxygen and nitrogen where also the more widely known [[binary diamondoid compound|binary stochiometries]] SiO₂ and Si₃N₄ lie. Another interesting tertiary material falling in this scheme would be CSiO₄ <br> a solid intermediate material between CO₂(gas) SiO₂(solid quartz): [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24781844] (A prototypical [[pseudo phase diagram]].) * CaTiO₃ – Perovskite * BaTiO₃ * SrTiO₃ * ZrTiO₃ tp PbTiO₃ – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate Lead zirconium titanate] ---- * AlPO₄ berlinite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinite Wikipedia:Berlinite] Mohs 6.5 (similar to quartz) * MnCO₃ rhodochrosite [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodochrosit] Mohs 3.5-4 * MnSiO₃ rhodonite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodonite] Mohs 5.5-6.5 * Na₄Al₃Si₉O₂₄Cl [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marialite marialite] Mohs 5.5-6 (scapolite end member) * Ca₄Al₆Si₆O₂₄CO₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meionite meionite] Mohs 5-6 (scapolite end member) * Cu₂FeSnS₄ stannite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannite] (contains unabundant copper and tin) Mohs 4 * CuFeS₂ calcopyrite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite] Mohs 3.5 (unabundant copper | metallic gold) * CuFe₂S₃ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubanite cubanite] Mohs 3.5-4 orthorhombic * Fe₉Ni₉S₁₆ pentlandite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentlandite] (Mohs 3.5-4 cubic) ----- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site Bastnäsite] – (La, Ce, Y)CO₃F – rare earth fluorine containing carbonate – hexagonal – Mohs 4-5 '''MAX phases''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_phases] … layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrites exhibiting both metallic and ceramic characteristics.<br> The max phases made form the mosts abundant elements are the ones with titanium as M and rock forming elements (Si or Al) as A:<br> 211: Ti₂AlC, Ti₂AlN, Ti₂SC<br> 312: Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₃SiC₂<br> 413: Ti₄AlN₃, Ti₄SiC₃<br> Some MAX phases with rare but not extremely rare elements:<br> 211 M = Ti: Ti₂PbC, Ti₂SnC, Ti₂ZnC, Ti₂ZnN<br> 211 M = Zr: Zr₂AlC, Zr₂SC, Zr₂PbC, Zr₂SnC<br> 211 M = Cr: Cr₂AlC<br> 211 M = V: V₂AlC, V₂PC, V₂ZnC<br> 211 M = Nb: Nb₂AlC, Nb₂SC, Nb₂PC, Nb₂SnC, Nb₂CuC<br> 211 A = Al: Zr₂AlC, Cr₂AlC, V₂AlC, Nb₂AlC<br> 211 A = Cu: Nb₂CuC<br> 211 A = Pb: Ti₂PbC, Zr₂PbC<br> 211 A = Sn: Ti₂SnC, Zr₂SnC, Nb₂SnC<br> 211 A = Zn: Ti₂ZnC, Ti₂ZnN, V₂ZnC<br> 211 A = S: Zr₂SC, Nb₂SC<br> 211 A = P: V₂PC, Nb₂PC<br> 312: Ti₃SnC₂, Ti₃ZnC₂, Zr₃AlC₂, V₃AlC₂<br> 413: V₄AlC₃, Nb₄AlC₃<br> MAX phases with highly rare elements like (Sc,Mo,Hf,Ta; Cd,Ga,In,Tl,Hf,Ge,As) have been excluded from the listing here. == Aluminium silicates == * Hydrody [[Topaz]] Al₂SiO₄(OH)₂ There are many aluminium silicate minerals [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_silicate] like: * Al₂SiO₅ Andalusite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite] & Sillimanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite] (Mohs 6.5-7) * Al₆Si₂O₁₃ Mullite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullite] (Mohs 6-7) * Al₂SiO₅ Kyanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite] (Mohs 4.5-7 anisotropic) == Related == * '''[[Base materials with high potential]]''' * '''[[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]]''' ---- * [[Binary diamondoid compound]] * [[Diamondoid compound]] * [[Salts of oxoacids]] iebt94ptypvnvxdcnb7gc12t56pcev5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 382 6372 4969 2017-08-28T07:17:52Z Apm 1 /* Introduction */ spelling ate -> are {{speculative}} {{highly personal opinion}} <br> {{slightly offtopic}} = Introduction = This page is '''not''' going to tackle vague concepts like "consciousness" "free will" or "the soul" there are lots and lots of places on the net which discuss those. Instead this page is going to describe two rather unknown concepts: * accessibility of perception threads * chance for an alternate retry Those may be a little more amenable to formalization - or not. Any experienceable practical use of these concepts is probably not to expect. Its just about a science based philosophic belief. Adopting these beliefs and acting according to them may make you feel that you are doing the right thing - or not. This is going to go into the deepest abysses - so be prepared. == Relation to Atomically precise manufacturing == ['''todo:''' work in progress] == eternal return - fractal and convergent == ['''todo:''' work in progress] * analogy: bundle of wool strands where each consists out of a bundle of finer strands - big bang - continuity of experienced time - recurrence theorem * chaos - no direction of time - no sentien beings - time shrinking to zero - anthropic principle * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] = Main topics = {{todo|split in two properly named pages - leave this one standing?}} == The accessibility of perception threads == ['''todo:''' work in progress] * birth vs copy - sufficient closeness for unexperienced jumping - we are continuously jumping == The chance for an alternate retry == Some of the ''decisions'' we take in our lives are deterministically decided. We now that. There are parts of our world that clearly act deterministic - otherwise nothing would have any meaning that is nothing could even exist. Then there are things which are ''decided'' seemingly randomly. Seemingly! We cannot ever decisively proof that something is "truly random"**. There's always the chance that if we would have known more we could have spotted some structure in the seemingly random sequence of events. Now assuming "eternal return" for the perception of some human in the form outlined '''below/above (todo)''' how can this human be sure that if his life had a lot of very bad things in store for him that when a sufficiently similar human comes close to this (his) life "again" all the bad things will repeat because there actually was far less random (that could have led to better things) involved in his life then he may have thought. ['''todo:''' spread paragraph in more sentences.] Note that the lack available knowledge to someone can increase the range of consistent realities (more relative randomness). (related: nailing things in place by collapsing wave functions through observations) === How random are random number generators === Most things we think are random are actually not some much. Note that normal random number generators (pseudo random number generators - PRNGs) are completely unsuitable. By simply making a few thousand coin-flips by hand one can get a number which one cannot get by using any ever devised PRNG no matter how long you'd run them. '''Pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) let you see only a gazillionth of true reality. Shun them!''' (this has to do with the fact that "almost every number is uncomputable") === Practical application in daily life === When making some decisions - especially important ones where all options seem equal in desirability assessability: Decide with a "true random number generator" (TRNG) that are the sources that seems most likely to contain the most randomness. That is the source which come closest to "truly randomness". A difficult question is: Should one give options that seem really bad at least a teeny tiny chance? * '''Use [http://www.random.org www.random.org]''' * Carry a quantum random generator around with you. === Practical application in transhumanistic endeavours === * ['''todo:'''] Research about how much randomness our biological human brain extracts (e.g. from thermal motions) and how much our thoughts get randomized by that. (btw: there is no form of quantum computation in the human brain - it is way to hot for that) * Including at least that amount randomness into artificial brain emulations. * use TRNGs shun [[Pseudo random number generators|PRNGs]] = Related = * there is more than one past - different causes same result * oversimplification - einstein and the moon * everyone sees a different future * [[Big bang as spontaneous demixing event]] = Links = * eternal return - physically interpreted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return#Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem (leave to wikipedia)] * recurrence theorem [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem (leave to wikipedia)] * true random number generator [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator (leave to wikipedia)] * pseudo random number generator [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator (leave to wikipedia)] * (un)computable number [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable_number (leave to wikipedia)] * randomness [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness (leave to wikipedia)] * many worlds interpretation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation (leave to wikipedia)] * no quantum computation in the brain - quantum mysticism [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mysticism (leave to wikipedia)] ---- * randomness is relative - the more knowledge you have the less random something becomes * randomness is definable by compressibility * not even quantum randomness which till now 2015 looks for all practical purposes like perfect true randomness can be proven to be "truly random" ---- * further keywords: gödel - chaitins omega - math is full of holes - infinite number of axioms - axioms by practicabbility - human research as open systems - VR - the amount of entropy we got at big bang [[Category:Philosophical]] imcwk0vqh40qkgn6n8dwn4dgu7jnaqb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 788 9664 9289 2021-05-30T15:39:47Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Books]] {{stub}} '''Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines''' The book is quite expensive but there is an online free to read version available via the molecularassembler website here: [http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM.htm] ---- Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2004; http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM.htm == Related == * [[Books]] [[Category:Books]] ilpdnatkduaz1gxh9l8ag1g9ifsg8qr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 412 5419 5418 2017-01-30T07:47:37Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to [[Connection method]] {{stub}} The diamondoid atomically precise manufacturing and technology (DAPMAT) demo project collection. A collection of projects conducted by Lukas M. Süss (aka mechadense). The collection is an attempt to raise awareness of the possibilities and challenges arising from the upcoming revolution with advanced atomically precise manufacturing. It is meant for the creation of a collection of 3D printable models that: * Demonstrate functional parts that are likely to be useful in advanced diamondoid nanofactories. * Illustrate principles that are of importance in advanced diamondoid nanofactories. {{todo|add a picture of the whole printed collection}} = Licensing = Unless otherwise noted all images are under CC BY license. You may use my full real name my pseudonym or both as you see fit for the situation. = Libraries = Those are also very helpful for everyday macroscale 3D printing projects. == Cycloidical gears as rough approximation for atomic gears == * on github: https://github.com/lsuess/scad-lib-cyclogearprofiles * on thingiverse: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:777936 [[File:Lib-cyclogearprofiles-demo_output1_2015-05-16.png|200px|thumb|center|library for cycloidical gears]] [[Category:Subprojects]] == Screw library allowing soft tooth profiles approximating atomic scale crystolecule screws == * Work in progress ... [[File:Flatscrew-library-screencap-2016.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Screw library demo output]] {{todo|finish and publish - for now upload screenshot|note to myself}} = Models which are useful in macroscale too = == Microcomponent models == * truncated octahedra assembled into the main planes: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:409443 * single big truncated octahedron model (by ?) == Shape locking == === Stiff rods === * http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:200203 === In plane flexible chains === * (two example types): http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:591203 === Reinforcement core chain and spanners === * work in process == Infinitesimal bearing == * old and new model - work in progress {{todo|improve and publish 3D-model}} * {{todo|present purely rolling nonsliding concept too}} [[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-screencap.png|100px|thumb|center]] * animated demonstration of principle {{todo|publish 3D-model|note to myself}} [[File:Three configurations of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial.gif|100px|thumb|center|view full sized to see animation]] == Constant velocity joints == * Tracta joint (compact and sliding thus very suitable for [[superlubrication|superlubricating]] [[crystolecule]]s) ... work in progress == Complete set of passive elements for mechanical circuits sub-projects == === Mechanical distribution node === A 1:1:1:1:... differential gear assembly this is essentially the mechanical equivalent of a trivial electrical solder junction {{todo|improve and publish}} === Spring (as analogy to electrical capacitor) === * {{todo|Upload screenshot for now}} === Flywheel (as analogy to electrical inductor) === * {{todo|make a model}} = Demonstrations of principles = == Convergent assembly visualizations == * two iterations fourfould multiplier with elongated bottom: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:582270 [[File:Bottom layers and convergent assembly layers.JPG|100px|thumb|center]] {{todo|more realistic with only a single bigger step visible}} == Vacuum management == * novel lockout mechanism {{todo|publish}} -- on flickr: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/65091269@N08/20788851973/in/dateposted-public/] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/65091269@N08/20787742264/in/dateposted-public/] See: "[[Vacuum handling]]" for details. * progressing cavity pump {{todo| publish}} == Fractal metamaterial redundancy principle == * How metamaterials can create reduncancy {{todo|add image of published 3D-model}} [[File:Crystal muscle - redundant fractal design.svg|100px|thumb|center]] == Reversible mechanosynthesis == An illustration of the basic principle for reversible mechanosynthesis. {{todo|Publish 3D-model}} [[File:Reversible mechanosynthesis principle.jpg|100px|thumb|center]] = Crystolecules - Designs finer than the bulk limit = == Drexlers big bearing == * as printable model http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:631715 [[File:Drexlers Big Bearing - photo of 3D printed model.JPG|100px|thumb|center]] == Fractal tetrapod design == * http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:13786 {{todo|add photo of print|note to myself}} = Related = * [[Applicability of macro 3D printing for nanomachine prototyping]] * [[Design of Crystolecules]] * [[Structural elements for nanofactories]] * [[Tensioning mechanism design]] * [[Connection method]] 6hjqb6i1aijf2620fc6qdbg66vnaocu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 727 9862 8920 2021-06-02T18:01:41Z Apm 1 added * [[Atomic orbitals]] Up: [[Intuitive feel]] This is about the basics of atoms in the context of their usage as bottom up construction kit elements. = How do atoms work and what shape do they have ? = For a quick overview (like given on this page) a detailed understanding of the inner workings of atoms is not (yet) necessary. For more detailed analysis (not given on this page) a detailed understanding is absolutely indispensable. If you want to dive down a bit further right away then check out the main article: "[[The nature and shape of atoms]]" The focus here will be limited on the lightest, simplest, most common, and for [[Main Page|APM]] most relevant elements which are situated at the upper right corner of the periodic table. What will not be discussed here are heavier elements like transition metals and beyond which can have quite complicated electron configurations. == Tetrapodal arrangement of electron clouds -- that then form bonds between atoms == [[File:AE4h.svg|200px|thumb|right|Tetrapodal electron cloud arrangement (tech term: sp³) '''Note:''' This is still a simplified view. The orbitals are actually more bean shaped, overlapping and blurry. But depicting it more realistically would obfuscate the geometric arrangement too much.]] The outermost electron clouds are the most relevant since usually only these take part in [[covalent bond|covalent]] chemical bonds. Bonds that link together adjacent atoms in molecules or crystals or [[crystolecules]]. In the elements of concern on this page (see above) the most common arrangement of the outer "electron clouds" is tetrapodal (aka tetrahedral). That is: there are four lobes (four==tetra). The geometry is depicted in blue here. <br><small> Note that the disconnected small lobes and the big lobes that are on exactly 180° opposing sides belong together respectively forming a single electron cloud each.</small> A more technical term for "electron clouds" is "orbitals". The orbitals that are depicted in blue here are called "hybrid orbitals". <br> <small>"Hybrid" means that one does not get the shape of the electron clouds directly as solutions out of the underlying math (the wave equation) but that instead one needs to add up some of the electron cloud shapes solutions to get the the electron cloud shape that is actually physically present.</small> * Orbitals filled with two electrons from the same host atom (as depicted here) are called "lone pairs" and repel lone pairs from other atoms. * Orbitals filled with one electron from the same host atom and one electron from a neighbouring atoms like to merge together and are called bonding "molecular orbitals". * In case too many electrons are missing (sometimes the case with elements to the left of carbon in the periodic table) the geometric arrangement of electron clouds can change. Details [[electron deficiency bond|elsewhere]]. The four orbitals in the tetrapodal geometry do not lie in a common plane (they are not coplanar). <br> This is very useful if one wants to build stiff that goes beyond just planar sheets (and linear chains). === Which elements make good "construction kit building blocks" and why === * Elements with too many electrons in the outermost shell (more than four of the maximum eight) have them forming [[lone pair]]s. These can no longer form really strong [[covalent bond]]s. This makes it harder to impossible to form three dimensional networks with these elements only. One may get only sheets or chains instead. Repulsive electron cloud lone pairs are useful though everywhere where we do want surfaces where almost nothing shall adhrere to. (See: [[Passivation]]). There are some cheavats with weaker [[coordinate bond]]s. * Elements with too few electrons in their outermost shell (less than four) may have their orbitals rearrange themselves into geometries that are different from tetrapodal. This too can make it harder to form three dimensional networks with these elements only. Prime example: The element [[Boron]]. * Elements with exactly the right amount of electrons (exactly four) like e.g. carbon (and silicon) can bond to other atoms in all four non-coplanar tetrapodal directions and can thus form three dimensional crystal structures on their own. Not just sheets or chains. Prime examples for tightly meshed 3D networks of that kind are diamond crystals, silicon crystals and silicon carbide (aka [[moissanite]]) crystals. '''Carbon:''' * Unlike the elements to its right (starting with nitrogen) with more electrons it can do can create strong covalent 3D networks on its own. * Unlike the heavier elements below it (starting with silicon) it can still form other other bonding geometries too (see below). <br> * Unlike the element to its left (boron) it has enough electrons in its outermost shell to maintain a tetrapodal geometry of its bonds. There are essentially the reasons why carbon carbon is sometimes referred to as "king of all the elements". == Triangular arrangement of hybrid orbitals == [[File:AE3h.svg|150px|thumb|right|Triangular electron cloud arrangement. (tech term: sp²) '''Note:''' the fourth orbital is not depicted!]] There are other possible electron cloud arrangements too. <br> The second most common one is triangular (as depicted here in blue). The light elements have four outer shell orbitals but only three are depicted here, so one is obviously missing. The missing / non-depicted fourth one sticks out vertically both up and down equally from the image-plane. The fourth non depicted orbital has no small and big lobe like the three depicted hybrid orbitals have. It is a fundamental orbital. It's a p-orbital. A raw solution from the [[Schrödinger equation|underlying math]]. The two lobes of the p-orbital have exactly the same size and belong together. The three (depicted) hybrid orbitals lie in the same plane and the fourth orbital (the fundamental one) has no preference for facing upwards or downwards. When elements take on this particular triangular geometry / arrangement of electron clouds (because they can do so like e.g. carbon or because they may have trouble to not do so) then they no longer can form three dimensional structures in a way like the atoms with tetrapodal structure do. Instead they can only form two dimensional sheets. Not counting curvature into 3D (nanotubes & buckyballs) as proper 3D here. Just like in the tetrapodal arrangement also in the triangular arrangement case carbon (and silicon) atoms have the ideal number of electrons to neither form lone pairs (repulsing other lone pairs) nor change orbital arrangement. Thus a prime example for sheets out of atoms in triangular orbital arrangement are sheets made out of carbon. In the simplest, that is fully planar, form this is called a graphene sheet. Stacks of large graphene sheets form very hard single-crystalline graphite. Normal pencil mine graphite is poly-crystalline allowing the small sheet-flakes to slide over each other making it very soft. <small>(Side-note: Larger chunks of single crystalline graphite do not occur naturally but can by synthesized today. It is called: [[highly ordered pyrolytic graphite|HOPG]])</small> === Delocalized pi-bonds electron gas === In a graphene sheet the fourth orbital (the non-hybridized fundamental p-orbital) different from the three triangularly arranged hybrid orbitals plays a very special role. Not only sticks it out both sides equally it also shares one bond in three directions simultaneously on each side. All those doublesided p-orbitals fuse together to one single giant (double sheeted) molecule orbital spanning over the whole sheet on both sides. This allows electrons to move freely (electric conductivity). Bending graphite sheets by various means can drastically (and usefully) change the electronic properties. From semi-conductivity to very high conductivity (much better than even copper or silver). The tech term for hybrid orbitals that assume the here describesd triangular shape is: sp². Beside electronic property changes bending sp² sheets (graphite or other) also allows them to form three dimensional structures when the sheets locally can actually only be two dimensional. * Flat sheets must have all atoms arranged in hexagons. * Flat sheets occur rolled up into tubular shapes ([[Nanotubes]] in general). Beside various diameters different rolling angles are possible (causing different eletronic properties). * Sheets can be bent convex (or concave depending on the onlooking side) by replacing some hexagons with pentagons, squares or even triangles ([[Buckyballs]] in general; and cones). * Sheets can be bent hyperbolic by replacing some hexagons with heptagons, octagons, ... (Foam like structures e.g. DLC diamond like carbon) == Related == * [[Atomic orbitals]] oa6scchg5kenibkdaq0v9t8by48akws wikitext text/x-wiki 0 707 9873 9872 2021-06-03T07:18:30Z Apm 1 /* Gem */ added [[Base materials with high potential]] There are '''two core ideas''' that determine what the R&D direction from early forms of APM to advanced forms of APM actually is. This wiki will refer to those two ideas with the shorthand '''"gem-gum"'''. This shorthand has been chosen since: * it is catchy, in other words easy to spell and remember. <br>whereas "high throughput atomically precise manufacturing" and "atomically precise manufacturing level technology" are not. <br>(Source of these rather long terms: "[[Radical Abundance]]") * it is highly specific and thus hard to annex by other concepts. It very clearly points to the far term goal <br>which the therm "high throughput atomically precise manufacturing level technology" does not. = The two core ideas of gem-gum-tec = == Gem == '''Core idea #1''' [[gemstone like compound|Gem]]:<br> Short for [[stiffness|high stiffness]] '''gemstone like compound'''. Gradual increase of the [[stiffness]] of the materials we build with is the ultimate key to raise our level of control over matter (the key to advanced [[mechanosynthesis]]). The term "gem" (short for gemstone) points exclusively to the ideal [[gemstone like compound|stiff base materials of the far term target technology]]. This explicitly excludes early stage atomically precise manufacturing such as "[[structural DNA nanotechnology]]" from being present in the far term target technology. Here's a list of peculiarly good materials from the perspective of mechanical properties: <br> [[Base materials with high potential]] == Gum == '''Core idea #2''' [[Gemstone based metamaterial|Gem-Gum]]:<br> Short for '''gemstone based mechanical metamaterials''' with seemingly contradicting and impossible properties. "Gum" (in the sense of rubber like stuff) made out of gemstone, is just a catchy example. Even when one can mechanosynthesize almost nothing (just a few simple base materials) one can make almost anything by mechanical emulation. This is the "magic" of mechanical metamaterials. "Gum" is just a shorthand for one concrete example of such a metamaterial that rhymes on "Gem" which makes memorization a lot easier. Also it's a concrete example that's rather un-intuitive. Rubber made from gemstone. This could peak interest (click-bait effect). Even with very minimal high stiffness nano-manufacturing capabilities (e.g. just one single high performance compound like e.g. diamond and nothing else) the amount of materials creatable will far exceed what is available today. = The hierarchy of realms of materials = [[File:Space_of_possible_materials.svg|250px|thumb|right|'''Grey bubble at the bottom:''' All material properties permissible by physical law. <br>'''Red dot (and magnified red bubble):''' All material properties that can be emulated by gemstone metamaterials (gem-gum). <br>'''Blue dot:''' All material properties that we (or nature) can create today today (2018)]] There * are our current day [[non atomically precise materials]] * future [[gemstone based metamaterial|gem-gum metamaterials]] * materials beyond (all sufficiently stable configurations of atoms that physics allows for) Giving a wild and crude analogy: <br> What is referred to with "materials beyond" is a bit like the transcentental irrational numbers in math (e, pi, ...). <br> Albeit we know there are much more of these numbers around than there are rational numbers they<br> can only be discovered in a one off fashion. More directed development efforts are only possible for subclasses of newly discovered base cases. <br> "Materials beyond" are not the primary focus for gem-gum tech. == Making almost any physically possible arrangements of atoms – A skill that neither needed nor desired == APM is sometimes said to have the goal to: * ''Create most arrangements (or patterns) of atoms that are permitted by and consistent with physical law.'' But that is even beyond the far term goal of [[nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]. Due to the strong "pessimism" (more formally "conservativeness") of [[exploratory engineering]] '''the [[nanofactory|reliably predictable part of future tecnology]] is just the innermost naked core of what will really emerge'''. Part of this "innermost naked core" are just a few base materials. But these few alone are, when made into (mechanical) metamaterials, already sufficient for the emulation of an overwhelming plethora of material properties that goes far beyond what we have today (2017). Much of the yet to come stuff that cannot yet be expected from the [[incremental path]] (including fundamentally unpredictable scientific discoveries) may remain in the final systems. But there also often will be [[Consistent design for external limiting factors|strong reasons to ditch earlier legacy technology]] to not unnecessarily limit the range of situations in which the [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing|advanced products]] will be usable in. == The space of all possible gem-gum Materials - Unfathomably big yet also vanishingly small == Gemstone based mechanical metamaterials (here called "gem-gum") are a clear (and relatively simple) far term goal of APM. "Gem-gum" will extend the material properties that are available to us today to material properties that currently are deemed exotic or even contradictory and seemingly impossible. In the process of getting towards the far term goal of "gem-gum" even further reaching capabilities are likely to become accessible that can provide material properties even beyond those that "gem-gum" can provide. One example would be: Direct mechanosynthesis of digestible food molecules. But these materials are even further out and even harder to predict. Related is: "[[Synthesis of food]]". = Related = * [[Gemstone like compound]] * [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] (and [[metamaterial]]s in general) * [[Stiffness]] * [[Superelasticity]] * [[High pressure]] o28ehik26t87xw4h25xvnv0ft2i3mt9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 728 7343 2018-08-13T18:39:53Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[The feel of Atoms]] to [[The feel of atoms]]: faulty capitalization #REDIRECT [[The feel of atoms]] oio909tbs8dz5z34i1l8wc8v8rohtgw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 726 7521 7342 2018-08-21T16:46:21Z Apm 1 added back-link to page: [[Intuitive feel]] Up: [[Intuitive feel]] = How does it feel when you grab two atoms and rub them against each other? = [[File:Novint_Falcon.jpg|thumb|right|Force feedback devices like this one allow one to gain a very intimate understanding of how things behave at the scale of atoms.]] First I should note that trying this out for real is actually possible for quite a while now (as unbelievable as it may sound). To feel atoms you grab the end of a robot (you shake hands with it). A tiny needle with a single atom at the tip is then made to move exactly like your hand just on a lot smaller scale. When the topmost atom on the needle tip starts to touch an atom on a surface the robot arm pushes back just as the surface pushes back on the needle albeit with a magnified force big enough for you to conveniently feel it. This is called force feedback (commonly known from car racing games). Two analogies that might convey what it feels like best are: * rubbing soft slippery fish or water soaked gummy bears against each other * moving two magnets past each other in repulsive (but sometimes also attractive) configuration Moving the robot arm in and outward you can check out softness and moving sideward you can check out slipperiness. == Slipperiness == Atoms are ridiculously slippery. Like the moon orbiting the earth there's basically no friction. If certain conditions are met this low friction can be retained for larger contact areas than just the single atom on the tip of our probing needle. One condition is that the atomic ripples on a touching pair of larger surfaces must not interlock like matching egg-crates. If this and a few other things are met there is extremely low friction. It is called the [[superlubrication]] phenomenon and it has enormous potential for technical usage in slide bearings of all kinds. == Softness == So how does it feel to break a single bond between two atoms? Since I can't let you pull on this robot arm over the web lets turn the robot arm facing downwards and tie an empty plastic bottle onto it in which we will later fill some water. We can also use a simple coil spring instead of the robot arm giving force feedback For realism we can make the robot arm behave exactly as stiff as the bond between two atoms. Caution! Please do not mistake stiffness with force. Stiffness is how much the force grows per the length you pull. A bond between two atoms obviously has only a tiny force but this force builds up on a tiny distance. Thus while the robot arm needs to magnify both force and length the stiffness of the bond turns out to be in the right size such that the robot arm can simulate it 1:1. Now here's a quiz: Assuming you fill half a liter of water into the plastic bottle how much will the robot arm simulating the stiffness of a bond between two carbon atoms in diamond give (very roughly)<br> A:~1mm ☐ B:~1cm ☐ C:~1dm ☐ <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%px"> Hidden solution: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> * A bond between two carbon atoms in (C-C bond) in diamond has a (maximum) spring constant of: k = 440N/m =~ 450g/cm. <br>Thus half a liter of water which makes 500g bends the setup ~1cm so the answer is B:~1cm ☒. That feels pretty soft to the hand. * halving the size -> halves the stiffness ... this is an instance of a [[scaling law]] of whom you'll here a lot here * Just remember: '''The smaller things are the floppier they become.''' Even diamond one of the strongest materials in existence feels pretty soft at the scale of single atomic bonds. </div> </div> nkzqd3jq0jvm5d6ccy0ml8820e7bb0h wikitext text/x-wiki 0 711 8279 8278 2021-03-28T11:01:36Z Apm 1 /* Related */ reorder for most important ones atop {{Stub}} {{wikitodo|Add historic context}} '''The classic ones:''' * [[Sticky finger problem]] * [[Fat finger problem]] '''The overlooked ones:''' * [[Jittery finger problem]] (See also: [[Thermal motion]]) * [[Sloppy finger problem]] (See also: [[Stiffness]]) == Related == * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] ---- * [[Accidentally suggestive]] mtxtlapvifyjyo6l9e6ms3c6uytfg4f wikitext text/x-wiki 0 218 2145 2014-06-01T11:31:44Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[The grey goo meme]] to [[Grey goo meme]]: "The" in front is unintuitive #REDIRECT [[Grey goo meme]] eg3foujhx42zkcaz5xqbt295e4bsj6d wikitext text/x-wiki 0 694 10113 6994 2021-06-09T08:02:21Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[spiky needle grabbing]] When going down in the micro and nanoscale thermal motion becomes more and more relevant. At the atomic scale gravity is pretty much irrelevant not because it's not present but because its very much overpowered at room temperature (~300K). A natural question to ask to strengthen ones [[intuitive feel|intuition]] is: * at which size does gravity start to play a notable role? Or: * Is there a special size-scale where one could say that the "strength" of gravity overtakes "strength" of thermal motion? As it turns out there is. == Explanation == Thermal motion is characterized by the fact that every independent degree of freedom (DOF) gets on average a defined quantity of energy (a statistical packet - not a quantum) determined by the temperature. This is called the "equipartitioning theorem". A rigid particle has six DOFs (not considering inner vibrations) three angular rotation DOFs and three linear translation DOFs. We'll focus on the translation DOFs only. Assuming by sheer chance the particle has exactly the average energy and its present in form of kinetic motion that points upwards exactly. Now with constant temperature the thermal upward moving energy of the nanoparticle stays the same no matter which size the particle has but the mass of the particle changes drastically with size. Halving the size shrinks the mass to an eighth, doubling the size blows the mass up eightfold (a cubic [[scaling law]]). With rising size (and consequently much faster rising mass) but constant kinetic energy the "launch speed" goes down. With rising size of the particle (cube side-length) the "rising hight" of its throwing parabola (motion upward till full stop) shrinks since the rising height of a throwing parabola of a particle is only given by the vertical starting speed. At some point (specific size-scale) the "rising height" of the throwing parabola will become smaller than the particles actual dimensions. This could be seen as the size-scale at which gravity overpowers heat (or vice versa depending on which direction one goes, shrinking or blowup). == Discussion == While not too important technically (nothing notable happens when crossing this size-scale) its very useful for an [[intuitive feel|intuitive understanding]]. Since this size-scale depends on temperature and gravity it is different on other planets, moons, asteroids, ... . * It can go way down in deeply cooled systems (quantum effects can kick in though. * It can go up a bit in very hot systems. At earth normal conditions particles at the size threshold still lie in the (upper) nanoscale. {{wikitodo|note exact size}} Note that an actual experiment would be difficult because particles of this size scale like to stick to from wherever one wants to launch them from. (One does see brownian motion when free floating in a gas but the throwing parabolas are suppressed / dampened out exactly by this gas so the point is to conduct the experiment in a very good vacuum). The smallest possible particles are atoms and molecules. Since they are so light their throwing parabolas are really big. Surprisingly this rising height can be easily observed. Its the very crudely equal to the thickness of the atmosphere in therms of the height where the pressure falls to halve. Note that except for extremely thin atmosphere (that may not even deserve to be called atmosphere) molecules collide a lot before completing a full throwing parabola (the mean free path is shorter than the rising height). == Notes == {{wikitodo|add math and graph - and the critical size for a cube of diamond in earth conditions !!}}<br> Very simple math: (E_kin=3/2k_BT; v=sqrt(2E/m); m=rho*V; ...) == Related == * [[Prefixes of size-scales]] (macro-, micro-, nano-, pico-, femto-) * [[spiky needle grabbing]] kamt3dp53caryhdp5e98t7sct6ftvgu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1045 9917 2021-06-04T06:52:56Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} Just some keywords for now: * Connectome * Sparse distributed representation == How far are we from an artificial recreation == * Human brain project * Deep dream – visually hallucinating computer programs ---- * The meaning of context comprehensive text translation systems * How far are we from a [[technological percolation limit]] * intensionally vs extensionally equivalent recreations === Recreation of the necessary IO channels === * Audio: TTS text to speech * Audio: STT speach to text (speach recognition systems) * Visual: Image recognition systems * Visual: Image generation systems * Motive: Software for robotics (forward and inverse kinematics and dynamics) * Motion sensing: Software for dead reckoning * Processing of further inputs: touch and damage, local temperature, smell/taste, ... == Related == * [[The purpose of dreams]] * [[Lucid dreaming]] * [[Cognitive biases]] * [[Mapping new concepts into the mental orthonormal basis of one owns worldview]] * [[Knowledge matrix]] * [[Technological percolation limit]] == External links == * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense]] rnf5fwa2nzwyfwnpego54flcrvoh2lg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 409 9759 9758 2021-06-01T13:01:46Z Apm 1 some improvements {{stub}} {{speculative}} Even math is not an absolutely exact science There is no way around faith in at least a few axioms outside the proof system Disclamer #1: * Math is the best and most formal system we have and (as it very much looks) the best and most formal system we will ever have * This page is not meant to undermine the faith in math and science. Disclaimer #2: * All "certainties" in this article (and anywhere else in this universe) are in the very end only certainties to the degree of practicability from experience. == About realizing the unprovability of fundamental axioms == Here's a way how one could maybe question one of the most fundamental axioms of math: That every natural number has an successor. Does a number which is not representable by the means that our universe provide ([[big bang as spontaneous demixing event|amount of demixing in the big bang]]) even exist? Ridiculously large numbers can easily be represented by simple compression methods (e.g. the Ackermann-function) but between those numbers there are gaping holes of unrepresentability. While we don't know which of the ridiculously big numbers we can represent in a smaller compressed form we can be certain that there are many more which certainly can't be represent within the limits of our universe. == Related == * the severe limitedness of pseudo random number generators - inaccessibility of vast ranges * Chaitin's omega constant that encodes the solution of all encodable problem descriptions * The halting problem - The program that executes all construable programs in cantor triangle style - [[A true but useless theory of everything]] * Kurt Gödels incompleteness theorem * perfect order perfect chaos and interesting structure in between * what distinguishes interesting entropy states from bland entropy states? * beauty as scale variant inhomogeneous anisotropic structures on all scales * Helmholz free energy {{WikipediaLink|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy}} * [[A true but useless theory of everything]] * [[Foundations of mathematics]] * [[Philosophical topics]] [[Category:Philosophical]] == External links == * Youtube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeQX2HjkcNo This is Math's Fatal Flaw] – by Veritasium – 2021-05-22 8wu1507lvlfs6ekrmu3vms3ph0mgl00 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 392 10865 9395 2021-06-24T07:19:00Z Apm 1 added related section {{speculative}} This page is here to focuses exclusively on the expectable optical look of a future in which advanced atomically precise technology has spread far and wide. Some things may become a reality long before APT is reached. ['''Todo:''' add short explanations and links] == Outdoors == * agricultural field area replaced through parks for humans and nature or other things * streets drastically changing appearance and character * vanishing electric power transmission towers * sails replacing windmills * much more variety in shapes of architecture * variety in daily seen ethnicities - stronger societal mixing due to cheaper transport * a lot of public displays - screens replacing all billboards screens on/in many other surfaces (like e.g. house walls and parts of streets and walkways) * more intense colors - artificial environment starting to feature whole gamut colors * brighter colors - as bright as the blazingly glistering reflected sunlight from waves * radically different kind of clothing (clothing partly independent of time of year - except naked) * radical variety of clothing (open source archives of styles the past always accessible) * abundant physical telepresence * much decreased negative effect of some natural disasters (earthquakes, storm) – one reason: mostly indoor vertical farming * most people wearing computer-glasses or computer-contact-lenses ---- * less people seen in local social interaction ? * - more global social interaction * - less working for survival * - more working for what one finds needs to be done * - vanishing fixed place of work * - dispersed interest groups ---- * lights shining down from one or more moon cities (depending on amount of outdoor lighting) ---- * very quiet environment * - no more jackhammers on newer construction sites ** * - quieter planes * - quieter trains * - no loud and stinky reciprocating combustion engines * - no loud macroscopic reciprocating compressor pumps ---- * no more people fighting mosquitoes == Indoors == ['''todo:''' categorize based on rooms] * new types of doors (hand sign to let it slide open - no slide in slot) * semi soft floors super friendly for naked feet * digitally adjustable shelves (adjustment probably wont be done that often) - many styles * body shape adapting furniture - many styles * always perfect temperature (not exactly a visible parameter but excuse this exception **) * tables usable as computers? (might not be needed so much because of VR/AR) * unbreakable tableware that retains the so much appreciated characteristics (hardness, sound, "coldness" that is thermal conductivity) * breakable tableware (just for effect) that slightly bluntens all the edges when broken * upgraded dishwashers (???) and washing machines (???) - active self cleaning ? inch sized cleaning bots ? * not much change in toilets ? * workshops degrading to just spaces where things can be put together by hand without tools * many upgrades to the workshops that explicitly work with "old" materials making those products cheaper too but not as cheap as [[Diamondoid metamaterial|gem gum]] stuff. ---- * Astounding robotics. See: [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells]] and [[Gem-gum balloon products]] == Related == * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] mrr3bsj110gipnmmp3107tpdvjgc8vh wikitext text/x-wiki 0 741 7681 7680 2018-08-25T17:19:39Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to wikipedia page: Mobility analogy There's 1:1 correspondence between mechanical and electrical quantities Basic: * voltage U in volts V ~ force F in newton N ~ moment M in Nm * current I in ampere A ~ speed v in m/s ~ angular speed omega in rad/s * power P=U*I ~ P=F*v ~ P=M*omega * resistance R=U/I ~ R'=F/v ~ R''=M/omega -- (conductivity just the inverse) Electrostatic: * charge Q in As ~ position x in m ~ angle alpha in rad * capacity C in As/V ~ linear-stiffness k in N/m ~ angular-stiffness in kappa in Nm/rad * electric field E in V/m ~ ... * dielectric constant epsilon in (As)/(Vm) ~ ... ? * D ... Magnetostatic: * ? ... ~ mass m in kg ~ moment of intertia kg*m^2 * ? ... ~ linear impulse kg*m/s ~ ... Note that there are also 1:1 corresponcences to the inverse quanities (switching current with volatge - everything else follows automatically). One can build mechanical circuitry (out of [[mechanical circuit element]]s) just as one does with electrical elements. == Limits of the correspondence == At a slightly closer look similarities break down * There is no simple electrical analogy to gearboxes. One usually uses pulse width modulation for voltage. <br> Linear amplification corresponds to simple mechanical advantage of a lever. * escapements can be a extremely compact alternative to pulse with modulation for current (aka buck converters). In general there are mechanical elements that combine more functionality in a smaller and simpler design. Conversely these smaller and simpler designs tend to mix different functionalities together. They don't do "separation of concerns" properly and thus are not as versatile or more difficult be used in automated design generation. So it can have benefits to refrain from the usage of these classical macroscale function mangling elements incurring more space useup. Related: [[Analogies and their dangers]] === Pulse width modulation === * Drop voltage from a higher to a lower level => reduction of driving force * Regulate current to a constant value => constant speed drive. <br> (when a constant voltage is behind there is a limit at which current cant be kept up to set value) == Misc == A fundamental law: Very accurate measurements require very big sensors (averaging out noise). That holds for both electrical, mechanical and other systems. An extreme example is the detection of gravitational waves where distances of a fraction of a atomic nucleus can be measured. Such accuracies fundamentally cannot be reached by small sensors, not to speak of individual nanoscale sensors. == Related == * [[Nanomechanic circuits]] * [[Mechanical circuit element]] * [[Mechanical pulse width modulation]] ----- * [[Analogies and their dangers]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_analogy Impedance analogy] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_analogy Mobility analogy] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%E2%80%93electrical_analogies Mechanical–electrical analogies] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogical_models Analogical models] efnx7k3ps5ah45oln6rya1yracroup9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1281 11702 2021-07-21T13:12:09Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[The naive geometry grouping fallacy]] to [[Naive groupings as dumbed down functions]]: gut feeling ... #REDIRECT [[Naive groupings as dumbed down functions]] rgvq01tfmsm2axxp09fsw4k9lauqzrp wikitext text/x-wiki 0 624 9487 9486 2021-05-27T19:17:36Z Apm 1 /* Notes */ added note on no exact solutions beyond hydrogen == How do atoms work? == The common symbolic depiction of atoms with lines for orbits and little balls on those lines for electrons and further little balls for the protons and neutrons in the core is awfully bad and very far from the real situation. === Atoms are mostly electrons by volume. Soft electron density clouds. No empty space. === A decent intuitive picture for atoms are soft/blurry clouds that are (in a certain mathematical sense) as smooth as possible and can exert soft forces on other of these clouds in case they come close. There are no hard surfaces and certainly no sharp planet like orbits. These clouds are made of so called "electron density". Atoms basically ''are'' electrons. The electrons in atoms (especially the outermost ones) not just have the size of atoms they literally are the atoms. The nucleus of an atom gives it basically just its mass (which is almost irrelevant at the nanoscale). <small>And sometimes weak magnetic properties that can in the context of [[mechanosynthesis]] be ignored. </small> Electrons in solids can occupy a space that is much bigger than an atom. As an example: Free electrons in metals are of such nature.<br> Electrons density clouds in atoms can not be smaller than the innermost electron shell. <br> This is partly because of a see-saw effect that: * makes tightly constrained electrons move more vigorously and that * makes electrons with a very precise temperature (very cold is easiest) very big This see-saw effect is called the "Heisenberg uncertainty relationship". <br> Where it exactly equilibrates out is determined by the Schrödinger equation. Beside the electron density cloud interpretation there is also the probability density cloud interpretation. <br> While useful mathematically the author of this wiki is not a fan. <br> See "[[on the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics]]" for details. Warning this gets a bit technical. === Only because electrons are forced to "stack" on each other directed chemical bonds exist. === The very small core/nucleus of the atom (which btw is also cloudy but more rowdy - excuse the joke) just serves as a very well hidden electrostatic "glue" holding the electron cloud together. The inner electrons serve as padding. Due to the Pauli exclusion principle they inner electrons blow additional electrons further up making them stick out the farthest and thus making them the so called "outer shell electrons". Only due to this outward shifting the outermost exposed electrons undergo interesting changes that make chemical bonds possible. What kind of interesting changes? === Atoms are just like drums ... with lots of exceptions. === [[File:1280px-Round_Chladni_plate_with_4_circular_and_2_linear_nodes.JPG|400px|thumb|right|A demo experiment showing a so called "Caldni figure". The sand collects where the plate moves the least up and down. At the vibration nodes. In the atom analogy the black areas between the nodes are the spots where the electron clouds are densest. The orbitals.]] As a first crude starting analogy imagine the electron density (actually a precursor of it) as the skin on a drum. The lowest tone you can play makes the whole membrane go up and down (a single antinode of vibration). There are several points where the useful drum analogy breaks and some awkward peculiarities show up: * The membrane has no border – (again: there are no sharp surfaces). * The tension of the membrane changes towards the center. * The membrane is not two dimensional but three dimensional and it does not swing up and down but into a further dimension that is the precursor of electron density. This precursor can be best expressed with complex numbers and is called the "wave function" of the electron. * Every tone can be played at exactly one volume. * Every tone can be played exactly twice (spin up and spin down) then if one wants to play more tones one needs to go on to the tone next higher in frequency/pitch or to a tone different in geometry. (This is due to the Pauli exclusion principle.) * Tones do not radiate away energy. They do not emit the equivalent of the drum-analogy-soundwaves in form of lightwaves. Instead they stay at their frequency pitch permanently unless actively driven away. Electrons don't "fall" into the core due to the seesaw that makes electrons move more vigorously when they become tightly constrained in space. The "heisenberg uncertainty relationship". * The overtone vibration geometries have inter-dependencies (more on that later). <small>(Related: [[Analogies and their dangers]])</small> === Once the first shell is full the next electrons go in next hull with one more node === Exactly two electrons go into the very first tone (the two spins - spin up and spin down - then this place is full - Pauli exclusion). The next higher tone of the drum (aka the first overtone) has the inner circular area of the drum going up-then-down and the outer circular ring-area going down-then-up. In the 2D drum model a motionless circular "nodal line of vibration" is located between the two "antinodes of vibration". In the real 3D atom this "node of vibration" is a theoretical infinitely sharp spherical shell with the inner and outer volume separated by this shell swinging complementary to each other (in antiphase). Technical side-notes: The number of nodes can further rise and directly corresponds to the strain and energy in the "drum membrane" (curvature in the wave function). With every additional node one is raising up one energy level. These energy levels are characterized by the "main/principal quantum number" with symbol "n". Numbers of n have associated letters (0=k 1=l 2=m ...). === Beside sphere shaped nodes there can be two other shapes of nodes === [[File:P-orbitals.png|250px|thumb|right|The simplest non spherical nodal surface is one flat nodal surface: Depicted here are the two volumes containing the antinodes of such a single flat nodal plane (p-orbitals).]] There are overtones with non-spherical nodal surfaces too. In the 2D drum model imagine the left side of the drum going up-then-down and the right side going down-then-up. It's a bit more complicated in 3D atoms though. * There are nodal surfaces that have the shape of '''nested double cones''' (and one plane in case of even node-surface numbers) dividing the wave function in one double lobe and some rings. (Rings only if there's more than one node-surface.) * There are nodal surfaces that are all '''flat planes''' which divide the wave function into '''orange slice shaped antinodes'''. The former is described by the "secondary quantum number" with symbol "l". Again numbers of l have associated letters (1=s 2=p 3=d 4=f). The latter is described by the "magnetic quantum number" with symbol "m" === With more radial nodes the number of possible nodes of other type grows === Due to the fact that the wave functions are a result of [[Schrödinger equation|a certain very famous differential equation]] there are some relations between those so called "quantum numbers". These relations are: (n>0; l<n; abs(m)<=l). In words: higher overtones (vibrational modes) of different kind than spherical only become available when the energy rises above the minimum (n>1). === Nodes can be shifted from one type to another. Every combo adds space for electrons in a single shell. === Note that when n becomes 2 then l can be lifted from 0 to 1. This lifting drags the spherical/radial node-surface over to a conical node-surface. The spherical node-surface is gone (kind of like a conversion). Also one can further "lift" m form 0 to minus 1 or plus 1. This further drags the conical node-surfaces over to a planar node (again kind of like a conversion). Now the conical node is gone too. With higher n one can leave some spherical/radial node-surfaces behind albeit converting some to the conical type and one can leave some conical ones behind albeit converting some to the planar type. This allows for complex patterns (technical term "spherical harmonics"). We are especially interested in the volume-slivers between the node-surfaces. These are the basis for orbitals bonds and the shape of molecules. But we are not quite there yet. === The order the electrons fill the shells can be complicated. It is strongly environment dependent. === Technical side-note: There are the so called "Hund's rules" describing in which order electrons fill up the quantum numbers. This though applies only for unbond atoms that freely float in vacuum (E.g. found in vaporized metals in gas discharge lamps. Lamps that where and still are very useful in fundamental physics.) Since in the context of APM we are mostly interested strongly bonded atoms these rules are not useful as they are. Instead the described vibrational modes of the wave function combine in other more or less nontrivial ways to bonding orbitals such that energy is minimized. == What kind of shape do atoms have? == Now with the somewhat intuitive drum analogy for the oscillating wave function and the vibrational overtones of the wave function which are dividing atoms into kind of a 3D checkerboard pattern (spherical harmonics) we are slowly beginning to get some structure that we'll need to form directed chemical bonds. Our goal is to get directed lobes (bonding electron orbitals) from the nodes in the wave function but there is another not yet mentioned peculiarity which makes getting bonding orbitals from the basic patterns more difficult for us. The problem is that electrons can not only oscillate they can also rotate (since there's no angular constraint - no "wall" in the atom). The density of a moving/streaming/rotating one electron cloud (both linear and like in our case circular) features no nodes. This is because: * The precursor of the electron density(the wave function) has its purely complex part phase shifted relative to the purely real part in the direction of movement - {{todo|check sign}}. Side-note: From the shift in the wave function one can derive the direction of motion even when given only a momentary snapshot, so the shift can be seen as the encoding of the motion. The motion is the shift so to say. It's one and the same. * The density of the electron cloud is obtained from the wave function by forming the "square of the absolute value". * The resulting density of this moving phase shifted wave functions is constant and nowhere zero. So none of the nodes and antinodes of the wave function make it over to the electron density. We don't get the desired patterns of slivers between nodes-surfaces that are bonding orbitals. Side-note: Despite the many vibrational node-surfaces, free atoms that are floating around in a vacuum (and that are not under the influence of magnetic or electric fields) have the shape of perfect spheres when the wave function is converted to observable electron density. This is exactly because they have no rotational constraints. (Related: symmetry <=> conserved quantity == Nöther theorem) [[File:P-orbitals.png|500px|thumb|right|While the p_z orbital is a direct result of the Schrödinger equation (for an electron in the potential of a nucleus) the p_x and p_y orbitals are not. For the p_x and p_y orbitals two counterclockwise rotation solutions (rotating in complex number space) need to be added such that the associated electron density gains lobes. The phase in which the solutions are added relative to one another determines the direction in which the resulting orbitals will face in the x-y plane.]] To get patterns one can reflect back a one electron stream on a wall into itself or as in our case we can add fractions of the one electron stream rotating backwards (this is a quantum superposition btw) some parts of the wave function cancel out (self interference) and after applying the "square of the absolute value" to get our (observable) electron density we finally get lobes (we have standing waves). Looking backward when one has (at least one) chemical bond to something non rotation (e.g. a macroscale slab of crystal) this bond could be seen as the aforementioned "wall in the atom" that prevents rotation. To minimize energy furthermore the basic wave functions are combined in such a way that energy is minimized (metastability not considered here). From that one gets various combinations of basic orbitals which are called "hybrid orbitals". The most important hybrid orbitals for the lighter elements are the called sp³ and sp². There's also the more rare sp hybridization. === sp³ orbitals === [[File:AE4h.svg|200px|thumb|right|Tetrahedral geometry of sp³ hybrid orbitals. '''Note:''' Simplified view! Actual orbitals: more bean shaped and overlapping.]] sp³ hybridization results in four strongly asymmetric double lobes oriented in tetrahedral geometry. The shape of coastal defense tetrapods. The small sides of the lobes are hidden away in the atoms inner shells. The orbitals of atoms facing one another bond big lobe facing big lobe. These bonds are so called "sigma bonds". A classic example for a solid material featuring sp³ bonding is diamond. Note that one needs at least four bonds not lying in a common plane such that one can create densely meshed 3D structures that are not just folded chains or sheets. A classic example for a volatile compound featuring sp³ bonding is methane CH₄ === sp² orbitals === [[File:AE3h.svg|200px|thumb|left|Triangular geometry of sp² hybrid orbitals. The fourth orbital (the p-orbital facing in and out of the image plane) is not depicted! '''Note:''' Simplified view! Actual orbitals: more bean shaped and overlapping.]] sp² hybridization leaves one p orbital (p_z) intact (as it is) the remaining three are converted in asymmetric double lobes (less strongly asymmetric than sp³). The small sides of the lobes are hidden away in the atoms inner shells. The remnant symmetric p_z orbital is oriented vertically while the three sp² orbitals lie in a normal plane forming an equilateral triangle. The hybridized orbitals form again form sigma bonds. Actually the unaltered p_z orbital are more interesting here. Double lobes bond sideways to other double lobes making single bonds with two contact points so called "pi bonds". A classic example for sp² bonding is: graphite, nanotubes, buckyballs, ...<br> Depending on bonding topology and [[high pressure|lattice strain]] the electronic properties of these pi bonds can be tuned in a very wide range. From metallic over semi-metallic to non metallic. [[File:Two-carbon-doublebond-models.svg|400px|thumb|right|Two extreme representations of a carbon-carbon double-bond. The "real" situation lies inbetween. Left: an sp² sigma-bond combined with a two pronged pi-bond (unhybridized double-lobed p_z orbital). Right: two highly bent/strained sp³ sigma bonds.]] Note that hybridization is not clearly classifiable into the three categories sp³, sp² and sp. It is more like sp^λ where λ can be a fractional number. A continuum. After all, hybrid orbitals are just a mixture (more accurately a "linear combination") of orbitals where any combination can be assumed (as long as electron density adds up to one - normed integral). What ever minimizes energy most will be assumed. (In molecules the λ value can be experimentally deduced from the angles of the hydrogen atoms sticking out.) Note that bigger atoms with the "same" electron configuration in the outer shell (sitting below carbon in the periodic table) like e.g. silicon, and germanium rarely form sp² or sp bonds. It's not fundamentally impossible but these bonds are very unstable. The inner electrons are in the way. === sp orbitals === [[File:AE2h.svg|200px|thumb|right|Linear geometry of sp¹ hybrid orbitals. Two missing orbitals (two p-orbitals - both oriented normal to all others) are not depicted! '''Note:''' Simplified view! Actual orbitals: more bean shaped and overlapping.]] sp hybridization leaves two p like orbitals intact (rotation compensated - as noted above) the remaining two are converted in asymmetric double lobes (less strongly asymmetric than sp2). The small sides of the lobes are hidden away in the atoms inner shells. The two remnant symmetric p like orbitals are oriented normal to each other while the two sp orbitals stick out on opposite sides of the formed cross. Attention! these two can be mistaken for a unmodified p orbital. sp hybridization occurs in the gaseous compound ethyne (C₂H₂) aka acetylene aka welding gas. This gas is of especial interest for advanced [[mechanosynthesis]] of diamond because a triple bond between two carbon atoms leaves just two bonds capped with hydrogen. When assembling something like a block of diamond instead of hydrocarbon chains there is very little surface area and all that excessive hydrogen would need to be reacted to water leading to a massive energy excess. === d and f orbitals and their hybridization === * TODO ... = Notes = Going down backwards one finds: * angular part: Spherical harmonics, associated Legendre functions, Legendre polynomials * radial part: Laguerre polynomials * Schrödinger equation – separation of variables => radial part and angular part Exact solutions exist only for the hydrogen atom (and one electron ions). As soon as there is more than one electron mutual electrostatic repulsion drastically changes the results. Exact solutions are no longer possible. There are iterative approximation methods. An important basic one among them is the "Gram–Schmidt process". Spherical harmonics are often depicted as surfaces where the magnitude value is misused as radius. These (tear shaped) plots can be easily confused with molecular orbitals (bean shaped). But molecular orbitals are constant value surfaces of the square of the absolute value of the spherical harmonic angular part of the wave function multiplied by the radial part of the wave function. When hand drawn molecular orbitals often are drawn tear shaped. = Related = * [[Quantum mechanics]] = External links = * [http://www.orbitals.com/orb/ov.htm "Orbital Viewer"] by David Manthey (Windows program - but it runs perfectly fine under wine in linux too) * [https://darksilverflame.deviantart.com/art/The-Shapes-Of-Hydrogen-Poster-327297786 The Shapes Of Hydrogen - Poster ... by DarkSilverflame (deviantart)] * Common question: [https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/physfaq/topics/touch.html Does an atom mostly consist of empty space?] (No.) == Wikipedia == * The crude drum analogy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Chladni#Chladni_figures Ernst_Chladni#Chladni_figures] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladnische_Klangfigur (de)] – Analog to two dimensional vibration node planes in three dimensional atoms there are one dimensional vibration node lines on two dimensional oscillating surfaces. The details are vastly different though. ---- * The simplemost way to combine multiple orbitals is just adding them up. <br> This must be done '''before(!!)''' taking the square of the absolute value.<br> This trivial method goes under the fancy name of: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination_of_atomic_orbitals LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals]. * Only the orbitals of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-like_atom hydrogen like atoms] are describable by "simple" (meaning analytically closed) mathematical formulas. Even rather simple multi electron atoms (like carbon) have a complex charge distribution of electrons added upon the simple point charge of the nucleus. This makes the energy potential V nontrivial. And this in turn leads to the necessity of iterative approximation methods. * This challenging problem is called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect shielding effect]. It is present in all multi electron atoms (all uncharged atoms except hydrogen). The simplemost but very inaccurate form of treating it is via an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge effective nuclear charge]. Much better is to use a modified potential that deviates from "~1/r²". The potential can be iteratively adjusted too. Until the potential matches the wave function and vice versa (that is until so called "self consistency" is sufficiently archived). <br>{{todo|start iteration with ~1/r² potential or other one?}} * Iterative approximation methods: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process Gram–Schmidt process]; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method Hartree–Fock method]; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation Born–Oppenheimer approximation]<br> {{todo|There is a basic iteration method to fit a initially guessed wave function to a slightly modified potential. How is this method called again?}} mda2at6ap2mn852ploah2r7safpk3lw wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1247 12028 12027 2021-09-22T22:06:18Z Apm 1 /* Likely causes (high abstraction level) */ Current day (2021) programming <small>(aka telling computers what to do – everyone needs to do that these days)</small> has an accessibility problem. <br> The effect is that so called "end users" when they see obvious trivial problems that they would easily be able to fix <br> in a few minutes when passing by these probems absolutely (very frustratingly) cannot fix these because: ... <br> == Problems == – There is a big (and growing) stack of tools to learn before even to begin (to tell computers what to do beyond what the developers designated to users). <br> '''It has gotten so bad that''' a job description emerged: "full stack developer".<br> – Code can't be accessed and fixed directly from within the space designated for the "users" (typically GUIs). <br> Overall the "wall of inaccessibility" between designated "users space" and designated "developer space" seems to have been been steadily growing. <br> Only locally shrinking maybe a bit sometimes but never overall shrinking. <br> '''It has gotten so bad that''' even suggesting that something could almost totally remove that barrier can make one subject to ridicule. <br> <small>Guess what's going to be suggested here ... </small> – Publishing something that is more than "locally running toy code" but <br> a part of an interactive online program (even if it's a tiny trivial change like adding a button trivially combining some data) <br> has become increasingly difficult. <br> '''It has gotten so bad that''' this bloated unnecessary process now has attained a name: "deployment". <br> And a whole terminology and an "industry" has evolved. <br> – The current tools for programming have ... * either a deterringly steep learning curve ... * or quickly run out of expressiveness. == Likely causes (high abstraction level) == The causes for these problems (on a very high abstraction-level) are likely twofold: * '''(A) the increasing centralization of the internet – an emerging governance problem''' – <small>(Philosphically: This may perhaps be an "eternal" problem of any intelligent social life that periodically waves up?? maybe ...)</small> * '''(B) a technical software crisis''' – (sheer technical difficulty and an economics caused focus on short term investment focusing on fixing symptoms rather than fixing causes) The "[[annotated lambda diagram]]s" (ALDs) discussed here would be an attempt in tackling the latter point: (B). <br> == Related == * [[Software]] * [[Annotated lambda diagram]] * [[Annotated lambda diagram mockups]] hmg78ayx67kt3sprrbg7wcpqumq7tvb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1249 11463 2021-07-11T10:05:10Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[A true but useless theory of everything]] #REDIRECT [[A true but useless theory of everything]] bcr5k38bhmvllbo15imef4b2x9ugg6q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 411 11624 11623 2021-07-14T06:03:21Z Apm 1 /* The Déjà-vu phenomemnon */ added note on needed improvement {{speculative}} It is widely believed that the purpose of dreams is not well understood yet. <br> Here's a uncommon possible explanation that may make sense to the reader (or not). In just two words dreams are the consequence of our brain doing '''data compression'''. == Introduction == When active on daytime there is no time for the brain to conjure up stuff that is deeply buried down in long time memory. Stuff that most likely has nothing whatsoever to do with the current situation at hand. Stuff that would just make one unable to make decisions fast enough. All the new experiences of the day that just passed lie just slightly below short term memory in a very labile and ephemeral state. They must urgently be analyzed for deeper integration into the existing mental world-view. For deeper integration the importance of new information must be ascertained in more depth. Only at nighttime (where we, as the human species, in the past couldn't do anything else but sleep anyway because we can't see in the dark) there is the time to do that deeper analysis (beside some physiological body & brain cleanup). To ascertain importance of new still fragile and ephemeral memories the brain needs to check if links can be made to older memories that already have been integrated deeper down into the "memory stack". The more links can be established the faster and deeper the memory integration. Links to strong emotions play a important role too, naturally. New experiences that come with strong emotions need less links to be integrated as new memories and will be faster integrated. Long time memories may be associated with strong emotions or not. The relevance of srong emotions in memory integration is well known. == Pattern matching for mental link creation at different levels == So dreams may match memories on different time scales. * just below short term to mid-term * just below short term to long-term * maybe also mid-term to long-term (Whether the dream depth levels correspond to sleep phases is an interesting question.) Since (at the deepest dream level) the brain wants to establish entirely new connections it conjures up some completely "random" long term memory and tries to match the newly made short term memories to it. This may explain the '''absolute ridiculous absurdness of dreams''' that we sometimes experience. At the deepest dream level the randomness maybe even be derived from the effect of thermal noise amplified by chaotic systems. (in computer science terms a true random number generator TRNG) Successful unexpected random matches could be considered a form of ''in mind serendipity''. At less deep dream levels the brain may conjure up semi-randomly mid term memories from a few days ago. == Proper dream interpretation == See also: [[Lucid dreaming#Proper dream journal]] One can even test this! By regularly documenting and analyzing ones dreams (abiding particular rules outlined further down ) one can find and retrace those links that ones dreams make eventually leading to surprising realizations about ones own mind and psyche (character, "heart" and "soul" if one will). Its about the identification of those memories that the dreams linked up together in some more or less meaningful way. Especially for the less deep dream levels it can be become quite clear where the memories came from despite the fact that those memories where already decently long ago (e.g. weeks) and so dim that they would never ever have returned to the mind in a state of awakeness. ----- First, one needs to get good at remembering ones dreams. All people do have dreams. Other wise they would likely quickly develop mental problems. Why should become clear through the text further down. Many people though do not remember their dreams. A good thing is that '''remembering ones dreams is a skill that can be acquired'''. A necessary prerequisite though is some freedom to manage ones time and a lack of strong stress factors. Most adult people do not have this luxury. Sorry. Poisons in regards to fostering ones dream recalling capabilities are: * first and foremost: lack of sleep - physical recuperation probably takes priority before dreams for which may be left to less. * alarm clocks: especially if set to inconsistent constantly varying times Learning how to remember ones dreams largely coincides with learning how to consistently and properly document and analyze ones dreams. This would also be the second requirement for retracing ones brains compression process. ----- For proper documentation of dreams one needs to resists the temptation of prematurely interpreting ones dreams. One instead needs to records the nonsense as-is, as it oozes out, without any criticism. One must not care about any chronology. Documentation needs to be done totally relaxed and ''instantly'' after waking up (that means that pen and paper to jot down stuff needs to be right beside sleeping place and need to be low distraction => paper may be better that smart-phones). Do '''NOT''' start to think about what the dream could actually mean, do not think about some matters of the day lying ahead, the past day(s) or something else. All these are aggressive short term thoughts potent in pushing out dream remnants. They will near instantly overwrite all the valuable highly delicate remnant memories that one still has remaining in memory. In other words: Premature interpretation attempts load short time stuff that overwrites valuable remnant memories. Changing inconvenient dreams to ones liking is absolutely not allowed. Be aware that ones human psychology tends to conveniently interpret away inconvenient problems that dreams want to show oneself. If one feels that trying to remember a specific part of a dream paradoxically starts to push one into the direction of fully awake consciousness (all recent data loaded, all fragile dream memories overwritten), then it's better to not force it and let it go, it may come back later eventually. <small>(After all recallable memories of dream fragments are as-is drained to notes an instantly return to sleep / doze state can sometimes allow one to recall even more memories of dreams)</small> Only later once all recoverable remnant dream memories have been drained one should come back to look at ones records for interpretation. The chronology of the recorded dream fragments may now be recoverable, but this is not too important. Techniques for learning [[lucid dreaming]] dreaming may help too, but actual active lucid dreaming disrupts and re-purposes the natural dreaming process. It's still positive since lucid dreaming phases make up only a tiny fraction of the dreaming time (unless one is really good at it maybe?) and it greatly increases ones capabilities in recalling normal dreams. ------ If successful in retracing ones brains in dream memory linking and compression processes one will uncover and recover new subconscious deep links between last-day-memories and a-few-days-ago-memories that ones brain has made while dreaming. Since dreams are based on ones individual memories and thus are highly individual, it is clear that the dream interpretation schemes cannot possibly work. Well except maybe for the most primal things maybe like e.g. primal fears of the dark in young age or dreams directly induced by physical health problem. But those most basic primal things are usually not the topic of these books. Your typical dream interpretation schemes (aka oneriomancy/oneirocriticism schemes) are as accurate as tea leaf reading done by oneself for oneself. Pure fantasy not even giving useful psychological help. (These lines authors viewpoint). Dream interpretation needs to be done tailored to the individual (by the individual). It could be considered an advanced self reflection method. It maybe even help to overcome traumata, but those are often difficult to repair, (In case the reader suffers from such, please consider consulting a doctor and don't hold the author responsible for any actions taken based on these lines.) === Effects of exposing parts of one owns subconscious to oneselfs awake-consciousness === It's interesting to think about the effect of this activity of consciously retracing the processes that ones brain does in the semi-conscious dreaming state. * One may find connections that ones brain didn't find worth to strongly integrate in "dream mode" but now in "wake mode" one values them. * One may find connections that ones brain did find worth to strongly integrate in "dream mode" but now in "wake mode" one does not see any value in them and wonders why. * ... == Consequence of no opportunities to dream == All humans dream, its Just that many do not remember their dreams. (Side-note: The purpose of the capability of remembering dreams is an interesting question too. It may well be an evolutionary accident.) Loosing the opportunity to dream is only possible via a lack of sleep (or some severe neurological illness maybe?). The consequence alack of dreams (including lack of dreams that are not memorized over to daytime) is basically similar to never cleaning up the data on your computer one gets a big bucket unsorted mess of data in which one can't find anything anymore and once all the memory is full you can't delete just the most useless stuff because you just do not know what actually is the most useless stuff. As dreams cannot anchor new experiences properly to deeper levels and memory space is still needed more valuable information will get tossed ot (sacrificed). In short one gets '''forgetful'''. == The Epiphany phenomenon == An ''epiphany'' is a realization of some "higher truth". An ''epiphany'' is a brand new very unexpected and surprising discovery. An ''epiphany'' is often obtained via a dream or via "pure thinking" possibly initiated by an inspiring dream Epiphanies are often associated with religious or supernatural phenomena. Some may consider these explanations a psychological avoidance phenomenon "shifting of the problem" to answers that conveniently explain everything. === How ununexplainability of epiphanies does not necessarily quench undemystifiability of human consciousness === There will always always be parts of reality that cannot be explained. Those can only be ignored or shifted to the aforementioned supernatural or religious. Actually the more one knows the more areas one knows in which one misses knowledge. And that to an non-proportionally faster growing degree! In math there is this fundamental theorem of Gödel. Making even math a religion believing on axioms. A very practical and successful religion at that. In physics there is this quantum random mystery where we currently have no explanation for. This plays into and mixes with the fundamentally unpredictable thermal motions. Thermal motions which could (as mentioned before) maybe be used by our brains as true random number generators to decide which long time memory to conjure up next for trying to pattern match it with recently encountered experiences. So, no worries, deeper understanding of our consciousness likely will not degrade the human mind to a [[fully deterministic clockwork]] (see: [[the something]]). There's this potential source of "true randomness". But note that "true randomness" does not actually mean "random". What it actually means is: * we do not yet have any clue how it came to be * we do not yet have any clue whether or when we will have a clue * we do not yet know if we fundamentally can have a clue how it came to be In summary even without reliance on the supernatural and religion as an explanation for epiphanies the deep mysteries of our consciousness are not necessarily demystified. They just switch to coinciding with the deepest mysteries of our hole universe itself. (Side-note: Clarifying structure and workings of the brain in the process of AI research likewise won't demystify consciousness at this "universal level".) === The origin of Epiphanies === Structured information like complex ideas cannot originate from nothing. In the end the brain alone (fully isolated from any information providing environment) cannot get to know some new wisdom when the basic crude information that is absolutely necessary to gain that wisdom is simply not present. Another maybe less intelligible but more abstract formulation would be: Dreaming is a process that can only convert ones personal subconscious unknown-knowns into known-knowns of the wake-state. If all this (un)known (un)knowns is confusing, then check out the page about the [[knowledge matrix]]. Side-note: Unknown knowns would in this context be the (subconscious) presence of all the needed parts of a not yet solved mental puzzle and the presence of the knowledge to put the pieces together. An "epiphanic dream" is then only the process of putting the subconsciously existing pieces together with the subconscious existing knowledge how to do it. Side-note: Before becoming conscious known-knowns the subconscious unknown-knowns can be both conscious unknown-unknowns and conscious known-unknowns. == The Déjà-vu phenomemnon == A Déjà-vu might be a detection of very strong similarity to some (potentially emotionally laden) deeply subconscious almost completely faded long term memory. A Déjà-vu may activate the dream functionality of conjuring up a remnant of a long term memory at waketime. The conjuring up of a memory remnant that would normally never be conjured up at waketime because it is pretty out of context without any obvious and clear relations to the current wake life situation. The spontaneous day-dream and burst-like effect that a Déjà-vu is manifests itself as this ominous vague feeling of repetition. A Déjà-vu. Especially if the long term memory is more anchored by association with emotion rather than by information context the likelihood of a Déjà-vu may be higher. This relates to: * [[Cognitive biases]] * [[Mapping new concepts into the mental orthonormal basis of one owns worldview]] {{wikitodo|this section needs improvement}} == Disclaimer == Its possible that the discussion of mind related ideas here in the context of data compression gets a bit lopsided. The "when you have a hammer every problem starts to look like a nail" phenomenon. == Misc == * search for deep links for data compression * dynamic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream inceptionism] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia pareidolia] - misguided auto completion * in mind serendipity (mentioned in text now) * dreaming and learning * [[Lucid dreaming]] * [[The inner workings of the human brain]] * [[Philosophical topics]] [[Category:Philosophical]] p10n7ehzh1nin34mc1yryjbv1oqjlp9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 995 9529 2021-05-29T19:03:49Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] #Redirect [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] on6noet5p3dtqho7m1tiwe4ytnc87sm wikitext text/x-wiki 0 408 7068 7067 2018-05-08T14:30:52Z Apm 1 spelling: purpouse -> purpose {{stub}} {{speculative}} {{site specific term}} '''Axiomatic wisdom:''' Wisdom that can't be derived by pure thinking but can only be gained by building up confidence in practical application by interacting with the environment - an open system. Wisdom that can't be gained through [[exploratory engineering]] but only by research. * Random number generators in computers can run out of entropy. If random numbers are drawn faster than entropy sources can regenerate - from outside. * Is there a fundamental rate axiomatic wisdom can trickle in? If so does this rate limit the speed of technological evolution? * Nature collected axiomatic wisdom over a long time. Can we (for a while) circumvent this speed-limit by drawing from nature? At which rate was nature accumulating axiomatic wisdom? How much axiomatic wisdom has nature accumulate already? At which rate are we destroying axiomatic wisdom by destroying nature? * Total shut-in in VR of all humanity would cut off all influx of axiomatic wisdom. * Both work on the border to the unknown and shut-in work (compression sorting classification mental housekeeping) is needed. (Maybe related: [[The purpose of dreams]]) * Gödel & Turing - what distinguishes human intellect from computers == Related == * Axioms as the holes in math: [[The limits and guesses in math]] * the derivability of anything from wrong assumptions * [[evolution]] & mutation * Somewhat complementary: [[exploratory engineering]] [[Category:Philosophical]] dbs17j8gts0oucwckcrl8n6kzo3ql9p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 734 10549 9579 2021-06-17T10:19:19Z Apm 1 /* How "speed" is "faster" when you are smaller as an observer */ halve => half Up: [[Intuitive feel]] This page is meant to give an intuitive feel for the violence of the motions at the nanoscale via an interesting uncommon and maybe novel perspective that goes together well with [[Main Page|the topic of this wiki]].<br> If you, the reader is looking for a conventional technical introduction to [[thermal motion]] this is probably not the right place here. There are plenty of resources on the web that are much better than what could be presented here, please consult those. == Air molecules as fast as bullets == '''Or: How every human on earth is hit by the the equivalent of a relentless non stop barrage of handgun bullets from birth to death.''' As we all know being hit by a bullet from a handgun is not good for health. But what if you split the bullet into many many small pieces and let them hit you with the same speed but now evenly distributed from all sides (assuming no breaking through air resistance)? Would you dare to try this? <br> What if I told you that you already did try this for your whole life? When we assume that: * the bullet is split up into all its individual atoms such that there now is plenty of space between them * the bullet is converted into a spherical shell of dispersed atoms <br>(a shell with of about a thousandfold volume and a thousandth of the density of the original bullet) * the shell is concentrically coming at you (matching your body shape) and hitting you with the original non-reduced speed then you probably would not even notice being hit.<br> Baffling? What the split up atoms of the bullet bullet would do to you is actually very similar to what the molecules of the air do to you. If one looks at free flying atoms (or very small molecules) like the ones one finds in air, then their speed of motion lies around the speed of sound. That is the main constituents of our earth's atmosphere (dinitrogen N₂ and dioxygen O₂ zip around with speeds that average out at about 340m/s (at normal conditions). This is about the speed of a bullet of a hand gun. In contrast to the bullet, air molecules do hit you permanently and relentlessly instead of just for roughly 30 microsceconds. Thirty microseconds is the time it takes for a 1cm long (hopefully atomically dispersed) bullet to hit you tip to tail. Well since this "impact" would add up atop the normal air pressure it would double it (equivalent to an easily diveable water depth of 10m) for the brief period of these 30 microseconds. But you would still likely notice barely any effect since 30 microseconds are so short that due to the inertia of mass of your skin there will barely be any effect. == How "speed" is "faster" when you are smaller as an observer == Being smaller makes motions with same speeds seem to be faster. Driving an 1:10 RC car with FPV (first person view) remote vision at about 10m/s=36km/h feels like driving with 100m/s=360km/h but in reality it is still the 10m/s=36km/h. What we actually experience as "speed" is the frequency with which we are passing some stuff in the environment. The speed of sound air molecules fly around with is pretty fast even for macroscale observers and macroscale objects they fly past by. So how fast will this feel if you scale yourself down to the nanoscale. Or reversely (more practically archivable) scale the nanoscale up to your size. === Half the speed of light when atoms get scaled up enough to become visible to good eyes === Scaling up just size by an ideal scaling factor of 500.000 (See: [[Magnification theme-park]]) and leaving time untouched/unchanged/unscaled/as-is leads to a scale-up of speeds that accurately represents the experienced speeds. The speeds of real size air molecules then go from "only" ~340m/s at 1:1 scale up to an experienced pseudo-speed of scaled up air molecules of about 170.000.000 m/s at the new 500.000:1 scale. This is a bit more than halve the speed of light. There is absolutely no way to intuitively ascertain that kind of speed. <br> Now add all the inter-atomic collisions with the very close by other atoms. (And note that in "model-air" spaces between 0.1mm scaled up model-atoms are about 1mm big <small>(not the ''mean free path length'' but the side-length of a box in which one finds one model-atom at average)</small> since the density of air is about 1/1000th of solids with densely packed mutually contacting atoms.) <br> What you get is mind bogglingly ridiculous pinball motion. Unfortunately beyond any point where it can be made intuitively graspable. This ultra rapid sequence of changing encounters ("intermolecular mixer meeting") has pretty wild consequences. Among others provides an important part for the explanation why life could emerge just by accident. That is: Why evolution worked and works. == Keping "speed" equally "fast" when getting smaller as observer == === Cinematic slow-motion by using the one special time scale factor that naturally suggests itself === To have a more natural feel for the speeds at the nanoscale, time must be scaled in the opposite direction than space. While magnifying size we need to shrink time (aka slow-motion). One wants to scale time in such a way that operation frequencies are kept natural when transferred to the model that is scaled up in size. Using this approach still leaves us with hair diameter (0.1mm) model air molecules bouncing around at the speed of sound ~340m/s while now additionally we need to wait 500.000 seconds (almost 6 days!) in our model for one real second to pass. So a we have a model-molecule (scaled up to hair diameter) bouncing around with the speed of sound. in a densely populated molecular environment (scaled up a heap of beard stubbles) for about six days that is thereby emulating just one real second. Just one. Let that sink. Ok, this is not very intuitive. Now we have distributed one totally and utterly unintuitive and unimaginably big quantity (halve the speed of light) into two still quite unintuitive and unimaginably large quantities (speed of sound and a quite big stretching of time). This is not much better than before, if even, isn't it? Well yes, but ... === Bigger parts (nanomachinery) gets slow enough to allow for a more intuitive feel === Where this scaling method that also scales time not only space will become more useful for an attainment of an intuitive feel is when it comes to parts that are just a slightly bit bigger than molecules (nanomachinery crystolecules). Such parts already move quite a bit slower than single molecules. In fact usually slow enough that they can conveniently be traced around by eye. With our intuitivity preserving "magnification factor" of 500.000 typical nanomachinery operation frequencies e.g. 1MHz will get downscaled to just 2Hz. == Related == * [[Intuitively understanding the size of an atom]] – [[Magnification theme-park]] * [[Intuitive feel]] trad9nlg1uz1zhjqbg4m03s642axq64 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 735 7646 7645 2018-08-25T13:41:31Z Apm 1 /* Assembly by mindlessly throwing parts together at ridiculous rates */ todo => wikitodo Up: [[Intuitive feel]] {{wikitodo|Add a scaling square illustration with all four combinations of space and time scaling}} = Speeds of motion in nanorobotics = Today it's general education that temperature is equivalent to the speed of motion of particles at the atomic scale. If you unfamiliar with this "thermal motion" also known as "brownian motion" I suggest you read up on this elsewhere (e.g. wikipedia) before continuing here. == The incredible rate things zap past their surroundings (just driven by temperature) == Thermal motion at the nanoscale is pretty incredible. <br> Small single molecules zip around at thermal speeds of a few hundred meters per second. That's about the speed of sound. When we scale up size by our [[conceivable magnification factor|usual magnification factor of 500.000]] to make model atoms (say water molecules) have the diameter of a human hair and when we keep the flow of time unchanged then those hair sized molecules zip around with more than half the speed of light. But since those water molecules are densely packed they do not move in long straight lines. * In liquid phase (e.g. water) they move in twisty paths with curve radii of about their own size. * In one atmosphere gas phase (e.g. air) they move about 250 times their size (the mean free path length) before colliding and making a more or less U turn. In the 500,000 times scaled up model those U-turns are executed at near the speed of light every 2.5 centimeters (250 x 0.1mm). Note that molecules in a liquid or gas that are not bond to a crystal run apart quantum-blurrily quite quickly (more on that later). So a "soup" of a superposition of all possible collision-histories is a better picture for fluids and gasses. == Assembly by mindlessly throwing parts together at ridiculous rates == Given this situation it becomes very obvious that in a liquid environment that is densely packed with other solvent molecules (e.g. water) solvated molecules meet a lot of other solvated molecules in a very short amount of time. Bigger more massive molecules like proteins ("puzzle piece molecules") move slower but collision rates are still very very high. This is why puzzle piece shaped proteins molecules in biological systems can "assemble themselves" into their intended products. Via their random collisions they just mindlessly try all possible places they could bond to in very very fast succession. It's mindless trying like having toddlers that do not yet grasp that cubes do not fit through round holes do the assembly job but since it's done so fast (like brute force computer algorithms) useful things can be assembled nonetheless. The technical term for this method of assembly is "self assembly" but here we'll call it "[[thermally driven assembly]]" which captures the meaning better. On the day to day macroscale this method of assembly is usually not applied for practical purposes due to its ridiculous slowness and requirement of parts fitting together like a sticky puzzle. Fully grasping the process how it happens at the nanoscale at an intuitive level may be impossible due to the vast number of trials until the final successful bonding reaction. {{todo|investigate better visualization methods}} There are beautiful CG videos of molecular biology that use fake motions mo make it comprehensible {{wikitodo|add link}}. == Use of thermally driven assembly to get away from thermally driven assembly ASAP == [[Thermally driven assembly]] is the predominant form of assembly in biological systems. [[Thermally driven assembly]] of increasingly artificial molecules will be (and already is!!) a very useful tool for walking the initial steps of the path to advanced nanofactories. But as it turns out in an advanced nanofactory (the far term goal) it makes much more sense to actually constrain / suppress thermal vibrations and take care of the transport oneself in a fully controlled and less mindless fashion. The idea of working towards a point where we deny the help of thermal motion (shunning the teachings of nature) but doing assembly tightly controlled and guided instead has received harsh criticism in the past. It was and still is often misunderstood as a misunderstading of the real nature of the nanocosm. But there actually is '''an example where we already succeeded with the suppression of thermal noise. Nanoelectronics.''' In microchips we've already learned to suppress thermally caused electrical noise without even noticing it since it just gradually got more difficult. The two necessary requirements for thermal noise suppression are the same that we used to get away from analog technology namely: * error margins and * error correction Now we use mostly digital electronics. Given that electrons start to behave strongly quantum-mechanically in the nanoscale (quantum blurriness and thermal motion can often be treated in a common fashion) -- which stands is [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics|in stark contrast to nanomechanical nanomachines]] -- this is even more of a feat. We where not forced to switch some sort of probabilistic electronics (whatever that would be). Since much less quantum mechanical in behavior advanced nanomechanical systems will have even less reason to work in a purely probabilistic fashion. == The smaller the more productive == Main article: "[[Higher productivity of smaller machinery]]" While size goes down speed goes up. A good example in nature is the increasing wing flapping rate seen in birds and insects. By naively scaling down a current day 3D-printer by a factor of 500.000 (just for illustration - not a serious proposal) it becomes 500.000 times faster. A typically time for 3D printers to print parts that have about the mass of the printer itself is on the order of 10 hours. This shrinks down to just 0.72 seconds. Now a single shrunk down printer won't produce much but imagine the whole volume of the original non-shrunk printer filled up with shrunk down printers. This would then produce the macroscale printers own mass in less than a second. In a serious advanced nanofactory design the time to produce the production machinery's own mass can become even smaller due to better materials, lower friction, smaller size steps, to name a few reasons. '''For a good intuitive feel about the production rate imagine products shooting out like rifle bullets.''' I fact the time to produce production machinery's own mass can become so short that the products that can be produced at the nanoscale cannot be fed out fast enough at the [[macroscale]] anymore. Getting even remotely near there would require impractical levels of cooling. Solution: One humbly accepts not to get the full crazy level potential of nanoscale production machinery and is content with just more than practical levels of productivity. To do this one does not fill up the whole volume with productive nanosystems. One abandons the concept of clouds of [[molecular assembler]]s. Instead one integrates everything in a thin chip. A nanofactory. For details check the main article: [[Macroscale slowness bottleneck]] Even in the case when one really wants to push the limits (there's likely military interest here) its likely that a highly advanced fractal nanofactory that is a little thicker is the best solution. For a continuously running device the cooling facilities then are likely much bigger than the productive device itself. The production becomes highly inefficient and turns a lot of energy into heat. Still there is the [[fundamental specific acceleration limit]] which cannot be exceeded. This is the point where no known material would not break from the acceleration loads. == Motions in the far term goal of advanced nanofactories == Assembly in an advanced [[nanofactory]] will resemble more of a factory assembly line far away from any similarity to biological systems. All the machinery will usually run much slower than the thermal motions (about at least a factor of 1000) but since every try is a hit (for all practical purposes) the production throughput can be the same or higher than the one of natural bio-systems that work with [[thermally driven assembly]]. In rare occasions one might want to let go of molecules or [[crystolecule]]s in an advanced nanosystem. Thermal motion for bigger [[crystolecule]]s in a vacuum under gravity are statistically distributed throwing parabolas. Single molecules show significant quantum blurring when released. * [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Huellkurve_wurfparabel.svg Envelope of throwing trajectories with same speed] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inclinedthrow.gif Throwing trajectories with various speed in same direction] r1imqccbbjb9voocpmr1eihpetw7sw5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 663 6754 2017-10-26T02:34:27Z Apm 1 moved over from page: [[Common misconceptions]] - as is - no changes The term "nanotechnology" is only referring to a size range and nothing more thus it can encompass a very wide range of technologies. The corresponding word "macrotechnology" is not in wide usage exactly because referring to size alone can be much to general and unspecific to be of use. In contrast to the term "macrotechnology" the term "nanotechnology" though historically lead to problematic political tensions. With the growing number of very different technologies (and [[grey goo horror fable|myths]]) gathering under the umbrella of "nanotechnology" grossly incorrect cross-associations between these technologies started to emerge in media and public perception. This caused problems. The discontent at the mainstream side grew so high that "nanotechnology" at some point was actively redefined such that controlled manipulation single atoms (core of [[Main Page|APM]]) where actively excluded from "nanotechnology" (atoms are a bit smaller than a nanometer). To make misassociations of the new "conventional nanotechnology" with the technology this wiki covers less likely the new term '''atomically precise manufacturing (APM)''' was introduced to replace older terms that carry the term "nanotechnology" in their name. Such as the term "molecular nanotechnology". There are huge differences between APM and the new narrowed down APM excluding "nanotechnology". Here's just one: A big part of work in "nanotechnology" is done on researching interesting things that are on the verge of falling apart. '''Atomically precise manufacturing (APM)''' is mostly focused on the most stable structures which is pretty much the opposite. ---- Some sub-concepts of APM (e.g. [[nanobot]]s) are not exactly wrongly associated with APM but are still overproportionally over-represented in current mainstream media partly because they carry the "nano-" prefix. (See: [[The usual suspects]]) 03rjdcs0t7sh2ri1kgfrcd577jr6pr4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1284 11740 2021-07-25T09:49:57Z Apm 1 just a link-list for now {{Stub}} * [[Chemical stability]] – typically strongest constraint * [[Thermal stability]] – typically mid level constraint * [[Mechanical stability]] – typically weakest constraint pc2hzipy6m8tqbt5nxwo6nsai7hjs4b wikitext text/x-wiki 0 319 3294 3293 2015-03-14T13:28:26Z Apm 1 {{Template:Stub}} == Physical == * integration of new [[upgraded street infrastructure]] into the present network of asphalt streets * Transport of non AP products with AP systems [[Tube mail]] * microcomponent [[recycling]] of cabins with non AP stuff left in (e.g. potatoe chips) == Societal == ['''todo'''] shj8aqwmmpvz1fiptkop94krzp5081r wikitext text/x-wiki 0 245 2512 2015-02-14T07:26:12Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[The ultimate construction toy]] to [[Periodic table of elements]]: more serious - more accurate #REDIRECT [[Periodic table of elements]] pb4xkp2e3ftq0hss4wwkozqtv7ld7vf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 330 4093 4059 2015-09-26T14:50:08Z Apm 1 /* Overrepresented stuff */ Some concepts are not exactly wrong but simply unproportionally over-represented in current mainstream media partly because they carry the "nano" tag. == Underrepresented stuff == * nanofactories * advanced [[diamondoid metamaterials]] * future [[upgraded street infrastructure]] * effect of APM on civilization problems [[opportunities]] * effect of APM on spaceflight * ... [and many more] == Somewhat represented stuff == * [[utility fog]] * nano medicine robots (more the realistic than the fictional ones) * [[Origami]] == Overrepresented stuff == * [[the grey goo meme|grey goo]] * generic unspecified [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mobile_nanoscale_robotic_device "nanobots/nanites/..."] * [[molecular assembler]]s * [[space elevator]] * scary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersoldier super-soldiers] * cloaking * drug delivery for cancer (certainly not bad if overrepresented) * toxicity of nano-particles * ... '''Not atomically precise''' material sciences: (what's found when searching for the overladen term "nanotechnology"). * Lotus effect, Gecko feet, Sunscreen and the like * diverse nano layers & carbon allotropes * improvement of batteries through non/semi AP nanotechnology (increasement of surface area) * quantum dots * ... 0mtygk8ip7kuzkpey73blw3q7uvvu8m wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1272 11897 11646 2021-09-11T12:49:57Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page about the Drexler-Smalley debate {{Stub}} There are at least five types of nanotechnology (see link to article in external links section). == The "war" about the meaning of "nano" == Over the course of the last decades the terms <br> "nano", "nanotech", and "nanotechnoloy" have become a problematic. "Nano..." came/comes with: * association with increased chanced of funding when used in a works title * strong recognition by the the public given its a "buzz word" Researchers don't want to loose their funding. <br> Consequently there are fears of the word "nano" becoming a dirty word (like "gene" has become in some contexts) * The "nano hype" has started to a good part for the public getting excited over early visionary far term prospects. See: [[Engines of Creation]] * Researchers wanted the public attention for these visionary far term prospects – that they mostly NOT worked towards to – group subconscious terminology annexation * Researchers did not want the public attention for the visionary far term horrors that sneakily came packaged with the visions. See: [[Grey goo horror fable]] When the bad associations became increasingly clear some motivation for scientists amassed to discredit the horror visions (even if it might dampen the positive hype). So a certain someone traced back the visions to the origins ([[Engines of Creation]]) and <br> What followed was the infamous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexler%E2%80%93Smalley_debate_on_molecular_nanotechnology Drexler–Smalley debate] <br> That discussion turned (most likely unintentional) into a pointless (but still descrediting) straw-man attack. <br> What was criticized/attacked where old self-suggesting ideas in "[[Engines of Creation]]" (namely [[molecular assemblers]]) rather than <br> the (by then already published) detailed technical analysis in '''[[Nanosystems]]'''. <br> R. Smalley pretty much certainly did not have a look into [[Nanosystems]]: <br> * already associating E. Drexler with the vision hypers <small>(The hypers that E. Drexler did not associate with his work)</small> <br> * having limited time and, no motivation looking for existence of newer work, and then even spending money and ''time'' on it '''Oversimpliefied but memorable the situation could be described as such:''' <br> Oops, what we've stolen has a nasty side, so let's get some revenge on the one we have stolen it from. <br> Kinda like a thief attaching the victim later because the stolen goods contained more than they (never have) bargained for. <br> Of course this is over-exxagerating. No one did consciously steal (annex) the term "nano". <br> And "nano" only refers to size. So it's usage for crude "nanobolders" is perfectly reasonable. The new non technical book "[[Radical Abundance]]" aims to clear up how all these events unfolded. <br> See: [[Books]] Anyways: <br> '''Generally the advise here would be to avoid "nano" as much as possible.'''<br> '''Be more specific instead.''' == External links == See: (2014-05-04) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012859/http://metamodern.com/2014/04/04/five-kinds-of-nanotechnology/ The five kinds of nanotechnology] <br> on Erik K. Drexlers metamodern blog (internetarchive) == Related == * [[APM related terms]] * [[Biological analogies]] * [[Analogies and their dangers]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Drexler-Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology]] ---- * [[History]] akx8fo1kkrbqhgwzty1jfk77pr3wek6 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 527 8080 8077 2021-03-12T18:56:15Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page [[Present-forward Future-backward overlap]] {{stub}} When preliminary work based on theoretical understanding accumulates (See "[[exploratory engineering]]") while physical development cannot keep up for a longer period of time, it can lead to a sort of "theoretical overhang". Such a built up theoretical overhang can further accelerate progress once a [[technological percolation limit|critical level of physically implemented technology]] is reached and pursued. Depending on: * how much of a theoretical overhang has accumulated * the level of physically implemented technology that is relevant (accumulation of scientific discoveries) * how eager / aggressively the ''relevant'' technologies are pushed The point when the theoretical overhang comes "crashing down" might resemble either a massive dam break or just a trickle. == Reluctance of moving to development == * ... = Examples = All of exploratory engineering. Especially the backward pointing parts that are worked out in more detail (in an absolute sense). == Theoretical overhang in crystolecule design == One specific example for a potential "theoretical overhang" is preliminary crystolecule design. Till now (2017) very few crystolecules have been designed and tested by simulation. The motivation for their creation was mainly to have a few prototypical examples of specific classes of crystolecules. (bearings, gears, geartrains, differentials & planetaries, pumps, sorting devices, manipulators, ...) This was desired for an establishment the most important isolated corner spots of feasibility. Having designed and tested crystolecules on some important corner spots of design space allows one to deduce the feasibility of all the many other not yet designed crystolecules that lie in the space that is spanned open by interpolation in-between those corner spots (an abstract convex hull). It's rather unlikely that any of these few already modeled crystolecules will be produced in large quantities for practical use, ''So this isn't much of a theoretical overhang yet.'' Its extremely likely though that crystolecules that lie inside the convex hull spanned by the already designed crystolecules will be used in high quantities for practical purposes. When not aiming at hull spanning corner points in design space, crystolecule design stretches the "do not get to detailed" rule of exploratory engineering quite a bit. Thus to have at least some chance to design at least some parts that will be massively used in a form that is mostly identical to the original designe, very large libraries would need to be created. (The simplest classes of crystolecules (e.g. bearings) are the most likely to be usable as is). Crystolecules are graphically pleasing and their simulations interesting to watch and interact with. Thus one suggestion to create economic incentive for crystolecule design that came up in the past was gameification. But this has not happened as of yet (2017).<br> (Related: [[General software issues]]) = Related = * A theoretical overhang is one of the "[[development accelerating factors]]" <br>another one is productive nanosystems being products of productive nanoaystems themselves thus unlike in microchip technology (which already grows in a geometrically way) the production facilities get cheaper instead of more expensive. * [[Crystolecule]]s & [[Design of crystolecules]] * [[Future-backward development]] * [[Present-forward Future-backward overlap]] == External links == * Video featuring John Storrs (Josh) Hall [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J78Zy4WiKFU] "left foot theoretical overhang" (left foot representing science research and theoretical modeling here) ftzxro2kb69nrhdh7tqmads1jnstatb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 182 1982 2014-05-24T06:35:37Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Thermal energy transmission]] to [[Thermal energy transport]]: more natural wording - probably #REDIRECT [[Thermal energy transport]] jn5bbaxienrfopap08mdil94upkyg1s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 154 9302 9296 2021-05-25T11:32:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ back from ge.gum to diamondoid - fits better here due to diamonds high heat conductivity {{Template: Stub}} Up: [[Energy transmission]] ---- With Diamondoid heat transmission systems of [[technology level III]] enormous surface densities of heat flow (heating cooling) can be archived. == The factors that go in == * high surface to volume ratio (a thin sheet or dense stripes) * very good thermal conductiocity of [[diamond]] (also for [[moissanite]]) * good thermal capacity - the transport meium can be choosen for the operating temperature range * high throughput of thermal mass due to fast [[capsule transport]] - the turning radius poses hard constraints on geometry though * thermal conductivity of one dimensional sliding interfaces ['''Todo:''' determine bottleneck in different situations - diagram] == Some possible applications == * in AP small scale factories of [[technology level III]] this is extended with [[diamondoid heat pump system]]s there the waste heat isn't too high and the situation far from extreme so turning radii do not play a role. * high speed Aerial vehicles (See: [[medium movers]]) * fusion power (figure eight loops for tokamaks?) * geothermal stuff? * active cooling for [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s that maximize emulated toughness (''speculative!'') * ... == Related == * [[Energy transmission]] * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] (or ''"Gem-gum solid state heat pipe"'') * [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level III]] pgy7upi9ek3n7oliblt75x0to2f9wtn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 105 11759 11742 2021-07-25T11:03:11Z Apm 1 /* Basics */ Maximizing for thermal isolation in products of [[technology level III|advanced gemstone metamaterial technology]] is not as trivial <br> as maximizing for good mechanical properties with which the [[gemstone like compounds|gemstone like base materials]] already come with <small>(See: [[High performance of gem-gum technology]])</small>. <br> In general the for mechanical reasons desired dense and stiff gemstone metamaterials have in their solid bulk <br> form low to record level low thermal isolation performance (that is record level high thermal conduction properties). By: * choosing a base material that is perhaps not one of the best thermally conducting ones * picking crystal structures with lower symmetries (pseudo-amorphous) * and most importantly smartly structuring the material into a [[thermal metamaterial]] * integrating voids and means for IR reflection Exceptionally high thermal isolation levels should be achievable. = Basics = Because of the [[scaling laws]] for surface-to-volume-ratio single isolated nanoscale parts would cool of / heat up very fast to average environment temperature. Thus thermal isolation layers makes only sense between macroscopic spaces. For thermal isolation one has to suppress: * convection (this is easy in advanced APM systems "filled" with practically perfect vacuum) * phononic and electronic heat transport * radiative heat transport = Material influence on phononic and electronic heat transport = The stiff high density structures usually desirable for advanced AP systems somewhat contradict low thermal conductance since these materials usually lead to a high phononic (lattice vibration) contribution to thermal conductance. Electronic contributions can be kept low more easily. == Carbon based == When one restricts oneself to pure hydrocarbon systems it gets even worse. The common allotropes of carbon (diamond, lonsdaleite, graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes?) are all pretty bad thermal isolators. '''Diamond is one of the worst possible thermal isolators in existence.''' Structuring carbon in novel ways (parse and non-stiff) may yield acceptable results. == With silicon and other elements == If advanced APM will be reached through the [[incremental path]] it's likely that silicates will be mechanosynthesizable to an atomically precise break resistant aerogel like substance. Usually one can increase thermal isolation by making the structure more sparse introducing vacuum chambers. For very sparse structures: * the lack of material stiffness may pose problems in assembly. * high forces e.g. by external air pressure and mass loads could temporarily squish the material thereby drastically reducing the thermal isolation level. = Radiative heat transport = Regular gaps between electrically conductive surfaces can have influence on the allowed modes of electromagnetic (heat) radiation transport.<br> {{todo| check whether macroscopic structures can be electro-statically levitated in multiple shells whith nano-scale distances in between}} = Semi concrete implementation proposals = {{Template:Site specific definition}} == Thermal conduction adjustment µ-components == [[File:HeatFlowControlCell2.svg|600px|thumb|right| Turning the diamond rotor in one of the two configurations makes either a near thermal short circuit or a near thermal disconnect.]] A [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterial]] for practically instant adjustment of thermal conduction can be made from components that are optimized for thermal isolation but can be actuated such that a stiff diamond bridge is made that creates a thermal short circuit. Such materials would be perfect for [[AP suit|advanced atomically precise produced clothing]]. The diamond thermal bridge coupling needs to be stiffly clamped in all three dimensions for maximal thermal conductance thus it may be better to make the individual bridges bridge binary in action (either off or on) instead of continuously sliding together (which may leave one dimension less stiff coupled. The global thermal conductance can still be adjusted by the number and location of activated thermal bridges. A sliding design would only be necessary for keeping nano-scale thermal differences. Such differences are very short lived even with the best possible thermal isolation since the surface to volume ratio of nano scale heat spots is so big and thus their little heat capacity is quickly depleted. [[isotope sorting|Isotopic enrichment]] of the carbon atoms in the thermal bridges can further increase thermal conductance. The shape of the thermal bridges can be optimized (smooth?) to not disturb the phonons. Or they can be made in wedge shape adding a thermal diode effect - an anisotropic heat conductance like presented here: [''Todo:'' add link] ['''Todo:''' include illustrating image] A slightly different method would be the use of highly heat conductive coplanar sheets that can be separated or brought in (interlocking) contact with some kind of barely heat conducting scissoring mechanism. This Metamaterial would change its volume when it changes its heat conductivity. Also if it increases it's volume in an atmosphere its pulling up a vacuum thus quite a bit of energy needs to be put in. When the volume gets decreased the energy can get recuperated. Although it works with air pressure nothing of the energy that is put in will be converted to a temperature difference like in [[entropomechanical converters]] since the outer pressure stays constant. = Notes = {{todo|Check out which effect the use of [[tensegrity]] structures has on thermal isolation.}} = Related = * [[Thermal metamaterial]]s * [[Diamondoid metamaterial]]s * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]]s – to charge or discharge a temperature difference across a thermal isolation layer * [[Gem-gum solid state heat pipe]]s – the opposite – maximizing heat condition rather than thermal isolation [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Technology level I]] 8zdah84c1oteq56503i76t2u1mwv127 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 969 10844 10843 2021-06-23T13:47:23Z Apm 1 /* Active cooling makes more materials accessible to mechanosynthetization */ {{stub}} Just like an electronic data processing chip [[gem-gum on-chip factories]] will need some thermal management. The characteristics of the thermal management and the reason for it's necessity are quite different <br> when compared with electronic chips like CPU's though. == Gem-gum factories will not run very hot == Usually for everyday production devices there will be no need to squeeze out the last bit of performance like in electronic data processing chips. Once a satisfactory production speed is reached there is not much motivation to run it faster and hotter. <br> Except for very special not widely occurring applications. So [[gem-gum on-chip factories]] for everyday use will generally run rather cool. <br> Especially once [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] gets more optimized. It is difficult to get a realistic estimation for waste heat disipation for [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. <br> It is straightforward to get a worst case case estimate [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. <br> Even for the worst case it still leads to a feasible design. <br> A real implementation will perform a lot better though. <br> See: [[Nanosystems]] When it comes production or "un-production" via recomposition of [[microcomponents]] at leisurely everyday usage speeds then waste heat will likely not even be perceptible at all. == Active cooling makes more materials accessible to mechanosynthetization == Active cooling to reduce atom placement error rate even further While [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] works just fine at room temperature it has even lower error rates when it is cooled down to cryogenic temperatures (by mean of internal machinery). Also with cooling to cryogenic temperatures many materials become accessible to [[mechanosynthesis]] that are otherwise inaccesible due to high rates of surface diffusion (atoms jumping randomly around from the thermal jostling) at room temperature. Cooling down can reduce diffusion speeds from the speed of sound to one jump per year and for a whole mol of particles (6.022 * 10^23 particles). It's an exponential relationship. The materials mostly in focus here are pure metals with nontrivial surface arrangements. Pure metals are not the prime focus of [[gem-gum technology]] and their tendency to diffuse at room temperature is one of several reasons for that. Obviously if a final product with pure diffusion prone metals inside shall operate at room temperature, then after finished mechanosynthesis everything needs to be finished and packaged up nicely such that do diffusion can occur where not desired. Cooling also might help in reducing holding constraint requirements when mechanosynthesizing more floppy lower dimensional structures (2D and 1D) like e.g. 2D [[graphene sheets]], [[nanotubes]] and [[ethyne chains]]. == Active cooling may allow for more efficient operation and even less waste heat == * {{todo|Investigate that claim}} == Misc == * optimization of piezochemical mechanosynthesis * endothermic piezochemical reactions * pathways for heat to flow out of the system * pathways for energy to dissipate (devaluate from usable free energy to unusable bound energy) * material inherent cooling and [[Gem-gum solid state heat pipe|active solid state heat pipes]] * passive radiative cooling and active cooling with convection (maybe driven by [[medium movers]]) == Related == * [[Gemstone metamaterial on chip factories]] * [[Bunching]] ----- * High heat conductivity in [[diamond]], [[lonsdaleite]], [[moissanite]], [[sapphire]], ... * Dissipated waste heat ----- * [[Gem-gum solid state heat pump]] * [[Gem-gum solid state heat pipe]] ----- * [[Entropomechanical converter]] * [[Thermal isolation]] * [[Thermal metamaterial]] * [[Thermal energy transport]] – [[Energy transmission]] sf8krk7e9sgcz6wrcvcgltpdzk83mw8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 487 6003 5990 2017-07-16T05:33:35Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to Wikipedia page: Onsager_reciprocal_relations {{stub}} By structuring material on the nanoscale in particular ways one can influence the flow of phonons and thermal photons in gaps and thus the materials heat conductivity properties. Electronic properties also can play a big role in heat conduction (especially in well electrically conducting metals). They also depend on the nano-structuring of the material but in addition the elements chosen to be used in the base material can play a much bigger role. This may make electrically conductive materials harder to analyze. * Emission of long wavelength photons can be suppressed -- converting heat to light == Related == * [[Thermal isolation]] * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Refractory materials]] * [[Optical metamaterial]] == External links == * [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/how-get-old-fashioned-light-bulb-glow-without-wasting-so-much-energy Incandescent light made highly efficient by selectively reflecting back infrared photons] (this was not produced with atomic precision) <br> Original paper by Shawn-Yu Lin - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute: [http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v11/n4/full/nnano.2015.309.html Tailoring high-temperature radiation and the resurrection of the incandescent source] -- [https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/faculty/profiles/lin.html] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsager_reciprocal_relations Onsager_reciprocal_relations] [[Category:Thermal]] tkdhidutx3ron6b9udtlfgf8rzaouqq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 582 11380 8276 2021-07-08T17:40:08Z Apm 1 /* Reated */ added * [[Brownian motion]] {{stub}} {{wikitodo|Explain why thermal motion does not make [[mechanosynthesis]] impossible}}<br> {{wikitodo|Give general overview about the relevance of thermal motion in the context of APM.}} == Reated == * [[Brownian motion]] * [[The finger problems]] – in particular: [[Jittery finger problem]] and [[Sloppy finger problem]] * [[Nature does it differently]] * [[Diffusion transport]] * [[Thermally driven assembly]] * [[Thermally driven folding]] * [[The heat-overpowers-gravity size-scale]] ---- * Want an [[intuitive feel]] for [[the speed of atoms]]? * Often mistaken as a reason that makes [[macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] (making up advanced [[Nanofactories]]) impossible. ---- * [[Lattice scaled stiffness]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuations Thermal_fluctuations] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases Kinetic_theory_of_gases] [[Category:Thermal]] pq1ttbc1za6sk7mlkavqpo6wve24jnl wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1285 11748 11747 2021-07-25T10:41:09Z Apm 1 added links to other stabilities intro {{stub}} The strength of constraint for thermal stability is typically between <br> * the stronger requirement of [[chemical stability]] and ... * the weaker requirement of [[mechanical stability]]. == Thermal stability issues are totally not a show stopper == For temperatures at and around room temperature there are many attractive materials (and structures out of these materials) <br> that [[for all practical purposes]] do not experience any undesired diffusion atom hopping events. Even for significantly higher temperatures (like e.g. what one encounters on Venus ~500°C) <br> there are plenty of materials ([[Refractory compounds]] - melting points >2500°C - including cheap [[Moissanite]]) that still experience insignificant diffusion. == What to look out for == Most critical for thermally induced undesired diffusion hop events are: * [[Surface diffusion]] (and [[Surface reconstruction]]) – especially crystal edges, steps, and "steps of steps" Locatins with high local mechanical tensions like e.g. * on grain boundaries from production via [[thermodynamic means]] * in step or screw dislocations [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] does neither produce grain boundaries nor produce step or screw dislocations <br> with high tensions inside them. Well, unless it's done with very deliberate intention. <br> Edges and steps can be tailored to the thermal demands. <br> '''Some extreme example application cases are:''' * Internals of [[rocket engines]] * [[nuclear fusion|Fusion]] power plants * Mining robotics for [[Venus]] * ... == Related == '''[[The three stabilities]]:''' * [[Chemical stability]] * [[Thermal stability]] (this page here) * [[Mechanical stability]] ---- * [[Refractory compounds]] * [[Diffusion transport]] * [[Surface reconstruction]] * [[Thermal damage]] * [[Thermal motion]] – [[Brownian motion]] ---- * [[Thermal management in gem-gum factories]] * [[Thermodynamic means]] ---- [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] & [[Thermodynamics]]: <br> * concerns about thermal motion preventing practical [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] or even ...<br> * concerns about thermal motion preventing sufficient stability of the synthesized structures <br> Neither of these two concerns hold on closer inspection. ej0yjppwadzpyu8i6pbdkqupnf57jq3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1299 11865 2021-08-21T15:26:10Z Apm 1 basic page {{stub}} Cooling / heating heatpump systems would likely be integrated in the back-walls as <br> externally solid-state internally other-state (see: [[machine phase organized other phases]]) pellet system in <br> [[superlube tubes]] with good thermal contact and low friction transport. <br> Quite well factored apart form the geometry of the [[molecular mills]] and larger assembly robotics. ----- * Heat very much likes to flow across diamond and diamond like compounds. * Heat does very much not like to flow across vacuum. Only transmission via IR light there. => Design of molecular mills be influenced by considerations about thermal flow and internal reflection of phonons. ---- * [[Chemomechanical converters]] or other stuff in the power system may need cooling. * [[piezochemistry|Piezochemical reactions]] must be kept cool * Recuperation of thermal energy is likely desirable - the "[[thermal sandwich]]" == Related == * Up: '''[[Subsystems of gem-gum factories]]''' * [[Diamondoid heat pipe system]] * [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] * [[Thermal metamaterial]] * [[Thermal energy transport]] * [[Entropomechanical converter]] & [[Entropic energy]] * [[Machine phase organized other phases]] oqxaj3akvuixx1d0du0ummlkls07ibs wikitext text/x-wiki 0 828 8328 2021-03-29T07:55:38Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Thermally driven assembly]] to [[Thermally driven self assembly]]: more explicit seems better - aslo I identified a complement now #REDIRECT [[Thermally driven self assembly]] kdl7e2yc1dwber7sfj45l1odywsiy4p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 440 8745 8744 2021-04-15T10:37:06Z Apm 1 /* Means for driving the unfolding */ {{stub}} Folding can be used for several purposes. * The range of motion of a (stiff) assembling robot can be way smaller than the final unfolded products * It can be used to prevent compressive load from braking filigree structures. (anisotropic flexibility needed) * In metamaterials it can be used to stow away stuff that isn't needed at a specific moment. * On the makro-scale level it can be used to build large products with small nanofactories. Its easy to make bigger nanofactories though. There are various kinds of structures subject to folding and unfolding * 1D girders forming trusswork structures * 2D stiff platelet structure forming origami like structures * 2D soft sheet structure - e.g. for stowing them away when not needed = Means for driving the unfolding = == Long range force driven self folding == See: [[nonthermal selffolding]] / [[nonthermal selfassembly]] == Spring force driven or actuated unfolding == This works at all temperatures. Energetically both the folded and the unfolded state may be stable but preferably nothing in-between. Monostable structures may be used in springy metamaterials. * Memo material properties ... [[emulated elasticity]] == Thermally driven unfolding (one way) == This works best in the deep nanoscale where masses are small. Energetically there must be a single deep energy trench at the target state. {{todo|add image}} This folding method is always monostable. The prime natural example for thermally driven folding is protein folding. Be careful! Don't mix thermal driven folding up with [[thermally driven assembly]] (the sticking between complementary shaped proteins that are already folded to their final shape) Thermally driven folding might have some similarities to partially guided thermally driven assembly as described [[Introduction of total positional control|here]]. An example for artificial thermally driven folding is maybe the folding of artificial peptoids. There no artificial examples yet (to check) where chains of rectangular/cuboid/cartesian blocks are made to fold by temperature. This should be possible since self assembly was demonstrated with bricks of this size. It may provide another interesting approach to reach the next level of atomically precise manufacturing systems. See: [[cuboid brick pseudoribosome]]. In advanced nanosystems the internal [[crystolecule]] structures of [[microcomponents]] could maybe be unfolded by thermal motion. * {{todo|What is the practical size limit above which thermally driven folding? Multi microcomponent structures are probably too big.}} * Is the time to reach an extremely high degree of confidence that the unfolding was completed short enough for practical use? * Would it make sense to actually heat the assembled but not yet unfolded microcomponents to speed up? (Related: [[bunching of stages by temperature]]) ---- * {{Todo|Discuss special case: Folds right after or even while synthesis.}} = Related = * Thermally driven folding can be seen as one form of [[thermally driven assembly]] * Folding principles from [[origami]] may be usable in self folding structures * [[Splinters]] * Energetic [[locking mechanisms]] * [[Indivisible protein like folding block chain]] * [[Ribosome like chain assembly]] * [[nonthermal selffolding]] & [[nonthermal selfassembly]] [[Effective concentration]] for chain-chain-self-interaction (as meeded in the chain self folding process) is higher (and thus faster) than in the case of [[self finding]] since any part of the chain can move further away from any other part of the chain than the chains length. [[Category:Thermal]] a35kgk612kyb6eg71q9yl8o398x92uc wikitext text/x-wiki 0 141 11385 11237 2021-07-08T17:45:43Z Apm 1 /* Related */ '''Thermally driven assembly is NOT synonymous to [[self assembly]]!!''' <br> [[Nonthermal self assembly]] is a form of selfassembly that is not thermally driven. Thermally driven assembly is also called called self assembly or brownian assembly (seldom) <br> {{todo|Add minimal definition}} * [[technology level 0|Today]] thermally driven assembly is already extensively used (e.g. structural DNA nanotechnology) this will continue onward into [[technology level I|the early stages]] of the development of atomically precise manufacturing (APM). * In [[technology level I|the early]] and [[technology level II|the later]] stages of APM development: [[mechanosynthesis|brownian mechanosynthesis]] could be an intermediate step to advanced APM systems. * In [[technology level II|the later]] and [[technology level III|the final]] stages of APM development: [[locking mechanisms|self assisted assembly]] will come to intensive use. Beside the actual function of the building block (structural element / machine element) completely unguided thermally driven assembly requires the building blocks to be have a unambiguous unique puzzle piece shape that completely determines its target position. (everything that can stick will stick) * Brownian assembly is generally slower then advanced directed assembly like [[mechanosynthesis]]. (numbers needed) * The ambient temperature dictates diffusion speed. * Lower dimensionality that is diffusion on a surface instead of a volume or on a line instead of a surface speeds up the process. * Dividing one long diffusion path to several shorter irreversible diffusion transport stretches speeds up the process. == Possible sub-classifications == === Self connectedness === * [[self folding]] -> selfconnectedness * [[self-finding]] parallelity -> [[one-pot self-finding]] aka [[one-pot self-assemby]] (necessarily requiring a larger size of an orthogonal set of interfaces) * [[self-finding]] parallelity -> [[iterative self finding]] aka [[iterative self-assembly]] (an in-vitro superpower) {{wikitodo|what are the overlaps and differences}} <br> {{wikitodo|what are advantages and limitations}} === Building block type === * small molecule monomers (normal chemistry) * floppy chains (foldamer chains) * rigid blocks (sufficiently rigid to hold their shape) === [[Selfassembly level]]s === * self-assembly of floppy foldamer chains at the first [[selfassembly level]] * self-assembly of stiff pre-self-assembled tiles at the second [[selfassembly level]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| '''selfassembly'''<br>'''process''' ! scope="col"| chemical monomer addition ! scope="col"| floppy chain ! scope="col"| rigid block |- ! scope="row"| folding | '''impossible''' <br> small monomers hardly <br>can fold up on themselves | '''the folding up of foldamers''' <br>like e.g. in protein folding ----- Ribosomes have this case on their output side. | '''the folding up of hinged chains of stiff blocks''' <br>utilization of longer range forces allows <br>for [[nonthermal self assembly]] ----- [[Ribosome like chain assembly]] of bigger blocks <br>would have this on the output side |- ! one pot <br>finding | '''not too useful''' <br>simple monomers do not carry enough<br> [[position encoding structure]] <br>to self assemble anything but <br>unconstrainedly growing crystals ----- '''Adding some positional capabilities''' one gets to: <br>[[patterned layer epitaxy]] which is a form of <br>[[site-specific workpiece activation]] ----- Ribosomes have this on their input side (sort of).<br> Amino acid monomers are delivered on handles to encode <br>their identity in an a more easily decodable form <br> (the digital DNA code) | [[structural DNA nanotechnology]] <br>with short DNA oglionucleotides as "bricks" | thermally driven [[one pot self assembly]] <br>on the [[second self assembly level]] ----- '''Adding some positional capabilities''' one gets to: <br>[[patterned block epitaxy]] wich is a form of <br>[[Site-specific workpiece activation]] <br>and to: [[Tether assisted assembly]] ----- [[Ribosome like chain assembly]] of bigger blocks <br>would have this on the input side |- ! iterative <br>finding | synthesis of foldamers from monomers <br> (often done with beads as starting seeds) | (??) for iterative addition of longer chains <br>interactions must not be too strong <br>to avoid kinetic traps | thermally driven [[iterative self assembly]] <br>on the [[second self assembly level]] |} {{wikitodo|illustrative icons would greatly help in making this table much more comprehensible}} == Challenges == === What is progress in self assembly capabilities === * Advancednedd of self-assembly is about address space size * Advancedness of self assembly is not about plain size Size of self assembled structure is not a good measure for the advancedness of ones artificial self assembly technology. The same goes for self assemblies that go around 360° full circle. When all parts have an identical self matching shape then this gives ride to infinite translatory or rotatory symmetries. What really counts for judging the advancedness is the size of fully and arbitrarily addressable space. === In structural DNA nanotechnology === First level self assembly of DNA staple bricks to DNA blocks: * Yields drop quickly with size * addressable space is finite due to staple strands of suitable length only capably of carrying a few bits of info Second level self assembly of pre-self-assembled DNA blocks to multiblock structures: * Bigger blocks diffuse more slowly In case of 3D DNA blocks there is [[redundant access self-assembly]] involved contributing to the robustness of the process. === In case of de-novo protein engineering === Of most interest as basic reusable building bricks are <br> the most predictably folding and most robust protein structures <br> that come closest to prismatic brick shapes. Helices and sheets. What one wants is both: * high specificity (wrong interface pairings don not stick and hold together well) * high affinity (right interfaces do fit and hold together well) What one wants to design is a '''multi-orthogonal set of interface pairings'''. <br> One can chart a matrix listing the strengths of all possible interface pairings. In case of proteins the side-chains already fulfill the purpose of defining the proteins shape (how the backbone is supposed to fold) Redirecting too many of them to define an outward facing inter-protein interface instead can start destabilizing the proteins shape itself. Potentially destabilizing factors: * putting too many side chains to use to define an outerinterface * putting too many side chains of similar polarity adjacently * putting too many hydrophobic side chains outward * putting too many side chains to other use (for some specific applications) All together this results in that (in the case of proteins) the size of the sets of achievable "good" orthogonal interfaces is rather very small. Countable on one hand. So only very small assemblies can be achieved via [[one-pot assembly]]. For a bit bigger addressable spaces iterative self-assembly is needed. This cannot be done directly in protein synthesizing cells though, which would provide some protein folding help (via the chaperone folding helper proteins). In iterative self-finding self-assembly of protein blocks the assembly happens in a linear that is branchless sequence. In the case of protein blocks the product structure is not necessarily geometrically linear and not necessarily flexible). In a linear assembly sequence failure rates multiply with each iterative self-assembly step. Much like failure rates multiply up in the case of the synthesis of foldamer chain molecules. So even iterative self assembly hits its limits soon. [[Redundant access self-assembly]] seems to be able to avoid the problem with the multiplying error rates. But this would probably need some amount of one pot assembly? {{todo|investigate here}} Maybe maybe enough structure could be encoded via 2nd level iterative self assembly such that a 3rd level one pot self assembly becomes possible. '''Foldamer in foldamer inset:''' Given all this trouble with the scaling de-novo protein self-assembly outlined above: It might be easier to integrate/embed just somewhat scaled de-novo protein engineering into a stuctural DNA nanotechnology framework surrounding it. Compensating the massive drop in stiffness by a sufficiently large interface area between the foldamer technologies. == Related == * [[Thermal motion]] * [[Diffusion transport]] * Thermally driven assembly is a powerful for bootstrapping in the [[incremental path]] towards advanced [[Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing|APM]]. It can help the [[introduction of total positional control]] * In thermally driven assembly [[diffusion transport]] brings the parts to their final destination. * In the process of [[self folding]] the parts are already connected (assembled) on a common flexible backbone but there is further thermally driven folding happening. This may be counted to thermally driven assembly but is often not. * [[Brownian technology path]] * [[Brownian motion]] – [[Thermal motion]] * '''[[Kinetic traps]]''' * '''[[Steric traps]]''' == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbpTusoDEgA '''Video:''' macroscopic demonstration of self assembly driven by large scale vibrations] There's huge amount of literature on thermally driven assembly. <br> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembly Wikipedia: self assembly] * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly Wikipedia: molecular self assembly] [[Category:Thermal]] [[Category:General]] [[Category:PagesWithNiceTables]] 8xxz7hqqtm3ey4cw5zbj8k9jln75whe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1224 11343 2021-07-08T11:03:45Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Thermodynamic means]] #REDIRECT [[Thermodynamic means]] 62cjqax0tectzh0ju1224ls5m5de0zn wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1046 10268 10267 2021-06-13T13:53:09Z Apm 1 /* About shifting the location of dissipation around in real 3D-space */ added link to [[back driving]] production/synthesis/making-of materials via thermodynamic means shall here refer to <br> all conventional means excluding advanced forms of [[mechanosynthesis]]. <br> In particular excluding [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]. '''"Thermodynamic means" include:''' * Mixing and melting in complex sequences – like present in the production of metals, alloys, thermoplastics, duroplastics, and similar * Crystallization form solutions or melts – like for silicon wavers or optical crystals * sublimation from the gas phase – like in CVD processes – (for exceptions see below) '''"Thermodynamic means" exclude:''' * advanced forms of [[mechanosynthesis]]. * [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] '''Grey zones (semi thermodynamic means):''' * Sublimation from the gas phase onto atomically precise patterns (See: [[Patterned layer epitaxy]]) * Natural "semi thermodynamic" processes – like the growth of wood, [[biomineralization]], ... '''Furthermore:''' * A thermodynamic mean: – non-terminating self assembly – this includes 360° filling n-fold rotation symmetric assemblies * A semi thermodynamic mean: – terminating self assembly – this excludes 360° filling n-fold rotation symmetric assemblies Treat a full 360° rotation for rotational freedom equally to infinity for a translatory freedom. == But there are no systems that are not thermodynamic! Yes, but ... == Of course in the end all processes are thermodynamic, otherwise they would not have an [[arrow of time]]. <br> It's just that thermodynamic processes can be shifted out to the (abstract) fringes of productive (nano) systems. <br> And different productive systems do that to a different degree. <br> This makes a huge difference in the accessibility of metastable structures like [[neo-polymorphs]]. In this regard: * mix and melt production is highly thermodynamic – especially for metal alloys a bit less for plastic polymers * natural growth heavily relies on thermodynamic [[diffusion transport]] but has quite non thermodynamic compartmentalization systems === Shifting dissipation into impulse space only === [[Gem-gum nanofactories]] also have a necessarily themodynamic part. <br> There needs to be power dissipation somewhere to drive the nanofactory in a forward direction at reasonable speeds. [[gem-gum nanofactories]] though * aim to get out all entropy from real 3D-space creating the entropy devoid [[machine phase]] (one point on only one single degree of freedom). * aim to keep all dissipation going out purely via impulse space (waste hear rather than melting, evaporating, sublimating, chaotically rearanging) Ideally the necessary dissipation happens at locations that are not coinciding with where the [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] happens. That means: Ideally not at directly at the interacting [[tooltips]]. Ideally so because this means less necessity for active cooling for the most critical system parts that run best at cryogenic temperatures. One place to do the dissipation could be the [[drive and power management system]] of a [[gem-gum factory]] this should be specifically designed to perform well at higher temperatures. But the necessary dissipation could even be outsourced to a macroscale dedicated [[power dissipation plant]]. === About shifting the location of dissipation around in real 3D-space === For how this could be done in more detail. See main artilce: [[Dissipation sharing]] Shifting the location of the necessary dissipation around amounts to [[energy recuperation]]. [[Dissipation sharing]] involves the [[back driving|back-driving]] a gearing-down gear-train. <br> Which might be worrying from a macroscale perspective. <br> Since we know that back-driving a gear transmission is these are prone to self-locking. Note though that: * Friction at the nanoscale is super low due to [[suprlubricity]]. * Thermal motion should be able to "knock open" self locking. * Inertial mass is not much counter-acting because the typical (proposed) speeds are way below [[scale natural speeds]] Most losses (part of dissipation that fails to be shifted someplace else) are maybe due to local flexing near the most geared down parts. * near the interacting tooltips in [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * near the interacting tips in [[chemomechanical converters]] {{todo|Calculatuins and experiments will be needed to get a clearer picture about the shiftability of dissipation.}} == Related == * [[Radiation damage]] gbkx3e42v2iohf315ejvoy4hrhefhfz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1218 11338 11329 2021-07-08T10:56:43Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Thermodynamic nanocrystals]] to [[Thermodynamic nanocrystal]]: plural => singular {{Stub}} {{site specific term}} '''Thermodynamic nanoscystals''' (or rather "via thermodynamic means produced nanocrystals") <br> shall here in [[Main page|this wiki]] refer to any sorts of nanoscale crystals produced by [[thermodynamic means]]. == Definition == Thermodynamic nanocrystals include: * Any sort of [[nanoparticle]] that is crystalline and are not [[crystolecules]] * Metallic nanocrystals meant for catalysis * Your typical [[quantum dot]] For now see: [[Chemical synthesis]] <br> The section there on going higher dimensional in structures to assemble to avert the [[exponential drop in yield]] <br> discusses nanocrystals and their severe limiations. == Nanoparticle nanotech as "distraction" from focussed efforts == Because of the very limited control in overall shape, material, and atomic precision, <br> [[thermodynamic nanocrystals]] seem not be a good spot to put efforts in <br> for a targeted development towards [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]. <br> That "thermodynamic nanocrystals" may help in some unexpected way can of course not be excluded. <br> But there are other [[Where to start targeted development|places with open problems where development will most definitely yield progress]]. == Related == * [[Nanoparticle]] i5k0hze01229et1ml1ald8geltobraf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1222 11339 2021-07-08T10:56:43Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Thermodynamic nanocrystals]] to [[Thermodynamic nanocrystal]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Thermodynamic nanocrystal]] 19aey850sv2ccb61jqqqa92hfk2l47i wikitext text/x-wiki 0 816 8226 8224 2021-03-27T20:02:46Z Apm 1 /* Temperature */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[Nanofactory cooling sandwich]] {{stub}} '''Question:''' <br> Which is the correct thermodynamic potential to look at that needs to be minimized <br> in the chase for in vacuum force applying mechanosynthesis in machine phase systems? = Normal natural chemistry = For '''normal chemical reactions''' in a solvent or gas <br> what needs to go down for the recreation to proceed in a [[arrow of time|forward direction]] <br> is the '''Gibbs free enthalpy''' or the '''Helmholtz free energy''' of the entire system. That is for chemical reactions that happen: * under constant temperature (for both) * under constant pressure (for Gibbs) * under constant volume (for Helmholtz) = Force applying mechanochemistry = Mechanosynthesis performed in [[machine phase]] and in a [[practically perfect vacuum]] is far form normal chemistry though. Let's check what happens with temperature volume and pressure here. == Temperature == In force applying mechanosynthesis reaction induced temperatures changes should (and can) be avoided in the first place. <br> Every reaction induced increase in temperature directly * corresponds to an undesired inefficiency in energy recuperation. * corresponds to an atom snapping to the target position and dissipating its snap vibrations to heat this should be to a large degree avoidable by following [[dissipation sharing|a certain strategy]]. Thermal connection mechanisms to a heat bath are * phonons (and electrons) in [[diamondoid]] structures to the frame and the frame * radiation heat Given * the relatively slow operation speeds of mechanosynthesis mills in the MHz range * the high heat conductivity of gemstones like [[diamond]] and [[moissanite]] there should be plenty of time for heat equilibration and '''this should behave rather isotherm (to check)'''. This is all overlays to an [[Nanofactory cooling sandwich|cooling system]] which's * main purpose is to set a temperature far below room temperature for lower placement error rates and which * has to deal with eventual dissipation heat removal even if passive cooling (or no cooling) would suffice === Endothermic mechanosynthesis === Note that reaction induced change in temperature may work more or less in reverse too. <br> Performing some mechanosynthesis reactions in such a way that they become endothermic. <br> That a reaction uses up thermal vibration energy on the tool-tip deposition contact spot to deposit the [[moiety]] at a higher energy state. <br> Effectively cooling down the synthesis location. This should work especially for target structures that are less stiff than the synthesizing nanomachinery structures. <br> Where the target structures carries more degrees of freedom for thermal vibrations to fill up. <br> Where the deposition (or abstraction) synthesis step gives an expansion of phase space giving an increase in entropy. Also as a very important point: <br> Force applying mechanosynthesis stiffly links the synthesis location to the drive system that may be * a [[chemomechanical converter]] (performing chemical synthesis too) or * a [[electromechanical converter]]. <br> '''If the link between the drive system and the synthesis system(s) is stiff enough then''' <br> '''the thermodynamic potential of the system as a whole is what needs to be minimized.''' This interlinkedness in mechanosyntehsizing systems may allow * to concentrate dissipation heat in the drive system and * to deplete dissipation heat in the the mechanosynthesis system. This has the advantage that * the drive system can be designed to be much less critical (or uncritical) to synthesis misplacement errors * dissipation heat in the drive system does not dump dissipation heat in the special low temperature zone of the mechanosynthesis system where it would take extra effort to "lift" it out again. == Pressure == * enormous pressures variations are involved * pressures are not 3D volumetric but rather directed compressions, torsions, and bends * pressures are not only positive but very often negative too like tensile stresses == Volume == Volumes seem kind of hard to define since there are no liquids or gasses involved. <br> First molecule fragments are on the tool-tips then they get integrated into a solid. <br> Assuming temperatures are kept rather constant there should be not much of thermal expansion. So constant volume. = Filtering and "condensing" of resource molecules into machine phase = ... TODO = Related = * [[Dissipation sharing]] * [[Low speed efficiency limit]] * [[Reversible actuation]] = External links = Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Gibbs_free_energy] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy Helmholtz_free_energy] ch7xyod8fkidel5p71mxghh47bb5x5q wikitext text/x-wiki 0 662 9926 8213 2021-06-04T09:30:44Z Apm 1 /* Related */ == Thermodynamics prevents one from having every atom at the place we want it - wrong for practical scales == If one just looks at the atom displacements from thermal movement at room temperature alone big macroscopic slabs of stiff diamondoid materials stay atomically precise for long periods of time from a human perspective. More serious are effects from hard ionizing radiation that can't be shielded effective against with. Reliability and redundancy make things work practically nevertheless. Self repair can extend lifespans to uncalculable ranges. * [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/errorRates.html Zyvex about error rates] There are many materials that do not keep their atoms at a constant place due to thermal motion. They do not preserve their bond topology. Many metals behave that way especially on their surface. Even water does not keep its atoms at its fixed at its molecules. It swaps around hydrogen atoms due to its '''molecular auto-ionization''' pH7 H₃O⁺ OH^-. But there are also many materials (among them e.g. diamond) with bonds strong enough such that the constituent atoms for all practical purposes do not leave their lattice places due to thermal motion (radiation is a different story). Even when there are macroscopic amounts of material sitting around for decades at room temperature. Biological systems (e.g. Proteins, DNA, RNA, ...) feature strong bonds. But almost all the involved molecules are chain molecules. And (oversimplifying a bit) with chains only one link needs to break for the whole chain to break. Biological systems also tend to be embedded in a potentially aggressive chemical environments (aggressive relative to a vacuum). Thus although biological systems feature strong bonds they need (and have) some active repair mechanisms to keep everything roughly where it is. Having [[crystolecule]]s with a dense mesh of redundant polycyclic bonds in a vacuum makes the time it takes for them to incur destructive damage long enough for them to be extensively used even without any repair. [[Self repairing system|Self repair in advanced nanosystems]] (in the sense of part replacement) is an available but not unconditionally necessary option. == Related == * [[Thermodynamic potentials]] * [[surface reconstruction]] and [[surface diffusion]] * [[Neo-polymorph]]s - exclusively mechanosynthetically accessible highly stable stable non equilibrium polymorphs of compounds * [[Statistical physics]]; [[Thermal motion]]; [[Quantum mechanics]] * science vs engineering * low error rate of digital systems ---- * [[Thermodynamic means]] of material synthesis. == External links == * autoprotolysis [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoprotolysis (en)] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoprotolyse (de)] -- e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water Self-ionization_of_water] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium Thermodynamic equilibrium] hcg0fdv586s24oicf6sjh94z4mfzjoe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1115 10416 10412 2021-06-14T18:36:20Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] ckchqwzyhvc7d2hmmz5ec8hpg102b6w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1116 10420 2021-06-14T18:57:26Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] #REDIRECT [[Diamondoid heat pump system]] ckchqwzyhvc7d2hmmz5ec8hpg102b6w wikitext text/x-wiki 0 471 10383 7307 2021-06-13T20:22:29Z Apm 1 /* Related */ * [[Chemical element]] {{Stub}} Thorium is the most abundant radioactive element.<br> It occurs as a byproduct of rare earth mining in great volume. A good fraction of the mined material there is Thorium. These are mountains of radioactive thorium not just a few thousand barrels. This thorium has not ever seen a reactor core. Thus it is not as radioactive as high level nuclear waste (except in a few natural nuclear reactor sites - yes they exist). But still it this thorium is radioactive. Putting the "waste" thorium back into the ground where it came from creates a worse situation than before. The fact that the amount of the radioactive material is a little less and the level of radioactive material is a little higher is not so much of a problem. The real problem is that today (2016) the mining waste usually is in a fine grained powdery form {{todo|check facts in detail}} which is (unlike the original monazite rock) suszeptible to ground water washout. If the mining remnants are dumped into an attle heap (open air mining dump) winds may carry away thorium laden dust. == Safety depends strongly on the "packaging" on all size scales == Historically Thorium oxide glass [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium_dioxide thorium dioxide] has been used for lenses in camera optics (e.g. olympus lenses turning yellow due to radiation damage) There the thorium it is pretty safe since it can't disperse. Vitrification [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification] of those massive amounts of mining remnant thorium laden material is currently not done presumably because of expensive equipment and high energy requirement. With advanced atomically precise technology [[energy]] should become much more cheap and maybe vitrification can be done non-thermally. Non thermal vitrification may involve [[atomically precise disassembly]] {{todo|Is chemical preperatory dissolving possibe?}} which is nontrivial and not expectable early on. See: [[mobility prevention guideline]] In short nature provided safety by "packaging" the thorium in big rocks of the mineral monazite. If we do similar we can be as safe as nature. <br> Related: [[diamondoid|diamondoidivity]] and [[machine phase]] == Thorium as today's nuclear waste == Thorium is a main component of today's radioactive waste. It still carries the biggest part of valuable energy to its grave. == Thorium as tomorrow's resource == Thorium is a fertile nuclear fuel material. That means if exposed to neutrons of the right kind of energy it can be bred (transmuted) to fissile material. See: [[APM and nuclear technology]] == Occurrence == * New results from measurements on natural neutrino fluxes seem to indicate that most of the thorium in Earth is concentrated in the crust and has not sunk down towards the earth's center (as one might suspect due to thorium being a heavy element) {{wikitodo|add reference}} (Does this have to do with its chemical properties? Electropositivity? Interaction with oxygen?). Metallic meteorites (when stemming from a smashed and segregated proto-planetary seed) seem to confirm that with their composition. This may be bad news for mining of metallic asteroids for nuclear fuel. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] h521ly6e3p13k9cfaasm6cd5dmo3fol wikitext text/x-wiki 0 654 7318 7316 2018-08-12T20:26:44Z Apm 1 /* Scaling – What seems to be the most difficult part might actually be the easiest part */ As of yet (2017) a reasonable estimation for the time-span it will take till we arrive at [[technology level III|advanced APM systems]] cannot be given. Not even a crude estimation. == Methods for prediction (and their absence) == Since [[exploratory engineering]] is '''not applicable''' for answering the "when"-question one needs to turn to other less reliable methods. A popular one is extrapolating from past developments. Best example here-for is "Moores law". But in the field of APM there's no such thing as a Moore's "law" yet (2017) that we could track. Its not even sure if such a law may even consistently occur and which metric would be used. (Throughput in units of mol/s or kg/s of atomically precise product maybe.) The greatest question-mark on the time-spans to expect comes from the fundamental unknowability when and where we'll find the right remaining critical steps through the initial pre-[[technological percolation limit|percolation-limit]]-part of the path. If a Moors-law-like traceable progress metric emerges (post [[technological percolation limit]]) the expectable time-spans may become at least somewhat estimable. == Scaling – What seems to be the most difficult part might actually be the easiest part == One might think that scaling up system size (and complexity) to the unconditionally required [[truly massive scales]] is the most severe hurdle. But the accelerating speed of progress in microcomputer technology suggests otherwise. For some elaborations see: [[Data_decompression_chain#Bootstrapping_of_the_decompression_chain]]<br> {{wikitodo| move this topic to [[Data IO bottleneck]]}} == Possibility of exceeding Moores "law" == Especially when one considers that in contrast to Moore's law, where the production facilities (the factories) grow larger and more and more expensive, with APM not only the products regularly double in performance but also the production devices producing the products. So once an exponential trend sets in, it cold potentially progress much more disruptively than Moore's law.<br> Jim Von Ehr (CEO of Zyvex) mentions this idea here [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ZggI7ftAQ&feature=youtu.be&t=23m4s]. == Reactions on predictions == (Two points taken from a talk of Eric K. Drexler) <br> To be on the safe side we should assume that:<br> '''A)''' APM will come too soon for us to lean back and say: <br>"we don't need to think about the effects and the [[dangers]] that the arising APM technology will bring." <br> '''B)''' APM will come too late for us to lean back and say: <br>"we don't need to [[opportunities|solve civilization problems]] because AP Technology will solve them." Regarding point A:<br> This is one of the main [[reasons for APM|reasons]] why we should consciously walk towards [[technology level III|advanced APM]] and should not wait till we stumble in by accident. That is we should not wait till the target of advanced APM becomes painfully obvious for even the most blind. Regarding point B:<br> Actually humanity does put quite some effort into research for improvement of current technology that is supposed to tackle those problems. So point B may be a bit pointless when taken as critique towards all of todays R&D. Maybe this is more meant as a precautious defense against the potentially possible criticism against APM proponents that they are neglecting point B. nj3j425461st9kuszzmw4gqsana4it8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 543 11349 10364 2021-07-08T11:09:18Z Apm 1 /* Misc */ {{Stub}} == Tins identity crisis == Tin is quite far on the right in the periodic table sharing its group with the non metal carbon and the semi metals silicon and geranium. Nonetheless tin in the form commonly encountered is metallic (it's tetragonal β-Tin). But it has a second (usually unwanted) crystal form (face centered cubic α-tin - the diamond lattice). In fact this second crystal structure is more characteristic for its group. Under low temperature conditions (below 11°C) and especially under the presence of a bit of catalyzing α-tin β-tin can start to convert to α-tin destroying the materials structural integrity due to a large change in unit cell geometry. Since α-tin has strong covalent character it is a good target for direct mechanosynthesis. [[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesized]] α-tin would not be a fine powder but likely a stronger material akin to germanium. The production path through mechanosynthesis would probably not change much about its low [[thermal stability]] though. Note that long before the material melts unwanted diffusion may kick in that destroys carefully arranged atomically precise structures. <small>(Side-note: mechanosynthesized chunks lacking vacations and featuring perfeclty flat surfaces may be pretty resillient to diffusion)</small> == Stabilizing the more diamondoid and exotic α-Tin == To increase [[thermal stability]] some of the tin atoms in the lattice could be replaced by elements that are located above tin in the periodic table in a systematic checkerboard pattern. Germanium is to rare for large scale construction materials. (SnGe) Carbon is not abundant but highly accessible but it might have a little low atomic radius. (SnC) Silicon is abundant and has a bigger radius and is thus likely a good candidate (SnSi). Thermodynamically produced alloys of tin and silicon (melting and mixing) do not form an intermetallic highly ordered stochiometric phase and have thus likely very different (inferior) properties than mechanosynthesized checkerboard SnSi. Mechanosynthesis may even allow to coax the element below tin which is lead into a diamond lattice with covalent character by combining it with carbon. This compound (PbC) is to current knowledge (2017) not thermodynamically accessible but when mechanosynthesized it may be stable enough to not blow up in your face on the slightest disturbance. == Misc == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite Cassierite] SnO₂ (Mohs 6-7; ~7.1g/ccm; tetragonal; [[rutile structure]]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattnerite Plattnerite] PbO₂ (Mohs 5.5; ~9.63g/ccm; tetragonal; [[rutile structure]]) Cassierite has a quite high density. <br> It's not quite as high as plattnerite but when the tin slowly leaches out into the biosphere its a non issue unlike with the lead. Of course going for solid non oxidized metals gives far higher densities. <br> Mechanosynthesis just need to take into account then, that some geometries (e.g. single metal atoms on flat metal surfaces) show extreme diffusion rates and speeds at room temperature or even lower. Thus these geometries need to be either avoided or mechanosynthesized at very low temperatures and then permanently sealed by a covalent sell that does [[FAPP]] not diffusion at room temperature. == Related == * Other members of the group: [[Lead]], '''Tin''', [[Germanium]], [[Silicon]], [[Carbon]] * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] == External Links == * Thermodynamic phase diagram of Sn & Si: [http://www.himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Si-Sn.php] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_pest Tin pest] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_carbide Hypothetical compound lead carbide] 0yjsyje1jcq1j7oef3j4krinmxj6oh1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1160 10859 10858 2021-06-24T06:57:24Z Apm 1 * Pro: Titanium is common in earths crust (and in space) * Pro: Hardness is high * Pro: Crystal structure is simple * Con? unit cell is a bit big '''Overall a good base material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] for [[large scale construction]].''' * Formula: TiO₂ * Hardness Mohs 8.5 * Crystal system: Trigonal (the same as [[sapphire]] but different unit cell) * Density ~4.53g/ccm * Refractive index: ?? – likely quite high '''Misc trivia:''' <br> Titanium is in a unusual trivalent form here <br> (as in grossmanite a titanium chain silicate). == Related == * [[Titanium]] Other polymorphs of same formula: * [[Rutile]] * [[Anatase]] * [[Brookite]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tistarite Tistarite] (quite limited info there as of 2021-06) * mineralientalas.de: [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Tistarite Tistarite] (3D structure) j4vsrkxo7obu1bjckq2dt7til6i4nng wikitext text/x-wiki 0 497 11074 11063 2021-06-30T19:30:39Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{speculative}} [[File:Titan sizecomparison-1024x692 (1).jpg|512px|thumb|right|Earth Moon and Titan to scale. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Gregory H. Revera. Related: [[Intuitively understanding the size of Earth]].]] This article is about Saturn's giant moon Titan, <br> and how [[gemstone metamaterial technology|advanced atomically precise technology]] could be used to research and eventually colonize this fascinating alien world. = Basic facts = == Size == Titan is by far the largest moon of planet Saturn. With almost the size of planet mercury he has a size sufficient to clear his orbit from other objects of similar mass. This criterion just with the sun instead of a planet as main body is used for the relatively new distinction between planets (like e.g. mercury) and dwarf planets (like e.g. pluto). It seems only natural that moons with a property akin to what discerns a planet from a dwarf planet deserve a special title too. So I'll refer to these moons as giant moons complementary to the title dwarf planet. (The titles dwarf planet and giant moon are not mutually exclusive. Plutos companion Charon e.g. takes both.) There are several other giant moons in our solar system but they alle == Atmosphere == Titan is the only moon in the solar system with a "true" atmosphere. In fact the atmosphere has even a slightly higher pressure than what is pressure at Earth's sea level. About 1.5 atm. A pressure very comfy for humans. The temperature is very low though ~95K or about minus 280°C (numbers rounded for easy memorization). Note that this is not much higher than the evaporation point of nitrogen 77K. So the atmosphere is just a dozen and view degrees above the point of condensing out into an '''[[liquid nitrogen ocean]]''' (or lakes or ground liquid). The low temperature probably plays a big role that Titan can hold his atmosphere despite his small gravity. Due to the fact that the absolute temperature is about three times lower than on Earth the density of the air very roughly is three times bigger than the density that the air on Earth has when compressed to 1.5 bar the same as the pressure on Titan. That makes about ~4.5kg per cubic meter as opposed to ~1kg per cubic meter on earth. There will be significant deviations due to the nearness to the condensation point. {{todo|calculate Titans atmospheric density}} Titans air is so near to the condensation point that it can be liquefied via compression with just a plain (low temperature fortified) bicycle pump. = Resources = [[File:Methane-lakes-on-Titan-composite-flat.jpg|400px|thumb|right|False color image of Titan. '''Big [[methane]] (CH₄) lakes on Titan.''' These are like '''giant minimal pre-processing [[resource molecule]] reservoirs for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]'''. – Mosaic of images taken in near infrared light showing Titan’s polar seas (left) and a radar image of Kraken Mare (right), both taken by the Cassini spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL]] [[File:Cassini_captures_familiar_forms_on_Titan_s_dunes.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''Tholine dunes on Titan''' aka "star tar". This is believed to be a '''mix of organic molecules produced by UV chemistry the atmosphere'''. – '''The value as a resource seems questionable.''' Carbon can be obtained from the lakes in nicely packaged in [[methane]] molecules. Nitrogen can be obtained from the air. Also if heated this seemingly sand like stuff might melt and form a sticky gunk. ]] Titan is rich in hydrocarbons much of them are in the form of methane. <br> This is pretty much an ideal form for processing in an [[gem-gum factory|advanced nanofactory]]. <br> The methane lakes are basically seas of building material just like the atmosphere of [[Venus]] is. * Carbon (and hydrogen) can be obtained from the [[methane]] in the lakes (or dunes - harder do disentangle that molecular mess). * Nitrogen can be obtained from the air (or dunes - harder do disentangle that molecular mess). * Oxygen (and hydrogen) can be obtained from water the "mountains" that presumably made out of a good part of water ice. * Heavier elements might be quite scarce. What mechanisms kept them up at the surface? What mechanisms might bring them up again? Cryovolcanism? In the outer solar system water is the most prevalent substance since oxygen and hydrogen are two of the most common elements in the universe and it is not hot enough that it evaporates into space. Water though does not make an ideal building material. It gets harder at very low temperatures but it still holds together just by weak hydrogen bonds. It's constituent atoms hydrogen and oxygen on their own can't be reconfigured into a stronger substance. == Transport == The ground might be soft moist and maybe even gunky at places. Combined with the low gravity normal walking and driving might prove to be difficult. <br> For fast transport [[diamondoid]] gem gum rails may be installed. Low gravity (0.14g) and high "air" density makes flying very easy. Normal air isn't a lifting gas like on [[Venus]] though. [[Airmesh]]es form an intermediate between rail systems and flying. == Habitation == Most important is good thermal isolation. For that some reversibly crushable atomically precise metamaterial is ideal. <br> Just like on earth vacuum balloons can be made. See: [[Robust metamaterial balloons]] On titan space suits do not need do be overpressure-suits but with advanced [[gem gum suit]]s that can provide normal levels of mobility even for over-pressure suits this doesn't matter much. Water and oxygen can be taken from the environment just as [[synthesis of food|organic material for food]] (bio-processing is not [[Main Page|APM]]!). For gravity keeping eyesight and bones healthy decently massive stable centrifuges are needed. Given sufficient energy advanced APM has the capacity to produce those quickly. = Energy = == Solar == Titan receives very little light at Saturns distance from the sun. Then there is a haze layer high up in the atmosphere that filters even more from that light. Autonomous solar energy collecting airships in high numbers could collect some energy for small initial colonies. While individually very low energy and slow combined they can provide useful levels of energy. This won't work for global scale colonization though. Space solar energy import may be an option. Either locally with very big collectors of far from the inner solar system like e.g. excess energy reflected away from Venus. Quickly switchable planetary scale energy sources might cause difficult/dangerous situations though political and on political level and technical failure risk level. == Cemical == There's no free oxygen on Titan so conventional combustion engines on titan would work in reverse with oxygen that needs to be pre-produced. Instead of a combustion engine with [[technology level III|advanced atomically precise technology]] one will do something different but for the sake of it let's look at how a combustion engine would work there. You'd need to carry around liquid oxygen (which does not need much chilling/pressurization at the present ambient temperatures) and burn it with the there omnipresent methane (the equivalent to air humidity on earth). The exhaust would ultimately produce a lot of snow and ice (water sand and gravel). Some energy might have accumulated in the organic dunes of Titan from the high molecular weight organic compounds raining down from the upper atmosphere. There incoming UV light activates/splits methane & co which then can recombine in higher energetic forms. If this is enough to be usable it could provide energy for a while. == Wind == Some slight winds might concentrate the little solar energy that falls on Titan. [[Airmesh]]es could be of use. == Nuclear == Since energy is rather scarce on titan using nuclear energy sources is very tempting. But this is probably a rather bad choice. Titan has the excellent benefit of a thick atmosphere that shields perfectly against the harsh radiation of space. Combined with the fact that the ground mainly consists of light and thus predominantly non-radioactive elements Titan might have lower radiation levels than the natural levels on earth. With Titans very active weather system radioactive spills will quickly spread on a global scale and thwart that unique benefit titan has to provide too us. Especially tritium seems bad. Liquid methane probably does not dissolve cesium and iodine very well which is good but tritium (radioactive hydrogen) when it doesn't fly around freely gets built in both the water and the hydrocarbons that is everywhere. Titan is rare of heavy elements so fuel for nuclear fission needs to be imported from somewhere. Possibly earth or later from metal asteroids of the main asteroid belt between mars and Jupiter. One option is to produce energy with immature and unsafe nuclear technology safely in space and then import it down to titans surface chemically maybe via (many) space elevators. Titan has lots of water and possibly also lithium (since it's a light element less prone to sink to the giants moon core) so nuclear fusion seems a natural choice. If the AP technology is at a level that makes 100% tritium tight fusion reactors possible then this may be fine. == Geothermal == There is enough tidal heating on titan that a global subsurface ocean is suspected. Maybe ~0°C (or somewhat colder due to salts) water "hot springs" can be tapped. = Fun / Sports = On Titan with * a low gravity of 0.14g and * a high density atmosphere 4.5kg/m^3 it should be possible for humans to fly just with muscle force (and appropriate suit – [[gem-gum suit]]). <br> Going too high up and taking a dive might be dangerous though as intuition might not be sufficient to estimate slowdown to the ground. = Related = * '''[[Colonization of the solar system]]''' == Other worlds with notable atmosphere == Other places with atmospheres thick enough to serve as a resource: <br> [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Gas giants]], and of course [[Earth]] Other ice worlds of high interest (none have significant atmosphere but some may have have an subsurface ocean). <br> * [[Ceres]] (in the [[asteroid belt]]) * [[Callisto]] and [[Ganymede]] (moons of [[Jupiter]] – latter one has a bit high radiation levels) * [[Triton]] (moon of [[Neptune]]) and many smaller bodies ... * ... incuding [[Enceladus]] (highly cryovolcanically active moon of [[Saturn]]), and the biggest moons of [[Uranus]]. * Transneptunian objects (TNOs) like the Pluto-Charon double-planet (not a normal planet – it's a dwarf planet now), Eris, ... , Haumea (spin flattened oddity), ... Pluto (and probably many TNOs) actually has loads nitrogen "air". It's just so cold that it's pretty much totally frozen into a glacier. == Other ice worlds == [[Europa]] (Subsurface ocean bearing moon of Jupiter) is a radiation hellhole. Well not as bad as [[Io]]. <br> Getting there and then under the ice unharmed as a human will be difficult. Heavy shielding required. <br> Mass is exactly what you don't want ins space-travel. == External links == * Here is an article about Titan [https://www.universetoday.com/15429/saturns-moon-titan/] by Fraser Cain (Universe Today) * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon) Titan_(moon)] * Tholine "star-tar" space gunk – Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholin Tholine] ---- '''Planned dragonfly mission:''' * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(spacecraft) Dragonfly (spacecraft)] NASA: * Brief summary: https://www.nasa.gov/dragonfly/dragonfly-overview/index.html * https://www.nasa.gov/dragonfly * https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/missions/dragonfly/ b9i9o6q21r9t6zc6pee26d83ubrpca7 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 467 11073 11019 2021-06-30T19:29:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added video about titaniums electron configuration [[File:Collapsed-periodic-table.jpeg|558px|thumb|right|'''See how silicon links to titanium''' in this slightly unconventionally plotted periodic table? The titanium group (4th group) of the periodic table kind of forms a second branch of the carbon group (14th group). Both groups have 4 electrons above their next lower closed noble gas electron shells. – ¹⁴Si: [Ne] 3s²3p² – ²²Ti: [Ar] 3d²4s²]] In today's (2016...2017) conventional technology Titanium is a good structural building material (light strong and corrosion resistant). <br> But today titanium but is rather expensive. <br> Titanium is not at all a rare element but * it's more distributed than other elements. * it's hard to extract and process More advanced mining techniques enabled by atomically precise technology will allow a significant drop in price. == Why titanium is one of the most useful metals == In advanced atomically precise manufacturing titanium will be very useful since titanium's oxidized forms with nonmetals (it's gemstones) usually have: * very high hardness and * very high melting points (See [[refractory material]]). So they form very useful structural building materials. Some simple titanium gemstones are: TiN TiP TiC TiSi₂ TiB₂ TiO₂ Ti₂O₃ * [[Aluminium]] the most common metal in earths crust (thus more common than titanium) forms much viewer binary nonmetal compounds that are useful as structural building material (most useful: leukosapphire Al₂O₃). carbides nitrides and phosphides of aluminum are no useful building materials. * Binary nonmetal compounds with the second most common element in earth's crust iron [[Iron]] are usually not very hard and are usually metallic and non-transparent (Fe₂O₃ Hematite, Fe₃O₄ Magnetite, FeS2 Pyrite). * Binary nonmetal compounds with the common alkali metals Sodium and Potassium K are all water soluble or worse (reactive). * Many of the binary nonmetal compounds with the common earth alkali metals Magnesium and Calcium are water soluble with a few exceptions (CaF Fluorite, MgO Periclase). Stuff that reacted with water to a stable compound is usually too soft for structural building materials (there are exceptions). == But what is the underlying reason for titanium to be so awesome? == '''See how silicon links to titanium''' in this slightly unconventionally plotted periodic table (top right)? <br> The titanium group (4th group) of the periodic table kind of forms a second branch of the carbon group (14th group). <br> Both groups have 4 electrons above their next lower closed noble gas electron shells. * '''¹⁴Si: [Ne] 3s²3p²''' * '''²²Ti: [Ar] 3d²4s²''' This may be part of the reason for why titanium (and zirconium) are: * structurally so versatile and useful elements in that they from so many very hard and heat resistant materials. * titanium and silicon sometimes form isostructural minerals: TiO₂ [[Rutile]] and SiO₂ [[Stishovite]] (not quartz here) Then again, many titanium compound are in simple cubic [[rock salt structure]] (probably due to metallicness and ionicness) <br> while silicon likes to arrange in sparse covalent [[diamondoid]] structures ([[zincblende structure]] and [[wurzite structure]]). == Locations of occurrence and future usage == === Lots of titanium on our Moon === Titanium is especially abundant on the lunar lowlands. <br> So there titanium might find more use than on earth. (See: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon]) <br> On the moon volatiles elements (including carbon and nitrogen) seem to be rather scarce so TiN and TiC may be less likely to find massive use there. === Where in the solar system is titanium the most accessible? === Generally the openly accessible silicatic celestial body crusts of our inner solar system and the main [[asteroid belt]] <br> likely give a higher chance of finding large quantities of titanium than the ice-crust-bearing celestial bodies of our outer solar system. === Titanium on Titan? === I case you wonder: <br> There is probably not much [[titanium]] in the outer crust of [[Saturn]]s one and only giant moon [[Titan]]. <br> Most stuff there are likely light light volatile elements C,H,O,N,S. <br> Cryovolcanism (of yet unclear degree) might carry up some metal salts. <br> At least titanium is not siderophile (see: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification]). Similar story * on all jovian moons except Io * on further out big ice moons like triton and * on transpeptunian objects like pluto. == Limits of corrosion resistance == '''Pure metallic titanium (Ti):''' <br> Pure metallic titanium in macroscopic chunks forms a stable self protecting oxide layer. Similar to what happens with aluminum. (How thick and dense exactly?) <br> If machine parts out of titanium become so small that the oxide layers become almost the thickness of the parts themselves (as in advanced atomically precise technology) then elemental titanium can't be used in direct contact with the oxygen bearing atmosphere. <br> Even in a [[practically perfect vacuum]] or in an nonreactive noble gas environment elemental titanium (as probably most/all metals in elemental form) <br> may only be usable at very low temperatures where the atoms stay in place albeit the weakness of the undirected metallic bonds. '''Suboxidic and nonoxidic titanium based artificial gemstones (TiO, TiN, TiC, TiP):''' <br> Suboxidic and nonoxidic artificial titanium gemstones (today mostly known as dislocation and impurity littered ceramics) <br> may or may not show some surface oxidation when exposed to (wet and possibly slightly acidic) air. == Related == * [[Chemical element]] * [[Periodic table of elements]] * [[Base materials with high potential]] ---- Natural TiO₂ mineral polymorphs: * [[Rutile]] * [[Anatase]] * [[Brookite]] * [[Tistarite]] – '''Mohs 8.5''' [[Category:Chemical element]] == External links == * Youtube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMy5Nsnu0_w "Electron Configuration for Ti , Ti3+, and Ti4+ (Titanium and Titanium Ions)"] by Wayne Breslyn 2019-07-01 jmvkcfdyfx2esqbeo5h4b8t1cpj57x0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1177 11020 2021-06-28T20:38:52Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Titanium (chemical element)]] to [[Titanium]] over redirect: Only in German language there is a name conflict between the chemical element and the saturnian moon #REDIRECT [[Titanium]] 7a5yj7fyabtiechfjxzvg6kwy7t5zpg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 29 10522 9618 2021-06-17T08:15:30Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Fun with spins]] '''Tooltip chemistry''' is the term for the special kind of chemistry that takes place when robotic means are used to bring molecular components [[positional atomic precision|precisely]] together such that a certain desired permanent chemical transformation is enforced and archived with very high probability. In short when [[mechanosynthesis]] is performed. Usually covalent bonds are involved. Typical processes are: * picking molecules from pockets * modifying molecular [[Moiety|moieties]] on tooltips * depositing molecular [[Moiety|moieties]] to workpieces For [[diamondoid|carbon]] as building material extensive studies have been done [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf] since this kind of tooltip chemistry was of central importance for showing the feasibility of advanced productive [[positional atomic precision|AP]] nanosystems ([[technology level III]]) At the first step toward [[technology level III|advanced APM systems]] (the step towards [[technology level I]]) the involved tooltip chemistry is largely non covalent and untypical. It more resembles a conventional macroscopic assembly process. Here complementary surfaces can be used that stick together by VdW and ionic attraction forces. For the next step to [[technology level II]] tooltip chemistry is yet largely unclassified and unexplored. [Todo: add image of the 9 tools] ['''Todo:''' add arrow diagram of the complete set of refresh cycles from the minimal toolset for positional diamond mechanosynthesis! - this is needed for e.g. mill design. Split recharging diagram from deposition diagram] '''Beside for building of structures tooltip chemistry can be used for [[Chemomechanical converters|energy conversion]].''' == Related == * [[Resource molecule]]s * [[Tooltip cycle]] * [[List of proposed tooltips for diamond mechanosynthesis]] * [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] * [[Fun with spins]] == External references == *[http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/MinToolset.pdf A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis] from Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle - Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA * [http://sci-nanotech.com/index.php?thread/15-nanofactory-block-diagram/ A flow-chart extracted out of the minimal toolset paper.] ----- * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom_abstraction Hydrogen atom abstraction] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Technology level II]] [[Category:Mechanosynthesis]] lubtq1d4oa9k3hplrmadwczpnkx8ou0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1013 9629 2021-05-30T14:02:37Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] #REDIRECT [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] ncmfmi6qbbchd1x8v0tlnpnmg5gi7ys wikitext text/x-wiki 0 92 11232 11231 2021-07-05T17:43:11Z Apm 1 {{stub}} The Tooltip preparation zone is the part in a [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip nanofactory]] where all the [[tooltip preparation]] is done. == Steps involved in tooptip preparation == == Initial pickup == Picking up the resource molecules from where there get in after the [[sorting rotors]] zone. Thereby finally transferring them into [[machine pages]]. This is easier when the resource molecules have unsaturated bonds on them like in the case of [[ethyne]]. == Radicalization / activation == Here [[molecule fragments]] are piezochemically pre-processed for subsequent [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis|piezochemical deposition]]. Ripping off eventually present [[nanoscale surface passivation|passivating]] atoms (typically hydrogen) in order <br> to convert the now bond molecule fragments into a highly reactive radicals that are fit for [[piezochemical]] deposition. '''Examples:''' * ripping of the two hydrogens from [[ethyne]] * ripping hydrogen from water * ripping OH groups off from oxoacids like e.g. sulfuric acid H₂SO₃, phosphoric acid, == Radicalizer regeneration == After ripping of passivation passivating atoms "radicalizing tooltips" are saturated <br> and themselves need to be freed of these atoms in order to be reusable again. <br> Excess hydrogen can be disposed of as utra-pure "waste" water so long as free dioxygen is available. <br> Otherise at least molecular dihydrogen is an option. This requires the reintroduction of these small molecules (typically water or dihydrogen) into some [[dystactic phase]] like liquid or gas phase. == Gas phase steps? == There are a few of these in the [[tooltip cycle paper]]. {{wikitodo|reread and add more notes on that here}}<br> Will it be possible to avoid them alltogether? <br> Will there be motivation to avoid them? (seems likely). == Before and after == Next station: * [[mechanosynthesis core]] where the final [[piezochemical]] deposition happens. Previous stations: <br> * [[Solvated resource supply]] * [[Sorting rotors]] – specifically here: [[Acetylene sorting pump]] – [[Nanosystems]] pages 374, 378, 379 * [[Final transfer into machine phase]] – this may split up into sub processes – Related:[[Machine phase]] * [[Tooltip loading]] == Related == * [[Tooltip cycle paper]] – 9 diamondoid tooltips paper – <small>(degree of freedom in barrel systems sufficient?)</small> * [[Mechanosynthetic resource molecule splitting]] * [[Tooltip chemistry]] ---- * Concept visualization animation video: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]] [[Category:Nanofactory]] [[Category:Technology level III]] 6pwezu8xhpuyae5qjxrmkq0dsk8jk9n wikitext text/x-wiki 0 792 11326 10184 2021-07-06T14:13:38Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added [[MEMS]] Complementary: [[Bottom-up manufacturing]] The prototypical example for top-down technology is the microchip manufacturing technology. <br> Both in case of electrical chips and in case of mechanical chips (MEMS). <br> With masks, optics, various ways of etching and more. <br> == Downward size limit == Where as with bottom up the technological limit is upwards, <br> In the case of top down technology the technological size limit is downwards. Reachable size-scales are less small for mechanical than for electrical chips. <br> While electrical chips already reach far down the nanoscale this is only possible for electrical chips and Record holding chips are specially manufactured for chip manufacturers often at truly jaw-dropping costs. <br> This is nothing for quick turnaround trial and error experimentation. == Nature == There seem to be no natural targeted top down manufacturing processes. <br> Accidental macroscopic structure formation maybe like in sun rays melting snow in patterns and geologic processes maybe has some similarity.But these are not aiming at an encoded target structure. == Related == * Complementary: [[Bottom-up manufacturing]] * [[Bottom-up Top-down overlap]] * [[Non atomically precise nanomanufacturing methods]] * [[MEMS]] q5oo1uagcmt2ndqa4uriotl9mm5jst0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1100 10292 2021-06-13T15:09:48Z Apm 1 Created page with " Two end members: * hydroxy-topaz: Al₂SiO₄(OH)₂ * fluorine-topaz: Al₂SiO₄F₂ – (Maybe some fluorine could be..." Two end members: * hydroxy-topaz: Al₂SiO₄(OH)₂ * fluorine-topaz: Al₂SiO₄F₂ – (Maybe some fluorine could be replaced with the more common chlorine?) '''A pretty hard aluminum silicate.''' <br> In terms of elemental composition between [[sapphire]] and [[quartz]]. Other properties: * Mohs 8 (defining mineral) * Orthorhombic – (Nesosilicate like [[olivine]]) == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz Topaz] * [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Topaz on www.mineralienatlas.de] 9ihdmeyk0b0lpduqatpd1y5uog5pic1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 31 11638 6171 2021-07-15T12:27:07Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Site specific term}} Up: [[Precision]] Up: [[Atomic precision]] With '''atomic precision''' one refers to structures where the '''positions of all the included atoms are known in a topological sense''' meaning one knows which atom connects with which. An [[atomically precise structure]] may well be floppy such that thermal movement makes the actual positions of the atoms completely unknown. Many base structures for self assembly (in [[technology level 0]] and [[technology level I]]) are examples for floppy AP structures e.g. short DNA half strands (oglionucleotides). * In [[technology level I]] whole sturdy structures out of sturdy '''AP-building blocks''' are assembled in a digital fashion. One is dealing with atomically precise structures but one only needs sub block size positioning precision for [[positional assembly]]. * In [[technology level II]] and [[technology level III]] [[diamondoid]] materials are the main building material. They allow not only the topological position but also the position in three dimensional space to be known ([[positional atomic precision]]). Atoms do roughly behave like a construction set with elastic linkages only if the right set of atoms is chosen. Metals with their undirected bonding tend to diffuse at room temperature destroying topological order and thus often do not preserve Atomic precision (AP) making them unsuitable for nanomachinery. == Related == * [[Atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Atomic precision]] * [[Positional atomic precision]] [[Category:General]] 50dmj6ixm8cjas79knaxr45v0iz7nrb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 716 11350 7710 2021-07-08T11:10:03Z Apm 1 There is something like a universal all encompassing [[possibility space|timeless landscape of technology]] (an abstract concept). This landscape turns out to be very well suited to give a general overview over the various aspects of the field of atomically precise manufacturing. [[File:Possibility_space_overview_-_original_size.svg|750px|thumb|center|Main article: "[[possibility space]]"; (1) R&D with (1a) untargeted research discovering more surprising pathway entry points (1b) targeted engineering marching forward on identified pathway entry points; (2) [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|path]], especially [[incremental path]] with three technology levels ([[Technology level I|2a]],[[Technology level II|2b]],[[Technology level III|2c]]); (3) target backward [[preparatory design]] (4) far off target: [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factory]]; (5a) [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s, (5b) [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing|advanced products]] and (5c) more abstract consequences ([[Opportunities|good]] and [[Dangers|bad]]) hard to quantify and blurring into speculation -- (green areas) [[Exploratory engineering]]. (dark green) known today.]] The landscape is about the range of fundamentally possible of technologies. The range of these possible technologies is determined by physical law. Under the assumption that physical laws do not change in time or space, the fundamental potential of technology too does not change in time or space. (Assuming unchanging physical law should obviously make sense [[for all practical purposes]]. Side notes of little relevance on that [[Reliability of physical laws|here]]). Uncovering the fundamental potential of technology is thus not about predicting the future as one might suspect. It's about uncovering truths that where already there since the "dawn of time" (and which hold everywhere). Specifically in the field of atomically precise manufacturing there is the unusual situation that some things that cannot yet be built or directly tested, can already be understood and simulated. Sometimes more reliably, sometimes less. Some major ones of those areas of investigation in the field of APM that feature this unusual situation are depicted as green "islands" in the landscape above. When isolating a strategy to maximize the reliability of such predictions one ends up with the methodology of [[exploratory engineering]]. == The big picture – Tour by map == {{wikitodo|improve formulation; match up with main chapters - replacing "template:Orientation" -- WANTED: two colum info-boxes with minithumbs and maybe circled numbers ❶ ①}} [[File:Possibility_space_overview_-_original_size.svg|450px|thumb|right|Main article: "[[possibility space]]"<br>'''TODO: reformat to be more vertical and reformulate''']] * (1) R&D with <br>(1a) untargeted research discovering more surprising pathway entry points <br>(1b) targeted engineering marching forward on identified pathway entry points; * (2) [[Pathways to advanced APM systems|path]], especially [[incremental path]] with three technology levels ([[Technology level I|2a]],[[Technology level II|2b]],[[Technology level III|2c]]); * (3) target backward [[preparatory design]] * (4) far off target: [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factory]]; * (5a) [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s, <br>(5b) [[Products of advanced atomically precise manufacturing|advanced products]] and <br>(5c) more abstract consequences ([[Opportunities|good]] and [[Dangers|bad]]) hard to quantify and blurring into speculation * (green areas) [[Exploratory engineering]]. (dark green) known today. === (0) Introduction and overview === === (1) Developing froward – current R&D === === (2) Possible pathways === === (3) Developing backward – preparatory design === === (4) The far term target – kind of targeted manufacturing devices – core exploratory engineering === === (5a) The targeted kind of materials === === (5b) Products, and effects – benefits and risks === {{wikitodo|maybe add 0$-OSHW sign to gem-gum-factory infobox}} == Related == * [[Tour by topic]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] Drift-off into philosophical areas: * [[Experts and impossibilities]] * [[Reliability of physical laws]] qwu12ftu7uo878h32my1fbathnocgnr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 715 7712 7705 2018-08-26T10:17:55Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page: [[Bridging the gaps]] {{stub}} {{Template:Orientation}} == Related == * [[Tour by map]] * [[Bridging the gaps]] 6a8p4c4ajxw7rds49k4uzr44re6q2m1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1233 11825 11824 2021-08-20T07:23:38Z Apm 1 /* How to represent the data of component trajectories */ massive extension = Machine phase = == Machine phase & why == [[Gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] operate in [[machine phase]]. <br> Operating in machine phase is: * essentially necessary for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] to work at all and is * a key factor for the [[high performance of gem-gum technology]] way beyond what [[soft nanosystems]] could ever deliver. For a discussion of details see: <br> See: [[Machine phase]], [[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]], [[Stiffness]], ... == Machine phase & part tracability == Machine phase means (among other things) that a [[gem-gum factory]] is fully deterministic system. <br> * That is: For any given time there is exactly one uniquely defined system configuration. <br> * That is: There are no branches in the temporal trajectory of the whole configuration space. <br><small>("configuration space" is the entirety of all the actuator positions and actuator angles and similar – aka generalized coordinates)</small> <small>As a visual mental aid one maybe can think of a [[gem-gum factories]] drive system like a slider on a (very complexly shaped) one dimensional rail.</small> So for any given atom in a [[gemstone metamaterial product]] the complete trajectory can be traced <br> right from where it was captured into machine phase. <br> The same holds for parts like [[crystolecule]]s and [[microcomponent]]s. <br> The trajectory of bigger components is also uniquely and fully tracable <br> * Right from the moment of the parts completed assembly from subparts. From its "inception". * Till the moment where the part becomes assembled as a sub-part of one of the next higher up assembly levels components. And even further ... * All the way up to the release of the final macroscopic product into the "[[chaos in the human scale room phase]]" <small>(overstretching "phase" here)</small> == Machine phase & where it ends at the top == At a large enough product sizes the [[FAPP]] absolute determinism necessarily needs to end <br> because our macroscale reality is not totally deterministic. E.g. <br> (1) It can't be predicted what kind of product a user is eventually going to produce in the next production run. <br> (2) Most macroscale products are used <br>without being connected to the "ground" at all times AND <br>without having their position robotically controlled at all times. <br>The outside of space stations may be one of a few notable exceptions. The rigid main body station being the "ground". = How to represent the data of component trajectories = Using the global frame of reference for the representation off the data for the whole trajectories for the diverse component trajectories would be rather impractical. Instead to confirm existence (existence meaning "already assembled") and <br> locate a part (sub-component of a product) in space at some given time one <br> fist looks up the mechanism that is at that moment of time responsible for keeping this component safely in machine phase. <br> This gives: * The pose coordinates of the responsible mechanism and * the rigid body pose coordinates (position and rotation) of the component in the local coordinate frame of reference. * (and a local frames of reference for time) To decide: <br> What to call the machanism responsible for keeping the component safely in machine phase? * "owner" "onlatcher" "caretaker" "responsible mechanism" "guider" "controller" == Arrival-departure boundary condition matching == Main page: [[Arrival-departure boundary condition matching]] Implementing robotic motions in local frames of reference (and generalized coordinates) faces a challenge: <br> The boundary conditions must match up. That is: * the spacetime event of part arrival from a preceding stage must exactly match up with * the spacetime event of departure to a sequeling stage Derivatives of motion should also match up (giving osculating curves) <br> to prevent jumps in acceleration (jerk spikes). Matching motions at the control transfer transitions can be difficult/nontrivial, <br> but it needs to be done anyway for actual robot control. <br> Analytic auto-propagation of positional and temporal shifts is highly desirable <br> and is part of what makes a good parametric design. '''Dangerous allures to imperative hell:''' There are two aspects that make "Arrival-departure boundary condition matching" challenging <br> in a denotative rather than imperative model. In the context of error correction there will be cases when <br> no part or an unusable part arrives when there should have been <br> a functional part arriving (messing up full determinism a bit). * imperative model: Has a good part arrived as it should have? Yes/No? If yes: go on. If no: wait. (And tell other subsystems to wait too if necessary.) * denotative model: use the (possibly recorded) and in retrospect timeless "streams of errors" to organize activity. [[Open loop control]] going on with its thing oblivious that === (Non)Applicability of recursive definitions for robotics across assembly levels === For practical systems it most likely is not suitable to use recursive definitions for the robotic motions. <br> This is because the robotics across the assembly levels will look quite differently <br> when optimized to their particular tasks in their particular size scales. Recursive definitions for robotic motions though are definitely useful for animations illustrating <br> the concepts of [[convergent assembly]] and [[higher throughput of smaller machinery]]. The reason for why * simple recursive definitions work for illustrating animations but * simple recursive definitions do not work for actual serious systems is is partly due to the big difference in [[branching factor]]. In case of bigger [[branching factor]]s (x32 in length and ~ x32000 in volume proposed in this wiki) <br> using recursion (top down or bottom up) is not much of use since the stages may not have enough of a common basis. Illustrations need smaller branching factors in order to make visible what is going on in one picture as one context. <br> Given one has modeled at least parts of "the real thing" then one can of course <br> try tricks visualizing it. But that is challenging. <br> Different scaled vie-windows loose context. Nonlinar scaling across displayed screen area may be confusing .... <br> See: [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] == Avoid imperative modelling == In any case a naive imperative approach of modelling is absolutely to avoid. <br> "Naive imperative way" means storing positions in variables making the <br> responsible mechanisms into "objects as actors" that look up the old positions and orientations <br> of components and in place update those values to represent a new time-step. <br> '''DO NOT DO THAT!!''' <br> = Related = * [[Design of gem-gum on-chip factories]] * [[Machine phase]] * Component logistics * ... p113wnh2kcbh7a5ytd3ehji6ypfzq9o wikitext text/x-wiki 0 225 6896 6415 2017-10-30T19:51:45Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page [[APM and politics]] {{speculative}} This page will discuss the concept of "transhumanism" primarily in light of atomically precise technology and maybe delve a bit into philosophical aspects. <br>For a general introduction please visit the extensive Wikipedia page about the topic. = Possible problems with the term "Transhumanism" = In general the problem with all sorts of "*isms" is that they tend to bunch together many views and equally many prejudices. Fulfilling the problematic human desire for having explanations for everything even if it means that they are simper than possible and thus plainly wrong. Here's an example for a negative connotation of ism: "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism scientism]" Also problematic may be that "trans"human is linguistically near to "in"human. = Minimal introduction = Transhumanism is basically about the idea of extending humans with technology. We already are cluttered with extensions / pseudo-prosthetics / tools like e.g. cloths, reading glasses, cars, smartphones, and many kinds of other tools ... but these are mild extensions that are slowly and unnoticeably creeping in. The extensions transhumanism focuses on do not stop with mild extensions but do overstep many scary points and taboos (usually with good intentions). Many people show an especially emotional reaction on: * Invasive surgery on healthy persons (many "transhumanists" may not view this as desirable) * Tampering with genes ("transhumanists" are usually advocating this in various degrees) * Attempts to overcome the natural lifespan limitation of humans. (this is more of a core point of "transhumanism") The many many stories that end with the moral "do not attempt to defy death or else very very bad things will happen" which are told in all human cultures show very clearly what kind of deep rooted fears transhumanism dares to touch. The behavior of trying to defy death was and still mostly is considered insanity because of overwhelming evidence of futility. There where always some people believing that death could be cheated. Answering the question whether today's existing and [[exploratory engineering|reliably predictable parts]] of tomorrows technology shows early signs that for the first time something could actually be done or not is left for the reader. * Today a common view is like the following: <br>Old people loose value for society and their death gives free the scarce resources for new generations. * Transhumanists view it more like: <br>Every death is like the burning of a library - the older the person was the richer was the library Note: The "cheating death aspect" of transhumanism is not about gaining "eternal life"/"immortality". At least for most transhumanists it's "just" about prolonging life. But in principle while there certainly is a limit it might be arbitrarily high. It's not about a few years/decades but more like about several orders of magnitude. A hard and fundamental physical limit seems to be the second law of thermodynamics causing the thermal death of the universe. But going into these realms speculations are considered to be just entertaining SciFi even by most transhumanists – hopefully. = Cryonics = At some point overcoming the natural lifespan limitation of humans is clearly not possible anymore today. Thus transhumanism values the idea of preservation the human body (or just brain) by deep freezing it (cryonics) long enough such that technology will be able to repair enough damage such that life can be continued. (As a minor side-note there's also the less known method of plastination.) Judging the chances of this plan to succeed is left to the reader. Many people show an especially emotional reaction on the unconventional treatment of the inanimate. While transhumanists call the frozen bodies "patients" opposing factions stress the term "corpses". Perfidious hostility against transhumanistic views can be seen e.g. in statements like "Isn't it evil to give false hopes?" Many transhumanists like to call "aging" an "illness" to raise awareness. Thereby deliberately or unintentionally awakening sleeping counter-forces. As mentioned for the idea of cryonic preservation to succeed a technology needs to come up that can repair biological damage on an unprecedented level. This naturally brings up the topic of atomically precise technology. Well actually only vague perceptions of it (usually spawned from the old book "[[Engines of Creations]]") since transhumanists come from all kinds of educational backgrounds, very very view have really dug through the technical aspects in [[Nanosystems]] or read parts of [[Main Page|the wiki you are reading here]]. One could say: An often rather twisted version of atomically precise technology comes with the "believe package" of transhumanism. Of course the capabilities of APM are not defined by the wishes and desires of transhumanists. That faulty train of thought just unjustifiedly damages the image of APM. Transhumanist goals can guide the direction of [[exploratory engineering|fact based investigation]] of potential capabilities though. Robert Freitas work on what he called "Nanomedicine" targets medicine on the still animate but it would be would be applicable here. {{todo|check details}} == Fully synthetic replacement == One should note that the [[exploratory engineering|as sensible determined]] [[Nanofactory|far term goal]] of [[Main Page|APM]] is (at its [[gemstone based metamaterial|gem-gum]] [[machine phase]] core) actually quite incompatible to soft biological systems. Thus it would be much better suited to make completely artificial replacement "bodies" (See: [[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells]]) rather than repairing heavily damaged biological tissue which might turn out to be hellishly difficult. Going for completely artificial replacement "bodies" draws in a whole series of other issues though. Like e.g. [[brain uploading]], [[continuity of perception]], [[sensory upward compatibility]], psychologically perceived inhumanity of such replacements "bodies" with well hidden roboticism at the nanoscale and likely even more. === Relation to telepresence === What seems to be not widely realized yet is that at the point where telepresence becomes indistinguishable from reality (not just fully immersive) one basically has sufficient technology for upward compatible replacements. This is a creeping effect. == Restoration of original == The option of attempting the restoration of the original biological body seems to be what the overwhelming majority of transhumanists seem to focus on today (2017). This narrow focus may be due to a lack of knowledge about the option and nature of [[ Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|gem-gum metamaterial replacement "bodies"]]. For the restoration of biological bodies one would need gemstone based autonomous [[nanobot]]s (as described in Robert Freitas book "Nanomedicine"). But these gemstone based autonomous [[nanobot]]s are actually likely even one step beyond the far term goal of gem-gum factories. What makes these [[nanobot]]s compatible with soft "machinery" of molecular biology (biotechnology) will be * the remnants of the [[incremental path]] which will per definition come before gem-gum factories. * advances in the [[brownian path]] like [[synthetic biology]] – both unrelated to APM Note that what today (2017) are called [[nanobot]]s (for promotional effectiveness) are actually ridiculously simple foldamer nano-machinery at best (e.g. a box with a hinge). == Interaction between the two options "replacement" and "restoration"== {{speculativity warning}} When assuming drastic decline in birthrate due to wealth created by APM (See: "[[Human overpopulation]]" for details) and of course evasion of total collapse of civilization, then an interesting question arises like so: Will human population last long enough that there will be "natural" ways (a continuous transformation) for biological humans to switch to gemstone based artificial bodies. Or will by the time the technology reaches that point humanity already have severely declined? = Ethical dangers = * An implicitly enforced necessity for self modification to not fall behind and "under the wheels". <br>Just like today refusing to learn to deal with computers is not optional for many. * Exclusive accessibility for an elite <br>(for this one needs to take the assumption of scarcity – what timeframe?, what location?) == Dangerous ideologies == * "one dimensional" beauty ideal – loss of diversity * detrimental obsession with what is believed to be ideal "beauty" * detrimental obsession with physical force – super soldiers == Regarding brain computer interfaces == * Hackability of minds. <br>This is especially scary, given the horrible character of today's computer systems and especially the main mobile OS "android". Closed source creep (Virus, Trojan, Spyware heaven), Monopolistic (one calendar in the cloud for all), Imprisoning (Youtube-app external links are a NoNo), Partonizing (UI forced upon you is constantly improved for the worse), Actively against you (rooting is time consuming not easy and dangerous) {{todo|move that rant somewhere more apropriate}} * The classic hive mind horror scenario == Regrading the mind in general == There is the danger of '''mental over aging''' getting stuck in mental one-way streets and building up solidified opinions. A common view is that often only after the old generation dies a new (research) paradigm can thrive. == Philosophical == * Is there a risk that biological humans lose [[The "something"|"something"]] important when they move into completely artificial bodies (brains)? * If all our descendants have artificially created minds (no biological origin and no childhood – this may involve a lot of copy paste figuratively speaking) will they lack [[The "something"|"something"]]? = Related = * [[Technological singularity]] * [[Birth rate locus]] * [[APM and politics]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism Transhumanism] [[Category:Disquisition]] [[Category:General]] hek9nfv8wq24jjkwl0wa8me7swulptj wikitext text/x-wiki 0 883 8613 8612 2021-04-14T08:07:55Z Apm 1 added info about TiO Hongquiite (Mohs 5-6) __NOTOC__ Unless otherwise noted crystal structure is '''simple cubic like table salt NaCl'''. <br> Typical (with a few exceptions) is '''1900°C melting point and Mohs 5'''. == Monometal monoxides == * ScO - no monoxide? (well its a rare earth anyway) ----- * TiO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide Titanium(II)_oxide] - [http://webmineral.com/data/Hongquiite.shtml Hongquiite (webminera.com)] - 4.96g/ccm | 5.36g/ccm(mineral) - '''Mohs 5 to 6''' - 1,750°C * VO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide Vanadium(II)_oxide] - no mineral - 5.758g/ccm - Mohs ?? - 1,789 °C * CrO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide Chromium(II)_oxide] - no mineral - only powders by thermodynamic means - 300°C (low!) - Mohs ?? * MnO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide Manganese(II)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganosite Manganosite] - 5.364g/ccm - '''Mohs 5 to 6''' - 1,945 °C - water insoluble * FeO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide Iron(II)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCstite Wüstite] - 5.7g/ccm - '''Mohs 5.0 to 5.5''' - 1,377°C - water insoluble * CoO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide Cobalt(II)_oxide] - no mineral? - 6.45g/ccm - Mohs ?? - 1,933°C - water insoluble * NiO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide Nickel(II)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsenite Bunsenite] 6.898g/ccm - '''Mohs 5.5''' - 1,955°C - watersolubility negligible ----- * CuO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide Copper(II)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenorite tenorite] 6.5g/ccm - '''Mohs 3.5 to 4.0''' - 1,326 °C - water insoluble - '''Monoclinic''' * ZnO - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide Zinc_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincite] - 5.64–5.68g/ccm - '''Mohs 4''' - 1,974°C (decomposes) - watersolubility minute - '''Hexagonal''' == Dimetal monoxides == * Cu₂O - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide Copper(I)_oxide] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprite Cuprite] - 6.14g/ccm - '''Mohs 3.5 to 4''' - 1,232°C - water insoluble - '''cubic (but...)''' There is more metal than oxygen but the material is still transparent. Odd.<br> Maybe because copper is pretty noble metal? ----- More scarce silver (in the copper group below copper) does the same but the resulting material has much worse properties. * Ag₂O - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide Silver_oxide] - 7.14g/ccm - '''Mohs ??''' - decompoes ≥ 200 °C - slightly water soluble - '''cubic (but...)''' = Related = * [[Binary gem-like compound]] = External links = * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transition_metal_oxides Wikipedia Category:Transition_metal_oxides] [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] ovhalniehqeh3n3w2mmt50fssy9ekh0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 360 11407 7475 2021-07-09T09:10:22Z Apm 1 added * [[Routing layer]]s in [[gem-gum factories]] {{stub}} == Medium == * [[Material Transport]] e.g. with the [[global microcomponent redistribution system]], with [[airmesh]]es or in advanced [[pipe mail]] in [[upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[Energy transmission|Energy transmission/transport]] -- [[Mechanical energy transmission cables|mechanical]], [[Chemical energy transmission|chemical]], [[Thermal energy transmission|thermal]] * [[Data transmission]] == Method == * [[carrier pellets]] and the sub case of [[capsule transport]] == Related == * [[How small scale friction shapes advanced transport]] * [[Global microcomponent redistribution system]] * [[Upgraded street infrastructure]] * [[Superlube tube]]s ---- * [[Routing layer]]s in [[gem-gum factories]] b9ksks6gqul2z06snt4axsdz3wkwrb9 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 480 8899 6276 2021-05-15T11:44:35Z Apm 1 removed spurious "everything" in the intro {{stub}} In advanced atomically precise technology (including nanofactories) normally everything is kept bound to the "ground mass" of the nanofactory at all times. It is in [[machine phase]]. In some special cases though it may make sense to let go of a molecule/particle and release it as a beam into a chamber which is a lot bigger than the molecule/particle. *The molecule/particle is free in the sense that it has no bonds to the bulk of the nanofactory. *The molecule/particle is trapped in the sense that is still in a chamber. In contrast to the mechanics of the nanofactory where nanoscale mechanics is far from quantum mechanics (see: [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]]) quantum mechanics has a big effect in this situation. The probability distribution for the location of the released molecule becomes very quickly much bigger than the molecule itself. == Interacting with trapped free particles == To interact with the probability density of the quantum dispersed particle(s) in a chamber one needs to move the interacting obstacles at similar speeds to the thermal one the particle shows (and the quantum dispersion speed maybe?). Running superlubricating crystolecule bearings at these very high speeds is possible but creates so much waste heat that they must be spaced out quite far from each other and that they may unintentionally heat the trapped particle. Alternatively better bearings can be used. (See: [[Levitation]]) Lowering the temperature reduces thermal speeds so the necessary speeds for interaction will go down. But the trapped particle will be more susceptible to waste heat too. Quantum dispersion speed is independent of tempearture so cooling below a factor of 10 (~27K) may be pointless. {{todo|run some numbers here}} <br> {{todo|add diagram of shooting a nitrogen molecule into a chamber showing disperion @77K and @300K}} == Kinds of particles == Everything that does not react with the chambers (diamondoid) walls should be ok to handle. In cold situations and or when the released part is too big it might be difficult to make it stop sticking to the insertion channel or the chambers walls. * Sufficiently passive molecules like N₂ O₂ H₂O CO₂ CH₄ C₂H₂ SF₆ ... * Small crystolecules (for whatever reason one would want to do that - quantum blurred bearings) * ... == Usage of trapped free particles == Free flying atoms inside an otherwise machine phase system may be useful for: * sorting atoms by mass / isotope * research on quantum effects * quantum computation maybe ?? * ... == Related == * [[Machine phase]] * [[Estimation of nanomechanical quantisation]] * [[Nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics]] o0rnr01a7r6oydiyi6kl7x5scjfi160 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 608 6275 2017-08-20T10:58:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Trapped free particles]] to [[Trapped free particle]]: plural -> singular #REDIRECT [[Trapped free particle]] 4agefgxfvtuuxjpqpp79maef695sxdv wikitext text/x-wiki 0 578 5982 2017-07-15T10:40:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Tube mail]] to [[Infinitesimally beared tube mail]]: normal tube mail is associated with compressed air #REDIRECT [[Infinitesimally beared tube mail]] l4ko7pc3u68q96vt4m4qpr7hgl25um2 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1117 11399 11370 2021-07-09T08:35:29Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Ultimate limits]] to [[Ultimate limit]]: plural => singular = List of ultimate technological/physical limits = == Limit to tensile strength (and to spinning stuff fast) == Tensile strength of material faces ultimate limits. <br> '''It is not possible and will never be possible to''' <br> '''go way above the tensile strength of diamond nanofibers and carbon nanotubes.''' <br> If something where to be stronger (beyond the bounds of currently known physics), then it would need to be something very different than our known chemistry with atoms of the periodic table. A collary of the ultimate limit in tensile strength is the [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]] which says that: <br> '''It is not possible and will never be possible to'''<br> '''rotate an usupported ring of matter (made from atoms) at speeds way above 3km/s without it rupturing from centrifugal forces.''' == Limit to energy density == Chemical energy density (energy per volume and energy per mass) faces ultimate limits. <br> '''It is not possible and will never be possible to'''<br> '''go way above the power densities of rocket fuels.''' <br> If something chemical where to be more energy dense dense (beyond the bounds of currently known physics), then it would need to be something very different than our known chemistry with atom of the periodic table. <br> Well we have that very different thing now. That is nuclear energy. <br> And it was quite surprising when discovered. <br> Unfortunately [[termonuclear energy conversion]] comes with quite some restrictions. * It is one way only. Storing excess energy in nuclear seems not possible. * It inherently needs macroscale conversion devices (and quite big at that) * Efficiency seems limited to Carnough cycle efficiency limit. There may be room for some improvement here ... * (The known risks and challenges of nuclear power are just that. They are not fundamental limits.) Nuclear energy density faces ultimate limits too. <br> '''It is not possible and will never be possible to'''<br> '''go way above the power densities of hydrogen nuclei.''' <br> If something where to be more energy dense (beyond the bounds of currently known physics), then it would need to be something very different than our known nuclear physics. <br> ---- Here's a paper by Robert A. Freitas Jr. on [[energy density]] in APM systems: * http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep050.pdf * http://www.nanomedicine.com/Papers/EnergyDensity.pdf == Limit to density of mass == Mass per volume density of materials faces ultimate limits. <br> '''It is not possible and will never be possible to''' <br> '''go way above density of say [[osmium]] metal.''' <br> If something where to to have more density of mass (beyond the bounds of currently known physics), then it would need to be something very different than our known chemistry with atom of the periodic table. <br> It would be rather surprising though: <br> Even for nature there seems to be a huge inaccessible gap in densities between atomic matter and neutron star matter. Nature can cross that density range only transiently in a non stable way during stellar collapses. = No! Nothing is absolutely impossible. Everyone wo says so is wrong. = In this regard there seems to exist an almost religious group mindset in society. Yes, indeed, nothing is ever impossible with absolute certainty. '''BUT ...''' <br> Many things (lets call them X) are: * (1) either [[known to be astronomically unlikely]] * (2) or simply unknowable and not even yet intelectually approachable in any sensible way * Unknowable errors regarding X made in (1) (that is: errors that make X unexpectedly much more likely than expected) fall into (2). == Whisful thinking vs Exploratory engineering == The point is: <br> Speculating about these way different things that would be very surprising if discovered (but no discovery, no matter how surprising, can ever be excluded with absolute certainty) when there is still absolutely no clue yet where to even start looking is a very pointless and unproductive activity (except it's done for jelly soft SciFi entertainment purposes). This "eveything is possibe" [[whisful thinking]] mindset <br> is in stark polar contrast to the stringent [[exploratory engineering]] methodology. <br> There one picks only problems where there are aspects that are exceptionally well amenable <br> to analysis via well established formal methods and models. And as a product one gains: * highly attractive far term development targets (like advanced [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]) * many construction-site open-ends where work is identified to be needed to eventually reach the identified target. See: [[bridging the gaps]] == Some related philosophical ponderings == To prove the absolute impossibility of something one would need a complete and consistent formalized description of everything. <br> A complete and consistent formalized description of everything is absolutely impossible though. <br> At least we know from math (incompleteness theorem) and we use math do describe physics. Now we have a paradox which illustrates the point of the pointlessness of trying to think about stuff X <br> that cannot yet be thought about because its completely beyond all our horizons. So by pulling its own rug does the incompleteness proof disproof its own validity? Or rather does it make itself into an completely information devoid statement? Fundamentally unanswerabel questions I guess? <br> But if we'd assume that it does break itself then so may go all the other math we have out the window. And (suprise, suprise) we totally can't have that. Math is ways too useful for actual practical purposes. We can't scrap math (and physics) because we refuse to put faith upon its axiomatic fringes just in order in to indulge in pipe dreams of [[wishful thinking]] about X being maybe possible after all. That's only ok for soft fantasy SciFi for entertainment. Not for actual technology proposals. <br> '''Ignoring known math and physics in order to dream about X being possible is useless because''' <br> '''sensible development directions cannot be determined distilled and pursued.''' <br> Fantasy SciFi for the purpuse of stirring human emotions is a different story. == Related == * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] * [[For all practical purposes]] (FAPP) fukns34benz1e2he7yfye39m8qi90w1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1231 11400 2021-07-09T08:35:29Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Ultimate limits]] to [[Ultimate limit]]: plural => singular #REDIRECT [[Ultimate limit]] 4wc0hhp9xvcb87l8o6klpzqm00pvc3s wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1026 9772 9771 2021-06-01T14:53:44Z Apm 1 /* Destruction from within */ {{stub}} {{speculative}} Assuming with [[gem-gum technology]] our human technology will some day reach a <br> level of sophistication challenging the sophisticatin that is present in life <br> (albeit implemented in and operating in very different ways) (see: [[gem-gum rainforest world]]): <br> Could it be that our technology could then become similar resilient and persevering as life? <br> Life prevailed on Earth for a good part of all of earths history. <br> From human lifespan perspective these are hard to fathom timescales. <br> '''Fragility of human technology of today:''' <br> As it stands today (2021) in case of a total collapse of civilization (god forbid) a lot of stuff would be lost quite quickly and "reclaimed by nature". <br> All active robotics, all of our computers and delicate data storage. Only thing left are metals for a while and ceramics almost forever. '''Resilience of human technology of tomorrow?''' <br> But with really advanced [[gem-gum technology]] could it be that, <br> if all maintenance and development becomes fully automated, <br> everything just keeps running and technologically keeps on self evolving? <br> Even once all humans are gone (or have changed into beyond recognition)? == Key differences == * Life had no higher intelligence involved as a highly disruptive wildcard. * Life uses a ludacris level of redundancy. A full copy of the building plan for the whole body in every single cell (well at least stem cell). Well, Dedicated backup systems with less higher intelligence and more redundancy can be deliberately designed and<br> distributed like geocache (some with deliberately undocumented storage locations). See: [[Save point]] '''Backup of human technology in space:''' <br> Inner solar system multi celestial backup with key-fob sized "technology [[save point]] devices" seems easy for [[gem-gum technology]]. <br> On longer timescales interstellar backups might will quite likely be possible too. <br> (given that even today there are the first halfway serious investigative thoughts about that) <br> Let's not talk about intergalactic travel. It seems entirely fantasy at this point. '''Backup of natures technology in space:''' <br> We have no evidence yet but life may come (as a backup seed) <br> from an other place than Earth. A place that by now might have been completely sterilized. <br> This contains the idea of "panspermy". Note that regarding lifes origin/emergence panspermy just shifts the problem. <br> And given that hydrothermal vents on Earth seems to be a good place for lifes emergence assuming panspermy seems unnecessary. <br> We have no clear evidence against it either though. <br> == What are the existential risks of the far future? == === Natural disaters === Note: Almost all of these are local events. <br> Backups in space neutralize them. * large asteroid impacts * supervolcanoes * black swan event – (Small black hole passing through our solar system?! – this one not likely) === Destruction from within === The dangerous part about these is that they can jump over planetary and (less likely but still possible) even celestail distances. * war(s) based on interest conflicts * advanced gem-gum hardware computer virus(es)? * everyones favorite: The [[grey goo horror fable]] – (unlikely) * black swan event – (Discovery and triggering of discharge of false vacuum? – this one not likely) == Relatted == * [[Save point]] * [[Gem-gum rainforest world]] * [[Gemstone metamaterial technology]] 7w793gnle321z1dyf2xhu2rucmisvzf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 315 8050 8049 2021-01-13T15:33:00Z Apm 1 removed the {{stub}} note on the article This page is about future advanced atomically precise diamondoid underground working systems. What eventually will be possible one advanced gemstone metamaterial APM is around. Today (as of last visit 2021) any kind of underground work (especially in hard rock) is very time consuming and energy extensive. With APM technology this may change radically. Digging and cutting speeds that are form todays perspective astonishing should be possible. == Basic characteristics == With APM technology one could make cutting saw-blades that: * are made from superhard [[refractory material|refractory diamondoid materials]] * are only some micrometers thin giving them high surface area relative to their volume and thus good self cooling properties * are actively cooled with [[capsule transport]] allowing for even faster cutting * can transport away micro debris also employing [[capsule transport]] * regularly replace their cutting teeth ([[self repairing system|self repair]]) * are driven by [[shearing drive]]s With atomically precise diamondoid '''saw blade systems''' (many small scale blades) big sized chunks of soil (e.g. liter to cubic meter) could be cut out both carefully preserving their interior structure and fast because less material and thus less chemical bonds are broken. The then following transport to the surface can be made very energy efficient with [[infinitesimal bearing|infinitesimal bearing]] rails that are included in the wall sealing and support structure. == Dissolving and washout == This could be done instead of or in conjunction with mechanical cutting. If the Underground work at hand is about excavation rather than resource utilization then one would probably only want to dissolve the very thin cutting planes not the whole volume of rock. This is orders of magnitude more energy efficient and can preserve the structure of the excavated bedrock for eventual later analysis. === Issues with dissolvability of rock === Quite common calcite CaCO₃ rock is easily dissolvable with many acids.<br> When looking at this mineral as a salt (calcium-carbonate):<br> Both carbonates and calcites are usually on the more water-soluble side. Most rock in Earth's crust is made up out of silicates and aluminates though which are either barely dissolvable or pretty much not at all dissolvable. When looking at these minerals as a salts:<br> Orthoisilicic acid and Orthoaluminic acid (aka aluminium hydroxide) are with a very few exceptions highly water-insoluble. === Sodium ion beams and hot water high-speed droplet jets === One way to solve this issue may be to shoot the cutting lines with an ion beam out of sodium ions. Because pretty much all salts of sodium are water soluble. Basically one converts the rock into a sufficiently ionic salt. One then can progress a "cut" with thin hot high pressure water-jets. In case water is squeezed as a liquid through a nozzle then the thinness of water jets is limited by water viscosity. This does not apply to levitated nano-droplets. Heavy duty sodium ion beams could eventually be accelerated via standing wave optical accelerators.<br> ''Note: highly speculative -- this needs deeper looking into.'' Deeper ion penetrations depths with higher ion energies make a less sharp due to scattering. Also there's more energy dissipated over this bigger volume. One of course could also try to use extreme acids that are known to dissolve quartz like e.g. hydrofluoric acid. But this seems much less practical given that fluorine is a much more rare element than sodium and also much more environmentally problematic. == Transport of sealed soil blocks == It's hard to have the block size almost equal to the digging channel size when the cuts are just micrometers thick and the blocks meters in size. For this to work the ground must be out of perfectly self supporting rock and the drill channel must have very consistent cross section. It could be like a bore hole with no or very low bending radius. Digging out just a bunch of almost perfect meter sized cubes and sliding them out through channels almost exactly the same size moving them along micrometer sharp 90° corners is probably impractical. The problem: full stops of motion at those turns due to the high inertial mass of the huge blocks and potential deformation of the blocks due to very thin hull and potentially unstable interior material. This can be limited to the initial straight move just after the cutting process when the cubes are made smaller than (e.g. one third the size of) the transport channel. '''One of many untreated question here:'''<br> In case of cutting out cuboid shaped pieces: How would one go about cutting off the back-face. Cutting and dissolving nanomachinery with blades and or acceleration mechanisms may well fit in the micrometer sized cutting layer. But going around a sharp 90° turn is another story ... == Preserving geological history stored in the lithosphere == Although the Lithosphere does not grow back in reasonable amounts of time like plants do today (2016) the lithosphere is one of the least protected things. Our current technology is just not powerful enough to seriously endanger it. With advanced atomically precise technology this might drastically change. Doing future massive underground work as nondestructive as possible might become a very important aspect of the design of underground working systems. Underground work with minimized destructiveness basically amounts to cutting out blocks as big as possible and cutting them out with as thin as thin as possible cuts plus permanently tagging the cut out blocks and documenting where they came from allowing for later conduction of geological and planetary science. Assuming a cut width of one micrometer and a core diameter or one meter (in square) the ratio between the preserved drill core volume and destroyed cut volume is: <br> (10⁶)²:1 or 10¹²:1 or 1 000 000 000 000 : 1 meaning that '''if you excavate one cubic kilometer of material you only irreversibly destroy the structure of one liter of material'''. == Usage of the gently excavated material == Beside preservation for later research the "drilling cores" can be stored as structural building material where maximum material strength is not of importance or as mass giving filler material in more sturdy and lighter diamondoid metamaterial building materials or in thinner slices as decorative pieces (e.g. diamond encased granite). If both the excavated volume and the built up volume isn't needed anymore the cores could be put back to their origin almost restoring the natural state of the lithosphere (of course on the very long term movements of the ground will complicate things). Sidenote: There is a vague similarity to [[microcomponents]]. == Ultra-deep underground working - far term == A high amount of energy is only required for lifting stuff up from very great depths. a few hundred kilometers down the necessary energies are like the energies involved in spaceflight to LEO (low earth orbit). In contrast to spaceflight though there is no need to propel the propellant and one can go much more slowly. === Ultra-deep geothermal energy === Much more controlled and thus also much less destructive methods for underground working (no uncontrolled creation of fractures) may allow to tap ultra deep geothermal heat without the risk of causing earthquakes. Of course there is still the issue of the extraction of heat if done on an in today's terms absurdly large scale such that there is massive cooling and thermal contraction or other effects. === Eventual limit to geothermal energy? === To note is that some part of the heating when going down is not free energy but bound energy. That is: Part of the thermal difference is not convertible into usable mechanical energy because it goes across a gravitational potential.<br>{{wikitodo|Check how much of the thermal gradient is actually usable -- minute or major?}} As an analogy for understanding: All gas molecules in a very thin gas on a planetary body (like e.g. our moon) follow a parabola (well a part of an ellipse to be precise). So at the top their vertical speed drops to zero and their energy (and thus temperature) drops accordingly. In a thicker atmosphere (like on Mars, Earth, Titan and Venus) there are plenty of collisions but the basic argument still holds. ['''Todo:''' analyze what could be done if very hard rock like corundum (Al₂O₃) is encountered - Na⁺-ion beams? and slushing with water? see: [[diamondoid waste incineration]] ] == Related == * [[deep drilling]] * specifics to tunnel construction (tunneling) * specifics to near surface excavation work * specifics to prospective work for mining (deep mining) - mining might decrease due to independence of scarce elements though * [[geoengineering]] - (controlled tectonic tension release cables?) * [[mining]] rzky0d95o0069dx9jutgjqer8ramw9c wikitext text/x-wiki 0 627 6465 6464 2017-09-16T05:03:59Z Apm 1 added notes on: bio-analogies and recycling {{template:Site specific term}} {{speculative}} An "unknown matter reclaimer" would be capable of receiving any kind of matter (out of atoms) and near perfectly sort & separate the atoms according to their atomic number (their element). Afterwards some of the the elements would be reacted to common elements (like oxygen and hydrogen) to yield better soluble and less troublesome compounds that serve as resource molecules for advanced [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]. (See: [[standardized element carrying compounds]]). For maximal safety the product compounds could be stored in micro-capsules which in turn could be stored (in solid state [[machine phase]]) in macro-capsules. Since [[atomically precise disassembly]] of completely unknown matter seems extremely difficult (if not impossible) more conventional treatment methods are likely to be applied. These treatment methods can still be managed by advanced gemstone based systems (just as in [[synthesis of food]]). While chemical treatment can be done in microscale chambers, aggressive thermal treatment may need macroscopic chambers (due to scaling of heat conduction). Mechanical breakup of big chunks/lumps/whatnot can also be an issue. == Some of many difficulties == Problematic properties of source material could be: * extremely hard materials (e.g. corundum splinters) * sticky & gooey materials (today these usually can be burned with few exceptions - this may change) * chemically highly aggressive materials (rarely encountered in waste heaps) * ... == Claiming unknown matter requires big and complex systems – not doable by autonomous "nanobots" == There is no golden bullet of how to proceed to succeed. Ideally one would want one single general process where no matter what the input is one always gets the desired split-up output with zero remnants of the original material. This may eventually be reached in very advanced dystems (far beyond the far term goal of [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]]) but it may even involve optical and other analysis and interpretation by an AI system. "Unknown matter reclaimers", if ever built, will execute a pretty complex process and they will fundamentally be big macroscopic devices. Thus fully omnivorous "nanobots" like known from the most extreme form of the [[grey goo horror fable]] are pretty much an impossibility. == Radioactive isotopes and elements == "Unknown matter reclaimers" could possibly be combined with [[isotope separation]]. material so highly radioactive that it would destroy the nano-machinery (by metamictisation) of course cannot be treated. At the cost of performance it may be possible to create specialized devices that are more radiation resistant but at some point the only option left is to gain distance and wait. Fortunately extremely high radiation levels quickly decay. == Misc notes == The terms "all eating" or "omnivorous" fall under the class of [[detrimental bio-analogy|detrimental bio-analogies]] thus they should be avoided. If only applied to waste this could be called "unknown matter reclaimer" or "allrecycler". == Related == * [[Mining]] * [[Diamondoid waste incineration]] * [[Recycling]] 85ekifbxf055v0q1sfwh9g9p035fapo wikitext text/x-wiki 0 972 11203 10543 2021-07-05T10:21:58Z Apm 1 /* Enzymes barely do piezochemical mechanosynthesis */ Can there even be such a thing as unnatural chemistry? <br> If anything can be then [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] will come the closest. '''Natures chemistry is typically one of:''' * directred but not very high pressure – (natural catalysis in enzymes) * very high pressure but not directed – (natural piezochemistry in deep inside of planets and big moons) '''Natures chemistry is typically not:''' * both directed ''and'' very high pressue – ([[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]]) == Enzymes barely do piezochemical mechanosynthesis == In nature enzymes do perform to some degree directed controlled motion to facilitate chemical reactions. <br> While the constrains can be quite strong (that can e.g. be seen in ion channels with stiff interiors that only let pass ions of a specific size) <br> the forces applied are necessarily rather limited due to the soft structural background framework that the folded protein constitutes. Weak hydrogen bonds. Related: [[Effective concentration]] == Natural piezochemistry comes only isotropic and hot == Naturally occurring really high forces in chemical bonds are involved deep down inside of planets. But there these forced always come as isoropic pressure from all sides and are usually accompanied with extremely high temperatures. Very different to what one would find in artificial [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] processes. == Other natural chemical processes that come close? == Are there any? It does not seem so. = Consequences of unatural chemistry = {{wikitodo|integrate of link graphical infosheet about unnatural chemistry}} * https://mechadense.github.io/gem-gum-tec_infosheets/html-export/en/unnatural-chemistry.html = Related = * '''[[Reasons for APM]]''' – There's a section about "unnatural chemistry" and how it leads to problem solving opportunities. * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] – [[Mechanosynthesis]] – [[Tooltip chemistry]] ----- * Ultra fast recycling – [[On chip microcomponent recomposer]] – (less practical: [[Hyper high throughput microcomponent recomposition]]) * New materials – [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s bkown3gyvr9tvhyy2qzm2i6yw15b353 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 491 11397 11396 2021-07-09T08:27:33Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] The maximum speed any physical thing made out of atoms can be spinned is about 3000 meters per second. [[File:Gnuplot_scale_typical_accelerations.png|500px|thumb|right|How natural accelerations grow with shrinking size. Offtopic: To keep waste heat from friction at practical levels it is sensible to slow down at the nanoscale that is as one goes from right to left in the diagram one moves down the lines deviating from the natural scaling law. {{todo|make a simplified graph with just the red line for this page}}]] For every material made into a ring there is a maximum tangential speed it can be rotated before the forces rip it apart. This speed depends on the materials ultimate tensile strengh (UTS). As it turns out this speed is independent of the size of the ring. Since in the limits of currently known physics there is an upper limit in material strengths that are reachable there is an upper limit for rotating speed.<br> Using one of the materials with highest known UTS (carbon nanotubes) one finds that:<br> '''This limit is at about 3000 m/s''' == A practical problem where the limit might matter == In certain situations the unsupported rotating ring speed limit is a factor that plays a role in the absolute limit of possibly transmittable [[power density]] in [[mechanical energy transmission cables]]. {{todo|add the math}} == A practical problem where the limit does not apply == If [[infinitesimal bearings]] are arranged in a straight track there are no forces so the limit does not apply. So in the not so near future [[Interplanetary acceleration tracks]] may be buildable that catch spacecraft not electromagnetically but physically and that at orbital speeds. == Exceeding the limit == To exceed this rotation speed the ring would need to be supported by an enclosing non-rotating ring. Since the relative motion is about ten times thermal motion at room temperature macroscopically thick (a few millimeters) layers of [[infinitesimal bearing]] are needed that can deal with high levels of stress and deal with a bit of (reversible) strain. Even then the friction heat might be so high that these '''super-limit speeds''' can be sustained only briefly. It is still highly unclear whether a [[levitation|ultra low friction levitation]] could be archived that would provide enough supporting force. == Math == === Prerequisite textbook physics math === * (1) <math> F = m a </math> Newton * (2) <math> m = \rho V = r^3 C_1 </math> mass from density and characteristic size * (3) <math> a = \omega^2 r </math> magnitude of centrifugal and virtual rotating frame acceleration * (4) <math> \omega = v / r </math> when going through a half sized cycle of movement with the same speed it doubles the frequency * (5) <math> A = r^2 C_2 </math> the area that force is acting on * (6) <math> E = F/A </math> stress on the rotating ring * (7) <math> E < E_{max} </math> condition for a specific material to not rupture under stress <math> C_1 </math> and <math> C_2 </math> are just geometry specific constants. === Putting things together === * (8) <math> F = m a = m \omega^2 r = (r^3 C_1)*((v/r)^2 r)*(r) = v^2 r^2 C_1 = F</math> Used: (1) (2) (3) (4) Centrifugal forces scale quadratically with size (given constant speeds) <br> That is: Half the size gives quarter the force * (9) <math> E = F/A = v^2 r^2 C_1 / (r^2 C_2) = v^2 C_{1,2} < E_{max} </math> Used: (6) (7) (8) '''Result: Centrifugal stresses are scale invariant (assuming rotation speeds are kept constant)''' <br> That is: Half the size gives the same stress. And that is why for one ultimate maximal tensile material strength there is just one [[unsupported rotating ring speed limit]]. == Related == * [[Ultimate limits]] * [[Scaling law]]s * [[Interplanetary acceleration tracks]] * [[Levitation]] * [[High performance of gem-gum technology]] ntg7jo72cs760r075bh47yw54oeqms3 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1025 9746 2021-06-01T12:09:13Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Exotic math]] #REDIRECT [[Exotic math]] r3e48irdj0903er29nyym3jef44l9r8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 159 10864 9133 2021-06-24T07:18:04Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{Template:Speculative}} {{Template:Stub}} = Minimal invasive upgrade = == What's wrong with asphalt? == Currently streets are made from asphalt (and sometimes concrete). Technology is still far too limited to give us many alternative options that are equally suitable (or even better). Of course one should not undervalue how far the asphalt experts got optimizing for grip water drainage and more under the rather limited design space asphalt has to offer. But there are fundamental limitations. While the recycling of asphalt is decent and there even seem to be some bio based products coming up. * There is the problem of toxic fumes for the workers applying the material. * Then asphalt is like (almost everything else today) a completely passive material taking up a lot of space doing very little. * And lastly (also like almost everything else today) installing it requires big industry and lots of heavy transport. * Side roads looking like rag rugs from repeated spot repair are common. {{todo|add illustrative picture}} With advanced atomically precise manufacturing available those problems can be evaded.<br> Just like with 3D-printing adding complexity to a product does not add cost. == Possible functions for upgrade foils/sheets == The focus in this section will be a minimal invasive strongly anchored upgrade in the form of some foil/sheet material. As the reader might know integrating [[photoelectric conversion]] and other stuff into the surface of streets has recently earned a lot ridicule especially in the US. With APM available the situation is quite different though. Things that are completely impossible and ridiculous with today's technology suddenly become possible. That doesn't mean though that those naive (brute force) things will be done. Much better/smarter solutions will come up. === How to deal with snow and ice ? === A prime example for a ridiculous proposal is melting snow by heating up the streets. With extremely efficient advanced forms of [[energy transmission]] it would theoretically be possible to drag a significant fraction of all the solar power from the equator (not just from the street area) to places nearer the poles. Concentrating a few percent of equator area to just the roads in the north would not just melt the snow. The roads would glow red hot. Of course this does not make sense and will not be done. Another thing that could be done but will not be done is melting snow without expending energy. Yes - this is possible. Simply a reversible [[Diamondoid heat pump system|heat pump]]. Melting a buch of snow with the heat contained in some other (easily transportable) block of material. This other block is thereby cooled down even further from ambient temperature. The energy expended can later be recovered given the thermal isolation of both the block and the thawed snow was good enough and the transport away from the place where it's in the way (maybe just a few meters) didn't take too much time. Why would one not do this when thermal isolation of APM products can be excellent? Because: * [[Thermal isolation]] works the better the bigger the packets are (less surface per volume). * If packed in isolation it's likely already in transportable form * The frictional losses that water (or any other non superfluid liquid) incurs in pipes are much higher than the frictional losses of solids in capsules transported via a [[superlubrication|supralubricating]] [[infinitesimal bearing|infinitesimally beared]] [[tube mail]]. So to get rid of snow maybe a (high speed) gem-gum [[tube mail]] system for slightly compressed snow pellets may make sense. Combined with semi conventional snow removal vehicle. Or some pellet gather and compression system included in the street. This could couple to a general purpose tube mail system. But at this point the upgrade is no longer minimal invasive (not just a thin foil) and one likely could add a roof or full enclosure with the same material effort. === Visual markings === Visual marking are only necessary at places where it will still be allowed to drive manually. That is mainly outside of cities. Those road markings would be for the people that still want to drive and are allowed to drive (at location where it is allowed). A good way to show road markings (and other things) is by incorporating displays into the road that can operate in both a passive and active mode. At daytime the passive display is active. A passive displays based on interference colors. Those are energy consumption wise like e-paper (only switching needs energy) but much more brilliant much much and faster and a bit more contrast rich. Active light at night can be focused toward the viewer and strobed to save energy. (Not that it would be necessary. With abundant energy from [[atmospheric meshes]] and [[cemomechaniocal converters]] for long term energy storage the streets could be converted into a psychedelic nightmare). Street markings could be temporarily turned on when a manually driven car passes by. Street area may be used as advertisement area but with widespread use of AR-glasses this kind of advertisement (along with old-school [[billboards]]) may loose a lot of value and may be dropped. (Good for everyone's sake.) === Abrasion and grip === Another problem of street surfaces is abrasion and grip. With [[diamondoid metamaterial|gemstone based metamaterials]] of Mohs scale 8 to 10 and a toughness above steel abrasion will be rather low even for surfaces designed to provide high grip for rubber tires (which might then be old time legacy). Even despite the low abrasion rate a subsystem for active self repair of the exposed surface may be desirable and should be possible. === Management of incident light === Back to [[photoelectric conversion]]: Since the grip providing structures are not random but deliberately put in place (interesting problem) strong losses due to uncontrolled light scattering should be avoidable. Actively actuated internal microstructures may optimize for the angle of incidence of light. Note that even if integrating [[photoelectric conversion]] into the system does not incur any extra cost (excluding eventual licensing fees) that does not necessarily mean it will be done. (more valuable as advertisement area / ...) === Deployment === For minimal invasive low mass solutions atmospheric carbon dioxide can be used as a building material is deployment time is uncritical. If designed properly deployment shouldn't require any physical intervention by human hands or even vehicles. == Machine phase transport cables in existing pipes == * Usage of existing gas pipes: Existing pipes (gas/water) may provide space for thin cables that do various kinds of machine phase transport. Putting them there might motivate to built in capabilities to let them extend slightly akin to growing plants. Full Nanofactory capabilities are not required though and also undesirable. Prefabricated microcomponents can be delivered along the cables and put in place by e.g. [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]]s or something like a mobile piece of the upper convergent assembly layers of a nanofactory. A biological analogy with remote similarity is the ''meristem'' tissue in plants - the growth zones. See: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem (Wikipedia)] ['''Todo:''' add description of machine phase pipe breach szenario] == Inflated streets == Maybe a bit more invasive: Air inflated streets may seem ridiculous but nearer inspection shows that sufficient pressure for a "rock hard" surface is easily possible. Well compartmentalized structures with internal bracing can make surfaces perfectly flat. The main benefit: Due to the extremely low mass use these streets will become cheap even compares to the already dirt cheap concrete. Related: [[Diamondoid balloon products]] = Complete replacement = * adding a roof * complete enclosure in a pipe * vacuum tubes? handle like [[tube mail]]? ... * integration in / connection to a transport capability of [[atmospheric mesh]]es = Furter topics = * [[solar street pavings]] with [[diamondoid solar cells]] * [[energy transmission]] * [[global microcomponent redistribution system]] * optical high throughput data link * coupling to [[mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]] or other [[carbon dioxide collector]]s * coupling to ocean water (desalination) * semi autonomous self extension * [[self repairing system|self repairing]] streets * self cleaning - leafes, litter * handling (removal) of snow and ice * [[tube mail|shearing drive vacuum tube mail]] * pedestrian security * replacement of structural parts with anchored [[diamondoid balloon products|nitrogen inflated structures]] more then 99% of raw material = Related = * [[The look of our environment]] * [[Transportation and transmission]] * [[Airmesh|Aerial mesh]]es * [[Microcomponent maintenance microbot]] * [[Large scale construction]] [[Category:Large scale construction]] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] 94ek8cfr2893ckhlein96wp4xpubwo8 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 787 8038 8037 2020-11-09T21:26:50Z Apm 1 Added stable isotopes of: H He Li Be Na Mg {{stub}} == Nonradioactive isotopes == * de-tuning of sonic speeds in sliding interfaces to reduce drag. See [[Friction]]. * ... '''Stable isotopes (ratio in earth's crust):''' * ¹H 99.9885(70)% -- ²H (D) 0.0115(70)% * ³He 0.000137% -- ⁴He 99.999863% ---- * ⁶Li 7.4% * ⁷Li 92.6% ---- * ¹⁰B 19.9% -- ¹¹B 80.1% * ¹²C 98.9% -- ¹³C 1.1% * ¹⁴N 99.634% -- ¹⁵N 0.366% * ¹⁶O 99.762% -- ¹⁷O 0.038% -- ¹⁸O 0.2% * ¹⁹F 100% ---- * ²⁰Ne 90.48% -- ²¹Ne 0.27% -- ²²Ne 9.25% ---- * ²³Na 100% * ²⁴Mg 78.99% -- ²⁵Mg 10.00% -- ²⁶Mg 11.01% ---- * ²⁷Al 100% * ²⁸Si 92.23% -- ²⁹Si 4.67% -- ³⁰Si 3.1% * ³¹P 100% * ³²S 95.02% -- ³³S 0.75% -- ³⁴S 4.21% -- ³⁶S 0.02% * ³⁵Cl 75.77% -- ³⁷Cl 24.23% ---- * ³⁶Ar 0.336% -- ³⁸Ar 0.063% -- ⁴⁰Ar 99.6% ---- gvt8fq4niavq2gb85mthiqz3i0vkklu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1023 11536 10848 2021-07-12T22:20:58Z Apm 1 /* Potentially extremely useful computer science */ This page is about useful math in the wide context of [[atomically precise manufacturing]]. Specific application areas include: ---- * friction and dissipation * thermally driven self assembly ---- * quantum chemistry * molecular modelling ---- * 3d modelling * differential geometry for larger scale gears * ... == Thermodynamics and statistical physics == Summing up over all the possible microstate configurations of a system. <br> Thereby deriving a partitioning function – (some [[exotic math]] involved in there) <br> From this partitioning function then [[thermodynamic laws]] can be re-derived and explained. <br> These [[thermodynamic laws]] can be (and historically have been) formerly phemomenologically derived. <br> Meaning derived from their effects not their causes. Related: * '''Thermodynamic potentials''' and associated '''statistical ensembles''' * Transformation between the potentials – Legendre Transformation * Conjugated pairs of valuables (extrinsic and intrinsic) – a pairs product always gives the physical unit of energy === General note on solid state physics === Prevalent are long chains of simplifications by approximations that pile up and up and up. <br> Changing the application area of the models hugely may requires reevaluation of all these approximation steps. <bR> Given that the chains of approximation are not formalized on computers (state 2021) this is difficult error prone and tedious. Also: Following all the derivations from the lowermost assumptions <br> it becomes very evident that energy is a relative concept. (Not talking about relativity theory here). == Math for modelling with atomistic detail == === From first principles – e.g. for quantum chemistry === The exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen problem. <br> Using the property of it being a "separable partial differential equation" * Laguerre polynomials for the radial part * Spherical harmonics for the angular parts The major reason '''why exact solutions are way off''' for other elements than hydrogen <br> (and the less relevant highly charged one electron ions) is '''the shielding effect of the inner electrons'''. <br> To get good approximations for orbitals it is necessary to do iterative self-consistent-field methods. <br> The exact hydrogen solutions can serve as a good initial guess starting point. <br> Also Useful in getting good starting points: * the '''Grahm Schmidt orthogonalization method''' * composing Gaussian distributions as base functions for orbitals * the '''Hartree-Fock method''' – helps filling up states consistent with pauli exclusion rules – antideterminant for fermionic states Related: Density functional theory. === Phenomenological models – e.g. for molecular modelling === * Lennard Jones potential – and similar ones – good for molecular dynamics simulations * Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity – not particularly useful in the context of chemically bond atoms == Misc == Derivation of [[London dispersion forces]] from first principles by <br> integrating over virtual electron states (related: virtual particles, feynman graphs) ... <br> Related: Born–Oppenheimer approximation – and its deceiving pseudo convergence (to check) == Generally useful math tools == Hamiltonian mechanics finds heavy use in in quantummechaincs. <br> Interestingly in [[gem-gum]] systems at slightly larger scales things behave very classically. <br> Lagrangian mechanics might be useful there. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics Lagrangian mechanics] Related: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_Action_Principle principle of least action] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principle variational principle (and calculus)] === Basic math for physics === * Finding zeros: – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method Newton's method] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regula_falsi Regula falsi] * Integrating differential equations: – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods Runge Kutta methods] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrog_integration Leapfrog integration] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors Eigenvalues and eigenvectors] – (linear algebra) * Vector spaces with functions as base vectors – ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space Hilbert spaces]) * "Integral kernels" – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_transform Integral transform] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform Fourier transformations] – (convolution becomes multiplication) * ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform Laplace transformations] – more used in electrical system engineering) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution Convolution (aka folding)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_form Linear functional] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_functors Adjoint_functors] * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator Self-adjoint operator] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_overlap Orbital overlap / Overlap integral] ---- * All sorts of tricks an hackery with matrix math – selfadjunctness & co – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Matrix_theory (Category:Matrix_theory)] ---- * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations_in_quantum_mechanics List of equations in quantum mechanics]''' * <small>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenberg_picture Heisenberg picture] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics Matrix mechanics])</small> ---- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Perturbation_theory Category:Perturbation_theory] – particularly: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics) Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)] which employs the * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process Gram–Schmidt_process] in Hilbert space (? IIRC) '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Condensed_matter_physics Category:Condensed_matter_physics]''' === Useful for 3D modelling and robotics === * screws (math object), wrenches (math objects), dual numbers – useful for robotics (forwards & backwards kinematic) and differential geometry for gear flanks * math tools for surface based commuter graphics (manly dealing with triangulations) * math tools for volume based computer graphics: * functional-representation (F-Rep), implicit surfaces, algebraic varieties, distance fields (magnitude of gradient is 1 for these) * ray-marching algorithms === Some multi-purpouse misc math === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent Gradient descent] * (Reversely calculated) gradient descent in multi-dimensional scalar fields: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method Conjugate gradient method] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier Lagrange multipliers] – finding extrema under geometric side constraints * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_function#Implicit_differentiation Implicit differentiation] === Useful for analysis of selfassembly and dissipation === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation Arrhenius equation] – "a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates" * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsager_reciprocal_relations Onsager reciprocal relations] – modelling transport phenomena – [[statistical physics]] * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem Fluctuation-dissipation theorem]''' – links drag to Brownian motion – [[friction]] <br>– The paper "[[Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines (paper)]]" uses a simplified result from this. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_equation Langevin equation] – for modelling brownian motion – [[statistical physics]] <br>– [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory) Einstein relation (kinetic theory)] – diffusion coefficient from microscopic mobility === Important for non-qunatum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics Molecular dynamics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential Lennard-Jones potential] Tools to set up the right initial distribution of particle motions: * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem Equipartition theorem]''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_beta Thermodynamic beta (k_BT)] in the Boltzmann factor in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution Boltzmann distribution] * For fermions like electrons: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics Fermi–Dirac statistics] * For bosons like phonons (and photons): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics Bose–Einstein statistics] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_statistics Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution] === Thermodynamics === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_ensemble_(mathematical_physics) Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_ensemble_(mathematical_physics)#Correcting_overcounting_in_phase_space (overcounting)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistical_ensembles (list of ensembles)]: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_ensemble Canonical ensemble] – NVE – heat bath * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcanonical_ensemble Microcanonical ensemble] – NVT – isolated ---- Changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. (chemical kinetics) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyring_equation Eyring equation] – from first principles – ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state_theory Transition state theory]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation Arrhenius equation] – empirical / phenomenological === For more precise quantum mechanical calculations === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(algebra)#Absolute_square Absolute square] – to the the density from the wave function * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation Bra-ket notation] – abstracting math from positional 3D space – treating positional space and impulse equally ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation Schrödinger equation] – and exact exact solutions – and iterative methods * ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_atom Helium atom] as the simplemost three body case and first case where there is electron shielding) * Approximations: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater-type_orbital Slater type orbital] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_orbital Gaussian_orbital] * "overlap integrals" – e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_overlap Orbital overlap] – projections in vector spaces with functions as base vectors * <small>(The crazy math symbol of an integral with a sum drawn over for quantum systems that contain both continuous band and discrete energy states)</small> * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process Gram–Schmidt process] – for getting a reasonable orthonormal basis as a starting point ---- * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method Hartree–Fock method]''' * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_functional_theory Density functional theory]''' ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_set_of_commuting_observables Complete set of commuting observables] – "the measurement of one observable has no effect on the result of measuring another observable in the set" * commutators and anti-commutators – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator#Ring_theory Commutator ~> Ring theory] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clebsch%E2%80%93Gordan_coefficients Clebsch–Gordan coefficients] – for coupling angular momenta<br> – [https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-clebsch-gordan-coefs.pdf a good table] and [https://youtu.be/UPyf9ntr-B8 a good video explanation how to use it] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix Density matrix] === Maybe more relevant for high energy free particle physics === * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function Green's function] – needed for scattering problems * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(Hamiltonian) Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)] – on incompessibility of phase space <br>– Liouville's theorem puts limits on focusing particle beams after they left solid state <br>– To cheat and reduce the phase space of a free floating particle beam at least some indirect interaction with solid state matter (for removal of excess phase space) is necessary [http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/atomic/surface/capillaries (Capillary guiding)] * Canonical transformations * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_coordinates Canonical coordinates] – (in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics]) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_coordinates Generalized coordinates] – (in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics Lagrangian mechanics]) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics) Distributions] (one class of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_function generalized functions]) – including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function Dirac deltas] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_step_function Heaviside steps] – quite a bit of math rules to memorize there * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_(mathematics)#Compact_support support function] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetige_Funktion_mit_kompaktem_Tr%C3%A4ger (de)] * Support functions => Test functions => [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_function Bump_function] – (in the limit a Dirac delta) ~ [[unusual math]] ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(complex_analysis) Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations Cauchy–Riemann equations] – complex differentiability; holomorphic; analytic; ... * Cauchy's integral theorem ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder operator Ladder_operator] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_and_annihilation_operators Creation and annihilation operators] – ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_state Coherent state]) ---- * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_notation Einstein notation] ---- * '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Nöther's theorem]''' – linking conserved quantities to invariance under transformations (aka symmetries) – related: generating functions => [[unusual math]] == Most fundamental concepts == * causation vs correlation * necessity vs sufficiency (if and only if aka iff) * convergence ... <small>''(one or two closely associated topics are missing here ... which ones? ...)''</smalL> == Useful algorithms in computer graphics == * GJK algorithm (collision detection) * Raymarching * Octree and more advanced subdivision algorithms * Marching cubes (for ugly triangulations – somehow this is everyone's favorite though) == Useful math for larger scale gear-train design == Differential geometry for generation of conjugate profiles in generalized gear-sets <br> (only solved for general axial alignments cycloid gear profiles as of yet 2021) <br> Associated math includes: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCcker_coordinates Plücker coordinates] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_theory screw theory] – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_axis screw axis] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_number dual numbers] == Potentially extremely useful computer science == '''Automatic differentiation ...''' * generalized to arbitrary dimensionality (Jaconian matrix is first deerivative of vector field, Hessian matrix is second derivative of a scalar field, following are higher tensors) * generalized to arbitrary degree (Basically a taylor series) See: "Beautiful differentiation" by Conal Elliott (March 2009) Appeared in ICFP 2009 [http://conal.net/papers/beautiful-differentiation/ (link)] '''Generalized code interpretation for vastly more resuability ...''' * generalizing lambda calculus to a category theoretic interpretation that allows for reuse of exactly the same code in vastly different compilation targets See: "Compiling to categories" by Conal Elliott (February 2017) Appeared at ICFP 2017 [http://conal.net/papers/compiling-to-categories/ (link)] ---- The revolution to "'''[[content addressed]]'''" systems. <br> Maybe the most powerful weapon against '''dependency hell''' and all its various workaround hacks. == Notes == * Not to confuse "Holomorphic function" and "Holonomic constraints" == Related == * [[Atomic orbitals]] * [[Hartree-Fock method]] 0fyl96r5irmgdkvazp7rs2cc4j1p9dq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 79 9139 8156 2021-05-23T11:09:32Z Apm 1 fixed double redirect {{speculative}} '''Supercategory:''' [[Mobile robotic device]]<br> '''Supercategory:''' [[Cellular shape shifting tangible systems]] Utility fog is a concept devised by J. Storrs Hall. <br>Consult wikipedia for a basic introduction. Utility fog is not the easiest product to create (well the mechanics may be not too complicated but the programming and system design like data transmission and fluid dynamics emulation is going to be very difficult) As many others it's not a product to expect early on. Utility fog must not be confused with the concept of [[universal assembler]]s. They may superficially look similar because they both can feature [[legged mobility]]. Its not designed to replicate or even do [[mechanosynthesis]]. When it does recompose [[microcomponents]] it's not utility fog but [[microcomponent maintenance microbots]] (which lack the wits for fluid dynamics and have fewer (eight) shorter and sturdier linking appendages. A specialised nanofactory will normally work faster than them but can't do live maintenance. In many cases it may be better to choose products that use [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s with less general purpose capabilities. [[Self limitation for safety|This can increase safety]]. Also more specialized products may be available sooner than fully fledged utility fog. = Design considerations = Utility fog is basically an extended form of [[emulated elasticity]]. Differences are more longer legs instead of view short linkages and most importantly much more data processing power and means for communication. == Emulated dislocations == In metals the ductility stems from the metallic bonding combined with step dislocations [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation (leave to wikipedia)]. Though not trivial there is a countable set of types of dislocations. ['''To investigate:''' find them and make an overview]. Introducing artificial dislocations in a systematic way into utility fog may be one possible starting point to approach the problem. = Modes (Terms from J. Storrs Halls book "Nanofuture") = In many cases you will just have a batch of utility fog with wich you can play around with (e.g. smart modelling clay) you can safely handle it like any other unknown non volatile substance. But with enough fog you can turn the situation inside out and immerse yourself - potentially exposing you to a lot of fun - and risk. Depending on how far you dare to go you can choose from the naive or fog mode. == Naive mode == The units fill the floor densely and rise up to form some ********* when requested or does **** *** when some malicious computer virus took control. == Fog mode == The units fills a whole space and immerses all present humans and animals. A bubble around the head of breathing life forms is proposed. <br> It seems not too unlikely that software bugs can kill people in several horrible ways. It's yet unclear how transparent a strictly periodic undistorted utility fog crystal will be. If it's sufficiently transparent then whenever fluid dynamic activity is performed interesting optical distortions may occur. Transmission of the image one would see without the fog that is present outside the fogs surface to an holographic display inside the bubbles seems very SciFi. Very high broadband communication through a dynamically moving near homogenous "nanobot crystal" For a truly holographic display (not just 3D) thorough control of the wave field in the visible light spectrum is needed both in sensing and generating. Some far spaced inhomogenities are the necessary ping-pong ball sized control computers. If the rest of the utility fog turns out to be transparent those computers may hide themselves with the light wave field control mentioned before making it essentially an invisibility cloak. Virtual things (only visible or touchable too) that are stored and shared are still real in a new kind of sense but malicious parties can try to make many believe things that are truly not real (for political, promotional, monetary or other reasons) which is a real problem. = Surface smoothing = Utility fog need to carry lots of platelets around to emulate a nicely flat surface otherewise its surfaces would be porcupined with not too blunt open linking appendages. = Security = == Accidental intake == Inhalation or ingestion seems to be a serious risk. If accidentally inhalated (beside the obvious issue of physical contact that may cause inflammation) utility fog will probably hinder breathing because it obstructs direct airflow and maybe further hinder breathing because it's not flowing fast enough. It depends on how responsive the fog is whether you feel it or not. Early versions will probably be distinctly palpable. In case of a system error the proposed disconnection to tennis pingpong or marble sized balls is ok for outside the body but fatal in the lung. Ingested pieces that are deactivated that way (marble sized) may not pose much problems. If out of any reason the surface hull is lost and fluidity turned off you are basically in an iron maiden wth an astronomical number of microscale needles - this situation doesn't sound too good - especially if you have eye contact. For a bit more security for cases when the funny ''bubble around the head'' breaks down or doesn't lock on to your neighbours dogs head one could implement: * a minimal surface curvature (does not protect the eyes) * a flow in speed limit for deep and slim crevices * sensing of humid surfaces or localized airflow and automatic backoff * avoid filling up spaces completey when not absolutely necessary * Todo: estimate how much resistance to airflow utility fog with and without capping will pose. * Todo: check maybe existing literature on the effects of diamond to human mucosal == Accidental environmental release == As with all AP products [[splinter prevention]] is an important issue. The legs must not break under any normal circumstances (hammer attack, gun bullet) but turn/flex away. Only projectiles with the speed of space debris (LEO orbital speeds) will not be handlable even with the best design. Cleanup? If chunks must break of (e.g. due to high force shearing) they should be as big as possible. Since utility fog is designed to be able to come apart at any interface at any time. '''A hardware mechanism in every unit is reqired that prevents it from letting go at all or most of its (twelve) linking appendages at the same time''' or else software bugs will undoubtably lead to massive spill of lost of units that irrecoverably left the [[machine phase]]. = Possible use cases = * '''furniture''': Usage of products made from special purpose AP [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s instead something so general purpose as utility fog have the advantage that you can be sure that [[self limitation for safety|it won't do any nasty stuff with you or your stuff]]. Example: In any configuration of a bookshelf you want it to hold books. You may even want it normally to be disconnected from a [[Global microcomponent redistribution system|microcomponent redistribution network]] and the internet but on the long run this may be unavoidable. An [[offline switch]] may be desirable. * terrain independent cloud like '''wheelchairs''' * '''crash-cushions''' - outside for unlucky pedestrians inside as replacement for the current nose breaking airbags. * '''malleable computer interface''' - to design your nice or nasty stuff * classical '''robotic manipulations''' * '''telepresence''' - but AP suits and "[[Multi limbed sensory equipped shells|muliseeshells]]" work just fine and are less overkill - in both cases full- semi- and virtual reality become mixed up thoroughly. Recognition signs (like recycling symbols on plastic products) might be a good idea - so that in most cases you know what you are dealing with. * ... == Issues == Since AP products and today's non AP stuff will heavily mix Often and regular complete retraction of macroscopic structures (cars, object holding furniture, walls, rooms) probably won't be done all too often. Rather only in times when you permanently change your place of living. = Related = * Specialised high perfomance materials: [[Gemstone based metamaterial]] * The [[computronium]] concept = External references = * Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_fog] [[Category:Technology level III]] [[Category:Disquisition]] ojsjcjvw1bfvp16isxqx6pe6zokduoe wikitext text/x-wiki 0 254 8199 6248 2021-03-26T15:47:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page: [[Practically perfect vacuum]] This is about creating and maintaining vacua in advanced gemstone based productive nanosystems like [[Nanofactory|nanofartories]]. == Locking (arbitrary shaped) parts out == At some place in the [[assembly levels]] (above Level II) '''products''' or fractions of them '''need to be locked out''' out of the vacuum area while keeping the interior perfectly gas free. This can be done with two pistons like depicted below. This method doubles as a pump for stray gas molecules. Import of parts (locking them in) is not possible here. Openings are wide enough to allow [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_molecular_flow free molecular flow]. (The pump stages need to be around as thick as the corresponding assembly layers below) To get the parts through the airlock at some point one has to let go of the parts. To keep the parts in [[machine phase]] one can designed them to have three surfaces normal to each other at their outermost positions (red lines in graphic) so they stick in a corner by Van der Waals forces. Alternately for parts filling almost the whole chamber conical re-centering could be used to get the parts back into [[machine phase]]. Truncated octahedral shaped [[microcomponents]] with flat square faces and possibly interlocking hexagonal faces would e.g. be easy to lock out. [[File:Single-cycle-export-airlock.png|A method to lock out passivated parts into non-vacuum-areas that keeps the internal vacuum completely intact. Only export of parts is possible here. To import parts for tuning/repair/recycling an other method has to be used.]] If not only [[dust and dirt|dust]] free-ness but also vacuum is kept till the macroscopic outlet this waste free expulsion mechanism may not work because of wall bending & buckling at the macro scale ['''To inverstigate'''] (fractal fir tree interlocking sliders may help). An other more wasteful proposal was to enclose the whole products in sausage shaped balloons (inflated by e.g. argon) which come one after another through a cylindrical output port and keep a tight seal at all times. This is more likely to work and can be designed without exposure of [[Sharp edges and splinters|dangerous atomically sharp edges]]. In an convergent assembly design if airlocks are installed at all assembly levels and the factory supports it it could be merged and split by hand. E.g. Take of the top stage and then split up the sub stages. A direct assembly design that supports it could be split at any perceivable ratio. == Locking (arbitrary shaped) parts in == It is '''more difficult''' to '''lock in''' parts. This '''reverse direction isn't a necessity''' for t.level III APM with its [[mechanosynthesis]] done in vacuum. A lot [[recycling]] can probably be done with passivated [[microcomponents]] in a non vacuum environment. The ability to lock parts back in '''might be useful''' for tuning / repair / [[diamondoid molecular elements|DME]] recycling on a sub microcomponent level (see [[assembly levels]]). To get parts as clean as possible before locking them in again several measures can be taken: * cleaning the un-disassembled product with very high pressure noble steams * tag surface microcomponents as potentially dirt contaminated and scrap the hole shell (wasteful but better than scrapping the whole un-disassambled product) * keep internals of porducts isolated (does not work if the product itself is a filter) * filtering argon from air and blowing it outward in a pre-chamber forming a dust seal To lock parts in by shearing off gas molecules is not an option since the parts can be arbitrarily shaped. Still extremely low probabilities of remaining trapped gas molecules can be archived by usage of various pumping methods. * using pistons / bellows that have a multiple volume of the handled parts * operating pistons multiple times * stacking airlocks in stages. * additional usage of microscale turbo-molecular pumps (Nanosystems: Section 11.4.3.) * exposed unpassivated surfaces * slight heating if the nanofactory and product allows this (and when no remnants of temperature sensitive t.level I are included) Examples for positive displacement pumps: * piston pumps - advantage of high throughput area * bellow pumps * scroll pumps * processing cavity pumps == alternate vacuum methods == * blowing up a vacuum bubble by either an extendable flexible skin or sliding blocks - Nanosystems: Figure 14.2. & Figure 14.3. * extruding a cuboid out of a cuboid - this was an idea for assembler self replication - Nanosystems: Figure 14.6. & KSRM ... * usage of some noble gas instead of vacuum to blow up non-stiff enclosures == Related == * [[Clean room lockout]] * [[Practically perfect vacuum]] erkkfnkhdofvt6ufztje9qv3s9dxg54 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 538 5563 2017-06-10T09:44:55Z Apm 1 Redirected page to [[Vacuum handling]] #REDIRECT [[vacuum handling]] 05e9cg00sgp8hnouj6l89hxj1pyn5i0 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1298 11868 11866 2021-08-21T16:11:47Z Apm 1 /* Lockout stations – airlocks – cleanroomlocks */ {{stub}} == Lockout stations – airlocks – cleanroomlocks == Lockout stations may be situated well along the transport tracks ([[routing level]]s). * Many on the slow side before "track fusion" or * Few on the fast side after the "track fusion" It should be quite easy to factor the vacuum system apart from the other systems. * Lock-out can be done without letting single molecule of stray gas in. * Lock-in not so much. See: [[Vacuum lockout]] There might be a deeper physical reason behind this asymmetry relating to entropy ... To implement a '''zero backflow [[vacuum lockout]]''' there <br> is a need for a bit of robotics for doing the following operations: * Take off the inbound track put into the lock * Take out of the lock put onto the outbound track Lock-out for parts of arbitrary shape in is not possible without some stray gas moving in. To get rid of it a combination of pumping and "getter grids" would be the natural choice. {{Todo|Investigate if staged airlocks at the same assmbly level interlayer are of benefit.}} == Pumps == == Positive displacement pumps == * The lockout-stations / airlocks are essentially atomically tight positive displacement pumps. * '''Zero backflow [[vacuum lockout]] stations''' are a special case. There are even continuous rotative motion positive displacement pumps: <br> [[progressive cavity pumps]] but their nontrivial geometry calls for slightly larger sizes <br> and computational optimization of atom placements. (As in the case of evolvent gears and [[kaehler brackets]]) == Nanoscale turbomolecular pumps == They sould work. {{wikitodo|Reference [[Nanosystems]] section on that topic.}} == Getter grids & refreshment == High surface area parts with many open unsaturated highly reactive bonds. <br> Cryogenic capture is only useful for much larger scales so not really an option unless everything is cooled as a whole. After nominal usage time or somehow detected bad state these could be * either disposed as a whole * or a refresh could be attempted A refresh faces similar problems to atomically [[precise disassembly]]. Getter grids could be located * in spaced between staged airlocks * along the [[molecular mill]] assembly lines. <br> There needs to be some infrastructure for their management. <br> They'll likel will hold out a long long time (they may not even be necessay when no reverse flow lock-ins are done). <br> So they could be replaced in the course of a reassembly of the whole [[gem-gum factory]]. == Related == * Up: '''[[Subsystems of gem-gum factories]]''' * [[Vacuum lockout]] * Cleanroom locks rfmt23xqflxfeixc0gm0dpgq3te21qr wikitext text/x-wiki 0 432 9405 7987 2021-05-26T19:20:41Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added link to page * [[Energy, force, and stiffness]] {{Stub}} Up: [[Nonbonded interactions]] This page is not going to discuss the origin and nature of the VdW force but is focusing on practical applications and an intuitive understanding. == Practical usage == * [[Connection method]] * TODO elaborate == Getting an intuitive feel for this force that does not occur at the macroscale in everyday life == === Bond trustworthiness, bond area and temperature (energy) === The question: VdW forces are "weak", so are they sufficient to hold stuff trustworthily together? At room temperature a C-C bond practically does not break due to thermal motions. So a VdW bond with an area big enough to provide the same bonding energy will too practically not break at room temperature. As it turns out, this area is not all that big (relative of the area of a single C-C bond), so one might rely on VdW forces for reliably holding things together quite early on in the size scales of [[crystolecule]]s. So to prevent thermal motion from knocking VdW bonds open it might not be necessary to do some clever form closure designs <small>(that are then strongly locked at a bigger size scale)</small> except maybe for very small parts at very high temperatures. {{todo|ckeck that}} === VdW bonds – stronger than expected (force = energy per length) === Two coplanar atomically flat surfaces attract each other quite a lot. <br> The attractive pressure from VdW forces is in the low nN range per square nm. <br> Here are two quite different values: * ~1nN per square nm. Note that this equates to no less than around ~10,000 bar. <br> Original Source: (Nanosystems 9.7.1.) <br> indirect source: [http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/9.3.2.htm] (beware: the noted binding energy is mistakenly taken from a covalent interface - Nanosystems 9.7.3.) <br> double indirect source: [http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htm#s3.2] * ~2.7nN per square nm. Note that this is about 1/20 of the tensile strength of diamond <br> Source: (Nanosystems 3.5.1.b) (And this is more than titanium and low grade steel. These are just two flat surfaces contacting. VdW forces are by no means weak from an intuitive pespective) Especially if there is [[superlubrication]] a flat surfaces can still slide effortlessly on each other (that is - in case of small parts - relative motion may even be triggered by thermal motion) so depending on the use case male protrusions penetrating female indents may be needed to prevent that random 2D diffusion motion. <br>(related: [[intuitive feel]]) === (stiffness = force per length) === The stiffness of VdW bonds is substantially lower than the stiffness of bulk diamondoid material. ''Infos from [[Nanosystems]] 9.7.1 (reformulated):''<br> '''(30N/m)/nm^2''' is a '''lower bound''' for the expectable stiffness of a VdW bond between two complementary diamondoid surfaces. <br> A slab of diamond must be increased in thickness up to 30nm thick (about 150 C atom diameters) such that this slabs stiffness decreases down to the same value of stiffness the VdW bond features. {{wikitodo|illustrate this equivalence comparison}} {{wikitodo|Retrace derivation & present more clearly.}}<br> {{wikitodo|Comparison with stiffness of singular C-C bond. Which VdW area is needed for equivalent stiffness?}} === Comparison in energy, force and stiffness === Note: Force is the first spacial derivative of energy and stiffness is the second. {{wikitodo|Make a proper table comparing energy, force and stiffness of a single covalent C-C bond to a surface to surface contact VdW bond by showing the areas that are necessary such that the VdW bond can provide the equivalent values than the single C-C bond. Note that these are three ''different'' areas.}} ''' Bonding energies - Tensile strengths - Stiffnesses ''' To get a better feel it can be helpful to compare energy strength and stiffness of VdW bonds to the strength of material that is solidly covalently "[[quasi welding|welded]]" together. This way it becomes clear that while VdW bonds are considered weak in comparison to they are still very strong in an intuitive sense. {{todo|Add the same info table as on VdW force page}} <br> ['''Todo:''' Add table - make it visualizable for covalent bonds and VdW bonds] <br> ['''Todo:''' show surface area thats VdW ashesion is energetically equivalent to one covalent bond - related: [[Form locking]]] == Theory == Please use external sources - there are plenty out there. <br> Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force] == In [[Nanosystems]] == * Part I – Physical Principles > 3 Potential Energy Surfaces > ...<br> ... 3.3. Molecular mechanics > 3.3.2. The MM2 model > e. Nonbonded interactions. – (page 48) <br> ... 3.5. Continuum representations of surfaces > ... – (page 63) * Part II – Components and Systems > 9 Nanoscale Structural Components > ...<br> ... 9.7. Adhesive interfaces > 9.7.1. Van der Waals attraction and interlocking structures – (page 270) == Related == * [[Energy, force, and stiffness]] * [[Scaling law]]s * [[Connection method]] * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Adhesive interfaces]] == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force Van der Waals force] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force London dispersion force] 3bra7bfobluarz2gpwvr5wyxtu9rinf wikitext text/x-wiki 0 275 8753 8752 2021-04-20T09:34:36Z Apm 1 /* Why Venus is the way she is */ added note on needed references More general: [[Colonisation of the solar system]] ---- If one does not insist to go down to the solid surface (0m 500°C 90bar) <br> Venus is actually a nice place for humans to colonize (52.5km 37°C 660mbar). <br> And it might be rather easy with nanofactories since Venus' atmosphere is is essentially an ocean of building material bathed in intense sunlight. Venus is pretty devoid of Hydrogen (20ppm Water that amounts to about 20kg per cubic kilometer at 1bar level) which is essential for APM technology. Luckily there's this nice sulfuric acid rain which concentrates the hydrogen for us. We get a bonus of a high deuterium concentration - whatever it may be used for. Also diamond [[crystolecule]]s have much less hydrogen passivated surface than the hydrocarbon chains in current day plastics. Much much less than one hydrogen atom per carbon atom. Breathable air and nitrogen are effective lifting gasses in the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere and can be directly drawn from the atmosphere. Comparison of molecular weights: nitrogen 28, oxygen 32, carbon dioxide 44 = Atmosphere = The atmosphere is not your foe its your friend. She .. * .. provides building material in optimal standardized form * .. makes the scarce hydrogen better available (sulfuric acid rain is a natural hydrogen concentrator process) * .. provides radiation protection (except UV) * .. provides protection against micrometeorites * .. makes street infrastructure unnecessary * .. provides an environment with nearly constant temperature * .. to a degree protects from volcanism on the ground * .. reduces the day night cycle to a reasonable length. (super-rotation) The chemically neutral to reducing character of the atmosphere may allow to make use of materials that in an atmosphere containing oxygen quickly oxidize extending the range of usable base materials for higher level [[metamaterial]]s. This way passivation with locally scarce hydrogen may be avoidable altogether. See: [[Colonisation of the solar system#Flavors of diamondoid gem gum technology|Flavors of diamondoid gem gum technology]] == Interesting facts == === Results from balloon missions === The Vega probes placed each a balloon in the atmosphere of Venus. They drifted in a height of around 53km 46 and 60 hours long. In this time they covered a distance of about a third of the circumference of Venus an measured wind speed, temperature, pressure and cloud density. Thereby more storm and air current activity was observed than anticipated. Also a sudden change in flight height of about one to three kilometer was detected. (Source: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet) de.wikipedia]) {{todo|Check the actual data - what means a sudden change in flight height here. What means sudden sudden here?}} <br> High up in the atmosphere strong wind-speed gradients like the ones on the surface of earth are probably not to expect. How much is known about the scales of the turbulences in the venusian atmosphere? === Why Venus is the way she is === The following is from gathered crumbs of info. It totally needs references. <br> Take it with a grain of salt for now. There are a number of (partially circular) interrelationships that made Venus what it is today and keep it that way. <br> In the following list: Read the backward arrows "'''<='''" as "is/was caused by". <br> Please take these simplifications with a grain of salt! * massive CO₂ atmosphere '''<=''' CO₂ not bound in the ground as CaCO₃ '''<=''' no water (H₂O) on the planet (to wash it out and bind it) '''<=''' no hydrogen on/in the planet * no significant mountains on Venus '''<=''' no plate tectonics '''<=''' no "lubricating" water (H₂O) in the planets crust AND a very thick and cool planetary crust * a thick and cool crust '''<=''' fast cooling of the planets interior '''<=''' no tectonics AND no "lubricating" water in the crust * no "lubricating" water in the crust '''<=''' no hydrogen in/on Venus '''<=''' solar wind blowing away the hydrogen '''<=''' no magnetic field '''<=''' cool core '''<=''' fast cooling * long day '''<=''' near to sun and no moon (?) and no plate tectonics (??) * ... '''<=''' red hot glowing surface '''<=''' ... {{todo|Improve this list (less overlaps) and make an image with arrows for the interrelationships.}} = Colonisation - (conceptual) = The objective is to create a nice place for humans to live. == Basic housing == First a nanofactory (e.g. of the size of a sugar cube) is sent to Venus. There a durable balloon is created with a semi-transparent semi-reflective [[diamondoid solar cells|diamond solar foil]] on top that leaves through enough light for plants to grow. The balloon further needs an ''[[atmospheric converter unit]]'' ([[air using micro ships]]) that has a number of functions. It creates among other thing breathable air. The balloon must be inflated while being built to be kept afloat at all times. == Creation of soil for plants == Creating earth like soil with humic substances such that plants can grow in a natural way takes a lot longer then the employment of such a balloon. One could start with hydroponic cultures and compose the dead plants. At that time humans may be present or may not. A small piece of earth soil may be usable to introduce a rich set of microorganisms. (Each balloon can be an experimental perfectly isolated ecosystem) It should be rather easy to design small balloons but to create an earth like landscape a bigger free area and some soil depth is probably desired. For an average soil depth of half a meter a balloon with around one kilometer height is needed to compensate for the weight. (Put that in relation to the floating height of ~ 53km for visualization) At this size one needs to consider the wind speed gradient in the atmosphere which is around 10m/s per 1km. One doesn't want the balloon to start rolling like a barrel. This may be a difficult problem. == Air conditioning == Although 37°C with 660mbar air pressure is endurable for most humans it's not pleasant. Can a leightweight balloon hull provide enough [[thermal isolation]] to make a more pleasurable environment of e.g. 22°C at higher pressure? There are several options for how to handle the three parameters pressure height and temperature when the outside weather changes abruptly. == Atmospheric converter unit for Venus == * filters nitrogen from the atmosphere * captures sulfuric acid rain which concentrates the rare hydrogen [Todo: at which heights is sulfuric acid rain present] * sulfuric acid → hydrogen + sulfur dioxide * carbon dioxide + hydrogen → ethyne + oxygen Because of the [[reproduction hexagon]] it may make sense to keep it separate from the nanofactory. Related: [[Mobile carbon dioxide collector balloon]]. = Possible threats = == Lightning == Some kind of lightning arrester system needs to be devised. <br> Active aversion of especially bad weather may or may not a viable strategy depending <br> on wind speeds and mobility of the aerial vehicle of choice. Airplanes on Earth manage to deal pretty good with occasionally being hit by lightning strikes. <br> Granted they always try to avoid bad weather. <br> There should be quite some info on that for investigating further. == Strong downwards facing winds == How much down sucking winds are there on Venus excactly? <br> If there are too strong downwinds that cannot reliably be avoided <br> that reach all the way down to extreme heat and pressure levels then aerial colonization might not be viable. === Likely no anti-cyclones === Given the global super-rotation of the atmosphere there are like no hidden big scale anticyclones. <br> Even if there were anticyclones, these are typically larger and much less vigorous than cyclones since they have a negative feedback cycle in energy release rather than a positive one. <br> <small>The big red spot on [[Jupiter]] is an anticyclone where there are no clouds in the upper layers of the atmosphere and one can see deep inside Jupiters guts.</small> '''Adiabatic compression in big air down-swirls (aka anticyclones):''' <br> air heats up => clouds and mist evaporate which takes up a lot of energy (negative feedback) => Clear skies slow wind-speeds over wide areas. '''Adiabatic expansion in big air up-swirls (aka cyclones):''' <br> air cools down => and humid air condensates into clouds which releases a lot of energy (positive feedback) intensified by percipitation => intense thunderstorms - more local === Measured sudden down-drafts (to worry about?) === The balloon missions on Venus registered significant and sudden drops in altitude. Which sounds a bit worrying. <br> {{wikitodo|investigate sudden ballon altitude drops in venera mission(s) further}} === Different effect on different means for staying aloft === Strong down-winds would be especially a problem for Balloons or Blip/Zeppelin like airships with big wind-attack-area to mass ratios that have thus rather limited maximal speeds relative to the air. <br> Strong down-winds would be less of a problem for [[permanently flying airplanes]]. <br> But truly permanently flying airplanes require very advanced technology that is capable of active in flight self repair. <br> Ideally with resources directly tapped from the atmosphere. == Wing gusts (danger of toppling over) == Since there are no obstacles high up in the atmosphere on a small scale differences in relative airspeed should be negligible. <br> On a bigger scale this might become an issue ['''data needed''']. <br> Like a very big balloon might strongly want to start to roll over upside down. == Fires == Building a thin walled carbon balloon filled with oxygen is basically asking for fire. (On an other note when a hole is burnt into the hull penetrating carbon dioxide will probably quickly extinquish any fire) To mend this problem one can compartmentalize bigger balloons. Only the bottom few meters get filled with breathable air. A transparent ceiling foil material separates off the majority of the balloons volume. This part gets filled with nitrogen and is uninhabited "empty" space. A nice side effect is slightly more buoyancy lift. An other approach is to use silicon carbide as a building material which may self protect against fire by building glass. For silicon one would need to mine the surface though. Releasing excess oxygen to the atmosphere might get dangerous after a very long period colonization activity (more than centuries). A global firestorm could start making Venus rivaling/exceeding? the sun in brightness for a brief moment ''(this is some phantastic dystopic SciFi just for entertainment)''. To get rid of the excess oxygen from the silicates one can use iron as reducing agent. The place where one can get unoxidized iron for sure is the planets core. (See: [[deep drilling]]) A closed material "cycle" can be conceived that protects against fire even if atmosphere gets really crowded. * carbon dioxide + silicate stone → '''silicon carbide''' + oxygen * oxygen + iron → iron oxides * sulfur dioxide + iron → pyrite + iron oxides * sulfuric acid + oxygen → '''hydrogen''' + sulfur dioxide (Energy gets stored in gravity - since heavy things can't fall through (non-molten) light things there's a perfectly safe activation energy barrier) = Outlook on a very long term - {{SciFi warning}} = [[File:Possible_use_of_Venusian_Resources.svg|400px|thumb|right|How Venusian resources could be used in the very long term.{{todo|add fluorine and chlorine to the diagram}}]] Since with advanced nanofactories exponential growth is easy it comes naturally to think about Terraforming. We'll discuss later whether a terraforming attempt is desirable and whether it makes sense. The main reason why the venusian atmosphere is so hot at it's bottom is not because Venus is so near to the Sun or because there is a runaway green house effect. It is so hot because it is so massive. Adiabatic compression of a gas heats it up. When a volume of gass high up in the atmosphere falls back to the ground it gets adiabatically compressed and heated. === Binding excessive elements of the atmosphere === To reduce the mass of Venus' atmosphere the most part of the carbon dioxide all the sulfur trioxide and a good part of the nitrogen would need to be bound with some kind of [[Carbon dioxide collector]]s placed in the upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere where the conditions are benign. The carbon dioxide needs to be bound in a chemically very stable form (dropped down or kept floating ?) such that in a later state of the atmosphere with free oxygen powerful ignition sources (like e.g. frequent and powerful strokes of lightning and bigger things like meteor impacts) cannot cause an epic global firestorm putting all the carbon back into the atmosphere. Like the energy rich but sufficiently metastable bisophere on earth. To get rid of all the carbon bound in the carbon dioxide it could be combined with silicon taken from the silicon dioxide (quartz) of the planets crust. This would create the useful building material silicon carbide (moissanite) which is (in big chunks) self protecting against fire. When ignited at all (which is very hard to do) it forms a molten glass layer preventing further oxygen from reacting with more carbon and silicon inside. Doing that beside the oxygen from the carbon dioxide one also gets oxygen from silicon dioxide. Each source on its own is far too much for earth like oxygen levels. Obviously it wouldn't be smart to create a super-dense (too dense for humans and incredible dangerous) oxygen atmosphere. To get rid of all that excess oxygen a giant amount of some reducing element is needed. Ideally the oxygen would be bound to hydrogen but there is barely any hydrogen on Venus. Most of it was blown away by the solar wind. So hydrogen would need to be delivered from space. Which sounds difficult. Probably gentle methods should be used not a destructive methods like bombardment with ice meteors which seem to have no benefits. A reducing element that is certainly present in sufficient amounts on Venus is iron. The oxygen can be bound in the useful iron mineral building materials hematite and magnetite. Big amounts of metallic non-reduced iron can be found in the planets mantle and outer core. Advanced atomically precise technology ([[gem-gum technology]]) may make mining in such extreme pressure and temperature environments possible. But this goes near the very limits of the physical possible! The iron can also be used to bind sulfur from sulfur trioxide (which is another gas that needs to be bound into a solid state) into the mineral pyrite. For the excess nitrogen there are plenty of options to bind it safely. While setting up the process (exponential production of carbon dioxide collectors) is straightforward for Venus' atmosphere for the then following terraforming process an incredible amount of energy is needed. As it turns out even when the complete solar energy that hits Venus is converted to chemical energy this endeavor would take a very very long time - {{todo|show the math}}. Also for removal of just the sulfuric acid and SO₃ there necessary timescales would be so big that it is questionable whether when the process is finished humans will still "use" biological bodies that depend on earth like conditions. But "we" might just want to make a "garden" for other earth life. === Cooling by shading? === Another thing easy to set up is thin light and highly reflective floating mirrors covering the whole surface (or at least dayside) of the planet. Relative to the mass of the whole atmosphere the mass of a mirror layer is vanishing. It could be produced and employed rather quickly. The following cooling of the atmosphere might take some time {{todo|do the math}}. By waiting long enough all but the nitrogen part of the atmosphere could be frozen to dry ice (assuming no chemical atmosphere conversion runs in parallel). (Maybe not so useful) It may be possible to speed up cooling by setting up a planetary scale [[Diamondoid heat pump system|heat pump system]] creating hot spots with temperatures >>500°C (cheap silicon carbide can handle those temperatures) that can more effectively radiate away the heat. [[Thermal metamaterial]]s can help. See: Josh Storrs Hall's concept of ultra-lightweight [[stratospheric mirror airships]] <br> {{todo|find and link video where he presents that idea (for application on earth)}} === Peculiarities of hypothetical terraforming result === What would a Venus with its over 100 earth day long day (that probably can't be changed) and higher solar constant look like if all the carbon where bound and most of the oxygen where trapped into the soil or water? Would there be lots of poisonous heavy metals around? Considering Venus is so flat (it lacks mountains because it has no plate tectonics.) Would there be any dry land left? How high would the waves get with the extreme winds at the day night borders? What about water vapor clouds, lack of magnetosphere ...? Further SciFi ideas that could be investigated just for fun: * packing a terraformed Venus in a ring of infinitesimal bearings for a 24h day night cycle * packing Venus in a giant superconducting ring to create an artificial magnetosphere (to keep the scarce hydrogen from getting away) * hypothetical terra-changing experiment. == Increasing the activation energy barrier for global disaster == [[File:Pallasite_slice-of-Esquel-meteorite.jpg|450px|thumb|right|Shown here is how the material at the matle core boundary of Venus (and other rocky planets like earth) probably looks like. Pictured is a piece of a meteorite from what would have been the core of one or more ancient protoplanets between mars and jupiter that got smashed up again later in the evolution of the solar system. The biggest protoplanet reaining to this day is the dwarf planet ([[Ceres]]). Most of the material between Mars and Jupiter is spread out in shatters because of Jupiters strong gravitational disturbances. It forms our solar systems main asteroid belt instead of a single compact planet.]] Given very advanced mining technology iron from the mantle core boundary of Venus could be used to safely bind excessive oxygen and convert chemical to safer gravitational energy. By binding the excess oxygen from the CO₂ splitting process to unoxidized iron form Venus' core one can turn the moderate chemical activation energy that prevents a global diamond oxygen firestorm into a much higher gravitative barrier where first the crust of the planet needs to be broken such that the heavy iron sinks (giant but very slow energy release due to very high viscosity) and re-releases the oxygen before the oxygen could burn with the carbon. {{todo|section is redundant - merge with corresponding parts of the article}} == Comparison to the situation on earth == There is an enormous amount of energy stored in the earth atmosphere biosphere system (oxidizing agent oxygen and reducing agents hydrocarbons. (How much exactly?) This shows that even situations far from equilibrium can be quite stable and safe for geological time-scales. (Beside activation energy other factors play important roles - Extinguishing systems?) Could there be sufficient energy input (e.g. catastrophic asteroid impact) that would lead to a mostly complete reaction to carbon dioxide and water and leave the earth in a Venus like state? = Further notes = * The high gravity of Venus (almost identical to earths) is a big challenge. * Methods for hydrogen free high thrust propulsion is are of interest. = "Soaking" up all of the scarce hydrogen = Once building activities on Venus grow beyond a certain really big scale <br> The scarcity of hydrogen on Venus may become a limiting factor. The typically [[low hydrogen content]] of [[gemstone metamaterial products]] helps in delaying <br> the point where one runs out of hydrogen as a resource by a lot.<br> If the products being made would mainly be hyrocarbon plastics (which are very hydrogen rich) then <br> one would run out of hydrogen much much sooner. Maybe soaking up all the scarce hydrogen in the atmosphere from high up acid rain or acid mist (aka Venus' clouds) could <br> eventually clear up the "eternal" cloud layer of Venus in a much shorter timescale than <br> any significant changes in the atmospheres total pressure could be made (which is many millennia even at "full tilt"). <br> {{todo|Estimate how long it would take to filter out a good part of all of the hydrogen that is present in Venus' atmosphere. Given only non-space solar power.}} If the plan is to deliberately "soak" up all the hydrogen then it's scarcity <br> helps in that the amount of mass is low and not helps in that concentrations are falling. <br> Especially if a threshold is reached where the acid rain that naturally concentrates the hydrogen stops falling. Artificially dried up Venus skies might clear up such that the ground becomes occasionally vislible from space (like on Earth). <br> There might be more infrared radiative cooling at the night side (guessing) but <br> the sun hitting the already very hot ground directly on the day side might not change it's temperature all that much perceptually. <br> High ground temperatures are caused a good deal due to adiabatic compression (and winds equilibrating day and night side). <br> Maybe there could be slight increase in ground wind-speeds (wild guessing). A cleared up cloud layer would mainly help in optical inspection of the ground from the sky or space. <br> And be aesthetically pleasing for the human eye. Clouds are probably mostly made mostly from hydrogen containing compounds. <br> Hydrogen bonds are what's giving these compounds a low condensation point. <br> Beside that there may be some dry dust in the atmosphere. <br> But judging from earth this does not obstruct an optical view to the ground. = Related = * [[Gas giant atmospheres]] * Handling of molten iron and very high temperatures - [[refractory material]]s = External Links = * [http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/vel/1918vpt.htm temperature-height & pressure-height graphs of the Venusian atmosphere] * Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide Sulfur trioxide (liquid)] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate Atmospheric lapse rate] tudndigdkyd96gwpdtqxk2sr6pjzufu wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1221 11345 11344 2021-07-08T11:05:20Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} [[File:1920px-Rutile single Crystal.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Artificial single crystal of '''[[rutile]]''' (a [[base material with high potential]]) . Rutile is one of the [[polymorph]]s of Titanium dioxide (TiO₂). This piece is 25mm in diameter and 4mm thick. It was grown by the current-day-available technology called "[[verneuil method]]". A [[thermodynamic mean]] of production.]] The verneuil method is a method to grow large macroscopic chunks of single crystals. <br> It clearly falls under today's [[thermodynamic means]] of production with all it's associated limitations. This and similar methods (zone melting) where and are extremely useful and essential for today's technology. '''Characteristics:''' * there are no grain boundaries – the products are truly a macroscopic single crystal * there are still quite a lot of flaws (like step- and screw-[[dislocations]]) integrated right from the start with out even radiation worsening order * there is no defined termination point of selfassembly == Related == * [[Thermodynamic means for macroscopic single crystal production]] * Smaller: [[Thermodynamic nanocrystal]]s and [[nanoparticle]]s Single crystals (not necessarily macroscopic) with atomically precise perfectly flat surfaces have been considered as "building platform substrates" in the context of the [[direct path]] to [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s. <br> More practical may be the integration of advanced de-novo [[foldamer R&D|foldamer technology]] into/onto chip technology only after considerable bottom up development along the [[incremental path]]. == External links == Wikipedia: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil_method Verneuil method] Related: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_melting Zone melting] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition Chemical vapor deposition] 5astabtaxom7o6gfw0hklks9lck0tjk wikitext text/x-wiki 0 809 8176 2021-03-26T06:31:54Z Apm 1 basic version of page {{stub}} == No lubricating agents => No viscosity == The typical [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] bearings in gemstone metamaterial technology do not contain grease, oil or any liquids. At these lowermost possible size scales any kind of lubrication medium molecules would be as big as gravel. [[Crystolecule]] bearings run dry in a vacuum. They are either sliding sleeve bearings (fully wearless) or rolling gear bearings. So in this regard the viscosity of fluids is not of concern for [[nanofactories]] or [[gem gum tech]] in general. == Phonon viscosity == In dry running [[superlubricity|superlubricating]] bearings there is a relevant energy dissipation mechanism called [[phonon viscosity]] that is not related to molecular liquids. See main page: [[Friction]] == Viscosity in feed-stock supply == Only in the operating step of filtering [[resource molecule]]s from a [[feed-stock solution]] liquids are involved. There diffusion is also involved in in replenishing [[resource molecule]] concentrations. Note that this eventual speed limiting filtering step is not involved in the [[recycling]] of already [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] and assembled [[microcomponents]]. al6t6kom4c4grw2mxokc0hupffb5hz4 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1033 9823 9822 2021-06-01T19:09:39Z Apm 1 /* Super-resolution from light emission from nanoscale point like sources */ Optical wavelength light at the nanoscale? It is homogeneous and monochrome (for passive interactions at least). Saying that optical light at the nanoscale does not even make physical sense (as sometimes done) is incorrect. === No resolvable structure below the Abbe limit for passive observations === Color at the nanoscale?! It's not that there is no color and light at the nanoscale. <br> It's just that when you go to size scales below the wavelength of light <br> (below the Abbe limit to be more precise) you can't separate individual spots anymore <br> Everything blurs till you don't see anything except one monochome color and brightness. <br> This is because the effects of refraction are averaged out to a smear. <br> It's also visualizeable with Huygens elemental waves. <br> <small>Making something like a mathematical fold removing details.</small> Lights being homogeneous and monochrome at the nanoscale <br> at least for all passive interactions with in-falling light. <br> There is more though ... === Super-resolution from light emission from nanoscale point like sources === Sources of active emission of light from formerly somehow excited electronic states though <br> can be much smaller than the wavelength of light. <br> So this allows for optical color variations on size scales much shorter than the wavelength of light. <br> This cheat is used e.g. * in super-resolution microscopy and * in super-resolution photo-curing resin 3D printing. Optical super-resolution on actively light emitting samples can be achieved: * in the near field: "Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) " * and even in the far field by some fancy tricks Point emission sources can be: * fluorophores - phosphorescent centers * poly-aromatic pigment molecules * color centers in gemstones / mineral pigments (?) A spherical wave is emitted when an excited electronic state relaxes. == Related == * [[Challenges in the visualization of gem-gum factories]] * [[Color emulation]] == External links == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system#The_Abbe_diffraction_limit_for_a_microscope Abbe limit] And how to cheat it at least a bit: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope Near-field_scanning optical microscope (NSOM)] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy Super-resolution microscopy] jvfv6tox0wcxz3ykt9394903u7oa7vi wikitext text/x-wiki 0 906 9829 9828 2021-06-02T07:28:48Z Apm 1 /* Related */ {{stub}} There are at least two major challenges. * structures reach over a vast range of size scales that one wants do display simultaneously and in intuitively graspable relation to each other. * getting a smooth seamless cross-zoomable transition from atomic detail to larger scale homogebeouseness. == Displaying many scales and their relation simultaneously == This can be done by generalizing log polar mapping to 3D like so: * x'(x,y,z) = pi/2 - atan2( z, sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)) ) * cos(atan2(y,x))) * y'(x,y,z) = pi/2 - atan2( z, sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)) ) * sin(atan2(y,x))) * z'(x,y,z) = log(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2) + pow(z,2)) / log(base) See main article: [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] == Idea: tracing the winding path of a moiety as the reference axis for a visualization == One may want to map the z-axis to a winded path the (roughly) follows the trajectory <br> [[moiety]] from its entrance into machine phase to its final resting place in the final fully assembled product.<br> To avoid sharp kinks in the path the tracing path where one wants to map the z axis onto <br> could be somewhat spacially low pass filtered in an scale dependent way. Due to [[Level throughput balancing|complexly changing of physics with size scales]] it is very likely that all of the convergent assembly process won't go strait up through the chip (across idealized [[assembly layers]]) in a almost straight line. Instead it's expectable that a considerable amount of horizontal transport and re- routing will take place. Like when zooming in a fractal like the Mandlelbot set there are uninteresting structureless bland areas. <br> Just like that there may be areas of the nanofactory that are rather uninteresting homogeneous at the lowest scales. * One would not want to center the log polar view is an area like that. Also ... * One would not want to cross cross vast "areas" of uninteresting space before finally reaching an interesting space. Like e.g. * The homogeneous structural gem-gum walls of the nanofactory where they are not filled with other interesting stuff like data, energy, thermal, or other subysstems. * Bigger hinges in the robotics of the further up assembly levels. <br><small> For big macroscopic robotics even the already bland and homogeneous [[infinitesimal bearing]]s might make up only a thin sliver of the hinges volume. The bulk possibly being made out of purely structural (meta)material. Maybe emulating flexibility and exotic anisotropic mechanical properties at best.</small> == Atomistic to continuum – smooth cross-zoomable transition == Having a smooth transition * from where atoms are resolves as individual spheres * to where they are only visible as a fine-grained pattern on the surface to where * to where they completely blur out to a homogeneous representative color * without producing moire effects * without incurring bad compression artifacts from the confetti effect Current image and video compression algorithms where not built for this kind of imagery. An AI based compression algorithm might likely do better, but there are no standards for that. === New volume-plane-line triangulation shrink-wrap vizualisation === One interesting visualization that maybe especially suitable for gemstone like compounds and diamondoids <br> is the the lines molecular visualization generalized to more densely meshed covalent networks giving planes and volumes <br> (with the vertices sitting at the locations of the nuclei) too. Generating that visualization: * Take only the positions of all the the atomic nuclei and the nucleus to nucleus lines representing bonds of a [[crystolecule]]. * Suck-shrink-wrap (concave fill-in) a triangulation around that point-and-line-aggregations such that it can (but need not) collapse to 2D or even 1D. The result and eventual benefits of that visualization: * The densely connected inner parts of gemstone-like compounds become represented as solid volumes atom radius smaller than the real parts * Off stating sulfur and disulfur-bridges make 2D planes * Off standing OH groups, hydrogens and halogen atoms make "hair". The latter two hint on areas where [[snapback]] could occur. One can directly look into sliding interfaces while still getting a solid (albeit virtulal) surface as a reference <br> that is of low computational effort to calculate. Maybe one can build better intuition with that sort of visualization. <br> Judging the not directly displayed radii of the atoms can be done from the lateral bond distances and maybe the classical color coding. {{wikitodo|add a sketch of volume-plane-line shrinkwrap vizualisation}} Related here: * [[Vacuum lockout]] – interfaces where no gas shall be able to seep through (atomically precise positive displacement [[PPV]] pump) * [[Superlubricity]] – interfaces that need the right distance – [[tuning crystolecule bearings for the right thightness]] == Related == * More concretely: [[Distorted visualization methods for convergent assembly]] * [[Challenges in the visualization of gem-gum factories]] * [[Design levels#Lower bulk limit design]] * [[Gemstone metamaterial factory]] mtjb1lp1mrmzspfx7vqwpzhxuxa7nrz wikitext text/x-wiki 0 444 12067 12046 2021-09-26T08:33:58Z Apm 1 added [[Category:Programming]] Programming the physical world entails a lot of 3D-modelling. <br> * 3D-models for production are usually non-interactive. * 3D-models are usually described with scene graphs which have no notion of time or execution order - they are declarative (animation can be treated statically too - just one more dimension). This made it easy to create 3D-modelling languages (e.g. OpenSCAD a quasi standard in the RepRap maker community) that build up on scene graphs and remained declarative in nature. Declarative programming has a number of advantages including guaranteed converging bug-tracking since there are no global implicit cross interactions. Disadvantages of declarative programming are e.g. difficult to implement random access datastructures and as already mentioned no interactivity. Thus more and more non declarative (imperative) wrapper languages appear that output auto-generated OpenSCAD code. I'll argue that this is the wrong way to go. Instead the declarative language OpenSCAD should be upgraded to a fully fledged purely functional programming language (functions treated as values aka functions as "first order citisens"). While retaining the benefits of declarative programming this would thwart the problems: * advanced functional datastructures -- like in Haskell * multimedia interactivity -- like Elm (+live program transparency) * truly scalable graphical programming -- like in Conall Elliotts toy demo Eros Today's graphical programming languages (2016) are usually considered to be a rather sparse notation but there's the notion that a picture is worth a thousand words - so clearly we must be doing something wrong. Images have the capacity to carry more information density than words and are often easier to process by our minds. Extending on Conal Elliotts concept and elms first order functional reactive programming I think there could be done a lot more. * the standard program transformations that all programmers regularly do and do way too work intensive without even thinking on it could be simplify to the bare minimum of work. * a graphical visualization of modern type systems with type inference type-classes types of types (aka kinds) and so on could be made The resulting software production system will be not just applicable to 3D-modelling but to just about any problem including future highly interactive makroscale nanosystems. It may even be a revolution in software development. == Program Transformations == '''Drag and drop to:''' * change between tuple-input and separate function parameters -- aka curry/uncurry * change the order of the function arguments or the order of the tuple elements (self-propagating) * move a helper-function one level more general/global* - or all the way to top level global -- (*if helper functions have helper functions) * move a function one level more specialized/local (if used in multiple places independently changeable copies will emerge) '''Click to:''' * consistently rename variables (self propagating) -- aka alpha conversion * substitute variables with their definition -- aka beta reduction * make anonymous functions explicit or vice versa -- aka eta conversion * do simple out of context unit testing <br> decouple a single function argument i.e. replace only one parameter with a test-input <br> decouple all function arguments i.e. replace all parameters with test-inputs * open a single function context for visualization and complexity control of function parameters and the helper-function-context <br> [let x1=..,x2=..,xN=.. in -- function_definition(xi,yi) -- where y1=..,y2=..,yN=..] * open one or all sub-contexts of the in-focus-function (sub-contexts = definitions of the functions which define the in-focus-function) -- (only first layer - no sub sub contexts) * Open one or all super-contexts of the in-focus-function (super-contexts = the functions which use the in-focus function to define themselves) -- (only first layer - no super super contexts) Regarding the last two note that: * breadth search corresponds to divide and conquer "wishful thinking" i.e. assuning that subproblems can be solved and delaying that task for later - applies to both program creation and program execution -- (aka normal order evaluation - lazy evaluation - shortcut evaluation) * depth search corresponds to constructive buildup from simple building blocks -- aka (application order evaluation eager evaluation) Regarding the reverse of beta reduction: * substitute ''equal'' definitions with a new variable -- aka "beta expansion" -- the IDE could try find and show differences that need to be removed to archive extensional equality (equality in the outside behavior not necessarily the inside implementation) but this is an art not a technique since its provable that functions fundamentally can't be tested on equality (halting problem) === Note === This outline is based on a mapping of lambda calculus and a tiny generic bit of Haskell to a graphically augmented programming system. In plain lambda calculus all functions without exception have exactly one input and exactly one output. The most obvious difference of Haskell functions to plain lambda calculus is that all lambdas of a function are in front. This splits the lambda calculus tree at the application nodes (?) (buried lambdas in let-in and where clauses) == Related == * '''[[Higher level computer interfaces for deveusers]]''' * [[Annotated lambda diagrams]] * [[Programming languages]] * [[General software issues]] * [[Software]] – overview page == External Links == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_picture_is_worth_a_thousand_words * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language * GoogleTechTalk Tangible Functional Programming by Conal Elliott https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faJ8N0giqzw [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Programming]] 4hcz6emdwbwqbgigi0v606ge2k6090p wikitext text/x-wiki 0 666 6764 2017-10-27T16:45:07Z Apm 1 simpler to remember and refer to #REDIRECT [[Weathering, erosion and corrosion]] 1hq5mhym7vawi5zzjiipqiqrg1jkrao wikitext text/x-wiki 0 658 6942 6776 2017-11-03T04:36:26Z Apm 1 /* External links */ added link to wikipedia page about: Goldich dissolutiin series {{stub}} [[File:1280px-Amant.JPG|400px|thumb|right|Glass erodes at a calm pace and does not leech problematic chemicals. A desirable behavior.]] Some people may aspire towards advanced APT driven by a bit of an obsession with power force and persistence (perhaps even to a worrying degree). Well there are places where this properties are really needed to make something ven possible (rockets) but much more often desired than maximal strength and durability is deliberate weakness and ephemerality. Mechanical weakness "erosion" (intended breakage points) and chemical weakness "corrosion". * Think about all those drinking bottles cans and food packaging carelessly tossed wherever they got emptied. * There's also clothing that should better rip if loaded too strongly (getting tangled in a passing vehicle or a machine). Its always good to try to avoid spill of artificial material that is foreign to nature as much as possible. (Side-note: artificiality does not necessarily imply foreignness to nature). But archiving a perfect prevention of all spill on a global scale will always remain impossible. To prevent spill from accumulating in and polluting an sensitive pats of earth's nature its best when the spill decays in a certain timespan. So the many gemstone like compounds that are somewhat/slightly soluble even in pH neutral water are very useful. Gemstone based compounds usually are not biodegradable since there usually are no hydrocarbons involved that can be eaten. The elements involved can be more or less bio-compatible though (salts, acids and bases all diluted enough to not be problematic). (Bio-activity carrying away freshly solvated material speeding up diffusion??) It can also be ok if materials leech out more problematic elements like e.g. boron and chlorine as long as this happens slowly enough. One can make a chart: water/rain solubility vs bio-problematicness of contained elements. Really rapidly dissolving compounds (at the level of NaCl) need to be devoid of problematic elements or only be present in minute amounts. Also they need to be sealed in o less soluble shell. Otherwise the product would be very short lived. * The structural housing matrix of AP products should be less soluble than dispersed particular or fibrous content. Otherwise the particular or fibrous content may be spilled and cause problems. * surface degradation and functionality breakdown point ... {{todo|elaborate on that}} ---- Gemstone based compounds usually do not oxidize (rust) since they are already maximally oxidized. but other forms of corrosion may occur if the combination chemical aggressiveness and exposer time is big enough. Gemstone based metamaterials extend the range of outdoor weathering resistant materials enormously. == Related == * [[Sharp edges and splinters]] * [[Passivation layer mineral]]s == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization Dealkalization] * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldich_dissolution_series Goldich dissolution series] daj980057nd6y3zc86i91o03ealm9he wikitext text/x-wiki 0 659 6734 2017-10-23T21:02:58Z Apm 1 Apm moved page [[Weathering and erosion]] to [[Weathering, erosion and corrosion]]: added missing corrosion part #REDIRECT [[Weathering, erosion and corrosion]] 1hq5mhym7vawi5zzjiipqiqrg1jkrao wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1283 11819 11818 2021-08-19T07:56:54Z Apm 1 {{stub}} Take the "we" in the following as us humans and our computer systems combined. * (0) "What we can say (to our computers) depends on how good our programming languages / human-computer-interfaces are." * (1) "What we can think depends on what we can say." – this relates to Linguistic relativity (aka Sapir–Whorf hypothesis) * (2) "What we can make depends on what we can collectively think" – interpreting communication structure as collective thinking – this relates to Conway's Law * (3) "What we can do depends on what we can make." – by Eric K. Drexler (?) '''Chaining all these together (which is kinda ridiculous, yes) gives:''' * "What we can do depends on what we can say" – Whorf-Conway-Drexler * '''"What we can do depends on how good our programming languages / human-computer-interfaces are"''' – extended Whorf-Conway-Drexler == This is nonsense ... == Yes, quite likely, this is a perfect example of puzzling barely matching pieces together in a long questionable logical chain <br> in order to arrive at exactly the result that initially was desired. <br> With no way of formalizing and fact checking it provided. Reminds a bit on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers That children's game "telephone" ("silent post" in German)]. <br> Good chance the other end only gibberish comes out. Still, it seems kind of like an interesting idea, so here ↕ is a page about it. == Related == Some of these find mention here: * [[Naive groupings as dumbed down functions]] * [[Gaps in software]] * [[Informal laws]] 4dhbn2wqnw48as9q8ob7p4ceq9i147g wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1219 11546 11331 2021-07-12T22:37:49Z Apm 1 /* Some semi-random specific areas */ This might be one of the most important pages of the whole wiki. <br> Kinda like a '''getting started''' page. Here you go. Drill down with "laser focus" if you are that type of person. <br> <small>"Laser focus" – The un-word of 2021. This wiki would never have been written if the author had a "laser focus".</small> == Top level overview pages == * [[Bridging the gaps]] * [[Pathways to advanced APM systems]] * [[Bootstrapping methods for productive nanosystems]] * [[Exploratory engineering]] – is far from done yet – with [[Nanosystem]] there is still just one single book on the topic (2021 ...) == Some semi-random specific areas == '''Part of the [[incremental path]]:''' * [[Foldamer R&D]] * [[Microfluidics]] '''Related to the [[direct path]]:''' * Experimental demonstrations of covalent [[tooltip chemistry]] beyond the quite limited very basic things already shown. * Theoretical expansion [[tooltip chemistry]] beyond a focus on carbon (e.g. silicon) * Improvements on [[scanning probe microscopy]] – in particular miniaturization while keeping resolution ... Interestingly [[nanoscale analytics]] (checking out made stuff) <br> seems to be a bigger challenge than [[nanoscale synthesis]] (making stuff). === Avert the [[direct path]] taken literally (?) === Attempting to actually follow the [[direct path]] as proposed <bR> <small>(See: [[Molecular assembler]]; and "Primitive Nanofactory Design by Chris Phoenix - October 2003" – [[Discussion of proposed nanofactory designs]])</small>, <br> instead of '''cherry picking sub-problems that can later be used in the [[incremental path]]''', <br> seems way too difficult. A least it looks this ways at the moment (2021). <br> So the author would currently rather advise against it. == Related == * Shoestring budget? See: [[Citizen science]] sp3xi1zkbrtku40hlp4o054nbyej8iq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1011 10180 10179 2021-06-10T16:53:09Z Apm 1 added * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] The idea of atomically precise [[gem-gum factories|gemstone based on-chip factories]] and [[gem-gum technology|their technology]] has faced major disbelieve and push-back in the past. <br> Here are the probably hardest arguments for this tech to be actually possible summarized in as brief a way as possible. == Regarding concerns about friction == [[File:Nanotube-based-thermal-nanomotor1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Coaxial nanotube bearing based nano-motors have been experimentally built and tested. While still very crude they already show very little friction. Much unlike the problems with [[sticktion]] and wear in photolithographically produced [[MEMS systems]]. – Coaxial nanotubes are quite similar in characteristics to [[crystolecule]] bearing so the working nanotube bearings give '''experimental evidence for [[crystolecular element]]s working with low friction an [[wear free]]'''.]] Concerns about friction have been experimentally dispelled (not only theoretically). <br> Coaxial nanotubes are already experimentally accessible and they indeed show [[superlubricity]]. * Newer (2017) work on friction (theoretical and experimental). <br> See: [[Evaluating the Friction of Rotary Joints in Molecular Machines (paper)]] * Theoretical estimations on frictions can be found in the book: [[Nanosystems]] More info on and discussion of less common concerns here: * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Friction]] == Regarding concerns about atom-by-atom pick-and-place assembly aka [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] == === Experimental demonstration (on silicon) === [[File:Piezochemical-silicon-mechanosynthesis-demo.png|400px|thumb|left|Extraction an re-deposition a a single silicon atom (at 78K) was experimentally demonstrated. This gives '''experimental evidence for [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] working'''.]] It was possible to experimentally demonstrate mechanosynthesis of silicon. <br> Abd that even even with today's still very crude means (meaning blunt tips). <br> See: [[Silicon mechanosynthesis demonstration paper]] or more generally: [[Experimental demonstrations of single atom manipulation]] * Silicon is a relevant material quite similar in covalent character to diamond. * This has been done an reasonable temperatures (meaning not liquid helium but liquid nitogen) === Highly meticulous theoretical analysis (with carbon, a complete system) === It has been shown that the infamous [[The finger problems|finger problems]] like the [[sticky finger problem]] and the [[fat finger problem]] are invalid. <br> See: [[A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis (paper)]] == Related == * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing]] * [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]] * [[Higher throughput of smaller machinery]] – [[Scaling law]]s * [[Exploratory engineering]] ---- * [[Superlubricity]] * [[Piezochemical mechanosynthesis]] g1sq6klj3ob0fdbsbbvuv1g9af8wnyb wikitext text/x-wiki 0 516 6921 6919 2017-11-01T08:15:25Z Apm 1 added link back to misconceptions page & extended intro (maybe too much) {{site specific term}} To begin with [[synthesis of food]] will likely be done in specialized devices much more advanced than basic [[Nanofactory|gem-gum factories]] (the main far term focus of [[Main Page|APM]]) which can only synthesize [[gemstone based metamaterial]]s but no food. When trying to imitate natural food:<br> While both at the molecular scale and at the macroscopic scale it is important to make a a good copy there is a size range in-between that is neither important from a nutritional/smell/taste/look perspective nor important from a look/texture perspective. This is very convenient since replicating this intermediate scale highly accurately would be extremely difficult (not to say impossible) to archive. = The three size levels of food = == Atomic & single molecule scale == At the atomic scale a human body very much cares which chemical elements are included in the food and in which way atoms of these chemical elements are bond to one another. This is what makes food healthy tasty colorful and durable. [[File:Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |200px|thumb|center|Molecules in food must look have exactly the right topological structure (what is connected to what). Pictured here is Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)]] === Increasing healthiness with increasing mechanosynthesic capabilities === With a growing set of chain molecules that can be [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesized]] (which is not as easy as the mechanosynthesis of a very small set of crystalline structures that suffices for a extremely wide range of material properties) food can become increasingly healthy. It takes a lot less molecules to get food into acceptably (but not exceedingly) tasty state than to get food into an acceptably healthy state. For illustration: * For the sugar molecule alone it will likely be comparatively easy to make specialized mechanosynthesis devices. And as we all know sugar alone is decently tasty. * For the ascorbic acid molecule (= vitamin C) alone it will likely be comparatively easy to make specialized mechanosynthesis devices. But as we all know vitamin C on its own is not really healthy. Thus especially if advanced nanosystems are reached very rapidly in a more [[direct path]] approach than a [[incremental path]] approach (which currently 2017 seems not very likely) then then there might be a phase phase of cheap unhealthy food. == Micro scale == At the microscale the structure of food is pretty much irrelevant to a human body. These structures get destroyed early on in the digestion process or even earlier in the process of cooking. Also human senses can't perceive the fine details of the mechanical properties of the food (the foods texture) on this level. So there is no reason that motivates the replication of inter-cellular structures in food meant for ingestion. [[File:Clara_cell_lung_-_TEM--mediawiki_PD_Louisa_Howard.jpg|400px|thumb|center|There's no motivation to copy this structure for usage as food. Pictured here are some cell organelles. The onion like structures e.g. are the lipid membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum - the "factories" of cells that produce proteins and lipids]] Attempting robotic mechanosynthetic pick and place synthesis of (necessarily deep frozen) the structures found in living cells seems extremely difficult or rather borderline impossible. More detailed discussion of this matter can be found ion the main page: {{todo|find appropriate title}} Recreating the structure of real food on the intermolecular nanoscale is ridiculously difficult and pretty much unnecessary. Consider the structural complexity of a plant or animal cell (lipid layers cell organelles ...) and the large amounts of chemical compounds involved. === Food structure irrelevancy gap === With the term "'''food structure irrelevancy gap'''" here on [[Main Page|this wiki]] we will refer to a size range in food in which human bodies do not care about the structure of the food. This is a size range where in the [[synthesis of food|artificial synthesis of food]] there is the freedom to arrange the foods constituent molecules completely differently than the way they are structured in conventionally produced food. == Macro scale == At the macroscale again we very much care for the makeup of our food. The "irrelevancy gap" on the microscale below the perceivable makroscale most likely opens up enough design freedom such that the mechanical properties (the texture) of food can be emulated sufficiently well such that the fake food perfectly fools human senses. (The principle of [[metamaterial]]s applied on food). If faking food this way is desirable and acceptable or not is a separate matter. Faking something like an apple is likely pretty difficult. Making something where humans have a high tolerance for variation like all the various things made from dough and pastes like bread, cake and chocolate is likely rather easy. In these cases the "irrelevancy gap" can be used for the creation of a wide varieties of novel qualities in food. [[File:Wellant-Apple.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Pictured here is a plain old Apple (a fresco apple to be specific). <br>{{todo|add image of a cake too}}]] === Paste microprinted metamaterial apple like thing - MAYBE === Production of a "thing" that is indistinguishable from an apple for human senses by means of [[synthesis of food|bottom up synthesis]] that does not rely on living cellular machinery (that is there are no cultivated cells involved) seems pretty difficult but not impossible. That is only if one does not insist on replicating any cellular structures but does some microscale "inkjet-paste-printing" like process instead. The resulting apple like thing thus would be very different from an apple on the for humans imperceptible microscale.<br> {{todo|Link to elaboration on the preproduction of the "pastes".}} === A perfectly replicated apple by putting every single presynthesized molecule in place ? - NO === If one does insist on replicating all the cellular structures by means of [[mechanosynthesis|bottom up synthesis]] especially if one insists on replicating every little detail from some blueprint original (all the nooks and crannies of lipid membranes an how and where all the frozen water molecules lie - which is pretty silly) then this endeavor seems to move more into the realm of the borderline impossible. === Fake apple microprinted from Pre-cultivated cells - CERTAINLY === Production of a "thing" that is indistinguishable from an apple for human senses by means of microscale "inkjet-printed" of pre-cultivated living cells is probably easier than emulating mechanical properties by paste printing. The result could come actually close real apple even at the microscale. (Beside for food production this technique can be used for the production of living organs for transplantation.) Several of these fake apples compared to one another would look exactly identical on the macroascale but different on the microscale since cells have a lot of randomness in their growth patterns.<br> {{todo|Link to elaboration on the pre-cultivation of cells with use of advanced diamondoid systems.}} = Related = * [[Synthesis of food]] * [[Common misconceptions about atomically precise manufacturing#Almost everything will be buildable - often misunderstood|Why almost everything won't be buildable]] In the case of synthesis of tissue for medical treatments there's no such irrelevancy gap. A practical approach for these kind of things seem to be managed cell cultivation. And [[synthetic biology]] (which is strongly unrelated to APM). [[Category:Food]] dgedb17fojng6a994e7m74m1smffyek wikitext text/x-wiki 0 99 4184 3538 2015-09-27T17:58:08Z Apm 1 == Troubleshooting == === 2015-03-29 === Installed math extension [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math] <br> Tried MathML -> seems there's no public server <br> Tried MathJAX -> the math tags get only converted to $-signs nothing else :( <br> adding default path of public server(s) -> no change; adding newer default path that's available from the MathJAX site -> no change <br> '''status: does not work yet''' Seems to be a known problem since Mediawiki 1.23 [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension_talk:Math#Math_rendering_with_MathJax_not_working_with_Mediawiki_1.23]. Suggested solution: use SimpleMathJax extension instead [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SimpleMathJax/en]. <br> '''SimpleMathJax Works :)''' (but only with math delimiters not with $ and $$) === 2015-03-16 === On mobile devices the wikipedia logo is shown instead of the correct one: Reason: [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Thread:Project:Support_desk/$wgLogo_is_working_on_the_Desktop_PC,_but_not_on_mobile.] -> [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Thread:Project:Support_desk/MediaWiki_showing_wrong_logo_-_Hacked%3F/reply] -> [http://proutypedia.com/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css] * p-logo at the bottom ... [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css LOCAL title=MediaWiki:Common.css] -- '''simply commented it out -- works :)''' ---- The normal logo does not show up even standard when $wgLogo is set to standard value for new wiki version ([http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgLogo/en manual page for $wgLogo]) -- '''why?? -- status: yet unresolved''' * LOCAL location of logos [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/resources/assets/ /w/resources/assets/] === 2014-03-?? === Problem resolved! It had nothing to do with image sizes. PHP stuff changed its behavior due to an server side software update. Since a newer mediawiki version dealt with that issue an mediawiki version update to 1.24.1 resolved the problem. === 2014-02-16 === '''After uploading an 205,2kB SVG-image the uploaded file page [http://apm.bplaced.net/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles] isn't viewable anymore''' <br> Following error meassage appears: <br> '''Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 67108864 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 25485840 bytes) in /users/apm/www/w/includes/media/Bitmap.php on line 552''' * known problem: [http://forum.bplaced.net/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=10967 bplaced forum entry]; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Uploading_files#Fatal_error:_Allowed_memory_size_of_8388608_bytes_exhausted uploading files - stumbling blocks]; [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Errors_and_symptoms#Fatal_error:_Allowed_memory_size_of_nnnnnnn_bytes_exhausted_.28tried_to_allocate_nnnnnnnn_bytes.29 mediawiki related error info] * it seems in php.ini the webhoster can set a memory limit * this limit may or may not be over-ridable in the LocalSettings.php ... (Mediawiki==v1.20>v1.51) => no "ini_set('memory_limit', '__M');" override. * Todo: find and try. [https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&channel=fs&q=PHP+Fatal+error%3A+Allowed+memory+size+of&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8#channel=fs&q=mediawiki+PHP+Fatal+error%3A+Allowed+memory+size+of&safe=off google-search]; [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5541540/mediawiki-exhausting-phps-memory-limit-while-uploading-file maybe similar problem] = Related = * [[Wishlist]] rx2uqdhemcsbifb1ok8wlfhrdcrnnql wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1017 9666 2021-05-30T15:59:53Z Apm 1 just two links - one sadly broken {{stub}} '''[http://self-assembly.net/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page The self-assembly group wiki]''' <br> "... a common repository for papers and articles in the field of algorithmic self-assembly, as well as a technically oriented, easy to use wiki about self-assembly topics." <br> * [http://self-assembly.net/wiki/index.php?title=Abstract_Tile_Assembly_Model_(aTAM) Abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM)] * ... [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230003613/http://nano-wise.org/w/Main_Page Main page of the "nano-wise.org wiki" – (archive, pretty dead even there, but there's a whole wiki backup somewhere too IIRC)] == Related == * [[Other sites]] 7gqswxbvwgdf8gfw9f4i3isewepnl3t wikitext text/x-wiki 0 441 5451 5448 2017-03-30T16:33:58Z Apm 1 /* Approaches with advanced atomically precise manufacturing technology -- "Energy sails" */ {{Speculative}} == State of wind energy today (brief) == Today (2017) one of the most efficient methods to extract energy from the wind is by using horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and scaling them up to very big sizes. In fact HAWTs have become so widespread now that their image is solidly engraved in the public mind. While much better than fossile sources of energy HAWTs still have some major problems. * The magnets for the generators in the more modern HAWT designs need lagre amounts of rare earth elements. Mining of these (in china) is associated with bad mining conditions. Mining also presumably leads to production of large amounts of unnaturally fine dust of natural thorium that is easily carried away and spread by the wind. (There are natural beaches with sand rich in thorium but the grains are bigger. Less fine dust that does not go and stay in the lung.) {{todo|do some fact checking on these topics}} * The blades/wings can pose a danger to animals like birds and bats. * Bad aesthetics: physics and economics dictate the shape little variety is possible. Landscapes may be perceived as becoming more ugly. == Approaches with advanced atomically precise manufacturing technology -- "Energy sails" == With the availability of [[technology level III|advanced atomically precise manufacturing]] one could take very different approaches. One way to replace big monolithic HAWTs would be with "energy sails" made from special [[medium mover]] metamaterials. Unit cells of the such a sail [[diamondoid metamaterial|metamaterial]] might still be of a size that lies in the macro-scale visible to the naked eye. The smaller the unit cells (especially micro-scale or even nanoscale) the more one needs to compensate for gas to solid friction. A certain [[trick with superlubication]] (see [[airmesh]]) may help but unlike superconductivity [[superlubrication]] isn't infinitely friction free. Thus dividing the stream of air into nanoscale portions probably wont be what will be done. Instead the stream of air might be divided into bigger chunks (wild guess: 0.1mm - 10.0mm). With an active metamaterial sail out of many independently controllable cells the outer rim could be actively driven to suck in air faster in than the wind blows it in. Thereby one could avoid stagnation of air before the sail that normally would leads the air to spill over the edges of the sail. (With conventional wind turbines this is unavoidable). {{todo|Check if that idea isn't too naive.}} In general with the pixel like control accuracy it may be possible to keep the air-steam nicely laminar without introducing turbulent flow. The sails metamaterial would need to integrate mechanochemical (or mechanoelectrical) converters plus sufficient means for energy transport to the sails frame. It may need [[emulated elasticity]]. All that should be possible with exclusive use of abundant and easily accessible chemical elements. No need for problematic (but not rare) rare-earth elements. "Energy sails" made well visible with nice colors that have moving structures well below 1cm would probably pose no threat to birds and bats. Insects could potentially gunk up small moving parts. This might be relevant in the design of the sails. (self cleaning) If some significant non-suppressible sound generation remains (unlikely?) smaller designs might be preferable to avoid hurting human ears and animal ears with a audible low pitched purr. === Going to extremes === Going to global scales one could imagine spanning "energy sail" into the loops of ground tethered [[airmesh|aerial mesh]]es. Lighter than air metamaterial meshes that are made pervading good parts of the troposphere. Obviously when going for such large scale [[geoengineering]] the theoretical weather effects of super-massive wind-energy-extraction need to be considered. Large scale weather control. == Related == * [[Medium mover]]s * [[airmesh|aerial mesh]] * [[Mechanosphere mesh]] == External links == * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%27s_law Betz's law] a limit in efficiency for HAWTs krhcaauuw8kqmpj1nyldn12qc3xlgiy wikitext text/x-wiki 0 381 9975 9969 2021-06-05T21:05:19Z Apm 1 added section: == Eventually desired pages == {{Stub}} * Somewhen migrate to something that <br>(1) allows direct in context feedback (reviewable and spam safe) <br>(2) can be hosted in a federated fashion ----- * '''Add the hovercard plugin!!''' * how to autocollect all the ['''todo:'''...] notes on one page - convert them to templates ...? * where to best host all the special filetypes *.svg *.graphml *.scad <br> wikiwebspace (limited space) / dropbox (good backup but no informative write protection possible) / .. ? * todo: remove spam user corpses for good * scaling images to page-width * good solution for dual language wiki * resolve bug that the wiki logo isn't showing up * life visualization of this wiki as a directed graph (arrows between clickable circles) - a locally searching crawler is necessary <br> ['''todo:''' search for existing plugins for wiki graph visualization - again] * remove the spambot user corpses - see: [[Special:ListUsers]]- maybe usable: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:UserMerge * easier upload of image files - at best direct sketching in the wiki (hand or svg) ---- * Some method to visualize the link topology of this mediawiki !! * Edit date histograms == Maybe easy == * In context graphical preview needed (actually a general issue in the www - state 2017).<br>{{wikitodo|Add mediawiki plugin hovercards: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features/Hovercards}} == Eventually desired pages == * [[The inner life of the cell]] * [[How natures nanotech compares to gem-gum tech]] * [[The various kinds of nanotech]] == Solutions == * To use pinterest for advertisement (pinterest allows no svg-files 2016) upload rasterized image versions to flickr link from there to this wiki here and pin rasterized images from there. == Related == * [[Wiki setup notes]] * [[Meta pages]] o04y6kfuxp21rnvasvk16i3hv7s47kg wikitext text/x-wiki 0 531 5687 5534 2017-06-21T12:44:49Z Apm 1 capitalization {{speculative}} {{stub}} A zero sum situation can be stable. Nature where in that state before the emergence of humans. More narrowly rain-forests are in that state. But while nature is beautiful nature can also be cruel. Its pretty much "fist law" / "club law". In the English language there's even the term "law of the jungle" because it's a good example. So even if stable we should probably want to avoid it like hell. Whether artificial highly advanced atomically precise technology will ever run in such a situation or not is probably not predictable from current knowledge. Its said that a zero sum society is a society of takers rather than makers and thus a catastrophe and recipe for disaster. {{todo: find video where this idea is presented}}. In light of the example of nature where evolution is still happening (sort of making) this may be judged a bit differently. == Related == * [[gem gum goo]] os8d7w82h76otk20oieib4lo9w00bm1 wikitext text/x-wiki 0 903 8808 8807 2021-04-25T09:32:23Z Apm 1 removed again - wrong page {{Stub}} __NOTOC__ * '''SiC''' cubic [[moissanite]] - Note: natural moissanite is neither cubic nor hexagonal. It's a more complex stacks of A,B,C layers. ----- * '''C''' [[diamond]] * Si, pure [[silicon]] * Ge, pure [[germanium]] (rare) * grey [[tin]] ([[oddball compounds|odd]]) ----- * ZnSe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_selenide Zinc_selenide] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleite stilleite] - 5.42g/ccm - Mohs 5 - (Se is rare) * '''α-ZnS''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite zinc sphalerite] - 4.2g/ccm . Mohs 3.5 to 4 (soft) * CdS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide cadmium_sulfide] ----- * are there other examples also forming [[pseudo phase diagram]] islands? == Pseudo phase diagrams surrounding SiC == All the carbon group elmenets can be substitutes. <br> The heavier ones likely only within bounds. <br> Like e.g. Lead carbide (combining the biggest and smallest atoms of the group) is not achievable via thermodynamic means. <br> And it's unclear if even via [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] means. == Pseudo phase diagrams surrounding ZnS == Investigating the [[pseudo phase diagram]]s that emanate from ZnS '''Replacing sulfur:''' <br> * Replacing all sulfur with oxygen (above S) likely not work since ZnO (zncite) is hexagonal.<br> * Replacing all sulfur with selenium (below S) works. thhis gives ZnSe Zinc_selenide (mineral stilleite) '''Replacing Zinc:''' <br> Below Zinc there is cadmium and mercury both rare and toxic. <br> * CdS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide cadmium_sulfide] has zinkblende structure => all [[psuedo polymorphs]] possible * α-HgS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar cinnabarite] wants to be trigonal rather than cubic - [[cinnabar structure]] == Rift between pseudo phase diagrams == SiC and ZnS have the same structure but there seems to be an unbridgable rift for [[pseudo phase diagram]]s. <br> With other nonmetals sulfur usually assumes bond order two (like oxygen above) but in ZnS it assumes bond order four. Cross combining the elements leads to some odd compounds instead of a preserved structure. See: * CS₂ is an ([[oddball compound|odd]]) liquid. * SiS₂ is an ([[oddball compound|odd]]) polymeric compound. * Zinc carbide ??? barely any info * Zinc silicide ??? barely any info = Misc = * Also a very simple but different ([[oddball compounds|odd]]) cubic structure: Cu₂O cuprite. * Silver Ag (below Cu) does the same - Ag₂O [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide silver_oxide] (no mineral it seems) Nonmetallicness despite high metal content: Covalent behavior and nonmetallic optical and electrical behavious may have to do with <br> noble metals on the right having almost full electron shells and all electrons being used for covalent bonds no electrons left for semi-conductive or conductive behavior. <br> All that despite these compounds are 2/3 metal 1/3 oxygen. * ZnO₂ ?? ... * Complement to that ... = Related = * [[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]] * [[Wurtzite structure]] - layers ABAB * Zincblende structure - layers ABCABC = External links = * ... rs5fwdim5g2qn68rw3vgmp6s11t43si wikitext text/x-wiki 0 918 10389 10361 2021-06-13T20:28:46Z Apm 1 /* Related */ [[Category:Chemical element]] {{stub}} * Zr (fifth row) is the element below Titanium (fourth row) * Zr makes similarly good compounds with various other elements as Ti == On elemental abundances == '''Zr is the most abundant fifth and below row non alkali element.''' The only more common elements that are present in the fifth row and below are Strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba). <br> Both from a purely structural material perspective not so useful earth alkali elements. <br> They like to form weak heavy and water soluble salts. <br> Then there is the even less structurally useful rubidium (Rb) (also fifth row). <br> It is slightly more rare than Zr. From there on it is only downhill with elemental abundances in earth's crust. <br> The last ones with somewhat notable abundance are: * Niobium (Nb) * Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn) * And of the more common left end of the rate earth elements interspersed in-between. <br>Like Cerium (Ce), Lanthan (La) and so on (all occurring quite dilute). ----- * Molybdenium (Mo) * Tungsten (W) ----- Beyond that the noble metals: * Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), ... all the way to the crazy rare Iridium (Ir) == Related == * [[Chemical element]] [[Category:Chemical element]] 3krwrq8dbq0m26potbvu6n436bisudq wikitext text/x-wiki 0 1232 11721 11412 2021-07-22T21:46:59Z Apm 1 /* Related */ added * [[Sequence of zones]] {{stub}} {{site specific term}} == Why and for what use the term "zone" in the context of [[gem-gum factories]] == * [[Assembly levels]] abstract over the over specific geometry that may be chosen for some specific implementation of a [[gem-gum factory]]. <br> * [[Assembly levels]] contain several processing steps though. <br> See the main table on the page "[[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factory]]". <br> These sub processing steps need a way to be referred to. There is a basic repeating pattern of interspersed assembly and transport but some processing steps are quite specific to specific assembly levels. ---- * '''Sub-steps of assembly levels shall here on this wiki be referred to as "[[zone]]s" – especially if specific to only a certain assembly level''' <br> * Specific quite homogeneous most low level areas of other [[subsystems of gem-gum factories]] may also be called zones (eventually). If there is an instance for a zone repeating in someway similar fashion over more than one assembly level <br> then calling it a level rather than a zone may be preferable. <br> E.g. [[routing level]] rather than "routing zone" == Related == * [[Tooltip preparation zone]] * Zone of [[mechanosynthesis core]]s * The [[routing layer]] zones (or rather [[routing level]] or "routing zone" to abstract from geometry) * [[Sequence of zones]] 0x825r2ytjv965ouo9dbkynmzxe40s6 wikitext text/x-wiki